What is a number with twenty zeros called? The largest number in the world
This is a tablet for learning numbers from 1 to 100. The book is suitable for children over 4 years old.
Those who are familiar with Montesori training have probably already seen such a sign. It has many applications and now we will get to know them.
The child must have excellent knowledge of numbers up to 10 before starting to work with the table, since counting up to 10 is the basis for teaching numbers up to 100 and above.
With the help of this table, the child will learn the names of numbers up to 100; count to 100; sequence of numbers. You can also practice counting by 2, 3, 5, etc.
The table can be copied here
It consists of two parts (two-sided). On one side of the sheet we copy a table with numbers up to 100, and on the other side we copy empty cells where we can practice. Laminate the table so that the child can write on it with markers and wipe it off easily.
How to use the table
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1. The table can be used to study numbers from 1 to 100. Starting from 1 and counting to 100. Initially the parent/teacher shows how it is done. It is important that the child notices the principle by which numbers are repeated. |
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2. Mark one number on the laminated chart. The child must say the next 3-4 numbers. |
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3. Mark some numbers. Ask your child to say their names. The second version of the exercise is for the parent to name arbitrary numbers, and the child finds and marks them. |
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4. Count in 5. The child counts 1,2,3,4,5 and marks the last (fifth) number. |
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5. If you copy the number template again and cut it, you can make cards. They can be placed in the table as you will see in the following lines IN in this case the table is copied on blue cardboard so that it can be easily distinguished from white background table. |
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6. Cards can be placed on the table and counted - name the number by placing its card. This helps the child learn all the numbers. In this way he will exercise. Before this, it is important that the parent divides the cards into 10s (from 1 to 10; from 11 to 20; from 21 to 30, etc.). The child takes a card, puts it down and says the number. |
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7. When the child has already progressed with the counting, you can go to the empty table and place the cards there. |
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8. Count horizontally or vertically. Arrange the cards in a column or row and read all the numbers in order, following the pattern of their changes - 6, 16, 26, 36, etc. |
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9. Write the missing number. The parent writes arbitrary numbers into an empty table. The child must complete the empty cells. |
This is a tablet for learning numbers from 1 to 100. The book is suitable for children over 4 years old.
Those who are familiar with Montesori training have probably already seen such a sign.
It has many applications and now we will get to know them.
The child must have excellent knowledge of numbers up to 10 before starting to work with the table, since counting up to 10 is the basis for teaching numbers up to 100 and above. sequence of numbers. You can also practice counting by 2, 3, 5, etc.
The table can be copied here
How to use the table
Starting from 1 and counting to 100. Initially the parent/teacher shows how it is done.
It is important that the child notices the principle by which numbers are repeated.
3. Mark some numbers. Ask your child to say their names.
The second version of the exercise is for the parent to name arbitrary numbers, and the child finds and marks them.
4. Count in 5.
The child counts 1,2,3,4,5 and marks the last (fifth) number.
It consists of two parts (two-sided). On one side of the sheet we copy a table with numbers up to 100, and on the other side we copy empty cells where we can practice. Laminate the table so that the child can write on it with markers and wipe it off easily.
Continues counting 1,2,3,4,5 and marks the last number until it reaches 100. Then lists the marked numbers.
Similarly, one learns to count in 2, 3, etc.
5. If you copy the number template again and cut it, you can make cards. They can be placed in the table as you will see in the following lines
6. Cards can be placed on the table and counted - name the number by placing its card. This helps the child learn all the numbers. In this way he will exercise.
Before this, it is important that the parent divides the cards into 10s (from 1 to 10; from 11 to 20; from 21 to 30, etc.). The child takes a card, puts it down and says the number. Many people are interested in questions about what large numbers are called and what number is the largest in the world. With these interesting questions
and we will look into this in this article.
Story The southern and eastern Slavic peoples used alphabetical numbering to record numbers, and only those letters that are in greek alphabet
The names of the numbers also changed. Thus, until the 15th century, the number “twenty” was designated as “two tens” (two tens), and then it was shortened for faster pronunciation. The number 40 was called “fourty” until the 15th century, then it was replaced by the word “forty,” which originally meant a bag containing 40 squirrel or sable skins. The name “million” appeared in Italy in 1500. It was formed by adding an augmentative suffix to the number “mille” (thousand). Later this name came to the Russian language.
In the ancient (18th century) “Arithmetic” of Magnitsky, a table of the names of numbers is given, brought to the “quadrillion” (10^24, according to the system through 6 digits). Perelman Ya.I. in the book “Entertaining Arithmetic” the names are given large numbers of that time, slightly different from today: septillion (10^42), octalion (10^48), nonalion (10^54), decalion (10^60), endecalion (10^66), dodecalion (10^72) and it is written that “there are no further names.”
Ways to construct names for large numbers
There are 2 main ways to name large numbers:
- American system, which is used in the USA, Russia, France, Canada, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Brazil. The names of large numbers are constructed quite simply: the Latin ordinal number comes first, and the suffix “-million” is added to it at the end. An exception is the number “million,” which is the name of the number thousand (mille) and the augmentative suffix “-million.” The number of zeros in a number, which is written according to the American system, can be found out by the formula: 3x+3, where x is the Latin ordinal number
- English system most common in the world, it is used in Germany, Spain, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Portugal. The names of numbers according to this system are constructed as follows: the suffix “-million” is added to the Latin numeral, the next number (1000 times larger) is the same Latin numeral, but the suffix “-billion” is added. The number of zeros in a number, which is written according to the English system and ends with the suffix “-million,” can be found out by the formula: 6x+3, where x is the Latin ordinal number. The number of zeros in numbers ending with the suffix “-billion” can be found using the formula: 6x+6, where x is the Latin ordinal number.
Only the word billion passed from the English system into the Russian language, which is still more correctly called as the Americans call it - billion (since the Russian language uses the American system for naming numbers).
In addition to numbers that are written according to the American or English system using Latin prefixes, non-system numbers are known that have their own names without Latin prefixes.
Proper names for large numbers
| Number | Latin numeral | Name | Practical significance | |
| 10 1 | 10 | ten | Number of fingers on 2 hands | |
| 10 2 | 100 | one hundred | About half the number of all states on Earth | |
| 10 3 | 1000 | thousand | Approximate number of days in 3 years | |
| 10 6 | 1000 000 | unus (I) | million | 5 times more than the number of drops per 10 liter. bucket of water |
| 10 9 | 1000 000 000 | duo (II) | billion (billion) | Estimated Population of India |
| 10 12 | 1000 000 000 000 | tres (III) | trillion | |
| 10 15 | 1000 000 000 000 000 | quattor (IV) | quadrillion | 1/30 of the length of a parsec in meters |
| 10 18 | quinque (V) | quintillion | 1/18th of the number of grains from the legendary award to the inventor of chess | |
| 10 21 | sex (VI) | sextillion | 1/6 of the mass of planet Earth in tons | |
| 10 24 | septem (VII) | septillion | Number of molecules in 37.2 liters of air | |
| 10 27 | octo (VIII) | octillion | Half of Jupiter's mass in kilograms | |
| 10 30 | novem (IX) | quintillion | 1/5 of all microorganisms on the planet | |
| 10 33 | decem (X) | decillion | Half the mass of the Sun in grams | |
- Vigintillion (from Latin viginti - twenty) - 10 63
- Centillion (from Latin centum - one hundred) - 10,303
- Million (from Latin mille - thousand) - 10 3003
For numbers greater than a thousand, the Romans did not have their own names (all names for numbers were then composite).
Compound names of large numbers
In addition to proper names, for numbers greater than 10 33 you can obtain compound names by combining prefixes.
Compound names of large numbers
| Number | Latin numeral | Name | Practical significance |
| 10 36 | undecim (XI) | andecillion | |
| 10 39 | duodecim (XII) | duodecillion | |
| 10 42 | tredecim (XIII) | thredecillion | 1/100 of the number of air molecules on Earth |
| 10 45 | quattuordecim (XIV) | quattordecillion | |
| 10 48 | quindecim (XV) | quindecillion | |
| 10 51 | sedecim (XVI) | sexdecillion | |
| 10 54 | septendecim (XVII) | septemdecillion | |
| 10 57 | octodecillion | So many elementary particles in the sun | |
| 10 60 | novemdecillion | ||
| 10 63 | viginti (XX) | vigintillion | |
| 10 66 | unus et viginti (XXI) | anvigintillion | |
| 10 69 | duo et viginti (XXII) | duovigintillion | |
| 10 72 | tres et viginti (XXIII) | trevigintillion | |
| 10 75 | quattorvigintillion | ||
| 10 78 | quinvigintillion | ||
| 10 81 | sexvigintillion | So many elementary particles in the universe | |
| 10 84 | septemvigintillion | ||
| 10 87 | octovigintillion | ||
| 10 90 | novemvigintillion | ||
| 10 93 | triginta (XXX) | trigintillion | |
| 10 96 | antigintillion |
- 10 123 - quadragintillion
- 10 153 — quinquagintillion
- 10 183 — sexagintillion
- 10,213 - septuagintillion
- 10,243 — octogintillion
- 10,273 — nonagintillion
- 10 303 - centillion
Further names can be obtained by direct or reverse order of Latin numerals (which is correct is not known):
- 10 306 - ancentillion or centunillion
- 10 309 - duocentillion or centullion
- 10 312 - trcentillion or centtrillion
- 10 315 - quattorcentillion or centquadrillion
- 10 402 - tretrigyntacentillion or centretrigintillion
The second spelling is more consistent with the construction of numerals in the Latin language and avoids ambiguities (for example, in the number trecentillion, which according to the first spelling is both 10,903 and 10,312).
- 10 603 - decentillion
- 10,903 - trcentillion
- 10 1203 — quadringentillion
- 10 1503 — quingentillion
- 10 1803 - sescentillion
- 10 2103 - septingentillion
- 10 2403 - octingentillion
- 10 2703 — nongentillion
- 10 3003 - million
- 10 6003 - duo-million
- 10 9003 - three million
- 10 15003 — quinquemillillion
- 10 308760 -ion
- 10 3000003 — mimiliaillion
- 10 6000003 - duomimiliaillion
Myriad– 10,000. The name is outdated and practically not used. However, the word “myriads” is widely used, which does not mean a specific number, but an innumerable, uncountable number of something.
Googol ( English . googol) — 10 100. The American mathematician Edward Kasner first wrote about this number in 1938 in the journal Scripta Mathematica in the article “New Names in Mathematics.” According to him, his 9-year-old nephew Milton Sirotta suggested calling the number this way. This number became publicly known thanks to the Google search engine named after it.
Asankheya(from Chinese asentsi - uncountable) - 10 1 4 0 . This number is found in the famous Buddhist treatise Jaina Sutra (100 BC). It is believed that this number is equal to the number of cosmic cycles required to achieve nirvana.
Googolplex ( English . Googolplex) — 10^10^100. This number was also invented by Edward Kasner and his nephew; it means one followed by a googol of zeros.
Skewes number (Skewes' number Sk 1) means e to the power of e to the power of e to the power of 79, that is, e^e^e^79. This number was proposed by Skewes in 1933 (Skewes. J. London Math. Soc. 8, 277-283, 1933.) when proving the Riemann hypothesis concerning prime numbers. Later, Riele (te Riele, H. J. J. “On the Sign of the Difference П(x)-Li(x).” Math. Comput. 48, 323-328, 1987) reduced the Skuse number to e^e^27/4, which is approximately equal to 8.185·10^370. However, this number is not an integer, so it is not included in the table of large numbers.
Second Skuse number (Sk2) equals 10^10^10^10^3, that is, 10^10^10^1000. This number was introduced by J. Skuse in the same article to indicate the number up to which the Riemann hypothesis is valid.
For super-large numbers it is inconvenient to use powers, so there are several ways to write numbers - Knuth, Conway, Steinhouse notations, etc.
Hugo Steinhouse suggested writing large numbers inside geometric shapes(triangle, square and circle).
Mathematician Leo Moser improved Steinhouse's notation, proposing to draw pentagons, then hexagons, etc. after the squares. Moser also proposed a formal notation for these polygons so that the numbers could be written without drawing complex pictures.
Steinhouse came up with two new super-large numbers: Mega and Megiston. In Moser notation they are written as follows: Mega – 2, Megiston– 10. Leo Moser also proposed to call a polygon with the number of sides equal to mega – megagon, and also proposed the number “2 in Megagon” - 2. The last number is known as Moser's number or just like Moser.
There are numbers larger than Moser. The largest number that has been used in a mathematical proof is number Graham(Graham's number). It was first used in 1977 to prove an estimate in Ramsey theory. This number is associated with bichromatic hypercubes and cannot be expressed without a special 64-level system of special mathematical symbols introduced by Knuth in 1976. Donald Knuth (who wrote “The Art of Programming” and created the TeX editor) came up with the concept of superpower, which he suggested writing with arrows pointing up:
In general
Graham proposed G-numbers:
The number G 63 is called Graham's number, often denoted simply G. This number is the largest known number in the world and is listed in the Guinness Book of Records.
Back in the fourth grade, I was interested in the question: “What are numbers greater than a billion called? And why?” Since then, I have been looking for all the information on this issue for a long time and collecting it bit by bit. But with the advent of Internet access, the search has accelerated significantly. Now I present all the information I found so that others can answer the question: “What are large and very large numbers called?”
A little history
The southern and eastern Slavic peoples used alphabetical numbering to record numbers. Moreover, for the Russians, not all letters played the role of numbers, but only those that are in the Greek alphabet. A special “title” icon was placed above the letter indicating the number. At the same time, the numerical values of the letters increased in the same order as the letters in the Greek alphabet (the order of the letters of the Slavic alphabet was slightly different).
In Russia, Slavic numbering was preserved until the end of the 17th century. Under Peter I, the so-called “Arabic numbering” prevailed, which we still use today.
There were also changes in the names of numbers. For example, until the 15th century, the number "twenty" was written as "two tens" (two tens), but was then shortened for faster pronunciation. Until the 15th century, the number "forty" was denoted by the word "fourty", and in the 15th-16th centuries this word was replaced by the word "forty", which originally meant a bag in which 40 squirrel or sable skins were placed. There are two options about the origin of the word “thousand”: from the old name “thick hundred” or from a modification of the Latin word centum - “hundred”.
The name “million” first appeared in Italy in 1500 and was formed by adding an augmentative suffix to the number “mille” - a thousand (i.e., it meant “big thousand”), it penetrated into the Russian language later, and before that the same meaning in in Russian it was designated by the number "leodr". The word “billion” came into use only since the Franco-Prussian War (1871), when the French had to pay Germany an indemnity of 5,000,000,000 francs. Like "million," the word "billion" comes from the root "thousand" with the addition of an Italian magnifying suffix. In Germany and America for some time the word “billion” meant the number 100,000,000; This explains that the word billionaire was used in America before any rich person had $1,000,000,000. In the ancient (18th century) “Arithmetic” of Magnitsky, a table of the names of numbers is given, brought to the “quadrillion” (10^24, according to the system through 6 digits). Perelman Ya.I. in the book "Entertaining Arithmetic" the names of large numbers of that time are given, slightly different from today's: septillion (10^42), octalion (10^48), nonalion (10^54), decalion (10^60), endecalion (10^ 66), dodecalion (10^72) and it is written that “there are no further names.”
Principles for constructing names and a list of large numbers
All names of large numbers are constructed in a fairly simple way: at the beginning there is a Latin ordinal number, and at the end the suffix -million is added to it. An exception is the name "million" which is the name of the number thousand (mille) and the augmentative suffix -million. There are two main types of names for large numbers in the world:
system 3x+3 (where x is a Latin ordinal number) - this system is used in Russia, France, USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, Brazil, Greece
and the 6x system (where x is a Latin ordinal number) - this system is most common in the world (for example: Spain, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, Poland, Czech Republic, Sweden, Denmark, Finland). In it, the missing intermediate 6x+3 end with the suffix -billion (from it we borrowed billion, which is also called billion).
Below is a general list of numbers used in Russia:
| Number | Name | Latin numeral | Magnifying attachment SI | Diminishing prefix SI | Practical significance |
| 10 1 | ten | deca- | deci- | Number of fingers on 2 hands | |
| 10 2 | one hundred | hecto- | centi- | About half the number of all states on Earth | |
| 10 3 | thousand | kilo- | Milli- | Approximate number of days in 3 years | |
| 10 6 | million | unus (I) | mega- | micro- | 5 times the number of drops in a 10 liter bucket of water |
| 10 9 | billion (billion) | duo (II) | giga- | nano- | Estimated Population of India |
| 10 12 | trillion | tres (III) | tera- | pico- | 1/13 of Russia's gross domestic product in rubles for 2003 |
| 10 15 | quadrillion | quattor (IV) | peta- | femto- | 1/30 of the length of a parsec in meters |
| 10 18 | quintillion | quinque (V) | exa- | atto- | 1/18th of the number of grains from the legendary award to the inventor of chess |
| 10 21 | sextillion | sex (VI) | zetta- | ceto- | 1/6 of the mass of planet Earth in tons |
| 10 24 | septillion | septem (VII) | yotta- | yocto- | Number of molecules in 37.2 liters of air |
| 10 27 | octillion | octo (VIII) | nah- | sieve- | Half of Jupiter's mass in kilograms |
| 10 30 | quintillion | novem (IX) | dea- | threado- | 1/5 of all microorganisms on the planet |
| 10 33 | decillion | decem (X) | una- | revolution | Half the mass of the Sun in grams |
The pronunciation of the numbers that follow often differs.
| Number | Name | Latin numeral | Practical significance |
| 10 36 | andecillion | undecim (XI) | |
| 10 39 | duodecillion | duodecim (XII) | |
| 10 42 | thredecillion | tredecim (XIII) | 1/100 of the number of air molecules on Earth |
| 10 45 | quattordecillion | quattuordecim (XIV) | |
| 10 48 | quindecillion | quindecim (XV) | |
| 10 51 | sexdecillion | sedecim (XVI) | |
| 10 54 | septemdecillion | septendecim (XVII) | |
| 10 57 | octodecillion | So many elementary particles on the Sun | |
| 10 60 | novemdecillion | ||
| 10 63 | vigintillion | viginti (XX) | |
| 10 66 | anvigintillion | unus et viginti (XXI) | |
| 10 69 | duovigintillion | duo et viginti (XXII) | |
| 10 72 | trevigintillion | tres et viginti (XXIII) | |
| 10 75 | quattorvigintillion | ||
| 10 78 | quinvigintillion | ||
| 10 81 | sexvigintillion | So many elementary particles in the universe | |
| 10 84 | septemvigintillion | ||
| 10 87 | octovigintillion | ||
| 10 90 | novemvigintillion | ||
| 10 93 | trigintillion | triginta (XXX) | |
| 10 96 | antigintillion |
- ...
- 10,100 - googol (the number was invented by the 9-year-old nephew of the American mathematician Edward Kasner)
- 10 123 - quadragintillion (quadraginta, XL)
- 10 153 - quinquagintillion (quinquaginta, L)
- 10 183 - sexagintillion (sexaginta, LX)
- 10,213 - septuagintillion (septuaginta, LXX)
- 10,243 - octogintillion (octoginta, LXXX)
- 10,273 - nonagintillion (nonaginta, XC)
- 10 303 - centillion (Centum, C)
- 10 306 - ancentillion or centunillion
- 10 309 - duocentillion or centullion
- 10 312 - trecentillion or centtrillion
- 10 315 - quattorcentillion or centquadrillion
- 10 402 - tretrigyntacentillion or centretrigyntillion
The numbers follow:
Some literary references:
- Perelman Ya.I. "Fun arithmetic." - M.: Triada-Litera, 1994, pp. 134-140
- Vygodsky M.Ya. "Handbook of Elementary Mathematics". - St. Petersburg, 1994, pp. 64-65
- "Encyclopedia of Knowledge". - comp. IN AND. Korotkevich. - St. Petersburg: Sova, 2006, p. 257
- “Interesting about physics and mathematics.” - Quantum Library. issue 50. - M.: Nauka, 1988, p. 50
Naming systems for large numbers
There are two systems for naming numbers - American and European (English).
In the American system, all names of large numbers are constructed like this: at the beginning there is a Latin ordinal number, and at the end the suffix “million” is added to it. An exception is the name "million", which is the name of the number thousand (Latin mille) and the magnifying suffix "illion". This is how numbers are obtained - trillion, quadrillion, quintillion, sextillion, etc. The American system is used in the USA, Canada, France and Russia. The number of zeros in a number written according to the American system is determined by the formula 3 x + 3 (where x is a Latin numeral).
The European (English) naming system is the most common in the world. It is used, for example, in Great Britain and Spain, as well as in most former English and Spanish colonies. The names of numbers in this system are constructed as follows: the suffix “million” is added to the Latin numeral, the name of the next number (1,000 times larger) is formed from the same Latin numeral, but with the suffix “billion”. That is, after a trillion in this system there is a trillion, and only then a quadrillion, followed by a quadrillion, etc. The number of zeros in a number written according to the European system and ending with the suffix “million” is determined by the formula 6 x + 3 (where x is a Latin numeral) and by the formula 6 x + 6 for numbers ending in “billion”. In some countries that use the American system, for example, in Russia, Turkey, Italy, the word “billion” is used instead of the word “billion”.
Both systems originate from France. French physicist and mathematician Nicolas Chuquet coined the words "billion" and "trillion" and used them to represent the numbers 10 12 and 10 18 respectively, which served as the basis for the European system.
But some French mathematicians in the 17th century used the words "billion" and "trillion" for the numbers 10 9 and 10 12, respectively. This naming system took hold in France and America, and became known as American, while the original Choquet system continued to be used in Great Britain and Germany. France returned to the Choquet system (i.e. European) in 1948.
IN last years The American system is replacing the European one, partially in Great Britain and so far hardly noticeably in the rest European countries. This is mainly due to the fact that Americans insist in financial transactions that $1,000,000,000 should be called a billion dollars. In 1974, Prime Minister Harold Wilson's government announced that the word billion would be 10 9 rather than 10 12 in UK official records and statistics.
| Number | Titles | Prefixes in SI (+/-) | Notes |
| . | Zillion | from English zillion | General name for very large numbers. This term is not strictly mathematical definition. In 1996, J.H. Conway and R.K. Guy in their book The Book of Numbers defined a zillion to the nth power as 10 3n + 3 for the American system (million - 10 6 , billion - 10 9 , trillion - 10 12 , ...) and as 10 6n for the European system (million - 10 6 , billion - 10 12, trillion - 10 18, ….) |
| 10 3 | Thousand | kilo and milli | Also denoted by the Roman numeral M (from Latin mille). |
| 10 6 | Million | mega and micro | Often used in Russian as a metaphor to denote a very large number (quantity) of something. |
| 10 9 | Billion, billion(French billion) | giga and nano | Billion - 10 9 (in the American system), 10 12 (in the European system). The word was coined by the French physicist and mathematician Nicolas Choquet to denote the number 10 12 (million million - billion). In some countries using Amer. system, instead of the word “billion” the word “billion” is used, borrowed from European. systems. |
| 10 12 | Trillion | tera and pico | In some countries, the number 10 18 is called a trillion. |
| 10 15 | Quadrillion | peta and femto | In some countries, the number 10 24 is called a quadrillion. |
| 10 18 | Quintillion | . | . |
| 10 21 | Sextillion | zetta and cepto, or zepto | In some countries, the number 1036 is called a sextillion. |
| 10 24 | Septillion | yotta and yokto | In some countries, the number 1042 is called a septillion. |
| 10 27 | Octillion | Nope and sieve | In some countries, the number 1048 is called an octillion. |
| 10 30 | Quintillion | dea and tredo | In some countries, the number 10 54 is called a nonillion. |
| 10 33 | Decillion | Una and Revo | In some countries, the number 10 60 is called a decillion. |
12
- Dozen(from French douzaine or Italian dozzina, which in turn came from Latin duodecim.)
A measure of piece counting of homogeneous objects. Widely used before the introduction of the metric system. For example, a dozen scarves, a dozen forks. 12 dozen make a gross. The word “dozen” was first mentioned in Russian in 1720. It was originally used by sailors.
13
- Baker's dozen
The number is considered unlucky. Many Western hotels do not have rooms numbered 13, and in office buildings 13th floors. There are no seats with this number in opera houses in Italy. On almost all ships, after the 12th cabin comes the 14th.
144 - Gross- “big dozen” (from German Gro? - big)
A counting unit equal to 12 dozen. It was usually used when counting small haberdashery and stationery items - pencils, buttons, writing pens, etc. A dozen gross makes a mass.
1728 - Weight
Mass (obsolete) - a measure equal to a dozen gross, i.e. 144 * 12 = 1728 pieces. Widely used before the introduction of the metric system.
666
or 616
- Number of the beast
A special number mentioned in the Bible (Revelation 13:18, 14:2). It is assumed that in connection with the assignment of a numerical value to the letters of ancient alphabets, this number can mean any name or concept, the sum of the numerical values of the letters of which is 666. Such words could be: "Lateinos" (meaning in Greek everything Latin; suggested by Jerome ), "Nero Caesar", "Bonaparte" and even "Martin Luther". In some manuscripts the number of the beast is read as 616.
10 4 or 10 6 - Myriad - "innumerable multitude"
Myriad - the word is outdated and practically not used, but the word "myriads" - (astronomer) is widely used, which means an uncountable, uncountable multitude of something.
Myriad was the largest number for which the ancient Greeks had a name. However, in his work "Psammit" ("Calculus of grains of sand"), Archimedes showed how to systematically construct and name arbitrarily large numbers. Archimedes called all the numbers from 1 to the myriad (10,000) the first numbers, he called the myriad of myriads (10 8) the unit of second numbers (dimyriad), he called the myriad of myriads of second numbers (10 16) the unit of third numbers (trimyriad), etc. .
10 000
- dark
100 000
- legion
1 000 000
- Leodr
10 000 000
- raven or corvid
100 000 000
- deck
The ancient Slavs also loved large numbers and were able to count to a billion. Moreover, they called such an account a “small account.” In some manuscripts, the authors also considered " great score", reaching the number 10 50. About numbers greater than 10 50 it was said: “And more than this cannot be understood by the human mind.” Names used in the “small count” were transferred to the “great count”, but with a different meaning. Thus, darkness meant not 10,000, but a million, legion - the darkness of those (a million millions); leodr - legion of legions - 10 24, then it was said - ten leodres, one hundred leodres, ..., and, finally, one hundred thousand those legion of leodres - 10 47 ; leodr leodrov -10 48 was called a raven and, finally, a deck -10 49 .
10 140 - Asankhey I (from Chinese asentsi - innumerable)
Mentioned in the famous Buddhist treatise Jaina Sutra, dating back to 100 BC. It is believed that this number is equal to the number of cosmic cycles required to achieve nirvana.
Google(from English googol) - 10 100 , that is, one followed by one hundred zeros.
The “googol” was first written about in 1938 in the article “New Names in Mathematics” in the January issue of the journal Scripta Mathematica by the American mathematician Edward Kasner. According to him, call it "googol" big number suggested by his nine-year-old nephew Milton Sirotta. This number became generally known thanks to the search engine named after it. Google. Note that " Google" - This trademark , A googol - number.
Googolplex(English googolplex) 10 10 100 - 10 to the power of googol.
The number was also invented by Kasner and his nephew and means one with a googol of zeros, that is, 10 to the power of a googol. This is how Kasner himself describes this “discovery”:
Words of wisdom are spoken by children at least as often as by scientists. The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner\"s nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely, 1 with a hundred zeros after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: "A googolplex is much larger." than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out.
Mathematics and the Imagination (1940) by Kasner and James R. Newman.
Skewes number(Skewes` number) - Sk 1 e e e 79 - means e to the power of e to the power of e to the power of 79.
It was proposed by J. Skewes in 1933 (Skewes. J. London Math. Soc. 8, 277-283, 1933.) in proving the Riemann hypothesis concerning prime numbers. Later, Riele (te Riele, H. J. J. "On the Sign of the Difference П(x)-Li(x)." Math. Comput. 48, 323-328, 1987) reduced the Skuse number to e e 27/4, which is approximately equal to 8.185 10 370 .
Second Skewes number- Sk 2
It was introduced by J. Skuse in the same article to denote the number up to which the Riemann hypothesis does not hold. Sk 2 is equal to 10 10 10 10 3 .
As you understand, the more degrees there are, the more difficult it is to understand which number is greater. For example, looking at Skewes numbers, without special calculations, it is almost impossible to understand which of these two numbers is larger. Thus, for super-large numbers it becomes inconvenient to use powers. Moreover, you can come up with such numbers (and they have already been invented) when the degrees of degrees simply do not fit on the page. Yes, that's on the page! They won’t fit even into a book the size of the entire Universe!
In this case, the question arises of how to write them down. The problem, as you understand, is solvable, and mathematicians have developed several principles for writing such numbers. True, every mathematician who wondered about this problem came up with his own way of writing, which led to the existence of several, unrelated to each other, methods for writing numbers - these are the notations of Knuth, Conway, Steinhouse, etc.
Hugo Stenhouse notation(H. Steinhaus. Mathematical Snapshots, 3rd edn. 1983) is quite simple. Steinhaus (German: Steihaus) proposed writing large numbers inside geometric figures - triangle, square and circle.
Steinhouse came up with super-large numbers and called the number 2 in a circle - Mega, 3 in a circle - Medzone, and the number 10 in a circle is Megiston.
Mathematician Leo Moser modified Stenhouse's notation, which was limited by the fact that if it was necessary to write numbers much larger than megiston, difficulties and inconveniences arose, since it was necessary to draw many circles one inside the other. Moser suggested that after the squares, draw not circles, but pentagons, then hexagons, and so on. He also proposed a formal notation for these polygons so that numbers could be written without drawing complex pictures. Moser notation looks like this:
- "n triangle" = nn = n.
- "n squared" = n = "n in n triangles" = nn.
- "n in a pentagon" = n = "n in n squares" = nn.
- n = "n in n k-gons" = n[k]n.
In Moser's notation, Steinhouse's mega is written as 2, and megiston as 10. Leo Moser proposed calling a polygon with the number of sides equal to mega - megagon. He also proposed the number “2 in Megagon”, that is, 2. This number became known as Moser number(Moser`s number) or just like Moser. But the Moser number is not the largest number.
The largest number ever used in mathematical proof is the limit known as Graham number(Graham's number), first used in 1977 in the proof of one estimate in Ramsey's theory. It is related to bichromatic hypercubes and cannot be expressed without a special 64-level system of special mathematical symbols introduced by D. Knuth in 1976.
