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Rules for writing a comma between homogeneous members of a sentence. Russian language lesson "cases when a comma is not placed between homogeneous members of a sentence" A comma is placed between homogeneous

As a rule, homogeneous members of a sentence (hereinafter referred to as OCP) have the following characteristics, by which they are quite easy to identify. Firstly, they all refer to one member of the sentence, secondly, they are completely equal to each other, thirdly, as a rule, they are expressed by the same parts of speech.

In a sentence, homogeneous members perform the same syntactic function, but in writing they are mainly separated by commas.

The placement of commas with homogeneous members of a sentence is subject to the following rules:

1. If homogeneous members are not connected by unions, a comma should be placed between them. For example:

• Cheerful voices, joyful songs, and jokes were heard from everywhere.
• Her house was always cozy, beautiful, light and satisfying.
• The man looked with surprise at the dry crusts, rusty nails, scraps of some papers, lumps of caked dirt, lying in disarray under his feet.

Note 1. Two or more adjectives can be considered homogeneous only if there are identical syntactic and semantic connections between the noun and each of these adjectives. For example:

• Crows' nests could be seen here and there on the gloomy, gnarled trees.
• But I hoped that everything would become better, happier, more fun.

However, if the first adjective refers directly to the entire phrase, and not just to the noun, then it is not a special phrase. For example:

• With a loud whistle, a heavy freight train rushed past.
• A green birch grove could be seen ahead.

Note 2. Two verbs that follow each other, but in meaning form a single whole, are also not OCP. For example:

• Let's sit down and talk, I'll go have a look, let's start, etc.

2. If the PSCs are connected through adversative conjunctions“but”, “a”, “but”, “yes” (= “but”), “although”, then a comma is placed between them. For example:

• He felt not love, but hatred at that moment.
• He spoke rarely, but aptly.
• He looks good, but green (Krylov).

3. If in a sentence the OCPs are used with paired conjunctions“at least (although) - but (a)”, “as much (as much) - as (as much)”, “not as much (not as much) - as (as much)”, “as - so and”, “not only - but and”, “if not - then”, then a comma is placed between them. For example:

• I am pleased not so much with your work as with your approach to business.
• Not only ants, but also bees are essentially social insects.
• And not only will I not touch the local herds in the future, but I myself am happy to squabble with others for them (Krylov).
• This beast looks menacing, but is safe.

4. If in a sentence OSP is used with repeating conjunctions“and...and”, “yes...yes”, “that...that”, “whether-whether”, “either-or”, etc., then a comma is placed between them. For example:

• Maples, aspens, and young birches grew in this wonderful place.
• In the house the light went out and then came on again.
• Tsar Dadon (Pushkin) does not encounter either a massacre, a camp, or a burial mound.

Note 1. If these unions connect mutually exclusive concepts that have already become stable units, then a comma is not used. For example:

• neither this nor that, this way and that, neither one nor the other, neither yes nor no, day and night, old and young, laughter and sorrow, neither alive nor dead, neither back nor forth, neither fish nor fowl, neither give nor take.

Note 2. If the EPCs represent a semantic unity and are connected using repeating conjunctions, then commas are not placed between them. For example:

• Both summer and autumn were rainy (Zhukovsky).
• Both the cat and the dog loved him.

5. If only a few POCs have repeating conjunctions in front of them, a comma is still placed between them. For example:

• Tatyana believed the legends of the common people of old times, and dreams, and card fortune-telling, and predictions of the moon (Pushkin).
• I met another girl who was more beautiful and cheerful, and easy-going, and smart.

If the PSCs fall into several paired groups, then commas are placed only between these groups, for example:

• The Russian people are smart and understanding, diligent and ardent for everything good and beautiful (Belinsky).
• When we were students, we squeezed science in everywhere, by the way and inopportunely, with intent and without intent, skillfully and unskillfully (Pisarev).
• I cried and screamed, suffered and suffered, called and yearned - he never returned.

A. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members, united by alliances.

The comma is placed:

1. Before single adversative conjunctions “a”, “but”, “yes”, “however”, “but”: She felt depressed but didn't give up. [Ο, but Ο]

2. Between homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions (“and…..and”, “neither…..nor”, ​​“yes….yes”, “or….or”, “either….or”, “that…that” , “not that….not that”): He either read, or smoked, or drank tea. or Ο, or Ο, or Ο; A light breeze woke up and then subsided. [then Ο, then Ο]

Notes (difficult punctuation cases):

1. If there are more than two homogeneous members in a sentence, and the conjunction “and” (“yes”, “or”) does not appear before each of them, but at least before two, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members, including before the first “and” (“yes”, “or”): He fell in love with empty groves, solitude, silence, and the night, and the stars, and the moon.. [Ο, Ο, Ο, and Ο, and Ο, and Ο]

2. If the conjunction “and” connects homogeneous members in pairs, then a comma is placed only between paired groups, and not inside them: There is noise and movement in the sky, roar and noise. [Ο and Ο, Ο and Ο]

3. If homogeneous members are connected by the following double conjunctions, then a comma is placed only before the second part of the conjunction: Mom wasn’t just angry, but she was still unhappy. [not just Ο, but Ο]:

“if not Ο, then Ο”
“although Ο, but Ο”
"both Ο and Ο"
"not as Ο as Ο"
“not only Ο, but also Ο”
“not so much Ο as Ο”
“as much as Ο, as much as Ο”
“not just Ο, but Ο”
“not so much Ο, but Ο” and etc.,

4. If there is a conjunction “yes and”, indicating an addition to what was previously said, a comma is placed: She's beautiful and smart. [Ο, yes and Ο]

5. If the conjunction is repeated before each homogeneous member except the first, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members: Everything turned out wild, and despicable, and funny, and disgusting.. [Ο, and Ο, and Ο, and Ο]

There is no comma:

1. There is no need for a comma between homogeneous members connected by single conjunctions “and”, “yes” (meaning “and”), “or”, “or”: One day Swan, Cancer and Pike began to carry a cart with luggage. [Ο, Ο yes Ο]

2. There is no need for a comma inside complete phraseological expressions with two repeated conjunctions “and” or “nor” (words with the opposite meaning): and day and night, and laughter and grief, and old and young, and this way and that, and for ours and yours, and yes and no, neither fish nor meat, neither for ourselves nor for people, neither shaky nor shaky, neither this nor that this etc. But in proverbs and sayings a comma is placed: Not a candle for God, not a poker for the devil; Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan.

Notes:

1. A comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions: A long freight train stood on a siding.

2. A comma is not placed with two homogeneous terms with a repeating conjunction “and” if a close semantic unity is formed (they usually do not have explanatory words; sometimes they can be replaced with one word): All around was light and green; And those and others(= everything) respected him.

3. A comma is not placed if two homogeneous members with the conjunction “and” form a closely related pair in meaning, connected by the conjunction “and” with the third homogeneous member: He read the story three times in a row and often cried and laughed with delight while reading.(“cried and laughed” is a closely related pair in meaning, connected by the conjunction “and” with the verb “read”).

4. A comma is not placed before “and that” (“and that”, “and that”, “and those”), used to strengthen the preceding noun (Old people even joined partisan detachments) or to attach part of a predicate (Standing next to him is nice). But without the conjunction “and” a comma is used: Boys, they are not afraid of frogs. There are no homogeneous members in such sentences.

5. A comma is not placed before the conjunction “yes and” in the connecting meaning: So he went into the forest and got lost.

6. A comma is not used in the combination “no, no, yes and”: The image of Nastenka, no, no, yes, appeared before my eyes.

7. The comma is not used in combinations like “took and + verb”: He took it in retaliation and made trouble.

8. The comma is not used in expressions like “20 and 40 and 60 together make 120”, because there are no homogeneous members here. Instead of “and” there can be “plus”.

9. A comma is not placed if there are conjunctions “either ... or” with homogeneous members, because they are not considered repeating: Will he continue his work or limit himself to what has been done?

10. A comma is not placed before “that” and “so that” inside the conjunctions “not that ... but”, “not that ... but (but)”: For a penny he will not only defame his brother, but will defame God himself; Not so much drunk, but endlessly cheerful.

B. Punctuation marks for homogeneous members, not united by unions.

A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence that are not connected by conjunctions: Everything woke up, sang, made noise, spoke; They said this and that.

Notes(difficult cases of punctuation):

1. A comma is not placed between two verbs in the same form that indicate movement and its purpose or form a single semantic whole: I'll come and check on you; Go buy it; Sits, sews.

2. There is no comma in fixed expressions: They scold her for everything about everything; We talked about this and that.

3. They are not homogeneous members and are not separated by a comma, but are joined by a hyphen:

A) paired combinations of a synonymous nature: there is no end, with joy and fun, mind-mind, truth-truth, clan-tribe, life-being, friend-friend, friend-comrade, friend-acquaintance, country-power, strength-power, customs-orders, benefit-benefit, rank-title, wedding-marriage, honor-praise, alive and well, so-and-so, off and on, spun and spun, beg-pray, sleep-rest, any-dear;

b) paired combinations of an antonymous nature: purchase-sale, income-expense, export-import, reception-issuance, questions-answers, hardness-softness of consonants, fathers-children, up-down, back and forth;

V) paired combinations based on associative connections: songs-dances, mushrooms-berries, birds-fish, tea-sugar, bread-salt, cups-spoons, knives-forks, arms-legs, first name-patronymic, husband-wife, father-mother, brothers-sisters, grandfather- grandma, water and feed, young green.

B. Use a semicolonwith homogeneous terms,

if at least one of the homogeneous members is very common (may have its own commas inside): He spoke to me more than once, served me without servility; but he watched the master like a child. The doctor saw artisans in gray cloth jackets; sailors with faces the color of clay; wealthy townspeople, in colored vests, with their wives, whose skirts looked like rose bushes. [Ο; Ο; Ο]

G. Dashwith homogeneous terms.

1. A dash may be placed between homogeneous predicates when indicating suddenness, unexpectedness of an action or a rapid change of events, when indicating the consequence contained in the second predicate (even if there is a conjunction “and”): My horse became thoughtful and jumped; The mosquito contrived to burn its nose; I run there and find you both.

2. A dash is placed between homogeneous members to express opposition (when omitting the adversative conjunctions “a”, “but”, “yes”, “but”, “however”, “although”, etc.): Not like a bird - a jet plane flies by like a projectile; The student turned out to be not just smart - talented; It’s not like living here is paradise; I'm not asking for love - pity!

D. Exercises on the topic “Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members.”

Exercise 1. Determine how many rows of homogeneous members are in the sentence. Place punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

1. The stations are littered with resinous logs and smell of fresh felling and wild forest herbs.

2. And now, to the charm of a night fire, to the bitter smell of smoke, the crackling of branches running across the fire and the fluffy white ashes, there is also the knowledge of tomorrow's weather.

3. But the lake itself is black without a bottom.

4. It was getting dark quickly like autumn.

5. In the rain, in the impenetrable darkness, wolves howled.

6. Without candles, without the ringing of bells, without the loud peals, the church resembled the backstage of a theater in dull daylight.

7. A year ago, my father left Kyiv and became a statistician at the Bryansk plant in the Oryol province.

8. The water flowed through the stone dam in a transparent shaft, fell down with a roar and drizzled with cold dust.

9. The stroller walked sideways and scraped its iron tires.

10. The bay horses, lifting their muzzles and snoring, entered the swift water.

11. The rain came in gusts and hit the window panes with hard drops, washing away the lime from them.

12. The place of the former heroes and women pale with tenderness was taken by Chichikov and Khlestakov.

Exercise 2. Determine how many rows of homogeneous members are in the sentence. Place punctuation marks.Insert the missing letters.

1. The priest sighed and again spoke about the eternal longing for happiness and the valley of tears.

2. Only towards night we emerged from the swamps, reached solid ground and walked along an overgrown road.

3. Through my drowsiness I heard the annoying rattling of springs, then the sound of water near the mill, the barking of dogs.

4. Mother hastily put pies on the dish and cut sausage.

5. Consciousness remains unchanged in its essence, but during its work it causes vortices, streams, cascades of new thoughts and images, sensations and words.

6. I just lived without trying to write down or remember anything for future books.

7. So in the mountains, from the insignificant sound of a shot from a hunting rifle, snow begins to fall down a steep slope in a shiny stripe.

8. “Local residents” shouted for a long time and heatedly, quarreled and mentioned many signs.

9. The corncrakes are screaming in the bushes, the quails are striking, the bittern is buzzing, the first stars are burning, and the dawn smolders for a long time over the distances and fogs.

10. And since then, Yesenin’s poetry seems to me the best expression of the wide sunsets beyond the Oka and twilight in damp meadows, when either fog or bluish smoke from forest burns falls on them.

11. Imagination created Newton’s law of attraction with a binomial, the sad story of Tristan and Isolde, the splitting of the atom, the Admiralty building in Leningrad, “Golden Autumn,” Levitan’s radio, the electric light of Prince Hamlet, the theory of relativity and the film “Bambi.”

12. During the day, cobwebs flew through the air, got tangled in the unmowed grass, yarn stuck to the oars, to the fishing rods, to the horns of the cows.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Several definitions for one defined noun are not always and therefore are not always separated by commas. The distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions is one of the most difficult topics in the school curriculum. Below are lists of signs of homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions; further in the section “Punctuation marks for homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions” some of them are discussed in more detail and are accompanied by examples.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions(concisely) :

• indicate characteristics of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
• denote features that are synonymous in context: powerful, violent, deafening downpour;
• denote characteristics that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): moonlit, clear evening(= clear, because lunar);
• denote artistic images, metaphors: leaden, faded eyes;
• there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
• the single definition is placed before the common one: empty field covered with snow;
• located after the defined word: young woman, beautiful, kind, intelligent, charming;
• denote a subjective characteristic (optional attribute): a small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
• in the position after the word being defined: the clouds are round, high, golden-gray, with delicate white edges.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions(concisely):

• indicate shape and material: potbellied nut bureau;
• indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
• indicate size and material: large stone houses;
• indicate quality and location: gloomy Siberian river.

Punctuation marks whenhomogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions.

Definitions are homogeneous, If

a) indicate the distinctive features of different objects: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made up a beautiful bouquet;

b) indicate various signs of the same object, characterizing it on the one hand: A strange, sharp, painful cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.;

c) each of the definitions directly relates to the defined noun, and therefore a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them "And". Wed: clear, calm moonlight (pure and calm moonlight); a cup of thick, strong coffee (a cup of thick and strong coffee) and so on.

Notes:

• homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, if at the same time in context they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He held out his red, swollen, dirty hand to me; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; Gray strands glittered in his thick, dark hair; pale, stern face; cheerful, good-natured laughter; a deserted, inhospitable house; gentle, lively eyes; proud, brave appearance; dry, cracked lips; heavy, angry feeling; gray, continuous, light rain etc.;

• as a rule, they are homogeneous artistic definitions(epithets): His pale blue, glassy eyes;

• homogeneous also synonymous(in context) definitions: quiet, modest river; silent, timid, timid girl. In a series of such definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, forming a semantic gradation: There was a joyful, festive, radiant mood; In autumn, the steppes completely change and take on their own unusual, special, incomparable appearance.;

• the role of homogeneous definitions is usually played by adjective and following participial phrase:An elderly man with a bushy beard, beginning to turn gray, entered.;

• As a rule, agreed upon definitions are homogeneous, coming after the word being defined: Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road. Exception make up combinations of terminological nature: thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes; late-ripening winter pear;

• homogeneous definitions are those that are opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word: Six months later, long, cold nights give way to quiet, warm ones.

2. A comma is not placed between heterogeneous definitions.

Definitions are heterogeneous, if they characterize an object from different sides: big stone house(size and material); white round pebbles(color and shape); beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. Such definitions can become homogeneous if they are united by a common feature: Our terrace now stands on new brick pillars(the unifying feature is “durable”).

Notes:

• heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives: a new leather briefcase, an interesting children's book, a warm July night, a light birch grove, transparent window panes and so on.;

• less often, heterogeneous definitions consist of a combination of qualitative adjectives: old gloomy house, interesting rare publications.

Exercises for the topic "Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions"

Exercise 1. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which commas must be inserted.

1. He was born into a poor peasant family.

2. A clear, bright, thoughtful smile lies on the clouds.
3. The sun's rays play on the thick, lush, dewy grass.
4. She involuntarily surrendered to involuntary, selfless love.
5. Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the mountains.
6. I saw a young, beautiful, kind, intelligent woman.
7. In the chest I found a yellowed letter written in Latin.
8. Light was breaking through the small ice-covered window.
9. Alyosha handed him a small folding round mirror.
10. He had big fish eyes.
11. A flat, dull steppe stretched around.
12. A sonorous child's laughter was heard.
13. The dark, unlit windows of the houses looked unfriendly.
14. Everyone fell asleep in a sound, healthy sleep.
15. It was a cold autumn evening.
16. Large heavy drops hung on the branches.
17. Memories are a living, trembling world full of poetry.
18. Cucumbers occupied the best sunny part of the garden.
19. A dry hot wind was blowing.
20. A sound pre-dawn sleep overcame him.
21. There was wet, loose and dazzling snow in the fields.
22. We walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga.
23. The young grass washed by the rain smelled intoxicating.
24. Tolstoy could not write unless he had good, clean paper in front of him.
25. On a warm summer morning I went to Lvov.
26. Red blue yellow rocky peaks rise to the sky.
27. A strong gusty wind shook the trees and hummed in the forest.
28. The old country park is quiet.
29. A yellow maple leaf killed in autumn slowly falls to the ground.
30. All travelers were dressed in the same polar suits.

Answers: 2,3,4,6,7,8,13,14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26, 29.

Exercise 2. Copy the text, adding the missing commas.
Meanwhile, the sun rose a little more above the horizon. Now the sea no longer shone entirely, but only in two places. On the very horizon, a long shining strip was burning, and dozens of bright, eye-catching stars flashed in the slowly approaching waves. Throughout the rest of its vast expanse, the sea shone with the gentle, sad blue of the August calm. Petya admired the sea. No matter how much you look at the sea, you will never get tired of it. It is always different, new and unprecedented. It changes every hour before our eyes. Then it is quiet light blue in several places covered with silvery almost white stripes of calm. Then it is bright blue fiery sparkling. Then, under a fresh wind, it suddenly becomes dark indigo wool, as if it were being ironed against the pile.

Sources:

• Section “Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members” in the manual by Golub I.B. "Russian language and culture of speech"
• Section “Definitions” in the electronic manual “

Homogeneous members of the sentence (main and secondary), not connected by conjunctions, are separated commas : In the office there were brown velvetarmchairs , bookishcabinet (Eb.); After lunch hesat on the balcony,held a book on my lap(Boon.); Cold, emptiness, uninhabited spirit meets the house(Sol.); Blooming aheadcherries, rowan, dandelions, rose hips, lilies of the valley … (Sol.); Only silence remainswater, thickets, centuries-old willows (Paust.); Shcherbatova toldabout his childhood, about the Dnieper, about how dried up old willows came to life in the spring on their estate(Paust.).

If the last member of a series is joined by unions and, yes, or , then the comma is not placed in front of it: He[wind] bringscoldness, clarity and a certain emptiness of the whole body(Paust.); Dense, tall thickets stretch for kilometerschamomile, chicory, clover, wild dill, cloves, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentians, plantains, bluebells, buttercups and dozens of other flowering herbs (Paust.).

§26

Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions, if there are more than two ( and... and... and, yes... yes... yes, neither... nor... nor, or... or... or, whether... whether... whether, whether... or... or, either... or... or, then... then... that, not that ... not that ... not that, or ... or ... or ), separated by commas: It was sadAnd in the spring air,And in the darkening skyAnd in the wagon(Ch.); Did not haveneither stormy wordsneither passionate confessions,neither oaths(Paust.); After separation from Lermontov, she[Shcherbatova] couldn't watchneither to the steppe,neither on people,neither to passing villages and towns(Paust.); You could see her every dayThat with a can,That with a bag andThat and with a bag and a can together -or in the oil shop,or On the market,or in front of the house gate,or on the stairs(Bulg.).

In the absence of a union And before the first of the listed members of the sentence, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members of the sentence and the conjunction And repeated at least twice a comma is placed between all homogeneous members (including before the first And ): They brought a bouquet of thistles and placed it on the table, and here in front of mefire, and turmoil, and crimson round dance of lights (Sick.); And today the poet’s rhyme -weasel, and slogan, and bayonet, and whip (M.).

When repeating the conjunction twice And (if the number of homogeneous members is two) a comma is placed in the presence of a generalizing word with homogeneous members of the sentence: All Reminds me of autumn:and yellow leaves and fogs in the morning ; the same without a generalizing word, but in the presence of dependent words with homogeneous terms: Now it was possible to hear separatelyand the sound of rain and the sound of water (Bulg.). However, in the absence of the specified conditions, with homogeneous members of the sentence forming a close semantic unity, the comma may not be placed: It was all aroundboth light and green (T.); Day and night the scientist cat keeps walking around the chain(P.).

When repeating other conjunctions twice, except And , a comma is always used : Constantly prick my eyes with gypsy lifeeither stupid or ruthless (A. Ost.); He was ready to believe that he had arrived here at the wrong time -or too late,or early(Spread); ladynot that barefoot,not that in some transparent... shoes(Bulg.); All day goes byor snow,or rain with snow. They[lamp] just highlightedThat walls of the cave hall,That the most beautiful stalagmite(Sol.); Earlywhether , latewhether , but I'll come .

§27

Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting or disjunctive conjunctions ( and, yes in meaning " And »; or, or ) not separated by comma : Motor shipgot up across the riverand gave turn it downstream, along the way(Spread); Day and night - a day away(ate.); Will support he is Uzdechkinaor won't support ? (Pan.).

If there is an adversarial union between homogeneous members ( ah, but, yes in meaning " But », however, although, but, however ) and connecting ( and also, and even ) a comma is placed : The secretary stopped taking notes and secretly cast a surprised glance,but not against the arrested person, but against the procurator (Bulg.); The child washarsh but sweet (P.); A capable studentlazy though ; He visited the library on Fridayshowever not always ; Mokeevna had already taken the wicker basket out of the house,however stopped – I decided to look for apples(Shcherb.); The apartment is small,but cozy (gas.); She knows Germanand French .

§28

When connecting homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (conjunction And valid only within groups): Alleys plantedlilacs and lindens, elms and poplars , led to the wooden stage(Fed.); The songs were different:about joy and sorrow, the day past and the day to come (Gaych.); Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances they told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria(Sol.).

Homogeneous members of a sentence, united in pairs, can be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrastive relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, to someonebowed and smiled not softly and touchingly , As always,but respectfully and tensely (Ch.). The different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account. For example: In them[bench] you will find calico for shrouds and tar, candy and borax for exterminating cockroaches(M.G.) – here, on the one hand, word forms are combined calico and tar, candy and borax, and on the other hand, these groups, already with the rights of single members, are united by a repeating union And . Wed. option without pairwise association (with separate registration of homogeneous members):... You will find calico for shrouds, tar, candy, and borax for exterminating cockroaches .

§29

With homogeneous members of a sentence, in addition to single or repeating conjunctions, double (comparative) conjunctions can be used, which are divided into two parts, each located under each member of the sentence: both... and, not only... but also, not so much... as, as much... as much, although and... but, if not... then, not that... but, not that... but, not only not... but rather... how etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such conjunctions: I have an errandHow from the judgeSo equalsAnd from all our friends(G.); Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot,But It was stillAnd a very subtle psychologist(Paust.); They say that in summer Sozopol is flooded with holidaymakers, that isNot really holidaymakers,A vacationers who came to spend their holidays near the Black Sea(Sol.); Mothernot really angry,But I was still unhappy(Kav.); There are fogs in Londonif not every day,That every other day for sure(Gonch.); He wasnot so much disappointed,How many surprised by the current situation(gas.); He wasquicker annoyedhow saddened(magazine).

§thirty

Between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups) can be placed semicolon .

1. If they include introductory words: It turns out that there are subtleties. There must be a fireFirstly , smokeless;Secondly , not very hot;and thirdly , in complete calm(Sol.).

2. If homogeneous members are common (have dependent words or subordinate clauses related to them): He was respectedbehind its excellent, aristocraticmanners , for the rumors about his victories;for that that he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room of the best hotel;for that that he generally dined well, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe’s;for that that he carried with him everywhere a real silver travel bag and a camp bathtub;for that that he smelled of some extraordinary, surprisingly “noble” perfume;for that that he played whist masterfully and always lost...(T.)

§31

Between homogeneous members of the sentence it is placed dash: a) when omitting an adversative conjunction: People's knowledge of laws is not desirable - it is mandatory(gas.); A tragic voice, no longer flying, no longer ringing - deep, chesty, “Mkhatovsky”(gas.); b) in the presence of a conjunction to denote a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another: Then Alexey clenched his teeth, closed his eyes, pulled the boots with all his might with both hands - and immediately lost consciousness(B.P.); ...I always wanted to live in the city - and now I’m ending my life in the village(Ch.).

§32

Homogeneous members of a sentence and their various combinations are separated when dividing a sentence (parcelation) dots(see § 9): And then there were long hot months, the wind from the low mountains near Stavropol, smelling of immortelle, the silver crown of the Caucasus Mountains, fights near forest rubble with Chechens, the screech of bullets.Pyatigorsk , strangers with whom you had to treat yourself as friends.And again fleeting Petersburg and the Caucasus , the yellow peaks of Dagestan and the same beloved and saving Pyatigorsk.Short rest , broad ideas and poems, light and soaring to the sky, like clouds over the tops of mountains.And a duel (Paust.).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words

§33

If a generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then after the generalizing word is placed colon : An ice fisherman happensdifferent : retired fisherman, worker fisherman, military fisherman, minister fisherman, so to speak, statesman, intellectual fisherman(Sol.); In this story you will find almosteverything I mentioned above : dry oak leaves, a gray-haired astronomer, the roar of cannonade, Cervantes, people who unshakably believe in the victory of humanism, a mountain shepherd dog, a night flight and much more(Paust.).

With generalizing words there may be clarifying words like, for example, like that, namely , preceded by a comma and followed by a colon. Words like for example, like that are used to explain previous words, words namely – to indicate the exhaustive nature of the subsequent listing: Many enterprises and services operate around the clock,such as : communications, ambulance, hospitals; Introductory words can express an emotional assessment of what is being communicated,For example : fortunately, to surprise, to joy, etc.(from the textbook); Katya... examined the barn, finding there, in addition to the cylinder and tiles, a lot of useful things,something like that : two low green benches, garden table, hammock, shovels, rakes(Step.); Everyone came to the meetingnamely : teachers, students and staff of the institute. After clarifying words such as (with a comparative connotation of meaning) the colon is not placed: Flowers are the first to bloom after winter,such as crocuses, tulips(gas.).

§34

A generalizing word that comes after homogeneous members is separated from them by the sign dash : Handrails, compasses, binoculars, all sorts of instruments and even high thresholds of cabins -all this it was copper(Paust.); And these trips, and our conversations with her -All was imbued with aching, hopeless melancholy(Beck.).

If there is an introductory word before a generalizing word, separated from homogeneous members by a dash, then the comma before the introductory word is omitted: In the lobby, in the corridor, in the offices -in a word , there were crowds of people everywhere(Pop.),

§35

Dash is placed after the listing of homogeneous members, if the sentence does not end with the listing: Everywhere : in the club, on the streets, on benches at the gate, in houses - noisy conversations took place(Garsh.).

If there are two generalizing words - before and after homogeneous members - both indicated punctuation marks are placed: a colon (before the listing) and a dash (after it): All : a carriage driving quickly down the street, a reminder of an insult, a girl’s question about a dress that needs to be prepared; even worse, the word of insincere, weak participation -All painfully irritated the wound, seemed like an insult(L.T.). The same with the common generalizing word: In a few minutes he could drawanything : human figure, animals, trees, buildings –All he came out characteristically and lively(Beck.).

§36

Homogeneous members of the sentence, located in the middle of the sentence and having the meaning of a passing comment, are highlighted dash on both sides: Anything that could muffle the sounds -carpets, curtains and upholstered furniture – Grig left the house a long time ago(Paust.); Everyone -and the Motherland, and both Lychkovs, and Volodka – I remember white horses, little ponies, fireworks, a boat with lanterns(Ch.).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

§37

Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other comma, heterogeneous - are not separated (for an exception, see § 41).

1. The definitions denoting are homogeneous signs of different objects : A talented student who spoke five languages ​​and felt at homeFrench, Spanish, German literature at home, he boldly used his knowledge(Kav.).

Definitions that express similar characteristics of one subject are homogeneous, i.e. they characterize the subject On the one side : It wasboring, tedious day(Kav.); The train moved slowly and unevenly, supportingold, creaky railway carriage(Spread); Heavy, damp the wall of the pine forest does not move, is silent(Lip.); Lena got her a jobspacious, empty room(Kav.); At first winter swung reluctantly, as last year, then it burst in unexpectedly, withharsh, cold by the wind(Kav.). The similarity of features can appear on the basis of some convergence of values, for example, along the line of assessment: And at this momentreserved, soft, polite Zoshchenko suddenly said to me with irritation: “You can’t get into literature by pushing elbows.”(Kav.); based on the unity of sensations conveyed by definitions (touch, taste, etc.): INclear, warm morning, at the end of May, in Obruchanovo they brought two horses to the local blacksmith Rodion Petrov(Ch.); Bliss wascool, fresh, tasty water gently rolling off your shoulders(Kav.).

Similarity of features may arise among adjectives used in a figurative meaning: I shook the one handed to mebig, callous hand(Shol.); Cruel, cold spring kills engorged buds(Ahm.); In heartdark, stuffy hop(Ahm.). The homogeneity of definitions is emphasized by the addition of one of them by a coordinating conjunction And : In them[songs] dominatedheavy, sad and hopeless notes(M.G.); Suchmiserable, drab and deceitful siskin(M.G.); Tired, tanned and dusty their faces were exactly the color of the brown rags of the moon's wing(M.G.).

2. Adjective definitions that characterize an object or phenomenon with various sides: Large glass the doors were wide open(Kav.) – designation of size and material; Former Eliseevskaya the dining room was decorated with frescoes(Kav.) – designation of a temporary sign and sign of belonging; Thick rough the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase(Kav.) – designation of size and purpose; Found in my archiveyellow school girl notebook written in fluent handwriting(Kav.) – designation of color and purpose; The forests, lit obliquely by the sun, seemed to him like piles oflight copper ore(Paust.) – designation of weight and material; Our famous and brave traveler Karelin gave me very detailed information about Kara-Bugaz.unflattering written certification(Paust.) – designation of assessment and form; The foreman served teaviscous cherry jam(Paust.) – designation of property and material; Enoughhigh antique earthenware the lamp burned softly under a pink lampshade(Bun.) – designation of quantity, temporary characteristic and material.

§38

Adjective adjectives can be combined with participial phrases. The placement of the comma in this case depends on the location of the participial phrase, which sometimes acts as a homogeneous member of the sentence with the adjective definition, sometimes as a heterogeneous one.

If the participial phrase comes after the adjective definition and before the word being defined (i.e., breaks the direct connection between the adjective and the noun), then a comma is placed between the definitions: Evenold, covered with gray lichens the tree branches whispered about days gone by(M.G.); No, they don't only cry in their sleepelderly, gray during the war years men(Shol); Small, dry in places in summer rivulet<…>spilled over a kilometer(Shol.); Standing, lost in the air the smell of flowers was nailed motionless by the heat to the flower beds(B. Past.).

If the participial phrase comes before the adjective definition and refers to the next combination of the adjective definition and the word being defined, then a comma is not placed between them: Each time she appeared and drowned again in pitch darknessthe steppe crouched against the wide beams village(Paust.); Sergey sawwhite floating in the air notebook sheets(Sparrow).

§39

A comma is placed when combining agreed and inconsistent definitions (the inconsistent definition is placed after the agreed one): Meanwhile insquat, with brown walls In the winter quarters of the Klyushins, a slightly angled seven-line lamp actually burned(White); She took it off the tablethick, with fringe tablecloth and laid another white one(P. Neil.).

However, the comma not placed, if the combination of an agreed and inconsistent definition denotes a single characteristic: White checkered tablecloth; she was wearingblue polka dot skirt .

§40

Definitions following the word being defined are usually homogeneous and are therefore separated by commas: Wordpompous, false, bookish had a drastic effect on him(Boon.). Each of these definitions is directly related to the word being defined and has an independent logical emphasis.

§41

Heterogeneous definitions are separated by a comma only if the second of them explains the first, revealing its content (it is possible to insert words, that is, namely): He... carefully walked along the shiny wire withnew, fresh feeling of delight(Gran.) – here new Means " fresh"; without a comma, that is, when explanatory relations are removed, a different meaning will appear: there was a “fresh feeling of delight” and a new one appeared (a new fresh feeling, but: a new, fresh feeling); – Shelter an orphan, - enteredthird, new voice(M.G.) – definition new explains the definition third; Nature has no more talented or less talented works. They can only be divided into bothours, human points of view(Sol.). Wed: In the holiday village appearednew brick Houses(others were added to the existing brick houses). – In the holiday village appearednew, brick Houses(before this there were no brick houses).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous applications

§42

Applications (definitions expressed by nouns), not connected by conjunctions, can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous. They are separated by commas: Hero of Socialist Labor, People's Artist of the USSR E. N. Gogoleva– honorary titles; World Cup winner, European champion NN– sports titles.

Applications denoting different features of an object, characterizing it from different sides, are not homogeneous. They are not separated by commas: First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Army General NN– position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete, engineer NN– position and profession; General Director of the production association Candidate of Technical Sciences NN– position and academic degree.

When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the NN Institute of Physical Education .

§43

Applications that appear after the word being defined, regardless of the meaning they convey, are separated by commas and must be highlighted (see § 61): Lyudmila Pakhomova, Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, world champion, multiple European champion, coach; N.V. Nikitin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize and the USSR State Prize, author of the Ostankino television tower project; V.V. Tereshkova, pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union; D. S. Likhachev, literary critic and public figure, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, chairman of the board of the Russian Cultural Foundation, laureate of the State Prize; A. I. Solzhenitsyn, writer, publicist, Nobel Prize laureate .

Punctuation marks for repeating sentence parts

§44

Between repeating members of a sentence is placed busy. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of an action: I'm going, I'm going in an open field; bell ding-ding-ding...(P.); We sailed, we sailed wind-blown clouds in the dark blue depths(Shol.); indicates a large number of objects or phenomena: Along the Smolensk road -forests, forests, forests . Along the Smolensk road -pillars, pillars, pillars (OK.); denotes a high degree of attribute, quality, feeling, and each of the words repeated in this case has a logical emphasis: Scary, scary reluctantly among the unknown plains(P.); The sky was nowgray, gray (Sol.); Why are you walking, my son?lonely, lonely ? (OK.); emphasizes the categorical nature of the statement: Now... all I live iswork work … (Am.).

§45

Repeating parts of a sentence with a conjunction And when sharply emphasizing their meaning, they are separated by the sign dash : Leave - and leave quickly; We need victory - and only victory. However, with a calmer intonation, a comma is also possible: You, and only you, are capable of this; We need facts, and only facts. .

If the union And stands between two identical verbs, which act as a single predicate expressing a constantly repeated action, a comma is not placed: And he's stillwrites and writes letters to the old address .

As a rule, homogeneous members of a sentence (hereinafter referred to as OCP) have the following characteristics, by which they are quite easy to identify. Firstly, they all refer to one member of the sentence, secondly, they are completely equal to each other, thirdly, as a rule, they are expressed by the same parts of speech.

In a sentence, homogeneous members perform the same syntactic function, but in writing they are mainly separated by commas.

The placement of commas with homogeneous members of a sentence is subject to the following rules:

1. If homogeneous members are not connected by unions, a comma should be placed between them. For example:

Note 1. Two or more adjectives can be considered homogeneous only if there are identical syntactic and semantic connections between the noun and each of these adjectives. For example:

However, if the first adjective refers directly to the entire phrase, and not just to the noun, then it is not a special phrase. For example:

• With a loud whistle, a heavy freight train rushed past.
• A green birch grove could be seen ahead.

Note 2. Two verbs that follow each other, but in meaning form a single whole, are also not OCP. For example:

• Let's sit down and talk, I'll go have a look, let's start, etc.

2. If the PSCs are connected through adversative conjunctions“but”, “a”, “but”, “yes” (= “but”), “although”, then a comma is placed between them. For example:

• He felt not love, but hatred at that moment.
• He spoke rarely, but aptly.
• He looks good, but green (Krylov).

3. If in a sentence the OCPs are used with paired conjunctions“at least (although) - but (a)”, “as much (as much) - as (as much)”, “not as much (not as much) - as (as much)”, “as - so and”, “not only - but and”, “if not - then”, then a comma is placed between them. For example:

• I am pleased not so much with your work as with your approach to business.
• Not only ants, but also bees are essentially social insects.
• And not only will I not touch the local herds in the future, but I myself am happy to squabble with others for them (Krylov).
• This beast looks menacing, but is safe.

4. If in a sentence OSP is used with repeating conjunctions“and...and”, “yes...yes”, “that...that”, “whether-whether”, “either-or”, etc., then a comma is placed between them. For example:

• Maples, aspens, and young birches grew in this wonderful place.
• In the house the light went out and then came on again.
• Tsar Dadon (Pushkin) does not encounter either a massacre, a camp, or a burial mound.

Note 1. If these unions connect mutually exclusive concepts that have already become stable units, then a comma is not used. For example:

• neither this nor that, this way and that, neither one nor the other, neither yes nor no, day and night, old and young, laughter and sorrow, neither alive nor dead, neither back nor forth, neither fish nor fowl, neither give nor take.

Note 2. If the EPCs represent a semantic unity and are connected using repeating conjunctions, then commas are not placed between them. For example:

• Both the cat and the dog loved him.

5. If only a few POCs have repeating conjunctions in front of them, a comma is still placed between them. For example:

• Tatyana believed the legends of the common people of old times, and dreams, and card fortune-telling, and predictions of the moon (Pushkin).
• I met another girl who was more beautiful and cheerful, and easy-going, and smart.

If the PSCs fall into several paired groups, then commas are placed only between these groups, for example:

• The Russian people are smart and understanding, diligent and ardent for everything good and beautiful (Belinsky).
• When we were students, we squeezed science in everywhere, by the way and inopportunely, with intent and without intent, skillfully and unskillfully (Pisarev).
• I cried and screamed, suffered and suffered, called and yearned - he never returned.

III. Comma between homogeneous members of a sentence

§ 143. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence that are not connected by means of conjunctions, for example:

Laughter, songs, fun were heard from all sides (L. Tolstoy). Everything in the room looked cozy, clean, bright (Saltykov-Shchedrin). At his feet are two large bunches of different keys, put on rings made of wire, a damaged samovar made of tin, a hammer, filings (M. Gorky).

Note 1. Two or more adjectives that agree with the same noun and are not connected to each other by means of conjunctions are homogeneous only if each of them directly relates to this noun, for example:

Along the mossy, muddy banks there were dark huts here and there (Pushkin). With a cheerful feeling of hope for a new, better life, he drove up to his house at nine o’clock at night (L. Tolstoy). Where is the hot excitement, where is the noble aspiration of both the feelings and thoughts of the young, lofty, gentle, daring? (Pushkin). A rare, fine rain began to fall (Chekhov).

But adjectives are not homogeneous if the preceding adjective refers to the entire subsequent phrase, and not directly to the noun, for example:

There was a long freight train (Chekhov). Behind the road is a trimmed linden alley (L. Tolstoy). There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).

Note 2. Two verbs of the same form, following one after the other and forming a single semantic whole, are not homogeneous members of the sentence and, therefore, are not separated by commas, for example: I’ll go find out. Go have a look. Take it, take it. Let's sit down and talk. We sat and talked.

§ 144. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence, connected through the conjunctions a, but, yes (in the meaning of “but”), however, although, etc., for example:

I will put not the race, but the mind as a governor (Pushkin). She spoke little, but intelligently (Turgenev). He looks good, but green (Krylov). An irresistible, albeit quiet force carried me away (Turgenev).

§ 145. A comma is placed between paired homogeneous members of a sentence, connected by means of conjunctions both - and, not as much (not as much) - as (as much), as much (as much) - as (as much), not only - but also, if not – that, although (although) – but (a), etc. (a comma before as, not so much, if, etc. in these cases should not be placed), for example:

And not only will I not touch the local herds in the future, but I myself am happy to squabble with others for them (Krylov). Although he is simple in appearance, he has a wonderful quality (Krylov). Both the shortcomings and the advantages of “Poltava” were equally not understood by the critics of that time and the public of that time (Belinsky). It is necessary to visit, if not all, then at least most areas.

§ 146. A comma is placed between homogeneous members of a sentence, connected through repeated conjunctions and. and, yes. yes, then. then, whether-or, or-or, etc., for example:

You can’t hear knocking, screaming, or bells (Turgenev). A light breeze woke up and then subsided (Turgenev). Here the wild nobility, without feeling, without law, has appropriated to itself with a violent vine the labor, property, and time of the farmer (Pushkin). Tsar Dadon (Pushkin) does not encounter either a massacre, a camp, or a burial mound. How long can I walk in the world, now in a carriage, now on horseback, now in a wagon, now in a carriage, now in a cart, now on foot? (Pushkin). Ovsyanikov rode either in a racing droshky or in a small beautiful cart with a leather top (Turgenev). It happened that from the very early morning I would run away either to the pond, or to the grove, or to the hayfield, or to the reapers (Dostoevsky).

Note. If repeating conjunctions and, nor connect two homogeneous terms with opposite meanings, forming one integral expression, then a comma is not placed between them, for example: neither this nor that, and so and so, neither one nor the other, neither yes nor no, and day and night, and old and young, and laughter and grief, neither alive nor dead, neither back nor forth, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take.

A comma is also not placed between two homogeneous members of a sentence, connected by a repeating conjunction and forming a close semantic unity (usually such homogeneous members do not have explanatory words with them), for example:

Both summer and autumn were rainy (Zhukovsky).

§ 147. A comma is placed between all homogeneous members of a sentence even in the case when only part of them has repeating conjunctions in front of it, for example:

Tatyana believed the legends of the common people of old times, and dreams, and card fortune-telling, and predictions of the moon (Pushkin). He fell in love with dense groves, solitude, silence, and the night, and the stars, and the moon (Pushkin). You listen to the roar of thunder, and the voice of the storm and waves, and the cry of rural shepherds (Pushkin). Whether I be foam in the sea, or blue mist on the mountains, or the evening shadow of the steppe, I will always remember you (M. Gorky). No, let him serve in the army, let him pull the strap, let him smell gunpowder, let him be a soldier, not a chamaton (Pushkin).

§ 148. A comma is placed between paired groups into which homogeneous members of the sentence can break up (it is not placed inside such pairs), for example:

The Russian people are smart and understanding, diligent and ardent for everything good and beautiful (Belinsky). When we were students, we squeezed science in everywhere, by the way and inopportunely, with intent and without intent, skillfully and unskillfully (Pisarev).

Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of the sentence(major and minor), not connected by conjunctions, are separated by commas.

For example: In the office there were brown velvet armchairs, bookcase (Nab.); After lunch he sat on the balcony, held a book on my knees (Bun.); Cold, emptiness, uninhabited spirit meets the house (Sol.); Shcherbatova told about my childhood, about Dnieper, About how their estate came to life in the spring dried out, old and you(Paust.).

Combinations of verbs like I'll take it and go and have a look. In the first case, this is a designation of one action: I'll take it and go to the forest to pick mushrooms(the first verb is lexically defective); in the second case verb I'll take a look denotes the purpose of an action: I'll go have a look New film.

A comma is not used for homogeneous terms:

1. If homogeneous members are connected by non-repeating single connecting And dividing alliances And , or , or , Yes (=and ).

For example: Motor ship became across the river and gave turn it downstream(Spread); Will support is he Uzdechkina or won't support? (Pan.). It's never too early to ask yourself: business I'm working out or trifles? (A.P.Ch.) A training of mental strength possible and necessary in any conditions.

2. If homogeneous members are connected by means of a union YES AND :

For example: I'll take it yes and I'll leave.

3. If the last member of a series of homogeneous members is joined by conjunctions and, yes, or, then a comma is not placed in front of it.

For example: Dense, tall thickets stretch for kilometers daisies, chicory, clover, wild dill, carnations, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentians, plantains, bells, buttercups and dozens other blooming herbs (Paust.).

4. There is no comma in phraseological units with repeated conjunctions And. and, neither. neither (they connect words with opposing meanings): and day and night, and old and young, and laughter and grief, and here and there, and this and that, and here and there, neither two nor one and a half, neither give nor take, neither matchmaker nor brother, neither back nor forth, neither bottom nor tire, neither this nor that, neither stand nor sit, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither hearing nor spirit, neither oneself nor people, neither fish nor meat, nor this nor that, neither peahen nor crow, neither shaky nor shaky, neither this nor that etc. The same with paired combinations of words, when there is no third option: and husband and wife, and earth and sky.

A comma is placed for homogeneous terms

1. If there are between homogeneous members adversarial union ah, but, yes (in meaning " But »), however, although, but, however ) and connecting union and also, and even .

For example: The secretary stopped taking notes and secretly cast a surprised glance, but not against the arrested person, but against the procurator (Bulg.); The child was harsh but sweet (P.); Student capable, although lazy; He visited the library on Fridays however not always; Mokeevna had already taken the wicker basket out of the house, however stopped- I decided to look for apples(Shcherb.); The apartment is small, but cozy(gas.); She knows German and French.

2. At pairwise combination of homogeneous members of a sentence a comma is placed between pairs (conjunction And valid only within groups).

For example: Alleys planted lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars, led to the wooden stage(Fed.); The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the day past and the day to come (Gaych.); Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances they told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria(Sol.).

In sentences with homogeneous members, it is possible to use the same conjunctions on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when placing punctuation marks, different positions of conjunctions are taken into account.

For example: . Everywhere she was greeted cheerfully And friendly And assured her that she was good, sweet, rare(Ch.) - in this sentence there are conjunctions And not repeating, but single, connecting pairs of two homogeneous members of a sentence ( fun and friendly; met and assured).

In the example: No one else disturbed the silence of the channels and rivers, no longer picked off cold river lilies with a spoon, and no one admired out loud what is best to admire without words(Paust.) - first And connects the word forms of channels and rivers dependent on the word silence, the second And closes the series of predicates (did not violate, did not break off and did not admire).

Homogeneous members of a sentence, united in pairs, can be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrastive relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account.

For example: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, to someone bowed and smiled not softly and touchingly, as always, and respectfully and tensely (Ch.).

The different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account.

For example: In them[bench] you will find calico for shrouds and tar, candy and borax for exterminating cockroaches(M.G.) - here, on the one hand, word forms are combined calico and tar, candy and borax, and on the other hand, these groups, already with the rights of single members, are united by a repeating union And .

Compare the option without pairwise union (with separate design of homogeneous members): . You will find calico for shrouds, tar, candy, and borax for exterminating cockroaches.

3. Homogeneous members of a sentence, connected repeating conjunctions, if there are more than two ( And. And. and, yes. Yes. yes, neither. neither. neither, or. or. or, whether. whether. whether, whether. or. or, or. or. either, then. That. this, not that. not that. neither this nor that. either. either ), separated by commas.

For example: It was sad And in the spring air, And in the darkening sky And in the wagon(Ch.); Did not have neither stormy words neither passionate confessions, neither oaths(Paust.); You could see her every day That with a can, That with a bag and That and with a bag and a can together - or in the oil shop, or On the market, or in front of the house gate, or on the stairs(Bulg.).

In the absence of a union And before the first of the listed members of the sentence, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members of the sentence and the conjunction and is repeated at least twice, a comma is placed between all homogeneous terms(including before the first And ).

For example: They brought a bouquet of thistles and placed it on the table, and here in front of me fire, and turmoil, and crimson round dance of lights (Sick.); And today the poet’s rhyme - weasel, and slogan, and bayonet, and whip (M.).

One should not confuse the repeated conjunction and and conjunctions and, placed on different bases: It was quiet and dark, and smelled sweetly of herbs (the first stands between the homogeneous parts of the main member of the sentence, and the second joins part of the complex sentence).

When repeating other conjunctions twice, except And , a comma is always used .

For example: Constantly prick my gypsy eyes life is either stupid or merciless (A. Ost.); lady not that barefoot, not that in some transparent ones. shoes(Bulg.); Early whether, late whether, but I'll come.

Unions either, or are not always repetitive.

Yes, in a sentence And you can’t understand whether Matvey Karev is laughing at his words or at the way the students are looking into his mouth(Fed.) union whether introduces an explanatory subordinate clause, and a conjunction or connects homogeneous members.

Compare unions either, or as repeating: Going whether rain, or the sun is shining - he doesn’t care; Sees whether he is, or does not see(G.).

4. With homogeneous members of the sentence, in addition to single or repeating conjunctions, they can be used double(comparative) unions, which are divided into two parts, each located at each member of the sentence: How. so and not only. but also, not so much. how much, how much. so much, though. but if not. that, not that. but not really. oh, not only not. but rather. how etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such conjunctions.

For example: I have an errand How from the judge So equals And from all our friends(G.); Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot, But It was still And a very subtle psychologist(Paust.); They say that in summer Sozopol is flooded with holidaymakers, that is Not really holidaymakers, A vacationers who came to spend their holidays near the Black Sea(Sol.); Mother not really angry, But I was still unhappy(Kav.); There are fogs in London if not every day, That every other day for sure(Gonch.); He was not so much disappointed, How many surprised by the current situation.

A semicolon can be placed between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups):

1. If they include introductory words: It turns out that there are subtleties. There must be a fire Firstly, smokeless; Secondly, not very hot; A Thirdly, in complete calm(Sol.).

2. If homogeneous members are common (have dependent words or subordinate clauses related to them): He was respected behind its excellent, aristocratic manners, for the rumors about his victories; for that that he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room of the best hotel; for that that he generally dined well, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe’s; for that that he carried with him everywhere a real silver travel bag and a camp bathtub; for that that he smelled of some extraordinary, surprisingly “noble” perfume; for that that he played whist masterfully and always lost.(T.)

A dash is placed between homogeneous members of the sentence:

1. When omitting an adversative conjunction: People's knowledge of laws is not desirable - it is mandatory(gas.); A tragic voice, no longer flying, no longer ringing - deep, chesty, “Mkhatovsky”(gas.).

2. When there is a conjunction to denote a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another: Then Alexey clenched his teeth, closed his eyes, pulled the boots with all his might with both hands - and immediately lost consciousness(B.P.); . I always wanted to live in the city - and now I’m ending my life in the village(Ch.).

Homogeneous members of the sentence and their various combinations when dividing a sentence(parcelations) separated by dots .

For example: And then there were long hot months, the wind from the low mountains near Stavropol, smelling of immortelle, the silver crown of the Caucasus Mountains, fights near forest rubble with Chechens, the screech of bullets. Pyatigorsk, strangers with whom you had to treat yourself as friends. And again fleeting Petersburg and the Caucasus, the yellow peaks of Dagestan and the same beloved and saving Pyatigorsk. Short rest, broad ideas and poems, light and soaring to the sky, like clouds over the tops of mountains. And a duel (Paust.).

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We know Russian: the insidious comma - when to put it



You often read news and large serious materials from reputable, respected publications on the Internet and catch yourself thinking: who is the author of these illiterate lines, where did they study, who taught them to use written Russian so ineptly. In addition to spelling, in which, unfortunately, even specialist philologists make mistakes, many errors in syntax and punctuation began to be found in the texts of would-be journalists.

Simply put, the question of where to put a comma, whether it is needed here or not, and if it is needed, then why, causes enormous difficulties for most writers. One gets the impression that they did not study this section of the Russian language either at school or at university, and they put punctuation marks where there is a pause in the language - this is where they strive to “stick” their “hook”. But in language, not everything is so simple - it has its own rules. MIR 24 decided to recall some of the punctuation features of the Russian language.

Punctuation refers to the system of punctuation marks in the written language, the rules for their placement in written speech, as well as the section of grammar that studies these rules. Punctuation makes clear the syntactic and intonation structure of speech, highlighting individual sentences and members of sentences. This greatly facilitates oral reproduction of what has been written.

The comma (along with the colon and dash) is the most complex punctuation mark. In order to understand whether a given sentence contains a comma, you need to remember a few simple rules. In writing, this sign is used to highlight and isolate participial and participial phrases, definitions, isolations, addresses, interjections, interjections, clarifications and, of course, introductory words.

Also, a comma is used to separate between direct and indirect speech, between parts of a complex, complex and compound sentence, and homogeneous members of a sentence.

This punctuation mark is used either singly or in pairs. Single commas serve to divide a whole sentence into parts, separating these parts by marking their boundaries. For example, in a complex sentence it is necessary to separate two simple parts, and in a simple one - homogeneous members of the sentence that are used in the listing. Paired commas highlight an independent part of a sentence, marking boundaries on both sides. On both sides, participial and adverbial phrases, introductory words, and addresses in the middle of a sentence are most often distinguished. To understand where commas are placed, remember a few rules.

The main thing is the meaning

The most important thing is to understand the meaning of the sentence to understand the meaning of the sentence. One of the functions of punctuation marks is to convey correct semantics. If a comma is placed in the wrong place, the meaning is instantly distorted and a comic effect appears. For example: “Yesterday I entertained my sister, who was sick, playing the guitar.”

To highlight an independent part of a sentence, you need to read the sentence without this part. If the meaning of the sentence is clear, then the removed part is independent. Commas, as a rule, always highlight adverbial phrases, introductory sentences and words. For example: “The other day it became known that a friend of mine, returning from vacation, forgot her phone in the train car.” If we remove the participial phrase from this sentence, its meaning will hardly change: “The other day it became known that a friend of mine forgot her phone in the train car.”

However, there are cases when the gerund adjoins the predicate and in its meaning becomes similar to an adverb. In such cases, single participles are not separated by commas. “Why, sir, are you crying? Live your life laughing” (A.S. Griboyedov). If the gerund participle is removed from this sentence, it will become incomprehensible.

Insidious treatment

Addresses are always separated by commas in sentences. If it is in the middle or end of a sentence, it is not very easy to identify. For example: Tell me, boy, how far is it to the city? You are wrong, wife, when you say that Lionel Messi is not a football genius. Well, haven’t you noticed, sister, that the clock hanging on the wall has stopped?”

In almost all cases, a comma is used when talking about comparative phrases. It is easy to find in a sentence, mainly due to conjunctions as if, exactly, as, as if, as, rather than than, etc. However, there are exceptions. Comparative phrases are not highlighted if they are phraseological units. For example: It was as if he had disappeared into the ground. Rain cats and dogs and so on.

Between homogeneous members

A comma is placed between homogeneous members, but not always. A comma is necessary for conjunctions such as a, yes, but, but, however. Also, a comma is needed between homogeneous members that are connected by repeating conjunctions (and ... and, or ... or, not that ... not that, either ... or). There is no need to put a comma between homogeneous members that are connected by single conjunctions yes, and, either, or. In addition, repeating conjunctions before homogeneous members of the sentence will help determine where commas are placed.

Difficulties arise when homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions come across. Between homogeneous definitions, a comma is necessary. For example: interesting, fascinating book. For heterogeneous definitions, there is no need to use a comma: interesting philosophical novel. The word “interesting” expresses the impression in this phrase, and “philosophical” means that the novel belongs to a certain genre.

Boundaries of simple sentences

In complex sentences, a comma is placed before coordinating conjunctions. These are unions like and, yes, or, either, yes and. The main thing here is to correctly determine where one simple sentence ends and another begins. To do this, you need to find a grammatical basis in each of them (subjects and predicates) or divide a complex sentence according to its meaning.

Defined word in participial phrase

A comma is placed in sentences with a participial phrase, but also not always. The main thing here is to remember that participles are isolated only if they appear after the word they define. The word being defined is the one from which the question is asked to the participial phrase. For example: The bus standing at the bus stop broke down. If this does not happen, a comma is not needed: The bus standing at the stop has broken down.

A comma is always placed before contrastive conjunctions - but, yeah, uh.

Oh those interjections

Affirmative, interrogative, negative words, as well as interjections, require commas. There is always a comma after the interjection: “Competent speech, alas, is a rarity these days”. But not everything is so simple here. The interjection must be distinguished from particles such as oh, ah, well– they are used for reinforcement, as well as particles O, used when addressing. “What are you like!”, “Oh, close your pale legs!” (V. Brusov).

Here, of course, everything is very schematic and brief - Russian punctuation is much more complex and richer. But even these tips, I hope, will help you write correctly and put commas where they are justified by the rules, and not use them where they are not needed. I wish you success in mastering the “great and mighty” and remind you:

How to pronounce, speak and write correctly - the “We Know Russian” program will test your knowledge and teach you. The new season is on air on the MIR TV channel from September 3. The program will air on button 18 on Sundays at 7:20.

Every week, TV viewers will be able to learn new and interesting facts about the “great and mighty.” The program will continue to be hosted by the charismatic Sergei Fedorov, who promises to fill the program not only with intelligence, but also with sparkling humor.