Guidelines for making a garden trowel. Project "making a kitchen spatula". on the implementation of practical work by students
1. Justification of the problem that has arisen . …………………………………...3
2. Project goal . .............................................................................................3
3.Project objectives . ............................................................................... 3
4. Basic requirements and limitations for the product. …………………. 4
5. Choosing the shape of the scoop. ……………………………………………………. 4
6. Material used. …………………………………………….... 5
7. Calculation of scoop capacity. …………………………………………………………………….. 7
8. Equipment and tools. …………………………………………8 9. Technological map for making a scoop. …………………………..9
10. Preparation time. …………………………………………………...12
12. Economic calculation. ……………………………………………… 12
13. Quality control and self-assessment. …………………………………… 13
14. Literature. …………………………………………………………….14
15. Appendix 1. ……………………………………………………….15
Justification of the problem that has arisen.
Every day at our school we go to the canteen, where the cooks prepare delicious lunches for us. The kitchen has many different household appliances that make the work of the canteen workers easier. But such a simple item as a scoop for hanging bulk products causes criticism on their part. Scoops purchased in stores are very inconvenient to use; their capacity is sometimes too small. They are made of plastic, often break, so you have to spend money on buying them, and besides, scoops look unaesthetic. Therefore, I decided to make a scoop with my own hands from materials that were available in the school workshop - scraps of sheet metal, remnants of bars and boards.
Making a scoop helps to consolidate previously studied topics “Technology for turning wood on a lathe”, “Making cylindrical parts with hand tools”, “Technology for processing sheet metal”. The school workshop is equipped to complete this project.
Target project.
Make a scoop for the school cafeteria for hanging bulk products.
Project objectives.
1. Selecting a scoop design option.
2. Selection of materials for making a scoop.
3. Calculation of the capacity of the scoop.
4. Drawing up technological documentation.
5. Selection of equipment and tools.
6. Product execution.
7. Economic calculation.
8. Product evaluation.
Basic requirements and limitations for the product.
1. The product must be made of materials that are safe for products.
2. The capacity of the scoop should be 800-1000 cubic meters. cm.
3. The product should not have sharp corners on the tray.
4. The product must be durable.
5. The product must be easy to use.
6. The product must look aesthetically pleasing.
Choosing a scoop shape.
The scoop options presented in Appendix 1 do not meet the basic requirements for the product. The scoops in photos 1 and 4 are made of plastic, the first is too wide, and the second is small in volume. And the scoop in photo 4 is cut from a single tree trunk, which requires a lot of labor and the use of special tools. The scoop in photo 2 is made of aluminum, so it is relatively heavy. When designing an object, one should take into account its reliability, durability, aesthetic appearance, lightness and ease of manufacture. Based on the listed requirements, I developed the design of a semi-cylindrical scoop, consisting of three parts - a tray, a back, a handle, and made a sketch of it.
Material used.
Now I need to determine what materials I will use to make the tray, back and handle.
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Name details
Material
Dimensions
Galvanized sheet
Wood
Wood
Equipment and tools.
When making a scoop in a school workshop, you must use the following equipment and tools:
1. Carpentry workbench.
2. A bench with a vice.
3. Drilling machine with a set of drills.
4. Wood lathe.
5. Metal scissors.
6. File.
7. Wood saw.
8. Rasp.
9. Mallet.
10. Hammer.
11. Hand vice.
12. Sanding paper.
13. Measuring and marking tools - compass, ruler, square, scriber, pencil.
14. Brush.
Technological map for making a scoop.
Table 2.
The sequence of the operation. | Graphic image. | Fixture tools. |
|
Cutting a blank from tin, straightening, stripping, marking. |
| Ruler, scriber, hammer, metal scissors, sandpaper. |
|
Trim the corners process with a file. |
| Metal shears, vice, file. |
|
Drill 1.5 mm holes. |
| Drilling machine, hand vice. |
|
bending tin |
| Mallet, vice, |
|
Selecting a blank for the backrest with a thickness of 16 mm. Marking R60 mm |
| ||
Cut out the back, drill a 16 mm hole |
| Hacksaw, rasp, drilling machine. |
|
Turn out the handle. |
| Wood lathe. |
|
Connect parts 1 and 2, secure with 1.5x25mm nails. |
| Bench vice, hammer. |
|
Connect parts 2 and 3 and secure with a nail. |
| Mallet, hammer, vice. |
|
Varnish part 2 from the outside and part 3 with varnish 2 times with intermediate drying. | Paint brush. |
||
Preparation time.
Making a scoop does not take much time. I spent 2 hours 30 minutes on this.
Safety rules during work.
Since the work on making the scoop was carried out in the school workshop, safety precautions were followed in accordance with the instructions approved by the Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School. These are instructions for metalworking, manual woodworking and working on a drilling machine, which are located at work stations.
Economic calculation.
Considering that the handle, back and tray were made from waste, the cost of making the scoop was mainly caused by electricity, the purchase of 6 nails and furniture varnish.
When turning a handle on a lathe for 30 minutes, a 1.5 kW electric motor consumed 1.5 kW of electricity. x 0.5h. = 0.75 kW/h.
Cost 1 kW/h. – 1.46 rubles, which means energy costs will be
0.75kW. x 1.46 rub. = 1.1 ruble.
Nails 0.01 x 40 rub. = 0.4 rubles.
Varnish 0.03 kg x 120 rubles/kg = 3.6 rubles.
The total costs were 1.1 +0.4 + 3.6 = 5.1 rubles, which is 3-5 times less than the cost of scoops sold in the store.
Quality control and self-assessment.
The scoop meets all the requirements: it is lightweight, has a smooth, comfortable handle, no sharp corners, has a favorable appearance, is safe for bulk products, and has a low cost. While working on this project, I learned that before making any product, you need to do a lot of preparatory work - design, make a sketch, make technical and economic calculations. I worked on this scoop with great interest, and when it was ready, I handed it over to the school principal with great pride. I am very glad that I contributed to the school.
If I were to do the same project again, I would first paint the handle and back of the scoop with multi-colored patterns, and only then varnish it.
Literature:
2. Objects of labor. Teacher's manual. , . M. Education, 1993.
3. Technology. Textbook for 6th grade students. Edited by. Moscow. "Ventana - Count" 2005.
MKOU "Nizhnegridinsk secondary school"
Prepared by: Andrey Okhotnikov
Head: Anichkin V.I.
Relevance of the problem.
Along with the new Teflon-coated frying pan, a problem appeared in our house. After all, when preparing a number of dishes, you cannot do without spatulas. They can be metal and wood. The most suitable one for a Teflon-coated frying pan is a wooden spatula, which we didn’t have.
Development of the idea.
D
wooden spatulas and forks can have different shapes (Fig. 1, 2). There are more complex options, but I need to choose a product for manufacturing that would be easy to use and could be made at home. I chose the spatula shown in Figure 1 and the fork shown in Figure 2. They have a fairly simple shape, but at the same time look original. And if you make the same spatula and fork, only slightly smaller in size, then they can also be used for table setting.
Choice of material.
Blanks for kitchen spatulas and forks can be obtained by splitting logs into logs. In this case, the wood fibers remain intact, making the products durable. But you can use a board of appropriate thickness made of medium-density hardwood (alder, birch, beech, maple). The timber harvest must have the following dimensions:
300x50x12 mm.
Selection of tools.
To work I will need the following tools:
Flat chisel 15 mm wide
Drills: Ø 8, 12mm.
Rotary.
Round file.
Flat file.
Medium grit sandpaper.
Routing
"Making a Kitchen Spatula"
| Technological operation | Execution Sequence | Tools and equipment |
|
| Wood blank | Plane the thickness of the board in a wedge shape (Fig. 3) | Planer, ruler |
|
| Making a template | Draw the contours of the shoulder blade on thick paper and cut out a template from it | Ruler, pencil |
|
| Blade marking | Mark the contours of the blade on the workpiece | Template, pencil |
|
| Cutting the workpiece | Make several transverse cuts near the concave contours (Fig. 3). Cut the blade along the contour with a chisel and knife. | Hacksaw, chisel, knife |
|
| Hole marking | Place hole centers | Ruler, pencil |
|
| Drilling holes | Drill holes (oval holes are made on the basis of round ones) | Bracer, drills |
|
| Cleaning holes | Clean the holes with a chisel and files | Chisel, files: round and flat |
|
| Final finishing of the product | Remove the chamfers, round the edges and sand the product | File, sandpaper |
A wooden fork is made in a similar way.
Economic calculation.
I didn’t spend a penny of money on making kitchen utensils, since we had all the tools and materials at home.
Project quality assessment.
I I showed my mother the spatula and fork I made, and she really liked them. She appreciated the ease of working with them and their optimal size.
SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
TOLYATTI COLLEGE OF SERVICE TECHNOLOGIES AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
on the implementation of practical work by students
according to the professional module
MDK 04.02 Technology of growing tree and shrub crops
MDK 04.03 Fundamentals of green building
Profession 250109 Gardening and landscape construction
Tolyatti 2012
Approved by the PCC
Protocol No.___from “___”_______”2012_
Chairman of the PCC
Osipova S.A.
Developed by: Rodionova E.V., teacher
Reviewers:
Zhestkova N.M., Deputy Director for MMR, State Autonomous Educational Institution SPO TKSTP
Shubenin A.N., director of the EcoAsta garden center
Review
Performing work in the blue-collar profession: green farm worker
Rodionova Elena Valerievna
The methodological manual was developed on the basis of methodological recommendations for planning, conducting and organizing practical classes in educational institutions of secondary vocational education (letter of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated April 5, 1999 No. 16-52-58 in/16-13).
The methodological manual contains a title page, an explanatory note, the content of practical work, and a list of recommended literature. The content of practical work on each topic contains information about the students’ ideas, knowledge and skills, as well as the theoretical material necessary to complete the work.
Recommendations:Performing work in the blue-collar profession: green farm worker
Reviewer: Shubenin A.N., director
garden center "EkoAsta" ____________________________
Review
for the teaching aid “workbook”
for the implementation of practical professional module PM04 " Performing work in the blue-collar profession: green farm worker» teacher of special disciplines of State Autonomous Educational Institution SPO TKSTP
Rodionova Elena Valerievna
The methodological manual was developed on the basis of methodological recommendations for planning, conducting and organizing practical classes in educational institutions of secondary vocational education (letter of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated April 5, 1999 No. 16-52-58 in/16-13). The methodological manual contains a title page, an explanatory note, the content of practical work, and a list of recommended literature. The content of practical work on each topic contains information about the students’ ideas, knowledge and skills, as well as the theoretical material necessary to complete the work.
The methodological manual has a practical orientation and allows students to develop professional competence. Helps students develop spatial thinking and the ability to perform soil science work.
Recommendations: The methodological manual corresponds to the program of the professional module PM04 “ Performing work in the blue-collar profession: green farm worker"and is recommended for implementation in the educational process in specialty 250109 "Gardening and landscape construction" for full-time education.
Reviewer: Zhestkova N.M.,
Deputy Director for UMR of State Educational Establishment SPO TKSTP ___________________
Explanatory note
The purpose of the guidelines is to provide assistance in performing practical work provided for in the curriculum.
The main objective of practical work is to consolidate and deepen the knowledge acquired in the lessons. As a result of completing assignments, students develop professional thinking, information culture, and the ability to analyze the material received and connect it with practical activities. When performing some practical tasks, there is an element of research, which makes the work as interesting and productive as possible.
When starting practical exercises, you must remember the following principles:
It is necessary to repeat the lecture and material on the topic;
Familiarize yourself in detail with the content of the work and the methodological instructions for their implementation;
Analyze the parameters of technological calculations;
Review safety precautions when performing tasks related to mechanisms and machines.
Schemes of processes, machines, mechanisms, results of measurements, research and calculations recorded in notebooks serve as the main material for evaluating work. A progress report is prepared for each task. The text of the report is drawn up in ink, diagrams and drawings - in pencil.
Credit for practical classes is carried out when students provide completed reports.
Rules for performing practical work
Before you begin the task, read the recommendations for implementation in this manual. Read the list of recommended literature, review theoretical material related to the topic of the work.
After finishing your independent work, you must submit the result to the teacher. If you encounter any difficulties during the work, contact your teacher.
Criteria for evaluation:
You completed the task correctly. The work was done neatly - 5 (excellent).
You were unable to complete 2-3 elements. The work was done carefully - 4 (good).
The work was performed inaccurately, technologically incorrectly – 3 (satisfactory).
| Topic name | Name work | Number of hours |
| Topic 1.1 Devices and devices for growing flower and ornamental crops | P.work. No. 1 “Use of specialized equipment and tools in the cultivation of flower and ornamental crops” | 2 |
| Topic 1.3 General techniques of agricultural technology for flower crops. | Etc. work No. 2 “Carrying out pre-sowing seed treatment.” | 2 |
| Etc. work No. 3 “Carrying out vegetative division of plants” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 4 “Carrying out vegetative division of plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 5 “Carrying out vegetative cuttings of plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 6 “Carrying out vegetative cuttings of plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 7 “Preparing the soil for sowing plants” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 8 “Preparation of soil for sowing flower seeds” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 9 “Performing sowing of seeds” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 10 “Performing sowing seeds” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 11 “Planting of plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 12 “Planting of plants” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 13 “Caring for plant seedlings” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 14 “Determining the readiness of seedlings for picking” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 15 “Performing plant picking” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 16 “Performing plant picking” | ||
| Etc. work No. 17 “Planting plant seedlings in open ground” | 22 |
|
| Etc. work No. 18 “Planting plant seedlings in open ground” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 19 “Planting plant seedlings in containers” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 20 “Compliance with the conditions for planting plants in open ground” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 21 “Determining the need for transshipment of plants based on external signs” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 22 “Determining the need for transshipment of plants based on external signs” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 23 “Transshipment of plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 24 “Plant transplantation” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 25 “Caring for transplanted plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 26 “Watering plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 27 “Weeding plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 28 “Carrying out loosening the soil” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 29 “Feeding plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 30 “Carrying out pinching of plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 31 “Treatment of plants against diseases” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 32 “Treatment of plants against pests” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 33 “Formation of plants” | 2 |
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| Topic 2.1 Devices and devices for growing trees and shrubs | Etc. work No. 34 “Use of specialized equipment and tools when growing trees and shrubs” | 2 |
| Topic 2.3 Planting woody plants and their maintenance at sites. | Etc. work No. 35 “Dividing trees and shrubs” | 2 |
| Etc. work No. 36 “Carrying out green cuttings of woody plants” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 37 “Grafting of woody plants.” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 38. “Carrying out pre-sowing seed treatment” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 39 “Sowing seeds of woody plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 40 “Sowing seeds of woody plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 41 “Preparation of the seat” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 42 “Planting woody plants in accordance with agrotechnical requirements” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 43 “Types of fertilizers” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 44 “Feeding with organic fertilizers” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 45 “Feeding with mineral fertilizers” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 46 “Methods of feeding trees and shrubs” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 47 “Diseases, methods of protection and treatment of trees and shrubs” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 48 “Carrying out treatment against diseases.” | 2 |
|
| Etc. work No. 49 “Pests, methods of protection and treatment of trees and shrubs” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 50 “Carrying out treatment against pests” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 51 “Giving the crown of a tree plant a given design shape.” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 52 “Types of crown formation of trees and shrubs” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 53 “Methods of forming the crown of trees and shrubs” | 2 |
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| Topic 3.1 Tools and devices for garden care | Etc. work No. 54 “Use of specialized equipment and tools for garden care” | 2 |
| Topic 3.2 “Elements of improvement” | Etc. work No. 55 “Creating a flower garden on primarily landscaped and existing objects” | 2 |
| Etc. work No. 56 “Composition solutions for the design of flower beds” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 57 “Working with various types of seedlings and potted crops” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 58 “Methods for calculating the need for planting material” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 59 “Preparation of soils for sowing herbs” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 60 “Carrying out uniform sowing of grasses according to the sowing norm, caring for seedlings” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 61 “Lawn repair” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 62 “Assortment of climbing plants and woody vines, methods of planting and securing to a support” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 63 “Determining the type of vertical gardening, planting and securing vines and climbing plants to a support” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 64 “Creating hedges, caring for plants” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 65 “Rules for cutting and maintaining hedges.” | 2 |
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| Topic 3.3 Construction of garden structures | Etc. work No. 66 “Preparation of foundations for a reservoir.” | 2 |
| Etc. work No. 67 “Construction and repair of reservoirs.” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 68 “Preparation of foundations for rockeries” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 69 “Arrangement of rockeries.” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 70 “Preparation of foundations for rock gardens.” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 71 “Arrangement of rock gardens.” | 2 |
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| Etc. work No. 72 “Care of ponds, rockeries, rock gardens.” | 2 |
Practical work No. 1
Use of specialized equipment and tools
Goal of the work
: teach how to use specialized equipment and tools for growing flower and ornamental crops.
Equipment and tools:
General information
.
Before starting work on the site, you need to draw up a detailed plan, where you should note the location of the main groups of plants that will be planted on the site, outbuildings and other buildings, fences and reservoirs. A properly developed plan will allow you to achieve good results when growing garden crops and will be indispensable when arranging and designing a garden plot.
To plan the site you will need special measuring tools.
Roulette and ruler
A tape measure is a tool with a flexible bar scale for measuring linear objects. The length of the scale can reach 100 m.
Using a tape measure, you can measure the total area of the plot, the area allocated for planting certain crops, the distance between individual beds, flower beds and other parts of the plot. It is recommended to choose the length of the tape measure based on the size of the area: for a small area a standard tape measure 10 m long will be enough, and for large areas you will need a longer tape measure.
A ruler is a necessary tool for drawing straight lines on various planes and spatial measurements.
It is convenient to use a ruler when measuring small distances, for example, between separately growing shrubs and flowers, hedge posts, beds, etc.
Level
This tool, used to measure slope, is useful when laying water and sewer lines on a site, as well as when installing a drainage system. The level is a wooden or metal block, in the middle of which there is a glass tube filled with water and hermetically sealed. Inside the tube there is a bubble, which, if there is no slope, is located in the middle. The displacement of the bubble in one direction or another indicates the direction of the slope, and its value is determined using a ruler in millimeters per 1 meter of pipe or surface length.
For grafting, pruning trees and shrubs and forming hedges, various tools are used: pruning shears, garden shears, hacksaws and others.
Secateurs are garden shears designed for trimming tree branches, thin shoots, forming and thinning the crown of garden crops.
When choosing a pruner, preference should be given to a tool with rubberized handles to protect your hands from calluses. The pruning shears should fit comfortably in your hand, and when folded, there should be no gap between the blades, otherwise the tool will crush the branches without cutting them.
By pressing firmly and sharply on the handles of the pruning shears, a clean, smooth cut is achieved without tearing the bark on the remaining part of the branch. In this case, the working blade of the tool should rest firmly against the part of the plant stem being cut off.
For cutting flowers and herbaceous perennials, it is better to use small pruning shears with thin blades.
Gardeners often use various knives, which must be well sharpened. Garden knives are suitable for trimming live and damaged, but not dead, branches.
Using grafting knives, you can graft lilacs, roses, various fruit trees and shrubs. There are three types of such knives: for grafting with cuttings (copulating) with a straight blade, for grafting rootstocks of garden plants with a bud or eye (budding) with a slightly curved blade, and combined for performing both operations.
On the back of the handles of all grafting knives there is an opener, otherwise called a pit, which is a protrusion designed to push the bark apart after the cut.
Budding knives consist of a steel blade and a smooth handle. The blade must be made of high quality steel. Such knives should be sharpened on a fine-grained whetstone, after which the blade should be brought to sharpness on a leather belt.
Every gardener needs to have at least one garden knife, regardless of the fact that pruners and hedge trimmers are used primarily when pruning branches. Using a garden knife, it is easy to smooth out burrs at the cut site, especially if the branch is thick.
Combination knives with two different blades are in greatest demand among gardeners, as they perform the functions of not only budding, but also copulating knives.
A pruning knife is one of the most common garden tools. It has no special purpose and is used for various jobs: preparing cuttings, cutting flowers.
When forming garden crops, they play a huge role scissors, which are used for haircuts, pruning non-lignified thin shoots and other work. Various scissors are used in gardening, the main features of which are convenience and good sharpening. 
The handles of the grass and flower shears with lever drive are made of glass fiber reinforced polyamide. The cutting ability of the tool is increased by the lever. At the same time, the light weight and compactness of the scissors are of no small importance, allowing you to cut plant branches in the most inaccessible places. For greater ease of use, the installation angle of the cutting part can be adjusted within 270°.
To trim the edges of the lawn, you need special edge shears with long handles, which can also be used to level the grass in height.
Lightweight small scissors are recommended for cutting cuttings, pruning shoots, and cutting stems whose thickness does not exceed 10 mm. Serrations located on the support blade of the scissors prevent smooth or wet branches from sliding along it.
In specialized stores you can purchase various garden tools. inventory, intended for tillage. It is best to choose tools that are designed to make the gardener's work as easy as possible and that can reduce the strain on the back and shoulders. The handles of shovels and other tools should be comfortable, suitable in length and thickness.
Tool handles are most often made of varnished wood, less often of durable plastic or steel pipes.
The most commonly used tool by gardeners is shovel, Made from durable stainless steel with a thin blade. Shovels are designed for digging up soil, digging holes, etc. They can also be used to perform other work, such as removing garbage. There are several types of shovels used when working in the garden.
This lightweight general purpose shovel features a durable handle and a sharpened metal blade. The handle is most often made of aluminum with a rubber coating, and the blade is made of hardened aluminum.
Folding shovels made of hardened boron steel, aluminum and plastic are very convenient and practical. Such shovels are indispensable for various works on a summer cottage and, due to their compactness, do not cause much trouble during transportation.
Using this tool you can cut off plant roots and form lawns.
Shovel
To dig up the soil, it is best to use large bayonet shovels. Thanks to the pointed shape of the blade, such shovels easily penetrate to great depths and turn over layers of soil.
Bayonet shovel
Heavy soil attachment
A shovel is good to use for preparing soil mixtures, applying organic fertilizers, or other work involving bulk substances.
Rake They are a metal attachment with teeth arranged at right angles, attached to a handle. The tool is used when cutting beds in a garden plot, removing leaves and debris, uniformly distributing fertilizers over the soil surface and other work. You can find a wide variety of rakes in specialty stores and garden centers.
Leveling the soil with a rake
Rakes with replaceable attachments of various shapes are very practical. Typically, the handle of such rakes is made of lightweight aluminum, and the attachments are made of durable plastic. The advantage of this tool is that the plastic attachments are not susceptible to rust when in contact with wet grass or soil, but the main disadvantage is that they are less durable compared to metal rakes.
Rake
Depending on the design, the purpose of the rake varies. The most common rake has 11 short, strong teeth, used for working the ground and raking up grass and leaves.
The leaf rake has 25 long, frequently spaced, springy teeth that provide efficient harvesting.
The small leaf rake has 7 long springy teeth. This tool is useful for raking leaves in hard-to-reach places, between tall plants and under bushes.
The large leaf rake has 25 curved teeth to prevent branches from getting caught in the rake. They are very convenient when working on large areas.
Pitchfork They are a steel nozzle with long, straight, sharp teeth, attached to a handle. This tool is used to loosen the soil after digging. In addition, forks are also used for other types of work, such as stacking hay or straw.
Recently, sharp and durable 4-prong telescopic garden forks have been introduced, perfect for working in areas with hard, rocky soil. The bending angle of the handle is 13°.
Pitchfork
A useful auxiliary tool when working in the garden is a shovel, which is a small shovel with a shortened handle and curved sides.
Trowel
Currently, you can buy a variety of scoops made from glass fiber reinforced polyamide in garden centers that can withstand temperatures of 40-150 °C. This tool is durable, easy to clean from dirt, the edges of the blade have a rounded shape, which reduces the likelihood of damage to plant roots. If necessary, the blade can be sharpened.
Ice rink are a tool consisting of a roller of various widths and shapes and a handle attached to it. This device is used to cultivate the soil surface. Rolling helps to increase moisture permeability and accelerates the decomposition of organic fertilizers. Smooth rollers are used to compact and level too loose soil, and ringed and ribbed rollers are used to easily mix the top layers of soil and improve its structure before sowing.
Harrows– tools used for pre-sowing tillage come in several types. Conventional harrows, which are used for harrowing, that is, loosening and mixing the top layers of soil, have two varieties - tooth and disk. In the most common tooth harrows, the elements loosening the soil are sharp teeth, while in disk harrows they are replaced by disks with a diameter of 4–5 cm.
For scouring - leveling the soil surface and crushing lumps - draggers of various designs and trains are used. These devices spray the soil less than harrows and allow you to best prepare the area for sowing.
Among gardening tools, a special place is occupied by mechanical means. Mechanisms for tillage, depending on the power of the motor and the number of functions performed, are divided into three classes: light, medium and heavy. An important characteristic of these mechanisms is also the size of the area covered and the depth of tillage.
Motor cultivators can run on gasoline or electricity. The former are safer; they can be used at a considerable distance from the garden house. Electric cultivators are more environmentally friendly, but their main disadvantage is that the length of the wire limits the possibilities of using the devices.
Light motor cultivators are relatively inexpensive, but have a short engine life and are often equipped with a small number of attachments. This class also includes motor rippers - units for hilling, weeding and loosening rows - and rotary cutters suitable for surface tillage (to a depth of 10–15 cm).
therefore, their use does not require great physical strength.
Motor cultivator
The 75 mm wide manual mini-cultivator can be used on any area of land. This tool is characterized by increased strength, does not bend when digging up excessively dry soil, and is convenient in that its use does not require gasoline or any other source of energy.
Usage walk-behind tractors significantly facilitates the gardener’s work, especially if it is necessary to cultivate large plots of land. They can be used for a range of gardening tasks: digging up the soil, loosening, hilling, killing weeds, applying fertilizers, etc. Currently, there are models on sale that perform more than 30 operations thanks to the various attachments included in the kit.
Walk-behind tractor
Laying out flower beds and creating beds on the site should be started only after large plants have been planted - fruit and berry and ornamental trees and shrubs. For this you will need rakes, forks, hoes, rippers and other tools.
Device for marking beds
Ripper, or, as gardeners often call it, a scratch rake, is used when loosening row spacing in beds with vegetable or flower crops. The tool consists of a nozzle with long sharp teeth, made of high-strength steel and a shortened wooden handle.
The order of work.
1.Study and write down basic information in your workbook O specialized equipment and tools used for growing flower and ornamental crops.
2.Draw in a notebook all types of equipment and tools used for growing flower and ornamental crops
Practical work No. 2
Carrying out pre-sowing seed treatment
Goal of the work : learn to carry out pre-sowing treatment of flower seeds.
General information .
Seeds of flower and ornamental crops vary in shape, size, color, and have different germination times. So, nasturtium and sweet pea have large seeds, while poppy and tobacco have small seeds. The germination period of annual lupine seeds is one year, and that of fragrant tobacco seeds is up to 10 years.
Ornamental flower crops propagated by seeds can be divided into two groups: those grown by sowing seeds directly into open ground and those grown by seedlings. The seedling method involves sowing seeds and growing seedlings in protected ground, followed by planting them in a permanent place in open ground after the end of the period of night frosts.
Flower crops grown by sowing in open ground include plants with a short cycle of vegetative development (mignonette, nasturtium), cold-resistant plants (marigold, matthiola), as well as plants that cannot withstand picking due to the tap root system (annual lupine , poppy).
The second group includes heat-loving plants or plants with a long growing season, which do not have enough warm days of summer for development. At the same time, using the seedling method, it is possible to achieve early flowering of crops.
Seeds intended for sowing must have high varietal and sowing qualities. Mixtures of other varieties are not allowed in varietal seeds. The sowing qualities of seeds are determined by their purity, germination energy, and germination.
The sowing quality of seeds is influenced by their storage conditions. Seeds should be stored in paper packages in a dry, ventilated room at a constant (preferably low - +5...+10 °C) temperature.
To obtain friendly shoots and healthy seedlings, the seeds are subjected to the following types of pre-sowing treatment.
Stratification consists of long-term (from 2 to 9 months for different ornamental crops) keeping seeds in a humid environment at a low temperature (+4 °C) in the presence of air. The seeds are mixed with wet sand or peat in a ratio of 1:3 and stored in the cellar or refrigerator. The natural process of seed stratification occurs when they are sown in open ground before winter.
Air heat treatment. In warm, sunny weather, the seeds are scattered in a thin layer in the sun and stirred constantly throughout the day. The germination and energy of seed germination after such treatment are significantly increased.
Scarification used for partial destruction of the shells of poorly germinating seeds with thick skins. Through the damaged shell, the soil solution penetrates more easily to the embryo, and the germination process is thereby accelerated. The following scarification technologies can be used:
– mechanical: seeds are shaken together with small pebbles;
– thermal, consisting of repeated alternation of freezing and scalding with boiling water;
– chemical, in which the seeds are left for a day in a weak (0.1%) solution of acetic or hydrochloric acid.
Soaking the seeds. Large seeds of sweet peas, nasturtium, and flowering beans are soaked in warm water for a day, after which they are dried and sown. Soaking in a solution of growth stimulants (epin, heteroauxin) also speeds up the germination process.
Seed dressing protects seedlings from fungal and bacterial infections. At home, seed disinfection is carried out in a 0.2% solution of potassium permanganate for 15 minutes or by keeping it in hot (50–60 °C) water for several minutes. After treatment, the seeds are washed in clean water, dried and immediately sown.
The order of work.
1. Study the basic information on pre-sowing seed treatment.
2. In your workbook, write down the main types of pre-sowing treatment of flower seeds.
3. Based on the studied material, in laboratory conditions, treat the seeds and flower crops given by the teacher.4 . Describe in your workbook the procedure for treating flower seeds.
Practical work No. 3-4
Carrying out vegetative division of plants
Goal of the work
: learn to carry out vegetative division of flower plants.
General information
.
Vegetative propagation Reproduction by individual vegetative organs of the mother plant is called. In addition to hybrid plants, whose offspring change their characteristics during seed propagation, vegetative propagation is used for crops that do not form seeds at all or have a long development cycle, or for crops whose cultivation from seeds is very difficult, or in cases where it is necessary in minimal timing of obtaining flowering offspring.
Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution
"Secondary School No. 1"
them. G.I. Norkina
CREATIVE PROJECT
subject:
"Making a Scoop"
completed:
8th grade student
Urazov E.R.
checked:
Loginova T.N.
Megion, 2014
1. Selection and justification of the problem…………………………………………….3
2.Safety………………………………………………………...4-5
3.Bank of ideas and suggestions……………………………………………………6
4. Star of Thought………………………………………………………….7
5. Materials, equipment, tools…………………………………..8
6. Manufacturing technology……………………………………………………9
7. Economic justification…………………………………………….10
8.Environmental justification………………………………………………..11
9.Self-esteem……………………………………………………………….12
10.Trademark……………………………………………………………...13
12. Copies................................................... ........................................................ .15
I. SELECTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
When I went into the pantry, I noticed that our dustpan was old, scratched, and ugly, so making a new one would be a good idea, while still needing to decorate it to completely solve the problem.
I thought: who has the same situation? How many are there? By not paying attention to this item, people not only spoil the appearance of their home, but also allow water to accumulate in the resulting scratches, creating an ideal environment for bacteria. Although dustpans are now often replaced by vacuum cleaners, they cannot always be used due to their size and the need for electricity to operate.
II.SAFETY
Before you start
1. Put on the correct overalls (an apron with sleeves or a robe and a headdress: a beret, and you should carefully select your hair)
2. Wear goggles when chopping metal.
H. Check the availability of equipment (scoop, sweep, brush for cleaning files, seat, stand).
4. Check the condition of individual instruments and arrange them in the strict order established by the teacher. If the instruments malfunction, please report this to the teacher.
5.Check the condition of the bench vice (the jaws of the vice should be screwed tightly, the notch should not be worn out).
During work
1. Firmly secure the workpiece in a vice. Lower the vice lever smoothly to avoid injury to your hands.
Perform work only with serviceable, well-adjusted tools.
To avoid injury, be sure to:
a) The surface of the hammers and sledgehammers was convex, not knocked down.
b) Tools (files, etc.) with pointed shanks must be equipped with wooden, tight-fitting handles of the established shape without splits or cracks.
c) The impact cutting tools had an unbroken surface.
d) the chisel must be at least 150 mm long, and its extended part must be 60-70 mm.
e) When working with files, the fingers were on the surface of the files.
4. Do not check the quality of the sawn surface with your fingers.
5. Do not use wrenches with a mouth larger than the nut, do not lengthen the wrench handle by overlapping (grabbing) two wrenches.
6. Use locksmith tools only for their intended purpose.
7.When cutting metal with scissors, hold the sheet metal piece being cut with a gloved hand.
After finishing work
1. Check the condition of the instruments and if they are faulty, report them to the teacher.
Bring tools into good condition (remove burrs on hammer, chisel, core, clean files from chips). Carefully clean the work area (do not blow away shavings or sawdust or brush them away with your hands). Place waste in a special box.
2.Put the tools in the order established by the teacher.
To avoid damage to the notches on the jaws of the vice, do not clamp them tightly, leave a gap of 2 mm. Get yourself in order. Leave the workshop with the permission of the teacher.
III. BANK OF IDEAS AND SUGGESTIONS
The device mockup is an excellent decorative item.
A wooden toy is a decorative item.
A glass for pens and pencils is a useful craft.
A ruler is easy to make, useful, but not needed at the moment.
The scoop is easy to make, useful in the household, beautiful when decorated well.
IV.THE STAR OF CONSIDERATION
V. MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT, TOOLS
Materials:
Steel 220 x 200.
Tools:
Ruler
Kiyanka
Square
Vise
Scribler or pencil
Metal scissors
File
Equipment:
Crafting table
Correct plate
VI. MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
VII.ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION
A steel sheet 200x220 costs 32 rubles, and an undecorated metal scoop costs from 24-52 rubles.
In the best case, even without decoration, income = 30 rubles, and in the worst case, expenses = 8 rubles.
VIII. ECOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION
It is made of steel, the production of which is not harmful to the environment; in addition, iron is a non-renewable resource, but the product does not emit any toxic fumes and does not directly harm humans.
IX.SELF-ASSESSMENT
The project is not so environmentally friendly, and the economic benefit greatly depends on the price in a certain place and there may even be expenses, but still, I liked the work done, I gained experience in making projects.
X. TRADEMARK
Our scoops are handcrafted from galvanized steel to last a long time and are inexpensive. They are ideal for collecting garbage, this is their main purpose.
XII. COPIES
Municipal budgetary educational institution
Secondary school No. 1
PROJECT
"KITCHEN SPATULA"
Shlisselburg What is a kitchen spatula used for?
Every kitchen has such a type of utensil as a kitchen spatula.
Ever since man learned to cook food in a dish, it has been impossible to do without it. It is needed for turning cutlets, stirring food in a frying pan, etc. At first it looked like an ordinary stick, but over time it took on the shape of a spatula. Where it is necessary to mix a large amount of food, the spatula is the size of a small oar, but in an ordinary kitchen it is small, no larger than a kitchen knife.
Work plan
- Problem Goals and objectives Project diagram Design specification Material selection Routing Work progress, cost calculation Environmental assessment Self-assessment of work results
Goals and objectives
Consolidate acquired knowledge, skills and abilities while studying a technology course.
Learn to independently solve technological problems, think logically, select the necessary materials and use the necessary tools.
Perform any technological operations.
Observe safety precautions.
Use drawings and tables in your work.
Find the right solutions and optimal options, as well as improve skills and abilities in the process of performing carpentry technological operations.
Project diagram
Design Specification –
list of product requirements
KITCHEN SPATULA
SELECTION OF MATERIALS
Material selection criteria
Selection of materials
Coniferous boards, unedged
Conclusion:
The most affordable, suitable and environmentally friendly material for a shovel is unedged birch board.
Routing
Technological map for product manufacturing
"Kitchen spatula"
Progress
One indicator of the value of a material is its availability. Quality parameters include the absence of cracks, rotten knots, and the absence of insect damage. It is also necessary to select wood according to the following parameters: wood color, texture, presence of beautiful healthy knots. If you have machines and hand-held power tools, it is possible to simplify wood processing operations. With the help of machines, several operations can be combined, which leads to faster wood processing.
Cost calculation table
production of kitchen spatulas
Pen
Working part
Total - 10 rubles 44 kopecks.
The cost of this product in retail sale is 60 - 80 rubles.
Conclusion: Making a blade with your own hands is profitable and economically justified
Environmental assessment
Sample
Quality assessment criterion
The goal has been achieved. The spatula is made independently, cheaper than in the store. During manufacturing, certain experience was acquired, new knowledge was obtained about the woodworking process, and new skills and abilities were acquired in this field of human activity. PRODUCT SAMPLES“Kitchen spatula”
