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What is leaf soil. Leafy and soddy soil. Places for harvesting turf land

In decorative cultivation of plants, specially prepared soil is used. This soil is a material after the decomposition of foliage, turf, wood, humus, moss, peat, it contains a lot of humus, but, taking into account the feedstock, it has different chemical and physical characteristics.

As a rule, in horticulture, the following lands are prepared:

• sheet;
• peat;
• turf;
• compost;
• humus.

Description and characteristics of turf land

Sod land is prepared on pastures, it is advisable to use a long-term, fallow, old herbage for this. Do not prepare it on the plots with low or high acidity. In this case, turf land is divided into:

• light - with a large volume of sand;
• middle - with the same parts of sand and sand;
• heavy - with a large volume of clay.

Preparations begin at the beginning of July. By this time, the herbage will have already reached its full development, and the prepared turf, with the necessary care, will be able to decompose by frost. The layers are cut in the size of 25-35 cm, with a layer of 9-12 cm, taking into account the density of the soddy land. The length is chosen at your own discretion.

The turf is folded in stacks 1.4-1.4 meters of any length so that the grass cover of any subsequent layer is laid on top of the grass cover of the lower layer. "Sandwiches" are treated with a liquid mixture of mullein to speed up decomposition and saturate the earth with nitrogen. To reduce acidity, a few kilograms of lime are added per one cubic meter. earth mixture. From time to time, stacks are watered with manure solution, and so that it does not drain, a trough-shaped depression must be organized on top of the stack.

High-quality turf land will be only two years later. During the next summer season, the stack must be overpaid at least several times. In autumn, the earth is removed to the utility room and used for work. Being on the street, it loses its properties - nutritional value, elasticity, etc.

Soddy soil is the most important in gardening, it is quite porous, enriched with all the nutrients that last for many years. It is used for growing greenhouse and indoor flowers, as well as for all kinds of land substances.

Other types of earth mixtures

leaf ground

It is prepared in autumn in deciduous plantations. The best are the leaves of acacia, maple, linden, fruit trees. Willow and oak leaves it contains a large number of tannins, therefore they are not used for preparation.

Sometimes forest flooring is used for harvesting, removing the top layer of 3-4 cm. Collected dried leaves or forest flooring with pieces of small branches, grass, etc. shifted into stacks of 1.2-1.2 meters of any length. During laying, they are watered with a mixture of mullein or manure liquid and tamped, otherwise the leaves do not decompose well. During the subsequent summer season, this mass must be water several times manure liquid and carefully shovel. You can add a little lime before mixing. By the next autumn, the leaves rot and transform into leafy soil.

humus soil mix

In greenhouse conditions, this land is also called a greenhouse, since it is made from rotted manure with soil in a greenhouse. Animal manure, placed in greenhouses in the spring as a biological fuel, becomes humus by autumn.

• A light humus is obtained from the manure of sheep and horses;
• From the manure of cows - heavy.

The humus removed from the greenhouse in autumn is stacked in piles, in the same way as for soddy land, moistened and, during the subsequent summer season, shoveled several times. On the street stacks are one year. Then their humus is stored in the utility room.

Peat land mixture

Most often her prepared from peat bogs. Sometimes crumbs or peat briquettes are used for its preparation. Already decomposed peat is stacked in piles. During laying, layers are poured with manure liquid after 22-27 cm. At the end of the first season and in the middle of the second, the peat is shoveled and for 3 years it is ready for use.

Peat soil is quite hygroscopic, loose, elastic. It is used for various land substances as a baking powder, most often with soddy soil, as this increases its physical characteristics, making it lighter and looser.

Compost soil mix

It is harvested by composting in piles, pits of various animals and organic residues, weeds, household waste. As residues accumulate, they are transferred for disinfection, watered with slurry and sprinkled with peat. The next season, the compost heap is shoveled several times, moistening with manure. At the end of the third season, the compost is ready for use. Its properties and quality are quite varied and will depend on the type of household waste and the properties of the raw material being composted.

As a rule, compost piles are in an intermediate state between leaf and sod in terms of the number of nutrients.

Heather soil mix

To date, it has lost its meaning and instead of it, a substance is used, which consists of three parts of peat, two parts of leaf compost and part of sand. It is prepared in the same way as compost.

It begins to be prepared and stacked in autumn, mixed with potassium, manganese, phosphorus and lime. In the summer, they shovel twice. From the territory in which the last few years there were plants that are nightshade and cabbage varieties, soil is not collected.

A high-quality garden soil mixture with a small addition of sand can be successfully used for cultivated indoor flowers.

Wood soil mix

It is prepared from roots, logs, chips, deadwood, rotted trees, etc. Decayed woody residues create a light, similar in composition to the leaf, but poor in useful elements and acidic earth. It is used in the cultivation of bromeliads, daffodils and orchids.

Substance from composted bark

The milled bark is placed in stacks, mixed with sludge from the sump of pulp mills, this creates decomposition of the bark due to various trace elements. Biological and chemical processes during composting are more intense in a substance with a bark size of 2-6 mm with a urea mixture of less than one percent of the dry weight of the bark during the first month. Composting with constant shoveling takes approximately 1.5 months in summer and up to 5 months in winter. The temperature in the compost rises up to about 68-75 degrees.

Compost in one cubic meter has approximately 64 grams of phosphorus, 350 grams of potassium, 25 grams of manganese, 35 grams of iron, 35 grams of magnesium, copper and other substances. It is mixed with peat, adding a little lime, sometimes clay and phosphorus, and thus used to improve the soil.

Additives in various earthen substances

Moss. Sphagnum is prepared in swamps. After drying, grinding and sieving, moss is used in earthen substances to impart absorbency, looseness and lightness, that is, to increase moisture capacity. Moss in pure form used in the cultivation of lilies of the valley, to cover the roots of orchids and other indoor flowers. It is best suited as a substance for stratifying and growing large seeds (banana, avocado).

Charcoal is added in small pieces in small quantities to mixtures for flowers that do not respond well to strong moisture. Charcoal absorbs excess moisture, and gives it away when it is lacking. In addition, it is used as an antiseptic preparation in the form of a powder for powdering cuts on dahlia tubers, gladioli, cannes roots, etc. To some extent, it absorbs herbicides and other chemical elements from the soil.

Sand. The best is river coarse sand. Sea sand must be thoroughly washed in advance, eliminating salts. Quarry sand is not suitable, which contains oxides of iron and other metals that adversely affect plants, as well as silty and clay elements.

Most often, sand is added to earth mixtures without any processing. in the amount of 1/4 of the total, for better looseness. During grafting and backfilling of seeds in sowing containers, bowls, greenhouses, the sand is preliminarily thoroughly washed with running water from silty or loamy elements. For hard-to-root plants, quartz sand is used. This sand gives mixtures porosity and friability, this ensures the passage of air and water to the roots of flowers, does not allow the formation of moss, fungi in boxes, containers with cuttings and crops.

Mixing and storage of soil mixtures

As a rule, in the floriculture industry, stocks of garden land are made for several years in advance, stored in a closed and warm room. Before this, the lands without fail pass through a roar. For any kind of soil mixture make special chests, often they are placed under racks in greenhouses. In this case, you need to make sure that when watering the flowers, water does not pass into the lari.

For the proper cultivation of different flower crops on the farm, you need to have all the above land compositions. They must be free of pests and viruses. When compiling substances, it is necessary to take into account the biological properties of flowers, their age, growing conditions, as well as the reaction of the earth in which this plant can develop.

In ornamental gardening, there are many specially mixed soils in various combinations. All of them are the result of the decomposition of peat, manure, leaves, turf, etc., contain the necessary amount of nutrients for growing plants, but depending on the substrate used for their preparation, they have different chemical and physical properties.

On farms, the following types of land are most often harvested: peat, compost, humus, leaf and sod. The most porous, resilient and heavy of them is turf, while others are lighter. The success of plant cultivation mainly depends on the method of harvesting and subsequent tillage, on the ability to choose the right soil mixture.

Soddy soil is harvested on perennial fallow pastures and meadows, best of all in those places where a good herbage has grown. Sod land should not be harvested in low areas with high acidity. The preparation of the soil begins in the last decade of June, by this time the height of the grass reaches its maximum height, and the turf will have time to partially decompose by the time the cold weather sets in. The turf cut into layers is laid in piles up to 1.5 m high and wide. The stacks are periodically watered with slurry from above so that decomposition occurs faster. To reduce the acidity of the soil, 2 kg of lime is added to the heaps for every m 3 of earth.

leafy soil

In autumn, leafy soil is harvested in parks, groves and forests. It is best not to use the soil from under the willow and oak, it contains a lot of tannins. Sometimes leaf litter is harvested to obtain leaf soil, choosing the top layer by 2-5 cm, the collected leaf soil is stacked in piles up to 1.5 m high. In autumn, when laying the pile, it is necessary to water the leaves with slurry and compact well.

After two years, the leaves will perepere well and turn into nutritious leafy soil. This soil is loose and light, but it contains less nutrients than soddy soil, it is an ideal ripper for heavy soils. Leafy soil is well suited for sowing crops with small seeds - gloxinia, begonias, etc., it must be used in cases where manure humus cannot be used for plants.

humus soil

Often such soil is called greenhouse soil, the reason is that it is obtained from old greenhouse soil and rotted manure. The dung of domestic animals put in the spring as a biofuel in the greenhouse completely overheats by the autumn, light humus is obtained from the manure of sheep and horses, and heavier humus from cow manure. After cleaning the greenhouse in the fall, the humus is placed in a pile and left for a year, during the summer it is shifted several times. After that, the humus is sieved and used to fertilize plants growing in open ground.

Mucky soil is oily, loose, light, and very nutrient-dense, high in nitrogen. Used as a powerful ingredient in soil formulations for growing fast growing plants, this soil is essential for growing seedlings of annual crops and for many potted plants.

This land is harvested mainly in peat bogs, sometimes it is prepared from peat chips or briquettes. Peat is also placed in heaps up to 80 cm high, every 25 cm the layers are sprinkled with lime and watered with slurry. In the first and second years after harvesting, the collar is shifted, and used only for the third season.

Peat soil is very moisture-intensive, loose and light, it contains a lot of slowly decaying organic particles, and in its pure form, such a composition is unnutritious. Used as a ripper for various soil mixtures.

Compost soil

To prepare such land, various animal and plant residues, weeds, household and greenhouse waste are composted in pits and heaps. In the second year, a pile of compost is shifted 2-3 times over the summer, watering with slurry. The compost soil is completely ready by the end of the third year, it must be sifted before use.

The properties of this type of soil can be very different, they depend on the nature of the waste and the type of material used for composting, they are used in a mixture with peat and sod land.

Flower growers are often faced with the fact that turf land or a mixture of it with various fillers is recommended for planting. Experienced summer residents usually have a good idea of ​​​​what it is, but for a beginner, such a concept may turn out to be new. Today we will analyze in detail what turf land means, where to get it, and what effect it has on the growth and development of plants. If this is your first time transplanting a plant, then sometimes it seems that it is easier to buy a ready-made substrate in the store. In fact, the soil mixture prepared at home is no different from the one that you will be offered in a beautiful, factory-made package.

The basis of floriculture

Mixtures for planting houseplants can vary greatly in composition. The main difference is which ingredient predominates in it. Knowing their properties well, you get the opportunity to take into account the individual characteristics of each potted plant and select the soil in which they will develop favorably.

Turf land is considered the main one in floriculture. It is used in the manufacture of most soil mixtures. Plants adapt very well to it, developing intensively.

Substrate differences

Sod land is a term that refers to various garden soils. At first glance, it is enough to simply remove the top layer of soil, which contains plant humus. However, garden soil can be obtained from the decomposition of sod or other organic matter. The original substrate will influence the physical and chemical properties of the resulting soil mixture. Therefore, today we will consider several options, as well as the possibilities of their optimal combination with each other.

sod land

It is very rich in nutrients. Moreover, the potted plant will be provided for several years ahead, without requiring additional fertilizing. It is obtained mainly from meadows and pastures, as well as fallow lands. The main selection criterion is the presence of grass-clover herbage in the places of the final collection of the substrate. However, it cannot be said that it will be the same in any case. Distinguish:

• heavy sod substrate, which is characterized by a large amount of clay;
• average;
• light, which has the most sand.

seasonal factor

And we continue to deal with the concept of sod land. What it is, where to get such a soil mixture, now we will tell you in detail. Harvesting is carried out in the summer. To do this, you need to choose the period of maximum herbage. At the same time, the calculation is made in such a way that the sod will have time to partially decompose before the winter cold. But it will take much more time to get the finished substrate. Initially, the turf is cut into layers, 20 cm wide and 8 cm thick. Now it is necessary to fold it in stacks, up to 1.5 meters high. To accelerate decomposition, the layers are moistened with a solution of slurry. Another task is to reduce acidity. For this, lime is added. The next summer, you need to properly shovel the stack 2-3 times. Only after two seasons will it be ready for use. In the second year, in the fall, it is recommended to pass it through a screen and clean it indoors.

Gathering place

You already know what turf land is, but collected in different places, it will be very different. It is necessary to cut it on the clover, where the herbs grow especially violently and do not have a nutritional deficiency. It is easy to appreciate in appearance. All herbage should be bright green, without yellowing and spots, speckles and dry tips. If, on the meadows accessible to you, the grasses are stunted, they begin to turn yellow and dry early, then taking land here does not make any sense. It is poor in nutrients.

The location of the meadow also plays an important role. Since you can cook soddy land only directly in the meadow, choose the highest places. In swampy lowlands, the soil will be too acidic. Medium loams will be optimal in composition. Sandy loam turf is characterized by high water and air permeability, but at the same time it is poor in nutrients, for which it is used in gardening.

leaf humus

As you can see, the preparation of sod land is not difficult, you only need access to open meadows. If there is nothing like this near you, then you can try similar mixtures, which are also perfectly perceived by house plants. Now we will discuss in detail what kind of substrate is used to replace soddy soil. First of all, it is leaf land. It is characterized by friability and lightness. On the other hand, this drawback is easily corrected by mixing different mixtures and obtaining the optimal composition. Particularly good results are given by leaf humus mixed with heavy, soddy soil. Often flower growers use leafy soil mixed with peat and sand. It turns out an analogue of the heather mixture, light and nutritious.

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Even in urban conditions, you can easily find a place to harvest leafy land. If you can go out of town, into the forest, then here you can find its natural deposits. Year after year, the leaves fall and rot under the trees, forming a nutrient layer. In city parks, you can collect during the period of mass leaf fall in parks and gardens. The most suitable are the leaves of linden and maple, fruit trees. But willow and oak are completely unsuitable for these purposes.

Collected leaves or forest floor are formed into piles and moistened with slurry. It remains to compact the stack well and leave until next summer. Over the next warm season, it will be necessary to shovel the leaf mass well several times, moisten it with slurry and add lime. That is, you will get high-quality leafy land only by the end of the second summer.

Compost land

Summer residents use this term quite often, so we will also mention it. Compost is an analogue of turf and leaf soil. Their essence is the same - it is the rotted remains of plant organic matter. The quality of compost land depends on the type of waste, that is, the material used. This is an intermediate link between turf and humus soil.

It will require a compost pit to make it, although some gardeners use heaps or stacks. During the summer, they collect all plant and animal remains, weeds and garbage, food waste. As it accumulates, the remains are sprinkled with lime and moistened with slurry, and covered with peat on top. In the second and third years, the mass needs to be shoveled. By the end of the third year, the land is completely ready for use. Now you already know what turf and leafy soil is, how to make compost, and you can choose the basis of the substrate for your house plants.

Preparing a mixture for plants

So, it's about to land. Usually, gardeners begin to do this by spring. The soil prepared since autumn is warmed, disinfected and an ideal substrate is prepared from it. The main characteristics are:

• Moisture capacity. The soil should easily absorb water. Do not pass through yourself, as is the case with sand, but do not delay, as clay does.
• Water and breathability. This is understandable, the substrate must be loose to ensure air access to the roots.
• Nutrition.
• Suitable pH level (most often the absence of acidification).
• Purity, that is, the absence of toxic substances.

Optimal proportions

Most often, 1: 1 soddy land is mixed with a component such as leaf humus. This is easy to explain, since it acts as a baking powder. Some flower growers recommend adding earth from molehills in similar proportions. It is loose and nutritious, and also does not contain pest larvae. Humus is another important component. It is a black, homogeneous mass, which is obtained from well-decomposed manure. It is highly nutritious, but often contains seeds of weeds and pathogens, so it is extremely important to season the mixture before use.

Baking powder

In order to ensure optimal air permeability of the soil, it is necessary to observe the proportions of soddy soil and sand. It is important that only Fine is used will only make the substrate denser. Before adding to the soil, the sand is well washed. This is necessary in order to wash out all the dust and leave the necessary small pebbles. In this form, it is added to almost all mixtures for indoor plants, providing better breathability.

When planning a houseplant transplant, we often wonder if which mixture is better to use: purchased or prepared by yourself.

The first option is quick and convenient, but experienced flower growers themselves make soil mixtures, taking into account the needs of plants.

The composition of most of these mixtures includes forest soil - the so-called leafy earth: light and loose, obtained by rotting the fallen leaves of trees.

It is not as nutritious as humus or sod, but is well received by plants, especially those with thin roots. With good structure, air and moisture permeability, it is often used to loosen denser substrates.

The slightly acid reaction of the leafy ground is also suitable for most plants, but the acidity can be reduced by adding deoxidizers.

NOT ALL TREES WILL SUIT

Leaf land is usually harvested in autumn in deciduous forests and massifs. To do this, lightly rake dry leaves and collect the top loose layer of soil.

The best are rotted leaves of birch, linden, hazel, ash, fruit trees, maple. But it is not recommended to collect humus under oak, chestnut, poplar and willow because of the presence of a large amount of tannins in it. You should also not take the ground under diseased trees or in young plantings - there the layer of humus is too thin.

WE PREPARE LEAF EARTH WITH OWN HANDS

Leafy soil is easy to prepare in the garden.

To do this, the leaves collected in autumn are piled in heaps, kept moist and periodically shoveled.

To eliminate excessive acidity, ash is added. After two years, loose, ready-to-use leafy soil is formed, which can be used both in the garden and in indoor floriculture.

coniferous land

Another type of forest soil used in the preparation of mixtures is coniferous soil, or humus from fallen needles of spruce, fir, larch, and pine.

It is a loose, acidic, low-nutrient soil, similar in structure to leafy soil, but even more breathable. It is collected in a coniferous forest under a bed of needles.

In ornamental gardening, specially prepared garden soils are used. All of them are the decomposition product of turf, leaves, manure, heather, peat, contain a large amount of humus, but depending on the original substrate, they have different physical and chemical properties.

Farms usually harvest the following main lands: soddy, leafy, humus (dung), compost, peat.

Sod land is harvested in meadows and pastures, preferably in old, fallow, perennial, with good grass-clover herbage. It can not be harvested in areas of low and high acidity.

Soddy land is divided into heavy - with a large amount of clay, medium - with equal proportions of clay and sand, and light - with a predominance of sand.

Land preparation begins at the end of June. By this time, the herbage reaches its maximum development, and by winter, the harvested sod, with proper care, will have time to partially decompose. Layers are cut (with a shovel, disc, plow) 20-30 cm wide, 8-10 cm thick, depending on the thickness of the turf layer. The length is arbitrary. The sod is stacked in stacks 1.2-1.5 m wide and of arbitrary length so that the grass cover of each second layer lies on the grass cover of the first layer. Double layers are moistened with a solution of mullein or slurry to accelerate the decomposition of the sod and enrich it with nitrogen (at the rate of 0.2-0.5 m 3 of manure or slurry per 1 m 3). To reduce acidity, 2-3 kg of lime is added per 1 m 3 of land. The stacks on top are periodically moistened with slurry, and so that it does not drain (as well as rainwater), a trough-shaped depression is made at the top of the stack.

The best sod land is obtained after two seasons. During the next summer, the stack is shoveled at least twice. In the autumn, having passed the earth through a roar, they clean it indoors and use it in work. Left in the open air, it loses its Qualities - nutritional value, porosity, elasticity, etc.

sod land- the main one in floriculture, it is quite porous, rich in essential nutrients that act for many years. It is used for growing indoor and greenhouse perennials and in most soil mixtures.

Leafy land is harvested in autumn in deciduous massifs (forests, groves, parks). The best are the leaves of linden, maple, fruit plants. Oak and willow leaves contain a lot of tannins, so they are not used for harvesting land. In some cases, forest litter is used to obtain leafy soil, removing the top 2-5 cm layer. The collected dry leaves or forest litter with the remains of grass, small twigs, etc. are placed in stacks with a width and height of -1.2-1.5 m of arbitrary length. In autumn, when laying, the leaves are moistened with slurry or mullein solution and compacted; Otherwise, they will decompose slowly. During the next summer, it is advisable to moisten the leaf mass 2-3 times with slurry and shovel. It is good to add a little lime before mixing. By the autumn of the second year, the leaves are completely overripe and turn into leafy soil. Before use, it is passed through a screen to separate undecomposed residues.

leaf ground- light, loose, but contains less nutrients than turf. It can serve as a good ripper for heavy turf lands.

Leaf soil mixed with peat soil and sand can be used as a substitute for heather soil,

Humus land (humus-dung). In greenhouses, this soil is often referred to as greenhouse soil, as it is formed from rotted manure mixed with old greenhouse soil.

Pet manure, planted in greenhouses as a biofuel since spring, turns into humus by autumn. From the manure of cattle, the humus is heavy, from the manure of horses and sheep - lighter.

The humus cleaned from the greenhouse in autumn is stacked in piles, as indicated above for sod and other lands, moistened and shoveled 1-2 times during the next summer. Keep outdoors for one year. After that, the humus soil is passed through a fine screen and stored indoors.

Humus from greenhouses is often used as fertilizer in open ground.

humus earth- light, loose, oily, i.e. very rich in nutrients with a predominance of nitrogen in a form easily digestible for plants. It is used as a highly effective compound component for soil mixtures. Used for most potted crops and seedlings.

Peat land is harvested, as a rule, from lowland peat bogs. In some cases, briquettes and peat chips can be used for its preparation. Well-decomposed peat is stacked in piles up to 60-80 cm high. When laying, layers of peat are moistened with slurry every 20-25 cm and sprinkled with lime at the rate of 10-15 kg per 1 m 3 of peat. When using high-moor peat, the dose of lime is increased. At the end of the first season and in the middle of the second season, the mixture is shoveled and used in the third year. By this time, the biological activity of peat increases and its acidity decreases.

peat land- soft, loose, very moisture-absorbing, consists of slowly. decomposing organic residues and in its pure form is of low nutritional value. It is used for various soil mixtures as a ripper, especially with turfy soil, as it improves its physical properties, making it looser and lighter. It is also used in a mixture with light sandy soils, improving their cohesion and moisture capacity, as well as for mulching.

When harvesting sod from peat meadows, you can prepare sod-peat soil used for making peat pots, mulching the soil and planting some plants. .

Compost soil is prepared by composting in piles, heaps, pits of various plant and animal residues, garbage, weeds, greenhouse and household waste. As the residues accumulate, they are poured for disinfection and better decomposition with lime, moistened with slurry and covered with peat or peat chips on top. In the second or third year, the compost mass is shoveled 2-3 times per season, moistened with slurry. By the end of the third year, the compost soil is ready for use.

The quality and physical properties of compost soil are very diverse and depend on the type of waste and the nature of the composted material.

Basically, compost lands occupy an intermediate position between soddy and humus soils in terms of nutrient content. Use them in a mixture with turf and peat lands, replacing humus.

heather land is now losing its importance and is being replaced by a mixture of 2 parts leaf, 3-4 parts peat soil and 1 part sand. Heather soil is prepared as a sheet.

Garden and garden soil, or an arable layer well enriched with humus, is harvested and stacked in autumn, adding lime, phosphorus and potassium. In the summer they shovel twice. From the plots where plants belonging to the Cabbage (cabbage) and Nightshade (tomato) families have been grown for the last three years, soil is not taken.

Good garden or garden soil with a little sand can be successfully used for the cultivation of ornamental plants.

woody ground prepared from stumps, roots, deadwood, branches, chips, rotten old trees, etc. The decomposed remains of wood form a light, close in composition to the leaf, but poor in nutrients and prone to acidification of the earth. Use it in the culture of orchids, ferns and bromeliads.

Composted bark substrates. The shredded bark is composted in stacks up to 3 m high, adding pulp mill sludge and other organic material, which ensures the decomposition of the bark with the help of microorganisms. Biochemical and microbiological processes during composting are most active in a substrate with a particle size of 1-7 mm and the addition of urea to less than 1% of the dry mass of the bark (4.3 kg per 1 m 3) during the first few weeks. Composting with constant shoveling lasts approximately 4-4.5 weeks in summer and 16-18 weeks in winter. The temperature in the stacks rises to 65-70°C.

Compost in 1 m 3 contains about 300 g of potassium, 60 g of phosphorus, 30 g of magnesium, 30 g of iron, 20 g of manganese, copper and other trace elements. It is mixed with sphagnum peat, adding 1 kg of phosphorus, in other cases - sand, clay, etc., that is, it is used as a soil improver.

When grown on the same substrate of bark and sawdust, plant growth stops and chlorosis appears due to a lack of nitrogen.

Moss. White swamp moss sphagnum is harvested in moss sphagnum bogs. After drying, grinding and sieving, it is used in earthen mixtures to make them light, loose and hygroscopic, i.e., increased moisture capacity. In its pure form, it is used when forcing lilies of the valley, to cover an earthy coma of orchids and other plants. Recommended as a substrate for stratification and germination of large seeds (palms, bananas).

Charcoal in the form of small pieces in a small amount, they are added to earthen mixtures for plants that do not respond well to waterlogging. Coal adsorbs excess water, and when it is lacking, it gives it away "In addition, it is used as an antiseptic in the form of a powder for powdering cuts on dahlia root tubers, gladiolus corms, cannes rhizomes, etc. Adsorbs herbicides and other chemicals from the soil to a small extent.

Sand. Coarse-grained river sand is considered the best. Sea sand is thoroughly washed beforehand, freeing it from salts. Quarry sand is unsuitable - fine, reddish, containing ferrous compounds of iron and oxides of other metals that are harmful to plants, as well as clay and silty particles.

As a rule, sand is added to earth mixtures without pre-treatment in the amount of 1/5 of the total volume to make them loose. When grafting and for powdering seeds in sowing boxes, bowls, greenhouses, the sand is thoroughly washed with clean water beforehand from clay, silt particles. For difficult-to-root rocks, quartz sand is used. It gives soil mixtures looseness and porosity, which ensures the penetration of water and air to the roots of plants, prevents the development of moss, fungi and algae in boxes, bowls and on racks with crops and cuttings.

Storage and mixing of lands. Usually, in floricultural farms, two to three years of stocks of garden land are created, which are stored in a closed, preferably frost-free room. Previously, the earth must be passed through a screen. For each type of land, special chests are made, sometimes they are arranged under racks in greenhouses. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that during watering the plants, moisture does not get into the lari.

For proper cultivation of various flower plants on the farm, it is necessary to have all the above lands. They must be free from pests and diseases.

When compiling earth mixtures, the biological characteristics of plants, their age, culture conditions, as well as the reaction (pH) of the soil solution, in which this plant can grow, are taken into account.