What is a colloquial word. The concept of stylistic coloring, its types. Expressive possibilities of stylistically colored vocabulary. Stationery and speech stamps
The word "style" goes back to the Greek noun "style" - the so-called stick, which was used to write on a board covered with wax. Over time, style began to be called handwriting, the manner of writing, a set of techniques for using language means. The functional styles of the language got this name because they perform the most important functions, being a means of communication, communicating certain information and influencing the listener or reader.
Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means used in a particular area of communication and correlated with a particular area of professional activity.
In the modern Russian literary language, book functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business, which appear mainly in written form of speech, and colloquial, which is mainly characterized by oral speech.
Some scholars single out artistic (fictional) as a functional style, that is, the language of fiction. However, this point of view raises fair objections. Writers in their works use the whole variety of linguistic means, so that artistic speech is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. On the contrary, artistic speech is devoid of any stylistic isolation, its specificity depends on the characteristics of individual author's styles. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “The concept of style as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles, and even journalistic and scientific styles. The language of national fiction is not fully correlated with other styles, types or varieties of literary and colloquial speech. He uses them, includes them, but in peculiar combinations and in a functionally transformed form.
Each functional style is a complex system covering all language levels: pronunciation of words, lexical and phraseological composition of speech, morphological means and syntactic constructions. All these linguistic features of functional styles will be described in detail when characterizing each of them. Now we will focus only on the most obvious means of distinguishing between functional styles - on their vocabulary.
Stylistic coloring of words
The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, commonly used.
We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, prohibited, prescribe).
Book words are out of place in a casual conversation: "On the green spaces the first leaves appeared"; We were walking in the forest array and sunbathing at the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, A trees, bushes; Not Forest, A forest; Not water, A lake).
Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting.
Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.
High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “ ABOUT my unforgettable colleague and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»
If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.
Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example, in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it "must fit the subject of speech"; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken solemnly; in this case, words are used joking, contemptuous, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.
Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the explanatory dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic mark for a particular word, but we feel which word should be used in a particular situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's take a simple example.
The two argued:
I can't take seriously what this one says blond youth,- said one.
And in vain, - objected another, - the arguments of this blond boy very convincing.
These contradictory remarks express a different attitude towards the young blond: one of the disputants chose insulting words for him, emphasizing his neglect; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymic wealth of the Russian language provides ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words are positive, others are negative.
As part of the evaluative vocabulary, words are emotionally and expressively colored. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to the emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.
There are many words in Russian that have a bright emotional coloring. This can be easily verified by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lilac; pretty, charming, bewitching, delightful, cute; eloquent, chatty; proclaim, proclaim, blurt out etc. Comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which are stronger, more convincingly able to convey our thought. For example, you can say I do not like, but stronger words can be found: I hate, despise, abhor. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by a special expression.
Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio - expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often, synonyms with exactly the opposite coloring gravitate to the same neutral word: ask- beg, beg; cry- roar, roar.
Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations) poetic (azure, invisible). From all these words, the reduced ones are sharply different, which are marked with marks: playful (faithful, newly minted), ironic (please, praised) familiar (not bad, whispering) disapproving (pedant), disparaging (daub), contemptuous (sneak) derogatory (squishy) vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool).
Evaluative vocabulary requires an attentive attitude. The inappropriate use of emotional and expressive words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: "Nozdryov was an inveterate bully." "All Gogol's landowners are fools, parasites, idlers and dystrophics."
The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, commonly used. We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture), highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, forbidden, prescribe).
Bookish words are out of place in a casual conversation: “The first leaves appeared on green spaces”; “We walked in the forest and sunbathed by the pond.” Faced with such a mixture of styles, we are in a hurry to replace alien words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, but trees, bushes; not a forest, but a forest; not a reservoir, but a lake). Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting. Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.
High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “O my unforgettable comrade-in-arms and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!” If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.
As part of the evaluative vocabulary, words are emotionally and expressively colored. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to the emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings. There are many words in Russian that have a bright emotional coloring. It is easy to verify this by comparing words that are close in meaning: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lilac; handsome, charming. bewitching, delightful, cute; eloquent, chatty; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out, etc. Comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which are stronger, more convincingly able to convey our thought. For example, you can say I don’t like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I abhor. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by a special expression. Expression- means expressiveness (from lat. expressio - expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often, synonyms with exactly the opposite coloring gravitate to the same neutral word: ask - pray, beg; to cry - to sob, to roar. Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), lofty (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations), poetic (azure, invisible). Reduced words sharply differ from all these words, which are marked with litters: playful (faithful, newly minted), ironic (deign, praised), familiar (not bad, whisper), disapproving (pedant), dismissive (painting), contemptuous (toady), derogatory ( squishy), vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool). Evaluative vocabulary requires an attentive attitude. The inappropriate use of emotional and expressive words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: "Nozdryov was an avid bully." "All Gogol's landowners are fools, parasites, idlers and dystrophics."
Expressive styles
Modern language science distinguishes, along with functional styles, expressive styles, which are classified depending on the expression contained in the language elements. For these styles, the impact function is the most important.
Expressive styles include solemn (high, rhetorical), official, familiar (reduced), as well as intimately affectionate, playful (ironic), mocking (satirical). These styles are opposed to neutral, that is, devoid of expression.
The main means of achieving the desired expressive coloring of speech is evaluative vocabulary. In its composition, three varieties can be distinguished.
1. Words with a bright estimated value. These include the words “characteristics” (forerunner, herald, pioneer; grumbler, idler, sycophant, slob, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (purpose, destiny, business, fraud; marvelous , miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian; dare, inspire, defame, mischief).
2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, they say about a person: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow; verbs are used in a figurative sense: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.
3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neat, close and negative - beards, kid, bureaucracy, etc.
The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their expressive coloring. For example:
The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We have received a sharply negative assessment of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, hired killer, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, publicity, etc. positive color is fixed. Even the different meanings of the same word can differ noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but a husband. - P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic tinge (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man, so to speak, on my word of honor. - P.).
Emotionally expressive coloring is superimposed on the functional one, complementing its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive words that are neutral usually belong to common vocabulary. Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary. And book vocabulary includes high words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. In book styles, vocabulary is ironic (beautifulness, words, quixotic), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms), contemptuous (masque, corrupt). Colloquial vocabulary includes words affectionate (daughter, dove), playful (butuz, laughter), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called (small fry, zealous, giggle, brag). In common speech, reduced words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words expressing a positive assessment of the concept being called (hard worker, brainy, awesome), and words expressing the speaker's negative attitude towards the concepts they denote (crazy, flimsy, slick, etc.).
Conversational style
We do not speak the way we write, and if we write down colloquial speech, it will look so unusual that we involuntarily want to amend it in accordance with the norms of written speech. However, this should not be done, because conversational style obeys its own norms, and what is not justified in bookish speech is quite appropriate in a casual conversation.
The colloquial style performs the main function of the language - the function of communication, its purpose is the direct transmission of information, mainly orally (with the exception of private letters, notes, diary entries). The linguistic features of the conversational style determine the special conditions for its functioning: informality, ease and expressiveness of speech communication, the absence of a preliminary selection of language means, automatism of speech, everyday content and dialogic form.
The situation has a great influence on the conversational style - the real, objective situation of speech. This allows you to reduce the statement to the maximum, in which individual components may be absent, which, however, does not interfere with the correct perception of colloquial phrases. For example, in a bakery, the phrase does not seem strange to us: Please, with bran, one; at the station at the ticket office: Two to Odintsovo, children and adults etc.
In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and the emotionality of style.
Like any style, conversational has its own special scope, a certain theme. Most often, the subject of conversation is the weather, health, news, any interesting events, purchases, prices ... It is possible, of course, to discuss the political situation, scientific achievements, news in cultural life, but these topics also obey the rules of conversational style, its syntactic structure, although in such cases the vocabulary of conversations is enriched with book words and terms.
For a relaxed conversation, a necessary condition is the lack of officiality, trusting, free relations between the participants in the dialogue or polylogue. The attitude towards natural, unprepared communication determines the attitude of speakers to language means.
In the colloquial style, for which the oral form is the original, the most important role is played by the sound side of speech, and above all, intonation: it is she (in interaction with a peculiar syntax) that creates the impression of colloquialism. Casual speech is distinguished by sharp rises and falls in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, scanning of syllables, pauses, and changes in the pace of speech. By sound, one can easily distinguish the full (academic, strict) pronunciation style inherent in a lecturer, speaker, professional announcer broadcasting on the radio (all of them are far from the colloquial style, their texts are other book styles in oral speech!), From incomplete, characteristic of colloquial speech. It notes a less distinct pronunciation of sounds, their reduction (reduction). Instead of Alexander Alexandrovich We are speaking San Sanych, instead of Marya Sergeevna - Mary Sergeevna. Less tension of the speech organs leads to changes in the quality of sounds and sometimes even to their complete disappearance (“hello”, not Hello, Not speaks, but "grit", not Now, and "lose", instead of we will you hear "buim", instead of What -"cho", etc.). This “simplification” of orthoepic norms is especially noticeable in non-literary forms of colloquial style, in common speech.
Vocabulary colloquial style is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used words (day, year, work, sleep, early, possible, good, old); 2) colloquial words (potato, reader, real, nestle). It is also possible the use of colloquial words, professionalisms, dialectisms, jargon, that is, various non-literary elements that reduce the style. All this vocabulary is predominantly everyday content, specific. At the same time, the range of book words, abstract vocabulary, terms and little-known borrowings is very narrow. The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative. Evaluative vocabulary usually has a reduced color here. Characteristic is the use of occasional words (neologisms that we come up with on occasion) - opener, goodie, nutcrackers(instead of nutcrackers), subdue(according to the model adopt).
In a colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, therefore, instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: evening newspaper - evening, condensed milk - condensed milk, utility room - utility room, five-storey building five-story building. In other cases, stable combinations of words are converted and one word is used instead of two: forbidden zone - zone, Academic Council - advice, sick leave - sick leave, maternity leave - decree.
A special place in colloquial vocabulary is occupied by words with the most general or indefinite meaning, which is specified in the situation: thing, piece, thing, story.“Empty” words are close to them, acquiring a certain meaning only in the context (bagpipe, bandura, jalopy). For example: And where will we put this bandura?(about the closet); We know this music!
The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are colloquial in nature. (at hand, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive (the law is not written for fools, in the middle of nowhere and so on.). Colloquial and vernacular phraseological units give speech vivid imagery; they differ from bookish and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reducedness. Compare: go out of life- play catch, mislead- hang noodles on your ears (rub glasses, suck from your finger, take from the ceiling).
word formation colloquial speech is characterized by features due to its expressiveness and appraisal: here the suffixes of subjective assessment are used with the meanings of flattery, disapproval, magnification, etc. (mommy, sweetie, sun, child; wimp, vulgarity, house; cold etc.), as well as suffixes with a functional coloring of colloquialism, for example, for nouns: suffixes -To- (locker room, overnight stay, candle, stove);-ik (knife, rain); -un(talker); -yaga(hard worker); -yatina(Yummy); -sha (for feminine nouns of job titles: doctor, conductor, usher etc.). Non-suffix formations are used (snoring, dancing) composition (couch potato, windbag). You can also indicate the most active cases of word formation of adjectives of evaluative meaning: eye-asty, spectacles-asty, tooth-asty; biting, brawling; thin, healthy and others, as well as verbs - prefix-suffix: to play pranks, to call, to play, to play, suffixes: der-anut, spe-kul-nut; healthy; prefixed: is-lose weight, with-ku-drink etc. In order to enhance expression, doubling of words - adjectives is used, sometimes with additional prefixation (He is such a huge-huge; water black-black ; she big-eyed-eyed ; smart-premium), acting in superlatives.
In area morphology colloquial style is distinguished by a special frequency of verbs, they are used here even more often than nouns. Indicative and especially frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns. Personal pronouns are widely used because of the constant need to designate the participants in the conversation. Demonstrative pronouns and others are necessary for colloquial style due to their inherent breadth, generalization of meaning. Gesture specifies them, and this creates conditions for a very concise transmission of this or that information (for example: It's not here, it's there.) Unlike other styles, only colloquial allows the use of a pronoun accompanied by a gesture without first mentioning a specific word. (I This I will not take; Such it does not suit me).
Of the adjectives in colloquial speech, possessive ones are used. (mother's Job, old-fashioned gun), but short forms are rarely used. Participles and gerunds are not found here at all, and for particles and interjections colloquial speech is a native element (What can I say! That's the thing! God forbid about this and remember something! On you, surprise!).
In colloquial style, preference is given to variant forms of nouns. (in the workshop, on vacation, at home; a glass of tea, honey; workshop, locksmith), numerals (fifty, five hundred) verbs (read, I don't read raise, instead of lifting not seen, not heard). In a live conversation, truncated forms of verbs are often found, which have the meaning of instantaneous and unexpected action: grab, jump, jump, knock and so on. For example: And this one grabs his sleeve; And the grasshopper jumped- and into the grass. Colloquial forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives are used (better, shorter, harder than all), adverbs (quickly, more conveniently, most likely) and variants of pronoun endings (the mistress herself, in their house). Even colloquial forms are found here in playful contexts. (her boyfriend, evon comrades). In colloquial speech, zero endings in the genitive plural of nouns such as kilogram, gram, orange, tomato and so on. (one hundred grams of butter, five kilograms of orange).
Under the influence of the law of economy of speech means, the colloquial style allows the use of material nouns in combination with numerals. (two milk, two ryazhenka- in the sense of "two servings"). Peculiar forms of address are common here - truncated nouns: mom! dad! Kat! Van!
Colloquial speech is no less original in the distribution of case forms: here the nominative dominates, which in oral replicas replaces book controlled forms.
For example: He built a cottage- station near; I bought a fur coat- grey astrakhan; Porridge - look! (conversation in the kitchen); House shoes- where to go? (in the bus); Turn left, transition And shop sporting goods. Especially consistently, the nominative case replaces all the others when using numerals in speech: The amount does not exceed three hundred rubles(instead of: three hundred); With one thousand five hundred three rubles (with one thousand five hundred and three); had three dogs (three dogs).
Syntax colloquial speech is very peculiar, due to its oral form and vivid expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete, of the most diverse structure (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, and others) and extremely short. The situation fills in the gaps in the speech, which is quite understandable to the speaker: Please show in line(when buying notebooks); I don't want a taganka(when choosing theater tickets); To you from the heart?(in a pharmacy), etc.
In oral speech, we often do not name an object, but describe it: IN hat did not pass here? They love to look up sixteen (meaning movies). As a result of the unpreparedness of speech, connecting constructions appear in it: Must go. In Saint-Petersburg. To the conference. Such fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to recall the details and completes the statement.
Compound sentences are not typical for colloquial speech, non-union ones are used more often than others: I'm leaving- you will feel better; You talk, I listen. Some non-union constructions of a colloquial type are not comparable with any book phrases. For example: And there that, a rich choice or you were not?; And for the next time, please, this lesson and the last one!
The order of words in live speech is also unusual: as a rule, the most important word in the message is put in the first place: Computer buy me; currency paid off; Worst of all it is that nothing can be done; Palace Square /are you leaving?; These are the qualities I appreciate it. At the same time, parts of a complex sentence (main and subordinate clauses) are sometimes intertwined: I don't know where to get water anyway; And I know hunger, and what cold is; Are you asking about her and what did I do? Typical colloquial complex sentences are characterized by weakening the function of the subordinate clause, merging it with the main one, structural reduction: You could talk about whatever you wanted; You will work with whom they will order; Call whoever you want; I live as I please.
In a number of conversational types of sentences, question-answer constructions can be combined and the structural features of dialogic speech can be reflected, for example: Whom I respect on the course is Ivanova; What I need is you.
The following features of colloquial syntax should also be noted:
The use of a pronoun that duplicates the subject: Faith, she comes late; precinct, He noticed it.
Putting at the beginning of the sentence an important word from the subordinate clause: I love bread, always fresh.
The use of sentence words: OK; Clear; Can; Yes; No; From what? Certainly! Still would! Well, yes! Not really! Maybe.
The use of insert structures that introduce additional, additional information that explains the main message: I thought (I was young then) he is joking; And we, as is known, a guest is always welcome; Kolya- he is generally a good person - wanted to help...
Activity of introductory words: maybe, it seems, fortunately, as they say, so to speak, let's say so, you know.
Wide spread of lexical repetitions: So-so, just about, barely, far, far, fast, fast and so on.
Conversational style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a bright originality of linguistic features that go beyond the normalized literary language. It can serve as convincing evidence that the stylistic norm is fundamentally different from the literary one. Each of the functional styles has developed its own norms that should be reckoned with. This does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm can fluctuate depending on the intra-style stratification of the colloquial style. It has varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular, which has absorbed the influence of local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent, educated people is quite literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from the bookish one, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.
By functional and stylistic affiliation, all words of the Russian language can be divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used, relevant in any style of speech (man, work, good, a lot, house) and 2) assigned to a certain style and perceived outside of it as inappropriate (different styles): face(meaning "man") work hard(meaning "to work") cool, plenty, living space, building. The second group of words is of particular stylistic interest.
functional style is called a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication. In modern Russian, the following are distinguished bookstores styles: scientific, journalistic, official business. Some linguists refer to book styles and fiction However, in our opinion, the language of fiction is devoid of any stylistic isolation. It is distinguished by a variety of individual-author's means of creating imagery and the freedom to choose vocabulary dictated by specific artistic tasks. This puts the language of fiction, more precisely artistic speech, in a special position in relation to functional styles.
Book styles opposed colloquial a style that is predominantly oral. Outside the literary and linguistic norm is vernacular.
The functional and stylistic fixation of words is facilitated by their thematic relevance. So, the terms, as a rule, belong to the scientific style: assonance, metaphor, quantum theory, synchrophasotron; journalistic style includes words related to socio-political topics: pluralism, democracy, glasnost, citizenship, cooperation; as official business words used in jurisprudence, office work are distinguished: presumption of innocence, incompetent, victim, notify, prescribe, proper, residence.
However, the differentiating features of scientific, journalistic, official and business vocabulary are not always perceived with sufficient certainty, and therefore, when stylistically characterized, a significant number of words are evaluated as bookish, in contrast to their commonly used and colloquial synonyms. Let's compare, for example, such synonymic rows:
Due to semantic and stylistic differences, bookish and colloquial (colloquial) words are most clearly opposed; compare: intrude - get in, get rid of - get rid of, get rid of, sob - roar; face - muzzle, mug.
The functional-stylistic stratification of vocabulary is only partially fixed in explanatory dictionaries by stylistic marks to words. Book words, special, colloquial, vernacular, rude vernacular stand out most consistently. The corresponding marks are used in the Big and Small academic dictionaries of the Russian language. In the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov, stylistic marks indicate the functional fixation of words: "abusive", "high", "ironic", "bookish", "disapproving", "official", "colloquial", "colloquial" , "special", etc. But there are no labels that would highlight journalistic vocabulary.
In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D. N. Ushakov, stylistic marks are more diverse, they represent the functional stratification of vocabulary in a more differentiated way. Here such marks are given: "newspaper", "stationery", "folk poetic", "special", "official", "poetic", "colloquial", "journalistic", etc. However, in some cases these marks are outdated. So, negotiable, recalculation, re-register in the dictionary of D. N. Ushakov they are given with the mark "official", and in the dictionary of Ozhegov - without marks; chauvinism- respectively: "political" and - without marks. This reflects the real processes of changing the functional and stylistic affiliation of words.
Unlike functionally fixed, commonly used vocabulary, or interstyle, is used in any style of speech without any restrictions. For example, the word house can be used in any context: in an official business document ( House No. 7 to be demolished); in an article by a journalist who owns a journalistic style ( This house built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture); in a funny song for kids [Tili-bom, tili-bom, cat's on fire house (March.)]. In all cases, such words will not stand out stylistically from the rest of the vocabulary.
Common vocabulary underlies the vocabulary of the Russian language. It is interstyle, neutral words that are, as a rule, the main (pivot) in the synonymic rows; they constitute the most important fund of generating bases around which various derivational connections of related words are formed.
Common vocabulary is also the most frequent: we constantly refer to it both in oral and written speech, in any style where it performs a primary function - nominative, naming vital concepts and phenomena.
The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, commonly used.
We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, prohibited, prescribe).
Book words are out of place in a casual conversation: "On the green spaces the first leaves appeared"; We were walking in the forest array and sunbathing at the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, A trees, bushes; Not Forest, A forest; Not water, A lake).
Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting.
Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.
High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “ O my unforgettable companion and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»
If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.
Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example, in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it "must fit the subject of speech"; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken solemnly; in this case, words are used joking, contemptuous, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.
Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the explanatory dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic mark for a particular word, but we feel which word should be used in a particular situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's take a simple example.
The two argued:
I can't take seriously what this one says blond youth,- said one.
And in vain, - objected another, - the arguments of this blond boy very convincing.
These contradictory remarks express a different attitude towards the young blond: one of the disputants chose insulting words for him, emphasizing his neglect; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymic wealth of the Russian language provides ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words are positive, others are negative.
As part of the evaluative vocabulary, words are emotionally and expressively colored. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to the emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.
There are many words in Russian that have a bright emotional coloring. This can be easily verified by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lilac; pretty, charming, bewitching, delightful, cute; eloquent, chatty; proclaim, proclaim, blurt out etc. Comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which are stronger, more convincingly able to convey our thought. For example, you can say I do not like, but stronger words can be found: I hate, despise, abhor. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by a special expression.
Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio- expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often, synonyms with exactly the opposite coloring gravitate to the same neutral word: ask- beg, beg; cry- roar, roar.
Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations) poetic (azure, invisible). From all these words, the reduced ones are sharply different, which are marked with marks: playful (faithful, newly minted), ironic (please, praised) familiar (not bad, whispering) disapproving (pedant), disparaging (daub), contemptuous (sneak) derogatory (squishy) vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool).
Evaluative vocabulary requires an attentive attitude. The inappropriate use of emotional and expressive words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: "Nozdryov was an inveterate bully." "All Gogol's landowners are fools, parasites, idlers and dystrophics."
Expressive styles
Modern language science distinguishes, along with functional styles, expressive styles, which are classified depending on the expression contained in the language elements. For these styles, the impact function is the most important.
Expressive styles include solemn (high, rhetorical), official, familiar (reduced), as well as intimately affectionate, playful (ironic), mocking (satirical). These styles are opposed to neutral, that is, devoid of expression.
The main means of achieving the desired expressive coloring of speech is evaluative vocabulary. In its composition, three varieties can be distinguished. 1. Words with a bright estimated value. These include the words "characteristics" (forerunner, forerunner, pioneer; grumbler, idler, sycophant, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (destiny, destiny, business, fraud; marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian; dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but getting a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, about a person they say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow; verbs are used in a figurative sense: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and so on. 3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close and negative - beards, kid, breech and so on.
The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their expressive coloring. For example:
stylistically lowered high
neutral
face muzzle face
obstacle hindrance obstacle
cry roar sob
be afraid to be afraid to fear
expel expel expel
The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We received a sharply negative assessment of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost and so on. positive color is fixed. Even different meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of a word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but husband. - P.), in another - the same word gets an ironic coloring (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a scientist husband to be honest, so to speak.- P.).
The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as tropes get a vivid expression: burn(At work), fall(from fatigue) suffocate(in adverse conditions), blazing(eye) blue(dream), flying(gait), etc. The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously.
Emotionally expressive coloring is superimposed on the functional one, complementing its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive words that are neutral usually belong to common vocabulary. Emotionally expressive words are distributed between the book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.
The book vocabulary includes lofty words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. Book styles use ironic vocabulary (beautiful soul, words, quixoticism), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms) contemptuous (mask, corrupt).
Colloquial vocabulary includes affectionate words (daughter, dove), playful (butuz, chuckle), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts (small fry, zealous, giggle, brag).
In common speech, reduced words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words expressing a positive assessment of the called concept. (hard worker, brainy, awesome) and words expressing the negative attitude of the speaker to the concepts they denote (go crazy, flimsy, mean and so on.).
In expressive styles, syntactic means are also widely used to enhance the emotionality of speech. Russian syntax has enormous expressive possibilities. These are different types of one-part and incomplete sentences, and a special word order, and plug-in and introductory constructions, and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence. Among them, appeals stand out especially, they are able to convey a great intensity of passions, and in other cases - to emphasize the official nature of the speech. Compare Pushkin's lines:
Pets of the windy Fate,
Tyrants of the world! tremble!
And you, be of good cheer and listen,
Arise, fallen slaves! -
and the appeal of V. Mayakovsky:
Citizen financial inspector!
I'm sorry to trouble you...
Bright stylistic colors are fraught with direct and indirect speech, exclamatory and interrogative sentences, especially rhetorical questions.
The rhetorical question is one of the most common stylistic figures, characterized by remarkable brightness and a variety of emotional and expressive shades. Rhetorical questions contain a statement (or denial), framed as a question that does not require an answer: Weren't you at first so viciously persecuting His free, daring gift And fanning the Slightly lurking fire for fun? ..(L . ).
Coinciding in external grammatical design with ordinary interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions are distinguished by a bright exclamatory intonation, expressing amazement, extreme tension of feelings. It is no coincidence that authors sometimes put an exclamation point or two signs - a question mark and an exclamation point - at the end of rhetorical questions: Is it possible for her female mind, brought up in seclusion, doomed to estrangement from real life, does she not know how dangerous such aspirations are and how they end?!(Bel.); And how is it that you still don’t understand and don’t know that love, like friendship, like salary, like glory, like everything in the world, must be deserved and supported?!(Good)
The emotional tension of speech is also conveyed by connecting constructions, that is, those in which phrases do not fit immediately into one semantic plane, but form an associative chain of attachment. For example: Every city has an age and a voice. There are clothes. And a special smell. And a face. And not immediately understandable pride (Birth.). I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Moreover, the President of Russia (Chernomyrdin V. // Izvestia. - 1997. - January 29).
Punctuation allows the author to convey the discontinuity of speech, unexpected pauses, reflecting the emotional excitement of the speaker. Let us recall the words of Anna Snegina in S. Yesenin's poem: - Look... It's getting light. The dawn is like a fire in the snow... It reminds me of something... But what? ... We sat together ... We are sixteen years old ...
Tropes give special expressiveness to speech (gr. tropos- turn, turn, image) - words used in a figurative sense: metaphors ( Earth- ship. But someone suddenly ... In the dense thick of storms and a blizzard directed her majestically.- Es.); comparisons (I was like a horse driven in soap, Spurred by a brave rider.- Es.); epithets (The golden grove dissuaded Birch, in a cheerful language.- Es.); metonymy (Let a pencil whisper about many things ineptly.- Es.); allegory (My white linden has faded, The nightingale dawn has rang.- Es.) and other figurative expressions.
The lexical richness of the Russian language, tropes and emotional syntax create inexhaustible possibilities for expressive styles.
Chapter 2
What is important in the poem is the style that corresponds to the theme.
(N.A. Nekrasov)
When using words, one cannot ignore their belonging to a particular style of speech. In modern Russian, book styles are distinguished (scientific, journalistic, official business) and colloquial. The stylistic coloring of words depends on how they are perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or appropriate in any, i.e. commonly used. We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture)", highlight publicistic vocabulary (aggression, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign)", we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (forbidden, prescribe, proper, following).
Book words are out of place in a casual conversation: “On green spaces the first leaves appeared"; "We walked in woodland and sunbathed reservoir." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, A trees, bushes; not a forest, alley; Not water, A lake). Colloquial, and even more so, colloquial words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting, say, in a lesson. Wouldn’t it seem strange, for example, the use of colloquial vocabulary in the answers of students in literature: “In the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed creepy bastard, which turns the head and daughter and mother, godlessly lying And enough bribes";“Chichikov is a swindler, he is eager to become a millionaire and dreams of cashing in on foolish landlords, buying their "dead souls"?
Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words. High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “Oh my unforgettable companion and friend! Satisfy mine I thirst for life-giving moisture!”
If words with a particular stylistic coloring are used inappropriately, they give the speech a comical sound. Comedians deliberately violate stylistic norms. Here, for example, is an excerpt from a parody of a critical article about fairy tales in which the "image of a mouse" occurs.
Let's analyze this artistic image in the well-known work of Russian folklore - the folk tale "Turnip". An image of an advanced, progressive mouse is displayed here. This is far from the same mouse - a pest and wast that we observed in "Ryaba the Hen", and even more so not the one that we met at "Puss in Boots". In "Repka" we see a mouse of a completely new, advanced format. It is, as it were, a collective image of useful mice. I would like to involuntarily exclaim: “I wish there were more such mice in books for our kids!”
Of course, such use of book vocabulary, literary terms, which give speech a scientific character, cannot but cause a smile in the reader.
Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example, in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, he "should approach the subject of speech": important things should be taken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken solemnly; in this case, the words are used joking, contemptuous, reduced vocabulary. M.V. also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words. Lomonosov in the theory of "three styles". Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.
Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the explanatory dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic mark for a particular word, but we feel which word should be used in a particular situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's take a simple example.
The two argued:
- - I can't take seriously what this guy says. blond youth- said one.
- - And in vain, - objected another, - the arguments of this blond boy very convincing.
These contradictory remarks express a different attitude towards the young blond: one of the disputants chose insulting words for him, emphasizing his neglect; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that would express sympathy. The synonymic wealth of the Russian language provides ample opportunities for stylistic selection of evaluative vocabulary. Some words are positive, others are negative.
As part of the evaluative vocabulary, words are emotionally and expressively colored. Words that convey the attitude of the speaker to their meaning belong to the emotional vocabulary.
Emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions. Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.
There are many words in Russian that have a bright emotional coloring. This is easy to verify by comparing the synonyms: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lilac; pretty, charming, bewitching, delightful, cute; eloquent, chatty; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out, etc.
From words that are close in meaning, we try to choose the most expressive ones that are stronger, more convincingly able to convey our thought. For example, you can say I do not like, but stronger words can be found: I hate, despise, abhor. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by a special expression.
Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio- expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, misfortune, calamity, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often, synonyms with exactly the opposite coloring gravitate to the same neutral word: to ask - to beg, to beg; cry - roar, roar. Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn ( unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations) poetic (azure, invisible). From all these words, the reduced ones are sharply different, which are marked with marks: playful (faithful, newly minted), ironic (deign, vaunted)", familiar (not bad, whispering) disapproving (pedant), disparaging (daub), contemptuous (sneak) derogatory (hpop) vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool).
Evaluative vocabulary requires careful attention. The inappropriate use of emotional and expressive words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: "Nozdrevbyl inveterate bully "","All Gogol's landowners fools, idlers, loafers And dystrophic "","To me crazy I like Gogol's works, I idolize and consider myself a victim his talent" (probably the word victim the author used by mistake instead of nouns admirer, admirer).
Doesn’t it happen to you that, holding a pen, you suddenly use the wrong words that should be used in a given speech situation? For example, in your writings, is it always justified to use vocabulary that has a certain stylistic coloring? Perhaps, without exaggeration, we can say that the stylistic selection of vocabulary causes the greatest difficulties for those who are learning to write essays.
What should be the style of your speech so that strict teachers do not find speech errors in it?
Undoubtedly, the style of an essay depends on its content. If you write about the historical epoch that left its mark on the writer's worldview and work, characterize literary trends, the poet's aesthetic views, talk about his philosophical quests, then, of course, your style of speech will be close to scientific, journalistic. If you draw your favorite hero, recalling the most interesting pages of his biography, emphasizing the most striking features of his character and recreating the cute features of his imaginary appearance, your speech will become like an artistic one, it will be especially emotional, figurative. When you critique a work of fiction, you draw on the arsenal of language commonly used by critics, and your style will absorb the features of critical writing. Finally, if you want to talk about yourself, take a trip back to your childhood, or imagine the first steps in your chosen profession (which is possible in essays on a free topic), you will involuntarily turn to the means of conversational style: use expressive vocabulary that sounds casual and simple. In each case, the choice of linguistic means must be stylistically justified: lofty thoughts, lofty matters turn us to a solemn style and, on the contrary, everyday phenomena reduce the style of speech.
Does the style of essays always correspond to their content, feelings, mood of their authors? Alas, not always. For example, a student writes about her love for Pushkin's poetry as follows:
My acquaintance with Pushkin took place from The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish, when a little snub-nosed girl climbed onto the sofa and, huddled in a ball, began to read the first lines of the tale in warehouses. And from that moment on, I developed a strong friendship with the poet. But, selflessly loving his poems, did I appreciate them according to their merits? ..
Reduced stylistic coloring words (snub-nosed girl, climbed in), colloquial expressions (a strong friendship began, appreciated according to merit) are stylistically inappropriate in the context, as are phrases that gravitate toward official business speech (acquaintance took place, starting from this moment). The author’s lack of linguistic intuition is also evidenced by such reservations: “acquaintance took place from a fairy tale”, “to read ... lines by syllables” (only words can be read by syllables), “huddled up” (they curl up), etc.
A person who neglects the requirements of the stylistic selection of language means, without hesitation, declares: “When Tatyana was introduced to Onegin, not a single vein trembled on the face secular ladies"; "Meeting with Natasha, moonlit night in Otradnoe did their job..."“We get acquainted with the landowner Korobochka. This tradeswoman, stupid and obscure. Of course, the varied vocabulary in such cases testifies to the inability to correctly formulate a thought. However, such a sharp violation of the stylistic norms of written speech is not so common in essays.
Another evil causes more damage to the style - the habit of schoolchildren to write about the great masters of the word, about their favorite literary heroes in a colorless, inexpressive language, often having a clerical tinge. Every now and then in the writings we read: “Radishchev negative attitude to tsarist autocracy"; "Griboedov negative attitude to the Famus society”; "Chatsky negative attitude to gallomania"; "Refusal of serfdom is the main idea of Pushkin's poem "The Village""; “These words (“Here is a wild nobility ...) were a protest against Russian reality”; “Tatyana is my favorite literary hero"; "Katerina is"a ray of light in a dark kingdom". The use of the same words when describing a wide variety of literary heroes, the repetition of stamped expressions deprives speech of liveliness, gives it a clerical coloring. It would seem, where does clericalism come from in the language of schoolchildren? And yet we constantly find them in the writings: “Pushkin gave a positive description of Tatyana "", Onegin made an attempt "to engage in socially useful work" and so on.
The clerical coloring of speech is given by verbal nouns, which in essays on any topic, as a rule, displace stylistically neutral verb forms: “Manilov spends all his time in construction castles in the air"; “When the gendarme announces the arrival of a real auditor, all officials come to petrification".
Even Pushkin's Tatyana is described by students in the same colorless language, "decorating" phrases with verbal nouns: "Tatyana spent my time reading French novels"; "Tatyana faith was characteristic in the legends of common people's antiquity"; "Explanation Tatyana with Onegin going on in the garden"; " Talk Tatyana with a nanny going on at night"; "For disclosure the image of Tatyana is of great importance episode of her conversation with a nanny. Can't you just write: To understand Tatyana, let's remember how she talks to the nanny!
If the topic of the essay refers to revolutionary events, the author considers it his duty to report: “There is an increase in self-awareness workers"; “There is an increase in activity in revolutionary activity”; "There's an awakening revolutionary consciousness of the masses”; "There is preparation to a revolutionary action”, etc. All this is true, but why does everyone write about it the same way, using the same clerical turns of speech?
Often in writings you can read: “For understanding writer's intention it is important to reveal the motives that guide main character". Why not put it simply, for example, even like this: in order to penetrate the writer's intention, it is necessary to understand the motives that guide the actions of the protagonist?
In almost every essay one can find stamped formulations: “Onegin - a typical phenomenon of the pre-Decembrist era”,"Pechorin - typical phenomenon of his time", "Kirsanov - typical representative liberal nobility. Such examples should not be imitated!
The language of the essay should be expressive, emotional. It can become so only on condition that the writer does not repeat memorized phrases, well-known book formulations, but tries to find his own words to express thoughts and feelings.
The style of the composition will not be colorless, devoid of lively colors if its author turns to emotional, expressive vocabulary. You can cite an excerpt from an essay written in bright, good language.
Although Nilovna is only forty years old, she considers herself an old woman. She felt old, having not truly experienced either childhood or youth, having not experienced the joy of “recognizing” the world. As if emphasizing the terrible past of Nilovna, Gorky paints her portrait in such a way that sad, gray tones prevail in it: “She was tall, slightly stooped, her body, broken by long work and beatings of her husband, moved silently and somehow sideways ... Above the right eyebrow there was a deep scar ... She was all soft, sad and submissive. Surprise and fear - that's what constantly expressed the face of this woman. The sad image of the mother cannot leave us indifferent...
Do not impoverish your speech! Use bright emotionally expressive vocabulary, which our language is so rich in! Then your writings can be cited as an example of good style.
- The school textbook also refers to them as the style of fiction.
