Flowering and pollination of plants Ozinki" Saparbayeva A. D. Presentation for the lesson "pollination of flowering plants" What process are we talking about
Flowering and Pollination of Plants Flowering is the readiness of a flower to receive pollen. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of the pistil. Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm with an egg. As a result, a zygote is formed from which the embryo develops.
About the smells of flowers Flowers attract insects not only by color, but also by smell. Some have aromatic smells: lilac, carnation, lily of the valley. Others - specific smells: valerian, linden, nightshade. Of particular interest are the smells of orchids. They smell of honey, fresh hay, vanilla, cinnamon, cloves. Depending on the smell, each type of orchid has its own insect pollinators. Some flowers emit odors reminiscent of the smell of rotten meat or fish.
Ornithophilia - the transfer of pollen by birds, is less common. Birds do not perceive the smell, therefore, bright and colorful flowers, especially red, are most attractive to them. Basically, ornithophilia is common in tropical and equatorial regions.
Birds - pollinators, as a rule, are their smallest representatives. In temperate latitudes, the smallest bird is a tiny wren or wren, and in the tropics - hummingbirds (in the forests of the New World) or nectaries very similar to them (in the jungles of Africa, Asia and Australia). Wren The length of these babies is only 5.5 cm, and their weight is about 2 g. Hummingbirds have a perfect tool for collecting nectar, and with it small insects: a thin, sometimes curved beak with a long, thin tongue.
Bats launch a narrow tongue into the flower, reaching them to nectar and pollen. Of the animals, the pollinator is, for example, the proboscis couscous, which lives in Australia. His muzzle is elongated, its continuation is a long thin tongue. Bestiality - pollination by mammals Bats pollinate large greenish-yellow or brown flowers with strong perianths and pedicels at night and at dusk, which often have an unpleasant odor. Bats pollinate baobabs, myrtle, agave, bananas. Flightless animals also take part in pollination: lemurs in Madagascar, rodents in South America.
Anemophily is wind pollination. The flowers of wind-pollinated plants have an inconspicuous perianth of films or scales; in some species, the flowers are bare. The stamens hang outward from the flower, their anthers swinging freely in the wind. Fine dry light pollen is produced in large quantities. Bloom until leaves appear. Grow in groups.
Conclusion: Flowering of plants, pollination of the flower by pollen and fertilization of the egg by sperm are the prerequisites for the formation of fruits and seeds. With self-pollination, the daughter organism receives the characteristics of one parent. When cross-pollinated, the signs of both parents, which increases their viability. Artificial pollination is carried out to increase yields or breed new varieties of plants.
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POLLINATION METHODS. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamens to the stigma of the pistil. There are two types of pollination: Cross-pollination with insects Cross-pollination with wind Self-pollination Artificial pollination
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Cross-pollination by insects The transfer of pollen from the stamens of one flower to the stigma of the pistil of another is called cross-pollination. There was a time when clover did not grow in Australia. Seeds were brought in and planted. Clover grew and bloomed well, But it did not give fruits and seeds. They began to look for the reason why clover does not produce fruits and seeds, although it blooms profusely.
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CROSS-POllination Using Insects. It turned out that clover does not bear fruit because it does not get drunk, and there is no pollination because there are no bees and bumblebees in Australia that pollinate clover flowers. Bumblebees were brought to Australia. Bumblebees, visiting clover, pollinated it. Clover began to bear fruit. Conclusion The fruit in plants is formed only after pollination occurs, i.e. transfer of pollen from one flower to the stigma of another. Insects, flying from flower to flower, carry pollen on their bodies and involuntarily pollinate it.
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CROSS POLLINATION WITH WIND. Plants that are pollinated by the wind are called wind-pollinated. Wind-pollinated include many grasses - sedge, wheatgrass, timothy, as well as many trees and shrubs - alder, birch, aspen, hazel.
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SIGNS OF WIND AND INSECT POLLINATED PLANTS Signs Wind pollinated plants Insect pollinated plants Eternal Inconspicuous or absent Bright Arrangement of stamens Open, dust particles on long filaments Inside the flower Pollen Very much, dry, small Not very much, sticky, large Smell No Many have Nectar No Same
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Self-pollination In self-pollination, dust particles fall on the stigma of the pistil of the same flower. Most often, self-pollination occurs in cultivated plants - wheat, peas, beans, etc. But it is not rare in wild plants either. Very often, self-pollination occurs before flowering, still in buds. And there are flowers that do not open at all; here self-pollination is a must.
CONCLUSION Pollination plays an important role in plant life. Without it, the process of fertilization, the main condition for the formation of the fetus, would not have occurred. It is the fertilized egg that is the beginning of the life of every flowering plant that has grown from a seed.
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Slides captions:
POLLINATION
Pollination - the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of the pistil
Types of pollination natural artificial cross-pollination
Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another. It is carried out in many plants with the help of wind, water and animals.
Adaptations for pollination by insects: Presence of nectar Large, sticky, rough pollen Large, bright flowers Small bright flowers collected in inflorescences Smell: Pleasant aroma Unpleasant smell of rotting meat (if pollinators are flies)
Corn Birch Alder Willow Rye
Flowers are small, inconspicuous No nectaries Most are odorless Produce a lot of pollen Pollen is light and dry Stamens on long hanging filaments Grow in large clusters Bloom before leafing out
In self-pollination, the pollen from the anthers is transferred to the stigma of the pistil of the same flower.
Adaptations for self-pollination Often occurs in a closed bud. The stamens should be longer than the pistil.
ARTIFICIAL POLLINATION
Artificial pollination is the transfer by humans of pollen from the anthers of one plant to the stigma of the pistil of another flower or variety to increase yields or breed new varieties.
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Pollination of plants by honey bees 1. Types and methods of pollination of plants 2. Adaptation of plants to entomophily 3. Insects as pollinators 4. Organization of bee pollination 5. Training of bees 6. Features of pollination of agricultural plants 7. Influence of pesticides on honey bees
Types of plant pollination Self-pollination Transitional form (mixed type) Cross-pollination Entomophily Anemophily Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamens to the stigma of the pistil, fertilization is the process of fusion of the male reproductive cell with the female reproductive cell.
Entomophilous plants Sunflower (Helianthus) Apple tree (Malus) Honeysuckle (Lonicera) Strawberry (Fragaria) Carrot (Daukus carota) Onion (Allium) Cucumber and other cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae) Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Lucerne (Megicago) White clover (Trifolium repens) Red clover (T. pratense) Pink clover (T. hibridium) Shabdar clover (T. resupinatum) Sainfoin (Onobrychis) Goat's rue (Galega)
Anemophilous plants Wormwood (Artemisia sp.) Cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) Pine (Pinaceae) Hazel (Сorylus sp.) Oak (Quercus sp.) Beetroot (Beta sp.) Birch (Betula sp.) Rye Bonfire (Bromus L.) Bluegrass (Poa L.) Sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.) Aspen (Populus tremula L.) Poplar (Populus sp.)
ADAPTATION OF PLANTS TO ENTOMOPHILY Anthers are a good source of nutrition (rose hips, roses, peonies) They secrete nectar for nutrition Aroma attracts and forms a food reflex in insects Corollas of flowers of white, blue or yellow color - the colors that insects distinguish
Obstacles to self-pollination of plants Physiological sterility within the variety (in Rosaceae) Different-time ripening of pollen and stigmas (apple, sunflower, geranium) Heterostyly or heterocolumnar (buckwheat, veronica, primrose) Spatial isolation of male and female flowers (different-sex flowers, dioeciousness)
Solitary bees are ideal pollinators: the body is covered with hairs, works on plants of the same species, collects a lot of nectar for breeding and therefore visits many flowers, has stiff hairs that irritate the stigma of the pistil, which facilitates the germination of pollen Pollination problems are not solved due to the small number
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 1. Use strong colonies Lifespan of bees, days Share of hive (nesting) bees in the colony, % Share of flying (forager) bees in the colony, % ,426.6 3066.733,
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 2. Monitoring the work of bees 4-6 thousand bees per 1 ha of alfalfa crops; 5 thousand bees per 1 ha of sunflower, carrot, pumpkin (zucchini, pumpkin, watermelon, cucumber); 10 thousand bees per 1 ha of mustard, rapeseed, cabbage, swede, onion; 15 thousand bees per 1 ha of fruit and berry crops, buckwheat, sweet clover; thousand bees per 1 ha of sainfoin crops.
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 3. Transportation of colonies to the pollinated crop If pollination of the site is within 3 km from the point: in days the apiary is taken out to the honey collection for 10 km or more, and then brought to the pollinated site days before flowering, bee colonies are brought to the site, old bees fly off , and young by the time pollination begins will become flying
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 4. Placement on the pollinated area On the leeward side The most distant flower should be located at a distance of no more than 100 m from the hive. In case of counter pollination, the distance between the hives should be no more than 2700 m.
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 5. Bait crops Near crops that are difficult to visit by bees (red clover, vetch, alfalfa), honey plants are sown - these are the so-called bait crops (buckwheat, phacelia, pink clover, wild honey plants - linden). buckwheat phacelia
ORGANIZATION OF BEE POLLINATION 6. BEES TRAINING 1-1.5 hours before departure from the nest, bees are fed with sugar syrup (1: 1) infused with the flowers of the pollinated plant (100 g of syrup per family) Every day, while difficult to visit and the first 3 days of flowering - good honey plants
INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON HONEYBEES Factors determining the toxicity of pesticides for bees: Physical and chemical properties of preparations Way of penetration of the pesticide into the body of bees Time of contact of insects with pesticides The phenomenon of synergism between the applied pesticides Influence of the breed and the physiological state of the colony Abiotic factors
Signs of poisoning of bees with insecticides Sudden mass death of insects Increased malice of bees Increased noise in the hives Dorsal position of individuals on the arrival board or the bottom of the hive Intense movement of the abdominal segments, vibration of the antennae All signs appear within minutes after contact with the insecticide
Agrotechnical correct use of pesticides to prevent the presence of flowering entomophilous vegetation in a non-entomophilous culture When placing melliferous plants in an agrocenosis, prevent the coincidence of the timing of their flowering with the timing of processing of non-entomophilous crops of this agrocenosis within a radius of 7 km from the apiary. Avoid the use of pesticides that require isolation of bees for more than 3 days. Cultivation of pasture crops.
The beekeeper is obliged to notify the land user about the presence of an apiary on its territory or near it (both stationary and when roaming). Remove hives from greenhouses at the time of processing and for the entire period of limitation of the summer of bees. Take the apiary outside the border protection zone or isolate the bees in the nest
Isolation of bees in the nest Nests are expanded to a full set of frames or stores are placed. On double-hull or multi-hull hives, additional housings with half the number of frames are placed. A frame with a metal mesh (2.5 x 2.5 mm or 3 x 3 mm) is placed on the upper body, which is covered with a canvas and a pillow is placed on top. On the day of processing before the beginning of summer, the bees are tightly closed, the insulation is removed from the mesh. In hot, calm weather, slats 1–2 cm thick are placed under the covers. Water is given to the hive in honeycombs, feeders or drinking bowls. Exclude the access of sunlight into the nest. In the evening, after the end of the summer, the bees' entrances are opened.
