The physics you deal with on a daily basis. Presentation at the lesson "Application of the laws of physics in everyday life" Using the laws of physics
In 1687, the famous English scientist Sir Isaac Newton published a book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy". This book describes the three laws of motion that formed the basis of classical mechanics.
What most people don't realize is that Newton's laws can be applied to increase productivity, simplify work, and achieve success. How? Let's tell now!
Newton's first law.
Every body continues to be held in a state of rest, or uniform and rectilinear motion, until and insofar as it is compelled by applied forces to change this state.
Inertia is the fundamental law of the universe.
In other words, a body in motion tends to stay in motion - and vice versa, if a body is not moving, it tends to remain motionless.
This law is fully applicable to our productivity. If bodies at rest tend to rest further, then without getting up from the sofa, we will not achieve anything!
It turns out that the main thing is to start doing something? Yes! The most important thing is to pick up and start. And once you start, it will be much easier for you to stay on the move.
To overcome inertia, find a way to get started on a task in less than two minutes.
Please note that we are not talking about the completion of the work. In fact, you don't even have to work directly. But thanks to Newton's first law, you will often find that once you start this small part of the task within two minutes, it will be much easier to keep going.
Motivation often comes after starting work. Find a way to start small. Having accelerated, you yourself will be surprised how easy it is for you to do everything!
Newton's second law.
The change in momentum is proportional to the applied driving force and occurs in the direction of the straight line along which this force acts.
In other words, force equals mass times acceleration. Let's see how this equation can be applied to productivity.
It is important to understand: force is a vector. And the vector is composed of the magnitude (applied efforts) and the direction of these very efforts.
That is, if you want to accelerate an object in a certain direction, then both the amount of efforts and their direction affect the situation.
All this can be applied in life!
If you want to be more productive, you need to think not only about how hard you work, but also about where you put your efforts. This applies equally to important life decisions and small daily tasks.
Simply put, you have a strictly defined amount of power to do the job. And the direction of this force is as important as the quantity.
Newton's third law.
An action always has an equal and opposite reaction, otherwise the interactions of two bodies on each other are equal and directed in opposite directions.
Each of us has our own average speed of doing something. Your level of productivity and efficiency is the balance of the productive and unproductive forces in your life.
What are the forces of productivity and unproductivity?
The forces of productivity are focus, a positive attitude, and motivation. And the forces of unproductivity are stress, lack of sleep, and trying to do ten things at once.
If you want to become more efficient and productive, you have two options:
1.Put in more effort, that is, increase the amount of force. You'll work harder, have another cup of coffee, and work harder.
Obviously, this will only work until you burn out. Increasing strength can work well, but only for a short period.
2. Eliminate opposing forces. Simplify your life, learn to speak "No", reduce the number of responsibilities.
In other words, eliminate everything that is holding you back. Having got rid of the opposing forces, you will see that now your efforts (the same, not increased!) Are enough to do a much larger amount of work.
The second option is much simpler and more efficient. But most people instinctively choose the former because they don't think about Newton's laws.
So:
1. A moving body tends to keep moving. Find a way to get started within two minutes.
1. Strive not only to work hard, but to work on the right things. Your powers are limited. The direction of their application is also important.
3. Productivity is a balance of opposing forces. If you want to be more productive, you can either "push through" obstacles, or eliminate the forces of opposition. The second option is less stressful.
Louis Bloomfield's book How Everything Works. The laws of physics in our life”, prepared for publication by the Corpus publishing house with the double support of the Polytechnic Museum and Dmitry Zimin’s Book Projects. Let's talk about why it is worth reading - especially if physics seems to you to be something boring and incomprehensible.
Getting up in the morning from a spring mattress, turning on the electric kettle, warming our hands on a cup of coffee and doing dozens of other everyday things, we rarely think about how exactly all this is happening. Perhaps, in someone's memory, Ohm's law or the gimlet's rule sticks out like a lone fragment (well, if you remember at all that "gimlet" is a screw, not a surname).
It is far from always clear at what moments of life we encounter current strength and angular momentum.
Of course, there are scientists, technicians and geeks. We are even ready to believe that there are people who simply taught physics very well at school (our respect to them). It will not be difficult for them to tell how exactly an incandescent lamp or a solar battery works and explain, looking at a spinning bicycle wheel, where is static friction and where is sliding friction. However, let's be honest, most people have very vague ideas about all this.
Because of this, it seems as if natural objects and mechanisms behave in one way or another due to some magical forces. Everyday understanding of causes and effects can protect against some mistakes (for example, do not put food wrapped in foil in the microwave), but a deeper understanding of physical and chemical processes allows you to better understand what's what and argue your decisions.
Louis Bloomfield is a professor at the University of Virginia and a researcher in atomic physics, condensed matter physics, and optics.
Even in his youth, he chose experiments as the main method of studying the world, drawing inspiration from everyday things for doing science. In an effort to make knowledge available to many people rather than a handful of specialists, Bloomfield is teaching, appears on television and writes popular science works.
The main task of the book “How it all works. The laws of physics in our life” - to refute the idea of physics as a boring and out of touch science, and make it clear that it describes real phenomena that can be seen, touched and felt.
It has always been a mystery to me why physics is traditionally taught as an abstract science - after all, it studies the material world and the laws that govern it. I am convinced of the opposite: if physics is deprived of countless examples from the living, real world, it will have neither a basis nor a form - like a milkshake without a glass.
Louis Bloomfield
We are talking about the movement of bodies, mechanical devices, heat and much more. Instead of starting with a theory, the author goes from the things around us, formulating laws and principles with their help. Starting points are carousels, roller coasters, plumbing, warm clothes, audio players, lasers and LEDs, telescopes and microscopes...
Here are some examples from the book in which the author explains the mechanics of simple things.
Why do skaters move fast?
Skates are a convenient way to talk about the principles of movement. Even Galileo Galilei formulated that bodies tend to move uniformly and rectilinearly in the absence of external forces, whether it be air resistance or surface friction. Skates are able to almost completely eliminate friction, so you glide across the ice with ease. An object at rest tends to stay in place, while an object in motion tends to move on. This is what is called inertia.
How scissors cut
By moving the rings of the scissors, you produce moments of force, under the action of which the blades close and cut the paper. The paper tends to push the blades apart due to the moments of forces that “spread” the blades. If you apply a sufficiently large force, the "shifting" moments of forces will prevail over the "bringing" ones. As a result, the scissor blades will acquire angular acceleration, begin to turn, close and cut the sheet of paper.
What's going on in the skewers
If one end of a metal rod is heated, the atoms in that part of the rod will vibrate more intensely than at the cold end, and the metal will begin to conduct heat from the hot end to the cold end. Some of this heat is transferred due to the interaction of neighboring atoms, but most of it will be transferred by mobile electrons, which carry thermal energy over long distances from one atom to another.
How nails are hammered
All the downward momentum you impart to the hammer by swinging is transferred to the nail during the brief blow. Since the momentum transfer time is short, a very large force must be applied from the side of the hammer in order for its momentum to pass to the nail. This impact force drives the nail into the board.
Why are balloons heated?
It takes fewer particles to fill a balloon with hot air than it does to fill it with cold air. This is because, on average, a particle of hot air moves faster, collides more often, and takes up more space than a particle of cold air. Therefore, a balloon filled with hot air weighs less than the same balloon filled with cold air. If the weight of the ball is small enough, the resultant force is directed upward and the ball rises.
Why does the shuttlecock always fly the same way
A badminton shuttlecock always flies head first, as the resultant pressure force is applied at its center of pressure, some distance from its center of mass. If suddenly the plumage is accidentally in front of the head, air resistance will create a moment of force relative to the center of mass and return everything to its place.
What makes water hard
Hard water is considered to be water in which the content of positively charged calcium and magnesium ions exceeds 120 mg per liter. Ions of these and some other metals bind negative ions of soap and create insoluble foam, deposited as a dirty coating on the sink, shower head, bathtub, in the washing machine and on clothes. Having started washing with soap in hard water, be prepared for unpleasant surprises.
Take a course with the author
You can learn from Louis Bloomfield online on the How Things Work course: here he starts cars, goes to the playground to talk about swings, makes experiments and talks about everything in the world.
Even if this is not enough for you, and you want to see the professor with your own eyes, there is also such an opportunity: Louis Bloomfield will be in Moscow from December 3 to 8.
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Slides captions:
physics in our life
Nature always lives according to its own laws. We study them in an effort to understand, And it is very important to know and understand the basics, in order to apply this knowledge in life. And man - a phenomenon of nature itself - Always strived for her, she is his soul. Energy is everywhere, the energy of freedom And how good nature is!
The joy of seeing and understanding is the most beautiful gift of nature. The task of physics: To make the UNKNOWN KNOWN, to turn ignorance into KNOWLEDGE. A. Einstein
Where does the wind come from? Why is it raining? What is a thunderstorm? The study of physics will help you explain natural phenomena, answer many questions,
Why did the sun go down and it's still light? Why is the moon different in the sky?
Northern Lights Have you seen such beauty? It floats, changes, plays. And pulls to a witching height. He flaps his wings and flies into the abyss. What strength and what delight! What colors, my heart stops! It flies by, see the dragon there? Look, now the organ is playing. The radiance of the north, you are like a Deity! You are not subject to the mind or the body! Oh my God! Great and easy! Such a miracle here in the far north!
What is a rainbow?
What is fire? What is electrification?
PHYSICS AND SPACE What is a meteorite? What is a satellite?
What is the speed of the rocket? What are asteroids?
Is it possible to live on other planets? Mercury SATURN
What is atmospheric pressure? How is our planet?
What is sound? How are our eyes arranged? Why do they fall into the snow?
How does a light bulb work? How does an electric motor work? How does a piston pump work? How does a refrigerator work?
Physicists Archimedes Blaise Pascal Albert Einstein Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Rene Descartes M. V. Lomonosov 2 3 1 4 5 6 2. 7
Water vapor doesn't stay in the air all the time. Part of it turns back into water. This is called condensation and happens when the air cools down. Where does the water go when it dries up? You can answer some physical questions right now Water from the air You can make water appear yourself Put a glass of water in the refrigerator for an hour to cool it down. When you take it out, you will see drops of water begin to appear on the walls of the glass. A cold glass cools the air around it, and water vapor from the air, condensing, forms water droplets on the walls of the glass. For the same reason, you see water droplets running down the inside of a misted window pane on cold days.
Water appears to be harmless. And it happens that the water explodes like gunpowder. Yes, that's rubbish. Water is twenty times more dangerous than gunpowder if you don't know how to handle it. There was a case when water blew up an entire five-story house and killed twenty-three people. It was in America about forty years ago. How could this happen? The fact is that this house was a factory. On the lower floor, a huge cauldron was stuck into a large stove. There was as much water in it as in a large pond. When the stove was heated, the water in the boiler boiled, and the steam went through the pipe to the steam engine. Once the driver gaped and did not pump water in time. There is very little water left in the boiler. But the stove continued to heat up. From this, the walls of the boiler became hot. The driver did not think about it - he took it and put water into the red-hot cauldron. Do you know what happens when you pour water on hot iron? She immediately turns into steam. The same thing happened here. All the water turned into steam, too much steam accumulated in the boiler, the boiler could not stand it and burst. It happened even worse: in Germany, twenty-two boilers once exploded at once. All the houses around were destroyed. The fragments of the boilers were lying at a distance of half a kilometer from the explosion site. What a terrible thing water vapor is! Can water blow up a house?
Devices How are they arranged? How to use? What is being measured?
MYSTERIES The bear roared over all the mountains, all the seas. What it is? 1. SONG 2. THUNDER 3. SHOROCH How big watermelons are, How small apples are. They cannot speak, but they can determine the weight. Passes through the nose to the chest And the reverse keeps the path. He is invisible, and yet we cannot live without him.
Will tell everything, though without language, When it will be clear, and when - clouds. Thunderstorm outside, heavy rain. Which phenomenon will we record first: will we hear thunder or see lightning?
I keep hot, I keep cold, I will replace the oven and refrigerator for you on the campaign. Snow and ice sparkle there, Winter itself lives there. An iron whale under water, Day and night, the whale does not sleep Day and night under water Protects your peace.
What needs to be done so that one of the sheets falls before the other? Answer. One of the solutions: crumple one sheet, the volume will decrease, the body will fall faster.
Physical Instruments
physical phenomena lightning friction inertia motion rainbow molecule
STRIVE TO UNDERSTAND SCIENCE EVERYTHING DEEPER, TO KNOW THE ETERNAL THIRST languish. ONLY THE FIRST KNOWLEDGE WILL SHIN THE LIGHT FOR YOU, YOU KNOW: THERE IS NO LIMIT FOR KNOWLEDGE. Ferdowsi (Persian and Tajik poet, 940-1030)
The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
The full version of the work is available in the "Job Files" tab in PDF format
Introduction
Physics is not a women's science” and “All blondes are stupid” - often, these phrases can be heard from men. Such statements, in my opinion, are groundless. Women are the pearls of this world, which make it more perfect, more beautiful and more harmonious. The female sex is called weak in vain. Absolutely any woman can become strong, successful and famous by choosing her own path for this. A woman always knows what she wants from life and does everything in order to achieve her goal. Belief in one's own strengths, the ability to correctly prioritize, diligence, dedication and feminine charm - these are the rules that will help on the way to heights.
IQ tests appeared about 100 years ago, and all this time women lagged behind men by 5 points. However, in recent years, this gap between the sexes has begun to narrow, and this year women have prevailed in matters of intelligence. The level of IQ is influenced by several factors, including heredity, environment (family, school, social status of a person). The age of the test subject also significantly affects the result of passing the test. At the age of 26, as a rule, a person's intelligence reaches its peak, and then only decreases.
For example, Madonna (blonde), has an IQ of 140 points, the smartest model in the world in 2002. Iris Muley has an IQ of 156 points, Nadezhda Kamukova has an IQ of 156 points. The holder of the highest IQ level according to the Guinness Book of Records for 1986, Marilyn vos Savant is known for her writing talent. Her IQ level was 225 points. Robert Yarvik, husband of a brilliant woman, created the first working artificial heart. The couple's constant scientific pursuits and success have earned them the title of "New York's smartest couple."
Scientists are increasingly coming to the conclusion that beauty and intelligence in many cases go hand in hand.
Due to this, target of this work: to prove that physics is a science necessary for both boys and girls.
To achieve this goal, the following were decided tasks:
1. find out if there are many women who have contributed to the development of physics and mathematics;
2. conduct a sociological survey among girls;
3. figure out how to improve the appearance of a girl with the help of physics;
4. describe one day in a girl's life in terms of physics;
5. draw a conclusion about the role of physics in a girl's life.
Object of study are girls aged 15-17 and their way of life.
During the work, the following research methods: questioning, analysis, experiment, comparison, generalization.
Main part
1. Heart given to science.
There are many women who have made discoveries in the field of physics or mathematics. In total, 42 great women can be counted who have contributed to the development of technical sciences.
For example, Mileva Marić was not just the wife and mother of Einstein's children, but also a co-author of his most important works.
Hypatia (370 AD - 415 AD) - mathematician, astronomer, philosopher. Her name and deeds have been reliably established, and therefore it is believed that Hypatia is the first female scientist in the history of mankind. Actively engaged in educational and polemical activities. Hypatia died in 415 at the hands of religious fanatics. During the life of Hypatia, a contemporary Socrates said: "She reached such heights of knowledge that she surpassed all the philosophers of her time." In the 20th century, one of the Moon's craters was named after Hypatia.
Caroline Lucretia Herschel British astronomer, sister and assistant of William Herschel. She was born March 16, 1750 in Hannover. First woman astronomer who discovered 8 comets and several nebulae. In 1828 the Royal Astronomical Society of London awarded her the Gold Medal and made her an honorary member. Her name is on the map of the moon.
Sofia Vasilievna Kovalevskaya - an outstanding Russian mathematician; the first woman in the world - professor and corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Kovalevskaya wrote a scientific work - “The problem of the rotation of a rigid body around a fixed point”. This work was a genuine scientific triumph for Kovalevskaya. It solved a problem that scientists had been wrestling with unsuccessfully for years.
Sophia Yanovskaya did a great job of improving the mathematical culture in our country, especially on the methodology of mathematics and logic. So, with its prefaces and comments, “The Fundamentals of Theoretical Logic” by D. Hilbert and V. Ackerman, “Introduction to Logic” by A. Tarsky were published.
Nina Karlovna Bari - Soviet mathematician, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, professor at Moscow State University. She was awarded the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1935, when she was already a well-known scientist who had great merits in the study of trigonometric series and set theory.
Lisa Meitner in 1938 became a member of the Nobel Institute. The works of Lise Meitner belong to the fields of nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry. Meitner explained the observed phenomenon as a new type of atom fission - the fission of the uranium nucleus into two fragments, thereby introducing the term "fission" into nuclear physics and predicted the existence of a nuclear fission chain reaction.
Maria Sklodowska-Curie. Thanks to his outstanding abilities and diligence, he receives two diplomas - in physics and mathematics. In 1895 he worked in the laboratory of her husband Pierre Curie at the Institute of Physics. In 1903, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Pierre and Marie Skłodowska-Curie for their study of the phenomenon of radioactivity. In 1911, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Marie Sklodowska-Curie in recognition of her contribution to the development of chemistry, which she made with the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, for her experiments with these elements.
We should not forget about the women astronauts, who have made a huge contribution to the development of modern science.
Elena Vladimirovna Kondakova is a Russian cosmonaut and politician. Hero of Russia. Pilot-cosmonaut of the Russian Federation. 1st woman to make a long flight.
Svetlana Evgenievna Savitskaya - Soviet cosmonaut, test pilot, teacher. The world's second female cosmonaut after Valentina Tereshkova. The world's first female astronaut to go into outer space and the first woman to fly twice.
Elena Olegovna Serova is a Russian cosmonaut, a test trooper at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. 1st Russian woman to fly to the ISS.
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova - Soviet cosmonaut, the world's first female cosmonaut, also the woman who had the smallest age at the time of the orbital flight (26 years old) Hero of the Soviet Union. Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, 10th cosmonaut in the world. The only woman in the world who made a space flight alone.
Peggy Annette Whitson (USA), 1st woman - expedition commander at the orbital station (ISS), holder of the women's record for the duration of the orbital flight (289 days) and the total duration of space flights (666 days).
The number of female cosmonauts from different countries and their flight activity (Appendix 1).
2. One day in the life of a girl.
It's easy to imagine one day in a girl's life. Let's consider it in stages.
Physics in the bathroom. So, the girl gets up early in the morning and goes to school. Getting up, the first thing she goes to the bathroom, where she prepares herself for the working day. First, she washes herself, standing in front of a mirror and realizing that a mirror reflection is a reflection in which a beam of light falling on a surface is also reflected by it in the form of a beam. The physical principle of the mirror is to reflect the rays falling on it, that is, when a luminous flux falls on an object, part of it is absorbed, and part is reflected. In this case, the reflected light flux carries information about the object.
Standing in the shower and singing her favorite songs, the girl knows that sound waves are elastic waves that can cause auditory sensations in a person. The human ear is able to perceive mechanical vibrations occurring at a frequency of 16 - 20,000 Hz. The walls of the bathroom or shower cubicle form a good reflective surface, as they have a smooth surface.
Our girl knows how to use cosmetics correctly and remembers that in physics there is such a thing as optical illusions. They directly play a major role in the process of applying makeup, i.e. face correction.
Optical illusions (eye illusions) are errors in estimating and comparing the lengths of segments, angles, distances between objects, in the perception of the shape of objects, relief, etc., made by the observer under certain conditions.
In makeup, there are a considerable number of such illusions:
1. The illusion of attracting attention
2. Illusion of decreasing/increasing the vertical.
3. Muller-Layer illusion. A segment with inward-facing corners at its ends appears to be shorter than a segment with outward-facing corners at its ends.
4. Illusion of an acute angle.
Even in the manufacture of cosmetics physics plays an important role. For example, the cosmetics that some girls wear combines many physical properties. Take, for example, the polar - crystalline powder "Tourmaline". Tourmaline is considered a precious stone and is called electric in Japan, as it can generate a weak electric current when in contact with the skin, and when applied in the form of powder, it can produce specific infrared radiation that has a beneficial effect on the skin. Tourmaline in its composition contains: magnesium, which activates the renewal of skin cells; iron, which improves microcirculation; and silicon, which has an antioxidant effect.
Physics in the kitchen After taking a shower, she goes to the kitchen for a little snack before a hard day at work. But before she started cooking, she decided to count the number of calories in an omelet.
To prepare an omelette, it took 2 eggs, each weighing 50.5 g.
When these products are oxidized in the body, energy is released: Q \u003d q m
Q I \u003d 6 900 103 J / kg 0.110 kg \u003d 759 103 J / kg \u003d 759 kJ
After beating the eggs a little, she took out a cast-iron frying pan with a wooden handle and began cooking. When preparing breakfast, she had a question: why, after beating eggs, most of the proteins turned into foam and why it is easier to cook in a cast-iron pan, rather than a steel one. The foam is because the molecules in the egg white are entangled like pasta. When the protein is whipped or heated, the molecules straighten out and begin to attract each other more tightly, so the protein becomes stiffer. It has been experimentally established that any substance has a specific heat capacity. Cast iron has a higher specific heat capacity (540 Jkg) than steel (500 J/kg), so thick, massive cast iron pans and pots heat up the bottom more evenly than those made of thin steel. Then she began to prepare a sandwich, having previously calculated its energy value and not forgetting about milk.
V \u003d 200 cm 3 \u003d 0.002 m 3;
ρ \u003d 1,030 kg / m 3;
m \u003d ρ V \u003d 1,030 kg / m 3 0.002 m 3 \u003d 0.206 kg.
Q M \u003d 2 800 103 J / kg 0.206 kg \u003d 576.8 103 J \u003d 576.8 kJ
To prepare a sandwich, it took 100 g of a loaf and 20 g of butter. When these products are oxidized in the body, energy is released:
Q B \u003d 10 470 103 J / kg 0.12 kg \u003d 1 256.4 103 J \u003d 1 256.4 kJ
Q SM \u003d 32,700 103 J / kg 0.03 kg \u003d 981 103 J \u003d 981 kJ. Total: 3573.2 kJ, which, translated into kilocalories, is 893.3 kcal. This is enough to not feel hungry until lunch, even with vigorous activity.
In order to drink a cup of hot coffee with milk, the girl first pours hot coffee into the cup, but does not immediately dilute it with cold milk. She knows that, according to the law of thermodynamics, heat exchange between bodies is the more intense, the greater the difference in their temperatures. Since all the energy of coffee goes into milk, we can draw up an equation for heat balance. If milk is not added immediately, the coffee will cool faster. She also knows that one of the types of heat transfer is also present here - convection: the transfer of energy by jets of liquid or gas. Heated liquid layers are lighter and less dense and are displaced upwards by heavier (cold layers).
Looking at the cup of coffee, the girl saw strange patterns, as if the surface of the coffee was dotted with some kind of polygons. She knew that if the temperature at the bottom of the liquid is much higher than in the upper layers, then the liquid becomes unstable, and convection currents are formed in it, in which the hotter liquid rises and the colder liquid sinks down. In this case, the structures shown in the figure may appear.
Physics in the dressing room. After breakfast, the girl went to get dressed. The first thing she was going to do styling. Doing her hair on her head, she remembered that her hair has such physical and mechanical properties as:
Hygroscopicity (dry hair has about 18% moisture); . capillarity, that is, the ability to absorb and transfer liquids and liquid bodies; stability and strength, which allow certain chemical, physical and mechanical operations to be carried out on the hair; sensitivity to alkalis;
Elasticity and extensibility, which are very significant in working on the hair (formation and even transformation of the internal structure of the hair, especially with a permanent).
Having done her hair, makeup, she began to choose an outfit. It turns out that optical illusions are present not only in makeup, but also in clothing, which plays a significant role in the appearance of a girl. Forming a certain visual perception of the figure, a modern girl can hide her flaws and demonstrate her virtues using various methods and techniques.
1. The illusion of overestimating the vertical
2. Illusion of filled space
3. The illusion of overestimating an acute angle
4. Illusion of contrast
5. The illusion of trimming (assimilation)
6. Illusion of striped fabric
7. The illusion of volume reduction when dividing the figure vertically.
8. The illusion of spatiality with a gradual reduction, compression, reduction in the pattern of the fabric.
9. Illusion of psychological distraction
10. The phenomenon of irradiation. It consists in the fact that light objects on a dark background seem to be enlarged against their real sizes and, as it were, capture part of the dark background. In the figure, due to the brightness of the colors, the white square appears larger than the black square on a white background.
Then the girl had another question, what shoes should she choose, and most importantly, what should be the height of the heel?
p = =, since m = 52 kg, S = 0.008 m 2 2, then p = = 31850 Pa for stilettos and with S = 0.2 m 2 2, p = = 1274 Pa for low-heeled shoes or solid sole. High heel pressure is 25 times greater than low heel pressure. Without thinking, she chose boots with not very high heels. She knew perfectly well that it was necessary to take care of her health.
If we look at the human foot from an anatomical point of view, we will see that it is entwined with seven powerful ligaments and tendons, somewhat reminiscent of antique sandals. When walking barefoot, ¼ of the weight falls on the toes, and the remaining ¾ falls on the heels. As soon as we put on shoes with a heel of more than 2 cm, the picture changes radically: ¾ of the weight of the body begins to fall on the fragile forefoot, which is unsuitable for this, which inevitably leads to deformation of the toes over time. But the negative impact of heels on the body is not limited to this. The center of gravity when wearing shoes with high heels shifts forward. And in order to maintain balance when walking, we begin to strongly strain the neck, lower back and legs. Daily increased stress on the lower back can cause congestion in the uterus, ovaries, bladder and intestines. Moreover, the uterus leans back and remains in this position for quite a long time even after changing shoes for more comfortable shoes. And this, in turn, can lead a woman to infertility. Even with the onset of pregnancy, a skewed pelvis can cause complications in childbirth.
Great pressure on the skeleton, as well as on its formation, is exerted by the carrying of weights. Our girl remembers this, so she puts only notebooks and an e-book in her school bag. Knowing about the adverse effects of electromagnetic waves, with prolonged interaction, the girl also carries a cell phone in her bag.
Going out into the street, the girl should also remember the coefficient of friction of shoes, depending on weather conditions. The higher the coefficient of friction, the less slippery the shoe. The diagram shows the dependence of the sliding friction coefficient of the sole material on the type of surface.
This diagram shows that the soles made of rubber, rubber and thermoplastic elastomer have the highest coefficient of friction, and the lowest - of leather and plastic. Shoes with a polyurethane sole have good grip quality.
II. Study of the prestige of technical education among girls.
Purpose of the study- find out whether technical education is a priority for a girl and the need for knowledge of the laws of physics in life. The study participants were a group of girls aged 15-17 (grades 9-11 of school No. 4 in Aleysk) in the amount of 53 people. The questionnaire (Appendix 2) consisted of 6 questions.
Research results
During the survey, it became clear that - hair color (natural) mostly brunettes - 33 people;
- consider technical education prestigious for a girl - 23 people;
A non-technical direction for admission was chosen - 37 people;
The average grade score is 3.5 and above 4.5 - 42 people;
- knowledge about some physical laws helps in life - 37 people;
A girl can master a "male" profession - 47 people.
These data allow us to conclude that: the prestige of technical education in our time has significantly decreased among girls, only 7 people enter a technical university. And despite this, almost half of the girls surveyed (23) consider technical education prestigious and did not choose a technical direction for some other reason.
Conclusion.
After conducting research and analyzing one day in the life of a girl, it becomes obvious that the IQ of a person does not depend on gender or hair color. Every girl, like a young man, is inextricably linked with physics. A girl every day faces a thousand physical phenomena and processes, but she knows how to use them no worse than a guy. Unfortunately, only dozens of women and girls were able to cross the threshold of ordinary life and provide the world with new knowledge in the field of physics and mathematics, but such a small number in science does not give the right to say that women do not understand anything at all! The conducted research can be used both in the lessons of physics, technology, and in extracurricular activities.
In my opinion, this work is of interest from a cognitive point of view, it will help develop interest in such a complex subject as physics, both among boys and girls.
Literature
1. Physics textbooks:
physics grade 10. G.Ya.Myakishev, B.B.Bukhovtsev.
physics 7 - 9 grade. A.V. Peryshkin, E.M. Gutnik.
Internet resources:
https://ru.wikipedia
https://sibac.info
https://www.liveinternet.ru
Annex 1.
The number of female astronauts from different countries and their flight activity
|
Countries |
Number of female astronauts |
1 flight |
2 flights |
3 flights |
4 flights |
5 flights |
|
Russia / USSR |
||||||
|
Great Britain |
||||||
|
The Republic of Korea |
||||||
Appendix 2
Questionnaire for girls in grades 9-11 (______________ years)
1.Hair color (natural)
A. blonde B. brunette C. other
2. Do you consider technical education prestigious for a girl?
A. yes B. no C. don't know
3. What direction did you choose for admission?
A. technical B. other C. don't know
4. What is the average grade?
A. below 3.5 B. 3.5 - 4.5 C. above 4.5
5. Can knowledge about some physical laws help you in life?
A. yes B. no C. don't know
6. Can a girl master a "male" profession?
A. yes B. no C. don't know
Not a single sphere of human activity can do without the exact sciences. And no matter how complex human relationships are, they also come down to these laws. offers to remember the laws of physics that a person encounters and experiences every day of his life.
The simplest but most important law is The law of conservation and transformation of energy.
The energy of any closed system remains constant for all processes occurring in the system. And we are in such a closed system and we are. Those. how much we give, so much we get. If we want to get something, we must give the same amount before that. And nothing else!
And we, of course, want to get a big salary, but not go to work. Sometimes an illusion is created that “fools are lucky” and happiness falls on their heads for many. Read any fairy tale. Heroes constantly have to overcome huge difficulties! Then swim in the cold water, then in boiling water.
Men attract the attention of women with courtship. The women, in turn, take care of these men and the children. And so on. So, if you want to get something, take the trouble to give first.
The force of action is equal to the force of reaction.
This law of physics reflects the previous one, in principle. If a person has committed a negative act - conscious or not - and then received a response, i.e. opposition. Sometimes cause and effect are separated in time, and you can not immediately understand where the wind is blowing from. We must, most importantly, remember that nothing just happens.
The Law of the Lever.
Archimedes exclaimed: Give me a foothold and I will move the Earth!". Any weight can be carried if you choose the right lever. You should always estimate how long a lever will be needed to achieve a particular goal and draw a conclusion for yourself, set priorities: do you need to spend so much effort to create the right lever and move this weight, or is it easier to leave it alone and do other activities.
The gimlet rule.
The rule is that indicates the direction of the magnetic field. This rule answers the eternal question: who is to blame? And he points out that we ourselves are to blame for everything that happens to us. No matter how insulting it is, no matter how difficult it is, no matter how unfair it may seem at first glance, we must always be aware that we ourselves were the cause from the very beginning.
law of the nail.
When a person wants to hammer in a nail, he does not knock somewhere near the nail, he knocks exactly on the head of the nail. But the nails themselves do not climb into the walls. You must always choose the right hammer so as not to break the nail with a sledgehammer. And when scoring, you need to calculate the blow so that the hat does not bend. Keep it simple, take care of each other. Learn to think about your neighbor.
And finally, the law of entropy.
Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. In other words, the more chaos in the system, the greater the entropy. A more precise formulation: in spontaneous processes occurring in systems, entropy always increases. As a rule, all spontaneous processes are irreversible. They lead to real changes in the system, and it is impossible to return it to its original state without expending energy. At the same time, it is impossible to repeat exactly (100%) its initial state.
To better understand what kind of order and disorder we are talking about, let's set up an experiment. Pour black and white pellets into a glass jar. Let's put in the blacks first, then the whites. The pellets will be arranged in two layers: black on the bottom, white on top - everything is in order. Then shake the jar several times. The pellets will mix evenly. And no matter how much we then shake this jar, we are unlikely to be able to achieve that the pellets are again arranged in two layers. Here it is, entropy in action!
The state when the pellets were arranged in two layers is considered ordered. The state when the pellets are evenly mixed is considered disordered. It takes almost a miracle to return to an ordered state! Or repeated painstaking work with pellets. And it takes almost no effort to wreak havoc in a bank.
Car wheel. When it is pumped up, it has an excess of free energy. The wheel can move, which means it works. This is the order. What if you puncture a wheel? The pressure in it will drop, the free energy will “leave” into the environment (dissipate), and such a wheel will no longer be able to work. This is chaos. To return the system to its original state, i.e. to put things in order, you need to do a lot of work: glue the camera, mount the wheel, pump it up, etc., after which this is again a necessary thing that can be useful.
Heat is transferred from a hot body to a cold one, and not vice versa. The reverse process is theoretically possible, but practically no one will undertake to do this, since enormous efforts, special installations and equipment will be required.
Also in society. People are getting old. Houses are crumbling. Rocks sink into the sea. The galaxies are scattered. Any reality surrounding us spontaneously tends to disorder.
However, people often talk about disorder as freedom: No, we do not want order! Give us such freedom that everyone can do what they want!» But when everyone does what they want, this is not freedom - this is chaos. In our time, many praise disorder, promote anarchy - in a word, everything that destroys and divides. But freedom is not in chaos, freedom is precisely in order.
Organizing his life, a person creates a reserve of free energy, which he then uses to implement his plans: work, study, recreation, creativity, sports, etc. In other words, it opposes entropy. Otherwise, how could we have accumulated so many material values over the past 250 years?!
Entropy is a measure of disorder, a measure of the irreversible dissipation of energy. The more entropy, the more disorder. A house where no one lives is falling into disrepair. Iron rusts over time, the car gets old. Relationships that no one cares about will break down. So is everything else in our life, absolutely everything!
The natural state of nature is not equilibrium, but an increase in entropy. This law works inexorably in the life of one person. He does not need to do anything to increase his entropy, this happens spontaneously, according to the law of nature. In order to reduce entropy (disorder), you need to make a lot of effort. This is a kind of slap in the face to stupidly positive people (under a lying stone and water does not flow), of which there are quite a lot!
Maintaining success requires constant effort. If we do not develop, then we degrade. And to keep what we had before, we must do more today than we did yesterday. Things can be kept in order and even improved: if the paint on a house has faded, it can be repainted, and even more beautiful than before.
People should try to “pacify” arbitrary destructive behavior that prevails everywhere in the modern world, try to reduce the state of chaos, which we have dispersed to grandiose limits. And this is a physical law, and not just a chatter about depression and negative thinking. Everything either develops or degrades.
A living organism is born, develops and dies, and no one has ever observed that after death it revives, becomes younger and returns to the seed or womb. When they say that the past never returns, then, of course, they mean, first of all, these vital phenomena. The development of organisms sets the positive direction of the arrow of time, and the change from one state of the system to another always occurs in the same direction for all processes without exception.
Valerian Chupin
Source of information: Tchaikovsky.News
Comments (3)
The wealth of modern society is growing, and will grow to an ever greater extent, primarily through universal labor. Industrial capital was the first historical form of social production, when universal labor began to be intensively exploited. And first, the one that he got for free. Science, as Marx observed, cost nothing to capital. Indeed, not a single capitalist paid a reward to either Archimedes, or Cardano, or Galileo, or Huygens, or Newton for the practical use of their ideas. But it is precisely industrial capital that begins to exploit mechanical technology on a mass scale, and thus the general labor embodied in it. Marx K, Engels F. Soch., vol. 25, part 1, p. 116.
