Mycoplasmosis in a child treatment with folk remedies. Treatment of mycoplasma with drugs and folk remedies. External folk remedies for treatment
It has been established that a person is a natural "host" of 13 types of mycoplasmas, of which the possible causative agents of urethritis can be Mycoplasma (M.) hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma (U.) urealyticum. In addition to these types of mycoplasmas, the urogenital tract is also found M. fermentans, M. primatum, M. pyrum, M. spermatophilum, M. penetrans, M. pneumoniae.
The question of the role of genital mycoplasmas in the etiology of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) remains unresolved due to the wide distribution of these microorganisms and their frequent detection in asymptomatic individuals. The opinions of researchers on this issue differ. Some authors tend to attribute mycoplasmas to obligate pathogens that cause urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis, postpartum endometritis, pyelonephritis, infertility, and various pathologies of pregnancy and fetus. Accordingly, according to these authors, the eradication of mycoplasmas should be sought if they are detected. Others believe that mycoplasmas are conditionally pathogenic flora of the urogenital tract and only under certain conditions can cause infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urogenital organs. Most foreign authors include all mycoplasmas, with the exception of M. genitalium, to opportunistic pathogens. That is why in ICD-10 such a disease as mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis or ureaplasma infection is not registered. According to many researchers, from mycoplasmas, without any reservations, only M. genitalium.
Summary data on epidemiology M. genitalium were presented by David Taylor-Robinson (2001) based on an analysis of the work of 19 of the most authoritative researchers, according to which these microorganisms were isolated from 10-50% of NGU patients and from 0-17.7% of healthy individuals. Later, N. Dupin et al. (2003) it was shown that the disappearance of these microorganisms from the urethra is accompanied by the resolution of urethritis and, conversely, the recurrence of the disease may be associated with the use of drugs that are not sufficiently active against M. genitalium.
The clinical picture of urethritis, in which mycoplasmas are detected, as with chlamydia infection, does not have pathognomonic symptoms. M. genitalium more often found in individuals with chronic urethritis, the likely cause of the recurrence of which it is. L. Mena et al. (2002) showed that patients with M. genitalium-associated urethritis to a lesser extent than patients with gonococcal urethritis, complain of dysuria and discharge, and their discharge is much less likely to be purulent.
Diagnostics. Revealing M. genitalium in the material from the urogenital tract is carried out only by the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The study allows you to very quickly - within a day - to identify the DNA of the pathogen in the scraping from the urogenital tract and determine its species. Culture on selective media is used to identify M.hominis And U. urealyticum.
Treatment
As in most cases of detection of conditionally pathogenic flora, a number of factors contributing to the development of infectious and inflammatory processes are distinguished for mycoplasmas. The most important of these are immune disorders, changes in hormonal status, massive colonization, and associations with other bacteria. All these factors, as well as the type of pathogen, the duration of infection, the history of previous treatment, the presence of concomitant pathogenic and opportunistic flora should be taken into account when determining the tactics of managing patients.
Etiotropic treatment of NGU caused by M. genitalium is based on the use of antibacterial drugs of various groups. The activity of drugs against any infection is determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in studies in vitro. BMD scores tend to correlate with clinical cure outcomes. Antibiotics with the lowest MICs are considered optimal drugs, but the importance of such parameters as bioavailability, the ability to create high interstitial and intracellular concentrations, treatment tolerability and patient compliance should be remembered.
To select an adequate therapy regimen in specific cases, it is recommended to determine the sensitivity of isolated cultures to various antibiotics in a laboratory. But the problem is that this mainly concerns the identified saprophytic flora. Thus, many authors note the ability of mycoplasmas to quickly acquire resistance to antibacterial drugs during their passage. in vitro. Therefore, it is necessary to test freshly isolated from diseased strains. Another difficulty is that when mycoplasmas are detected, sensitivity to antibiotics in vitro not necessarily correlated with a positive effect in vivo. This may be due to the pharmacokinetics of drugs. These factors must be taken into account when prescribing etiotropic therapy, which in many cases can be part of combination therapy, especially in mixed infections.
The European (2001) and American (2006) guidelines for the management of patients with urethritis contain recommendations according to which NGU should be treated according to basic and alternative regimens.
Basic schemes:
- azithromycin - 1.0 g orally, once;
- doxycycline - 100 mg 2 times a day for 7 days.
Alternative schemes:
- erythromycin - 500 mg 4 times a day for 7 days or 500 mg 2 times a day for 14 days;
- ofloxacin - 200 mg 2 times a day, or 400 mg 1 time per day, or 300 mg 2 times a day for 7 days;
- levofloxacin - 500 mg once a day for 7 days;
- tetracycline - 500 mg 4 times a day for 7 days.
From the above schemes, it can be seen that the main antibiotics recommended for the treatment of NGU are tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones.
If we summarize the recommendations set out in the main domestic guidelines (“Federal Guidelines for the Use of Medicines”, “Rational Pharmacotherapy of Skin Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections” (edited by Academician A. A. Kubanova of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences), “Methodological materials on the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Most Common Sexually Transmitted Infections and Skin Diseases (Protocols of Patient Management), published by TsNIKVI), we can present the following schemes for the etiotropic treatment of NGU, adopted in Russia.
Tetracycline antibiotics
Main drugs:
- doxycycline - 100 mg 2 times a day for at least 7-14 days. The first dose when taking the drug is 200 mg.
Alternative drugs:
- tetracycline - 500 mg 4 times a day for 7-14 days;
- Metacycline - 300 mg 4 times a day for 7-14 days.
Macrolides
Main drugs:
- azithromycin - a single dose of 1.0 g or 250 mg 1 time per day for 6 days. The drug is taken 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after meals;
- josamycin - 500 mg 2 times a day for 7-14 days.
Alternative drugs:
- erythromycin - 500 mg 4 times a day for 7-14 days;
- roxithromycin - 150 mg 2 times a day for 7-14 days;
- clarithromycin - 250 mg 2 times a day for 7-14 days;
- midecamycin - 400 mg 3 times a day for 7-14 days.
Fluoroquinolones
- ofloxacin - 200-300 mg 2 times a day for 7-14 days;
- sparfloxacin - 200 mg once a day for 10 days (double the dose on the first day);
- levofloxacin - 500 mg once a day for 10 days;
- pefloxacin - 600 mg once a day for 7-14 days.
Tetracycline drugs are the most common drugs for the etiotropic treatment of patients with NGU caused by M. genitalium. And although doxycycline has been used in the treatment of various pathologies for several decades, its activity against the main pathogens of NGU remains high (D. Kilic et al., 2004).
That is why, according to all the recommendations mentioned above, the drug of choice in the treatment of NGU is doxycycline. The advantage of its use is rather high efficiency and relatively low cost of treatment. Doxycycline compared to tetracycline has a higher bioavailability, a longer half-life and is better tolerated. In addition, when using doxycycline, unlike other tetracyclines, there is no need to follow a diet designed to take into account the possibility of tetracyclines binding to Ca 2+ ions. The most common side effects when taking tetracycline drugs are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and allergic reactions. These reactions are much less pronounced when using doxycycline monohydrate, rather than traditional doxycycline hydrochloride. The neutral reaction of doxycycline monohydrate (Unidox Solutab) excludes the occurrence of esophagitis that occurs with the use of other forms of doxycycline. Doxycycline monohydrate is available in a unique dosage form of Solutab tablets, which can be taken orally as a whole, can be divided into parts or chewed, can be dissolved in water to form a suspension syrup (when dissolved in 20 ml of water) or a suspension solution (when dissolved in 100 ml of water). The bioavailability of doxycycline monohydrate in this form is 95%, which practically corresponds to intravenous infusion. Therefore, the successful combination of the chemical formula (monohydrate) and the dosage form (solutab) makes Unidox Solutab safe, and the treatment with its help is highly compliant.
During the period of treatment with drugs of the tetracycline group, patients should avoid insolation due to the possibility of photosensitivity.
This side effect is completely devoid of antibiotics from the macrolide group. All of these guidelines list the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin as the drug of choice for the treatment of NGU. This is facilitated by the unique pharmacokinetic characteristics of azithromycin: a long half-life, a high level of absorption and resistance to an acidic environment, the ability of this antibiotic to be transported by leukocytes to the site of inflammation, a high and prolonged concentration in tissues, and the possibility of penetration into the cell. Due to the fact that a high therapeutic concentration of azithromycin in tissues is achieved after a single dose of a standard dose of an antibiotic and persists at the sites of inflammation for at least 7 days, with the advent of azithromycin, for the first time, it became possible to effectively treat patients with chlamydial infection by a single oral dose of an antibiotic. The original and most famous drug of azithromycin is Sumamed, which has been used in the Russian Federation since the early 90s of the last century.
The advantages of all modern macrolide antibiotics over the first antibiotic from this group, erythromycin, are higher efficiency, improved pharmacokinetics, good tolerability, and less frequency of administration.
When taking macrolides, there may be side effects from the gastrointestinal tract (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) and the liver (increased activity of transaminases, cholestasis, jaundice), as well as allergic reactions.
Josamycin has the most favorable safety profile compared to other macrolides. The frequency of side effects when taking it does not exceed 2-4%. The drug does not have hepatotoxicity and almost does not change the normal intestinal microflora. In our pharmaceutical market, josamycin is still represented by the only drug with the trade name Vilprafen.
It is necessary to pay attention: mycoplasmas can be resistant to "old" macrolides (erythromycin, spiramycin, oleandomycin) and streptogramins, but highly sensitive to the latest macrolides (josamycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin) and lincosamines.
The next group of drugs with high activity against a wide range of NGU pathogens (including M. genitalium), are fluoroquinolones.
Fluoroquinolones such as ofloxacin and sparfloxacin are especially effective in NGU, accompanied by massive colonization of opportunistic saprophytic flora, since this flora is usually sensitive to these antibacterial drugs. Their "leading position" is due to the breadth of the antibacterial spectrum, high bactericidal activity, excellent pharmacokinetic characteristics (absorption rate, high concentrations of the drug in tissues, cells, biological fluids), low toxicity. In the treatment with sparfloxacin, a higher compliance is achieved, since the drug is taken only 1 time per day. According to Yu. N. Perlamutrov et al. (2002), sparfloxacin is highly effective in mycoplasmal and ureaplasma infections. In the Russian pharmaceutical market, sparfloxacin is sold under the trade name Sparflo, and among the generics of ofloxacin, Oflocid has recently become increasingly popular.
Like tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones have a photosensitizing effect. In addition, drugs from the group of fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in patients with impaired liver and kidney function. Of the adverse reactions after taking fluoroquinolones, dyspeptic disorders, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, allergic reactions, tendonitis can be observed.
Thus, based on a review of the literature, in the treatment of patients with urethritis caused by M. genitalium, preference should be given to doxycycline, the latest macrolides and fluoroquinolones. With a recurrent course of infection, the issue of lengthening the time for taking antibiotics and the use of immunotropic drugs is considered.
M. A. Gomberg, doctor of medical sciences, professor
A. M. Solovyov, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor
I. N. Aniskova
V. P. Kovalyk, Candidate of Medical Sciences
TsNIKVI, MGMSU, Moscow
Unfortunately, it will not be possible to cure mycoplasmosis with various folk remedies. The lack of folk remedies for mycoplasmosis is due to the nature of the disease. The fact is that mycoplasmosis, in fact, is an infection, that is, it is caused by a microorganism with pathogenic properties. Therefore, in order to effectively cure mycoplasmosis, it is necessary to destroy the mycoplasmas that are the causative agent of the disease. Mycoplasmas can be destroyed only with the help of modern, highly effective broad-spectrum antibiotics that affect intracellular microorganisms. Among folk methods, there are none that could act like modern antibiotics. That is why there are no effective folk methods for the treatment of mycoplasmosis.
Many people believe that folk remedies with garlic and onions are comparable in effectiveness to antibiotics, since these plants contain a large amount of phytoncides. However, this is not true. Phytoncides of onions, garlic and other medicinal plants are not able to destroy mycoplasmas living inside their own cells of the mucous membranes of the human genitourinary organs.
However, often confidence in the effectiveness of alternative methods of treating mycoplasmosis is based not only on knowledge of the properties of phytoncides, but also on the fact that soon after the start of the use of any remedy, the symptoms of the infection disappear without a trace. However, this means that there was a simple relief of symptoms, and the disease went into a latent form. That is, the infection still occurs in the human body, but he does not feel it, since he eliminated the symptoms. This absence of symptoms allows people to interpret their condition as a complete recovery. But do not be delusional, because the disease is simply translated into a latent form. In such a situation, a person also needs antibiotic treatment.
In principle, alternative methods of treating mycoplasmosis can be used in conjunction with antibiotic therapy. That is, alternative treatment can only be considered as an addition to traditional antibacterial and immunomodulatory therapy for mycoplasmosis in men and women. Often, for the treatment of mycoplasmosis, instead of tampons and suppositories with antibacterial and antiseptic components, women use douching with various decoctions and infusions of medicinal herbs. However, douching does not help cure mycoplasmosis, but, on the contrary, can provoke the development of irritations and other diseases of the female genital area.
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Mycoplasmosis is a group of diseases that result from the introduction of special microorganisms - mycoplasmas. A feature of their structure is the absence of a nucleus. They can affect the genitourinary system, respiratory organs, visual and musculoskeletal system. In total, there are about 70 species of these microorganisms in nature, and only some of them can cause disease in humans. Mycoplasmosis can be sexually transmitted and is considered a sexually transmitted disease.
Features of the pathogen
Mycoplasma belongs to the gram-negative flora. It is a unicellular organism, which in its structure is somewhat different from viruses, bacteria and fungi. Its shell, which is called the plasmolemma, consists of protein-fatty structures and with its help it attaches to the cells of the mucous membrane of its host, and then exists through the use of their resources. It provokes the process of inflammation and causes autoimmune reactions.
The peculiarities of the structure of mycoplasma do not allow it to be detected by conventional methods; even the detection of a microorganism using electron microscopy causes difficulty.
Its membrane is so flexible that it can take on a variety of shapes and appear in the form of an egg, pear, or even have a filamentous structure.
A number of features of mycoplasma should be distinguished:
- it is capable of vital activity in the intercellular space;
- shows sensitivity to a number of antibiotics, which distinguishes it from a viral infection;
- includes both DNA and RNA;
- may decrease or increase immunity.
Why does mycoplasmosis develop?
Infection occurs during any kind of unprotected sexual intercourse. Transmission of infection during childbirth or through the placenta from mother to fetus is possible. At the moment, the likelihood of infection through contact and household transmission from person to person is completely excluded.
How the disease manifests itself
With a disease such as mycoplasmosis, the symptoms depend on the location of the infectious agent and the severity of the lesion.
Respiratory mycoplasmosis
The disease begins gradually, there is a dry excruciating cough, which is not always accompanied at first by sputum. The temperature is rarely above 38 degrees, and more often remains within subfebrile condition. The patient has irritation in the throat, soreness, redness of the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx. At the moment, there are few deaths from such a disease, and they occur with the development of complications in the heart or nervous system.
Damage to the genitourinary system
When the genitourinary system is affected, two types of mycoplasma are found, which cause a different clinical picture:
- Mycoplasma genitalium is a dangerous type of infection that occurs with equal frequency in both men and women. The pathological process begins with signs of urethritis - there is a burning sensation and pain during urination. Women experience pain during intercourse. The incubation period for this disease is quite long - from 10 days to a month.
- Mycoplasma hominis is a saprophytic species and can be found in the urinary tract of healthy individuals. But sometimes it can cause quite serious diseases that occur with damage to the urethra and genital organs, and resemble gonorrhea or trichomoniasis in their clinical symptoms. In women, this causes vaginal discharge, which has a rather unpleasant odor, and pain occurs during sexual intercourse.
It should be noted that the symptoms during exacerbation of the process are observed mainly in the fairer sex. The man most often acts as a carrier of the infection, and he has no symptoms of the disease.
How is the diagnosis carried out
Before starting the treatment of mycoplasmosis, it is necessary to correctly diagnose. This is done in several stages:
- The doctor conducts a survey and examination of the patient. In women with this pathology, a large amount of discharge with an unpleasant odor is found. There is redness and swelling of the mucous membranes of the vagina and cervix.
- Additional diagnostic methods of research are assigned. These include ultrasound of the pelvic organs, cytological examination (to exclude other types of infections), bacterial culture, PCR.
- To assess the correctness of the therapy, an immunological analysis is prescribed.
Medical care for mycoplasmosis
The most powerful means of etiological treatment of lung damage is the antibiotic Macropen from the group of macrolides. It can be used in patients suffering from this disease, starting from 8 years. As a rule, the drug is well tolerated, and does not cause severe side effects. It is not recommended for renal or hepatic insufficiency and for young children. 
It is possible to treat mycoplasmosis in the pulmonary form of the disease by resorting to tetracyclines. Their use is especially effective in pneumonia, which is caused by mixed flora. The dosage and duration of use is recommended only by a doctor, and on average it is 10 days. A positive result is considered when all clinical symptoms subside and flora is not detected during bakposev and control PCR.
When infected with mycoplasmosis sexually, the disease should be treated in both partners. At the same time, antiprotozoal and antifungal agents are used. With a decrease in immunity, immunomodulators are recommended. Physiotherapy is used to consolidate the result.
Treatment with folk remedies
Treatment of mycoplasmal infection should be comprehensive, and it provides for the mandatory use of antibiotics. The recipes of traditional healers for this disease only help to relieve the symptoms of the disease and speed up recovery, enhancing the effectiveness of drug therapy.
There are many recipes for preparing herbal decoctions that can reduce the inflammatory process and relieve discomfort during urination:
Mycoplasmosis is an acute infectious disease. Its causative agents are microorganisms called mycoplasmas. In the generally accepted classification, they are between unicellular and multicellular pathogens of bacterial and viral infections.
There are approximately 70 varieties of mycoplasmas, but only a few threaten human health.
Reasons for the development of the disease
11 types of mycoplasmas can live in the human body, but only Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis cause mycoplasmosis. Scientists are still elucidating the pathogenicity of these microorganisms, so it is impossible to give a clear answer to the question of whether pathogens always cause the development of a disease when they enter the human body or only under certain conditions. It is possible that other types of pathogens that are in the vagina lead to the occurrence of mycoplasmosis. Most likely, the mycoplasmas themselves are not dangerous, since in the course of laboratory studies it was found that the results can be positive both in patients and in absolutely healthy people.
The disease is transmitted during traditional sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. Oral sex, as well as homosexual contacts, cannot lead to the occurrence of mycoplasmosis. The fact of transmission of the disease through household items has not been recorded in the medical literature.
Symptoms of mycoplasmosis, consequences caused by the disease
Mycoplasmosis can cause the development of many gynecological diseases, including endometritis, salpingitis, diseases of the cervical canal and vagina, which are inflammatory. If the doctor fails to find out what led to the occurrence of one of the listed diseases, it is likely that it indicates the presence of mycoplasmosis. The infection is accompanied by mild, colorless discharge, in addition, a burning sensation may be felt during urination. A woman feels pain in the groin area, which increases during intercourse or immediately after it is completed. With latent mycoplasmosis, a complicated course of pregnancy, abnormal development of the placenta, polyhydramnios, primary miscarriage of the child are possible. If the disease becomes chronic, secondary infertility may occur. This is due to the ability of mycoplasmas to disrupt ovulation and prevent the maturation of the egg.
The disease can be complicated by the formation of inflammatory processes in the organs located in the pelvic area. Transmission of pathogens from mother to fetus is possible, in the first trimester of pregnancy there is a risk of spontaneous abortion. In the third trimester, mycoplasmosis can cause premature labor. The causative agents of the disease are in the body of a woman mainly after sexual contact.
Mycoplasmosis can lead to problems with the genitourinary tract and respiratory organs. Its pathogens live on the mucous membrane of the lungs, respiratory tract and nasopharynx. In girls and boys, the bladder is affected; in girls, the vagina and vulva are affected. Infection of the child's body occurs by airborne or intrauterine means.
Men are much less likely to suffer from mycoplasmosis than other sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. Usually they are carriers of microorganisms. As a result of laboratory tests of men's blood, antibodies are often found in it that are produced by the body against mycoplasmosis with hidden symptoms or their almost complete absence. The pathogen can enter the male body during sexual intercourse and by airborne droplets.
Mycoplasmosis occurs in a latent form in 40% of men, it can be activated only in some cases, this requires the presence of certain conditions - weakened immunity, stress. In such a situation, serious complications may occur. The presence of the disease may be indicated by slight transparent discharge from the urethra in the morning, discomfort and burning sensation during urination, pulling sensations in the groin. If microorganisms are located on the cells of the testicles, they may increase and redden. In addition, there may be pain in the scrotum. As a result of such processes, a violation of spermatogenesis can occur.
Symptoms of mycoplasmosis appear 5-20 days after pathogens enter the body. On average, the disease lasts no more than 10 days. At the initial stage, women may experience symptoms that have much in common with inflammatory gynecological diseases. In men at an early stage of mycoplasmosis, symptoms similar to may be present.
Treatment of mycoplasmosis and its prevention
If the test result is positive, this does not mean that you can start using drugs. With pronounced symptoms, swabs are taken to identify other pathogens of diseases of the genitourinary system. The development of the inflammatory process under the influence of only mycoplasmas is a rarity.
With mycoplasmosis, which occurs in a chronic form or with complications, therapy is based on antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action. Treatment is carried out for 10 days. Approximately 2-3 weeks after its completion, the patient is sent for a second examination.
People who recover from this infection often relapse. To make the therapy most effective and to minimize the risk of recurrence of mycoplasmosis, extracorporeal treatment technology is used, which involves the administration of large doses of antibiotics in conjunction with plasmapheresis.
For the purpose of prevention, it is necessary to use barrier methods of protection, you also need to undergo regular examinations (in six months or a year).
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The use of folk remedies
Currently, it is impossible to talk about effective treatment with the help of folk remedies. Partial disappearance of symptoms is not a sign of a cure, mycoplasmosis can simply go into a latent form. In this case, there can be no talk of any recovery.
Many studies confirm that vaginal douching does not help get rid of mycoplasmosis, moreover, it can provoke the occurrence of an infectious disease in an absolutely healthy woman.
Folk methods are beneficial in eliminating the manifestations of mycoplasmosis - urethritis, but they are not able to destroy pathogens and save a person from the very cause of inflammation. Therefore, the use of only folk remedies is meaningless. Be sure to visit a doctor, undergo an examination and examination, get advice and complex therapy using medications. Alternative methods can be used under the supervision of a doctor and mainly only with the urogenital form of the disease, which is uncomplicated.
Anti-inflammatory fees
Douching with medicinal herbs |
First you need to prepare an infusion of boron uterus (1 tablespoon) and oak bark (2 tablespoons). Pour a mixture of plants with boiling water (1.5 cups), soak for 30-45 minutes. Strain the broth, and use it 2 times a day for douching the vagina.
Treatment with goldenrod, cornflower and violet
goldenrod
To prepare a decoction of goldenrod, you need to take 3 tbsp. l. herbs and pour them with boiling water (3 cups), then insist for 45 minutes. Strained broth should be consumed 4-6 times a day, the recommended dose is 0.5 cups. To complete the full course of treatment, the decoction must be drunk for 21 days.
Cornflower blue
To combat mycoplasmosis, you can prepare a decoction of cornflower. Take dry flowers (2 tbsp), pour them with boiling water (1 cup) and soak for an hour, strain, drink the infusion 3-4 times a day.
Violet tricolor
To get a decoction of violets, you need to take 2 tbsp. l. dry flowers and pour them with 0.5 liters of boiling water, then insist in heat for an hour. Strain the solution, drink orally 3 times a day, 1 tbsp. l.
Mycoplasma can provoke diseases of the respiratory, urinary and genital organs.
Mycoplasmosis develops in a respiratory or urogenital form and the manifestations of these forms are different.
Respiratory or pulmonary disease
The pulmonary form of mycoplasmosis provokes a microorganism, which is called mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mycoplasma pneumonia), in combination with a number of other, rarer varieties of mycoplasma.
Pneumoplasma causes cells in the lungs to change, which leads to their destruction, provoking a powerful autoimmune response of the body, which begins to destroy its own tissues. The patient begins to spread microorganisms from his body by airborne droplets even a week and a half before the onset of symptoms. With a long-term increase in body temperature (with a chronic process), the infectious danger from the patient can come up to thirteen weeks. In addition to airborne droplets, you can become infected by the contact method through the patient's hands, personal hygiene items, toys. Children in kindergarten groups are most often at risk of mycoplasma infection.
Such quality as resistance to mycoplasma is inherited. In a person who has been ill with mycoplasmosis, immunity can be maintained for five to ten years. The respiratory form of mycoplasmosis is formed for seven to fourteen days.
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Pulmonary mycoplasmosis manifests itself:
An increase in body temperature up to 38 ° C, burning in the throat, coughing.
Increased activity of sweat glands, congestion of the nose, hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the pharynx and oral cavity.
With the gradual development of the disease, the penetration of the infection into the bronchi - an unproductive severe cough, accompanied by the release of a small amount of mucus.
With a neglected disease at this stage, the development of mycoplasmal (atypical) pneumonia is possible.
Pulmonary mycoplasmosis very similar to the flu, but lasts longer.
Respiratory form of the disease lasts three to four weeks, and in some cases even two to three months. In adolescents, the acute form of the disease can become chronic, often causing the formation of bronchiectasis (an incurable expansion of the bronchial lumen), as well as pneumosclerosis (the formation of conglomerates of connective fibers).
Diagnosis of respiratory mycoplasmosis
Respiratory mycoplasmosis is determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), where DNA particles typical only for this pathogen are found, which are present in the bronchial and nasopharyngeal mucus. With this method, in half an hour - an hour you can get an exact answer.
The most accurate method is to grow a culture of microorganisms obtained from the patient's body. The result can be obtained only after 4-7 days.
Immunofluorescent method (RIF-immunofluorescence reaction) - can show the presence of antibodies, which is typical only in the presence of mycoplasma in the body.
When examining paired sera, the presence of special antibodies is determined on the sixth day, and also after ten to fourteen days, which makes it possible to understand the effectiveness of the therapy used.
Therapy for respiratory mycoplasmosis:
.Mycoplasmosis of the respiratory form
are treated with drugs from the group of macrolides (macropenom) and tetracyclines (doxycycline). Macropen is used in the treatment of pulmonary mycoplasmosis for both mature patients and children from eight years of age. The drug does not cause side effects in patients.
.Contraindicated the use of macrofoam in cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, impaired renal function.
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. Small patients weighing up to 30 kg should take macrofoam at a dose of 400 milligrams per day in the form of syrup.
Preparations of the tetracycline group are also effective in several types of pathogenic microflora (mycoplasma pneumonia + pyogenic streptococcus). Doxycycline is taken at the rate of 4 milligrams per 1 kg of body weight - on the first day, then - 2 milligrams each. The course of treatment is prescribed by the doctor.
Urogenital (genitourinary) mycoplasmosis
With urogenital or genitourinary mycoplasmosis, the urinary and reproductive organs become inflamed. The disease is provoked by microbes of the mycoplasma group - Mycoplasma urealyticus or Mycoplasma hominis.
Mycoplasmas are spread sexually or from a carrier of the microorganism. The duration of the epidemiological danger of the patient has not yet been determined. It is also possible infection of the fetus from the mother through the placenta and during childbirth.
In men, the infection is localized in the urethra, and in women - on the vaginal mucosa. Sexually, mycoplasmosis can be infected many times, especially when the body's defense mechanisms are weakened.
The incubation period for this form of mycoplasmosis is three to five weeks. Mycoplasma can be combined with gonococcus, chlamydia or other pathogens. In women, the disease can occur without symptoms, therefore, in the absence of therapeutic measures, it becomes chronic. Men also often develop a latent form of the disease.
Urogenital mycoplasmosis manifests itself:
Specific discharge from the vagina or urethra, colorless or yellowish.
Burning or pain during urination or sexual contact.
Itching in the urethra and anus, congestion of the urethral outlet and pain in the groin.
In the absence of therapy, the disease passes to the fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries, testicles in men and the vas deferens. In this case, men have pain in the scrotum, perineum and rectum. In women - in the groin and lower back (in the lumbosacral-gluteal region)
Urogenital mycoplasmosis can affect the joints, causing arthritis, or the mucous membranes of the eyes, causing conjunctivitis. Mycoplasma alone or with other pathogenic microbes can disrupt blood production, suppress immunity, and provoke autoimmune processes. In other words, when the immune system fails, protective bodies attack the tissues of their own body.
To detect urogenital mycoplasmosis, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used, indicating the presence of pathogen DNA in the urine, a study of secretions from the genital organs, a culture method, processing of paired sera, and immunofluorescence (RIF).
Therapy for urogenital mycoplasmosis:
In the treatment of urogenital mycoplasmosis, methods are used that suppress and destroy the infection. The choice of individual therapeutic measures is influenced by the complexity of the clinical picture, the course of the disease, the presence of other diseases or complications.
.Fight infection with antibiotics
from the group of tetracyclines (metacycline, tetracycline, doxycycline), azalides (josamycin, erythromycin, azithromycin), as well as fluoroquinolones (pefloxacin, ofloxacin).
With the types of infection associated with mycoplasmosis, in addition to antibiotics, treatment is carried out with agents for the destruction of these infections (antifungal, metronidazole).
