Which planet in the solar system has the fastest winds? The fastest wind in the world. The structure of the gas shell
Clouds on Neptune as seen by Voyager 2
The atmosphere of Neptune is similar to the gaseous shells of other major planets in the solar system. It mainly consists of hydrogen and helium, with an admixture of methane, water, ammonia and other compounds.
The structure of the gas shell
Unlike other gaseous planets in the solar system, the atmosphere has a large proportion of ice. Methane, in the upper layers of the planet, gives it a bright blue color.
A tiny amount of methane absorbs light at the red end of the spectrum, while allowing blue light to reflect back unhindered.
The color of the atmosphere is brighter than that of Uranus, which has a similar atmosphere. Astronomers do not fully understand the reasons why there is such a difference in color.
The cloud top is at the point where the pressure is low enough for methane to condense. Astronomers have photographed these high clouds. Deeper, the temperature gradually rises to 0°C and clouds can form from the water.
The Great Dark Spot as seen by Voyager 2
Like other giant planets, the atmosphere contains individual storm bands.
The fastest wind in the solar system
The most dynamically developing winds in the solar system blow on Neptune - their speed is about 2400 km / h.
Some storms can be huge and exist for long periods of time. The planet has a Great Dark Spot, similar to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter.
On Earth, when we think of the pole, we imagine a cold place, but on Neptune, just the opposite is true. In fact, the planet's south pole is 10 degrees warmer than the rest of it, with an average temperature of -200 degrees Celsius.
And yet, this is enough to heat up the south pole, which is currently tilted towards the sun. This heating contributes to the formation of the most powerful winds in the entire solar system.
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Neptune
The eighth planet in the solar system is Neptune.
Neptune appears in the sky as a star of 7.8 magnitude (inaccessible to the naked eye); at high magnification, it looks like a greenish disc, devoid of any details.
Neptune moves around the Sun in an elliptical, close to circular (eccentricity - 0.009) orbit, the inclination to the ecliptic plane is 1 ° 46.4 "; its average distance from the Sun is 30.058 times greater than that of the Earth, which is approximately 4500 million km This means that the light from the Sun reaches Neptune in a little more than 4 hours.The duration of the year, that is, the time of one complete revolution around the Sun, is 164.8 Earth years with an average orbital speed of 5.4 km / s.
It was possible to clarify the diameter of Neptune, due to the small angular diameter (2 "), only on April 7, 1967, when the planet, in its movement against the background of the starry sky, obscured one of the distant stars. The equatorial radius of the planet, according to the results of these measurements, was 24750 km, which almost four times the radius of the Earth, moreover, its own rotation is so fast that a day on Neptune lasts only 17.8 hours.The direction of rotation is direct.The planet's compression is estimated at 1/60.The acceleration of gravity on the surface of Neptune is about 11 m/s2 (per 15% more than on Earth), the 2nd space velocity at the surface of Neptune is 23 km / s.
Although the average density of Neptune, equal to 1.67 g / cm3, is almost three times less than that of the earth, its mass, due to the large size of the planet, is 17.2 times greater than that of the Earth.
Neptune has a magnetic field that is about twice as strong at the poles as it is on Earth.
The effective temperature of the surface regions is about 38 K, but as it approaches the center of the planet, it increases to 12-14 103 K at a pressure of 7-8 megabars.
Of all the elements on Neptune, hydrogen and helium predominate in approximately the same ratio as on the Sun: there are about 20 hydrogen atoms per helium atom. In the unbound state, there is much less hydrogen on Neptune than on Jupiter and Saturn. There are other elements, mostly light ones. On Neptune, as well as on other giant planets, a multilayer differentiation of matter occurred, during which an extended ice shell was formed, as on Uranus. According to theoretical estimates, there is both a mantle and a core. The mass of the core together with the ice shell, according to computational models, can reach 90% of the entire mass of the planet.
Neptune receives very little light and heat from the Sun due to its great distance from it, and also because the planet's atmosphere scatters up to 83% of the radiation falling on it into space. The spectrum of Neptune shows strong absorption bands of methane (CH4), especially intense in the red region, which is why Neptune has a greenish color. The equilibrium temperature on the surface of the planet is -220° C. Radio measurements give about -160°; this temperature apparently refers to the subcloud layer and indicates the presence of the planet's own heat. Signs of molecular hydrogen H are also found in the spectrum of Neptune, however, the predominant element in the atmosphere is probably helium, which is also indicated by the relatively high average density of the planet. The atmospheric pressure at the cloud level is estimated at 3 atm.
To date, 8 satellites of Neptune are known.
Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun and the fourth largest among the planets. After the discovery of Uranus, astronomers noticed that its orbit did not comply with Newton's law of universal gravitation, undergoing constant deviations. This led to the idea of the existence of another planet beyond Uranus, which could distort the trajectory of the seventh planet with its gravitational attraction. Mathematicians John Adams and James Challis in 1845 calculated the approximate location of the planet. At the same time, the French astronomer Urban Le Verrier, having made a calculation, convinced him to start searching for a new planet. Le Verrier's calculations were so accurate that Neptune was found immediately, on the very first night of observations. Neptune was first observed by the astronomers Gallé and d'Arrest on September 23, 1846, not far from the positions independently predicted by the Englishman Adams and the Frenchman Le Verrier. This discovery was a triumph for computational astronomy. In Roman mythology, Neptune (Greek Poseidon) is the god of the sea. Neptune can be seen with binoculars (if you know exactly where to look), but even with a large telescope you can hardly see anything but a small disk.
Neptune through a ground telescope. The bright areas in the upper part of the disk are clouds of methane ice, which reflect sunlight well. The semi-major axis of the planet is 30.02 AU. Neptune is very far from the Sun. The orbital period is 164.491 years. Since its discovery in 1846, it has not yet completed one complete revolution. The orbit is almost circular: the eccentricity is e = 0.011. The inclination of the plane of the orbit to the plane of the ecliptic is 1°46´22", the average speed of movement along the orbit is 5.4 km/s, the Period of rotation around the axis is 15.8 hours. The inclination of the equator to the plane of the orbit is 29.6°. The mass of the planet is 1.03 ∙1026 kg, i.e. 17 times the mass of the Earth.The radius of the planet is 24,764 km - about four Earth radii.Density ρ = 1.76 g/cm3, i.e. 1/3 of the density of the Earth.The compression ratio is 2% Acceleration of gravity at the level of the upper cloud layer of the planet: 11.2 m/s2 The temperature of the atmosphere of Neptune is higher than that of Uranus, and is about 60 K. Therefore, Neptune has its own internal source of heat - it radiates at 2.7 times more energy than it receives from the sun.
The structure and set of elements that make up Neptune are probably almost the same as on Uranus: various "ices" and solidified gases containing about 15% hydrogen and a small amount of helium. Unlike Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune may not have a distinct internal layering. But most likely, Neptune has a small solid core, equal in mass to the Earth. The atmosphere of Neptune is mostly hydrogen and helium with a small admixture of methane (1%). The blue color of Neptune is the result of the absorption of red light in the atmosphere by this gas - as on Uranus, strong winds are observed on Neptune, parallel to the planet's equator, large storms and whirlwinds. The planet has the fastest winds in the solar system, reaching 700 km / h. The winds blow on Neptune in a westerly direction, against the rotation of the planet. It has been observed that the velocity of flows and currents in the giant planets in their atmospheres increases with distance from the Sun. This pattern has not yet been explained.
The Great Dark Spot as seen by Voyager 2. One of the first Voyager 2 discoveries was the Great Dark Spot in the southern hemisphere, about the size of Earth. Neptune's winds carried the Great Dark Spot westward at 300 m/s. The circulation time of the substance in it is 16 days. Voyager 2 also saw a smaller dark spot in the southern hemisphere and a small erratic white cloud. It may be a stream ascending from the lower atmosphere to the upper, but its true nature remains a mystery. Observations with the space telescope Hubble in 1994 showed: The Great Dark Spot has disappeared! It either simply dissipated, or was covered by something in the atmosphere. And a few months later, the space telescope. Hubble discovered for the second time a new Dark Spot in Neptune's northern hemisphere. This indicates that Neptune's atmosphere is changing very rapidly.
Voyager 2 detected Neptune's magnetic field. The planet's magnetic pole is 47° away from the geographic one. It is assumed that the magnetic field of Neptune is excited in a liquid conducting medium, in a layer located at a distance of 13 thousand km from the center of the planet. And under the liquid layer is the solid core of Neptune. Neptune's magnetosphere is highly elongated.
The largest moon of Neptune is Triton. Triton, discovered in 1846 by William Lassell, is larger than the Moon. The orbit around Neptune is reversed, which is why scientists believe that Triton was captured by Neptune from the Kuiper Belt. Almost the entire mass of Neptune's satellite system is concentrated in Triton. Differs in the big density: 2 g/cm3.
Frozen lake? Scientists believe that this plain, measuring approximately 200 by 400 km, was formed as a result of the eruption of an "ice" volcano.
Rocks, craters, dark bands of volcanic origin have been found on Triton. Voyager 2 took pictures of the red ice on Triton, at the equator photographed blue ice from frozen methane. The south polar cap is made up of nitrogen ice, and geysers shoot out of it to a height of several kilometers. The surface of the satellite is bright and reflects about 80% of the incident sunlight. Triton has a rarefied nitrogen atmosphere (pressure on the surface is about 10 mm Hg). The temperature on Triton is -235°C.
Neptune's satellite Nereid, discovered in 1949 by Gerard Kuiper, orbits with the largest eccentricity among satellites - 0.75.
Arched rings around Neptune photographed by Voyager 2. Interestingly, information about the possible rings of Neptune was originally obtained in 1995 when observing the occultation of stars by the planet. Calculations showed that the arches are complex vortices, which are called epitons.
The eighth planet from the Sun, Neptune was the first planet located through mathematical predictions rather than through regular sky observations. (Galileo recorded this as a fixed star during observations with his small telescope in 1612 and 1613.) When Uranus did not travel exactly as astronomers expected it to, the French mathematician, Urbain Joseph Verrier, proposed a position and a mass of another as yet of an unknown planet that could be causing the observed goes into the orbit of Uranus. After being ignored by French astronomers, Verrier sent his predictions to Johann Gottfried Galle at the Berlin Observatory, who found Neptune on his first night of the search in 1846. Seventeen days later, his largest moon, Triton, was also discovered.
Nearly 4.5 billion kilometers (2.8 billion miles) from the Sun, Neptune orbits the Sun once every 165 years. It is invisible to the naked eye due to its extreme distance from the Earth. Interestingly, due to Pluto's unusual elliptical orbit, Neptune is actually the farthest planet (including dwarf planets) from the Sun over a 20-year period beyond every 248 Earth years.
Evidence for incomplete arcs around Neptune first arose in the mid-1980's when stellar occultation experiments were found to sometimes show an extra "blink" just before or after a planet occulted by the star. Images by Voyager 2 in 1989 were settled issue when a ring system was found to contain several faint rings, the outermost of which, Adams, contains three prominent arcs now called Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.The existence of the arcs is very difficult to understand because the laws of motion would predict that arcs that spread out into a uniform ring are very short timescales.The gravitational effects of Galatea, the moon just inward from the ring, are believed to enclose the arcs.Several other rings have been detected by Voyager cameras.In addition to the narrow Adams Ring 63,000 km from Neptune's center, The Ring of Leverrier is 53,000 km and wider, the weaker Ring of Galle is 42,000 km A weak extension outward towards the Ring of Leverrier has been called the Lassell; it is bordered in its outer edge by the Ring of Arago at 57,000 km.
We don't know with what drink William Lassell may have celebrated his discovery of Neptune's moon, Triton, but beer made it possible.
Lassell was one of 19th century England's top amateur astronomers, using the wealth he made in the brewery business to fund his telescopes. He spotted Triton on October 10, 1846 - only 17 days after the Berlin Observatory discovered Neptune.
Curiously, a week before he found the satellite, Lassell thought he saw a ring around the planet. This turned out to be a distortion caused by his telescope. But when NASA's Traveler 2 visited Neptune in 1989, it showed that the gas giant has rings, although they are far too faint for Lassell to see.
Since Neptune was named for the Roman god of the sea, its moon was named for various lesser sea gods and nymphs in Greek mythology.
Triton (not to be confused with Saturn's moon, Titan) is the farthest and far largest of Neptune's moons. Dutch-American Astronomer Gerard Kuiper (for whom the Kuiper Belt was named) found Neptune's third-largest moon, Neried, in 1949. He missed Proteus, the second-largest, because it's too dark and too close to Neptune for telescopes of that erasure symbol. This slightly non-spherical moon is thought to be right at the limit of how massive an object can be before its gravity pulls it into a sphere.
Proteus and five other moons had to wait for Voyager 2 to make themselves known. All six are among the darker objects found in the solar system. Astronomers using improved ground-based telescopes found five more satellites in 2002 and 2003, bringing the known total to 13.
Traveler 2 revealed charming details regarding the Triton. Part of its surface is like a cantaloupe rind. Ice volcanoes erupt what is probably a mixture of liquid nitrogen, methane, and dust that immediately freezes and then the snows recede to the surface. One Voyager 2 image shows a frosty feather shooting 8 km (5 miles) into the sky and drifting 140 km (87 miles) downwind.
Triton's icy surface reflects so much of it that little sunlight reaches it that the moon is one of the coldest targets in the solar system, around -240 C (-400 F).
It is the only large moon in the solar system that circles in front of its planet in the opposite direction of the planet's rotation (retrograde orbit), which says it may once have been an independent object that captured Neptune. The disruptive effect this would have on other satellites could help explain why Nereid has the most eccentric orbit of any known moon - it's nearly seven times as far from Neptune at one end of its orbit as it is at the other end.
Neptune's gravity acts as a drag on counter-orbital Triton, slowing it down and making it drop closer and closer to the planet. Millions of years from now, Triton will come close enough for gravitational forces to break it apart - possibly forming a ring around Neptune bright enough for Lassell to see.
Neptune is the most distant gas giant planet. It has an equatorial diameter of 49,500 kilometers (30,760 miles). If Neptune was the floor, it could contain almost 60 Earths. Neptune orbits the Sun every 165 years. It has eight moons, six of which have been found by Voyager. A day on Neptune is 16 hours and 6.7 minutes. Neptune was discovered on September 23, 1846 by Johann Gottfried Galle, of the Berlin Observatory, and Louis d'Arrest, an astronomy student, through mathematical predictions made by Urbain Jean Joseph Verrier.
The first two-thirds of Neptune is made up of a mixture of molten rock, water, liquid ammonia and methane. The outer third is a mixture of heated gases made up of hydrogen, helium, water and methane. Methane gives Neptune its blue cloud color.
Neptune is a dynamic planet with several large, dark spots reminiscent of Jupiter's hurricane-like storms. The largest spot, known as the Great Dark Spot, is relative to the size of the earth and is similar to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. The traveler showed a small, irregular, eastward-moving shaped cloud scooting around Neptune every 16 hours or so. This scooter, as it was dubbed, could be a feather growing above a deeper cloud deck.
Long bright clouds, similar to those of cirrus clouds on Earth, have been seen high in Neptune's atmosphere. At low northern latitudes, Traveler captured images of cloud bands casting their shadows on the cloud decks below.
The strongest winds on any planet have been measured on Neptune. Most of the winds there (there) blow to the west, opposite the rotation (cyclical shift) of the planet. Near the Great Dark Spot, blows photographic magnification to 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) an hour.
Neptune has a set of four rings that are narrow and very faint. The rings are made up of dust particles thought to be made by tiny meteorites crashing into Neptune's moons. From the ground, ground based telescopes of the ring appear to be arcs, but from Voyager 2, the arcs turned out to be bright spots or clusters in the ring system. The exact cause of the bright bands is unknown.
Neptune's magnetic field, like that of Uranus, is highly tilted at 47 degrees from the axis of rotation (cyclic shift) and offset by at least 0.55 radii (approximately 13,500 kilometers or 8,500 miles) from the physical center. Comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists think that the extreme orientation may be characteristic of the currents in the inner region of the planet and not the result of that planet's lateral orientation or any possible field reversals in either.
Our knowledge of Neptune's internal structure is inferred from the planet's radius, mass, rotation period, the shape of its gravitational field, and the behavior of hydrogen, helium, and water at high pressure. This cutaway view shows Neptune composed of an outer envelope of molecular hydrogen, helium and methane roughly a one-to-two Earth mass. Below this region, Neptune appears to be composed of a mantle rich in water, methane, ammonia, and other elements. These elements are under high temperatures and pressures deep within the planet. The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses. Neptune's core is made up of rock and ice, and probably no more than one Earth mass.
These two 591 second exposures of Neptune's rings were taken by Voyager 2 on August 26, 1989 at a distance of 280,000 kilometers (174,000 miles). The two main rings are clearly visible and appear complete over the mapped region. Also visible in this image is an inner faint ring about 42,000 kilometers (25,000 miles) from Neptune's center, and a faint band that extends smoothly from the 53,000 kilometers (33,000 miles) ring to roughly halfway between the two bright rings . Bright bright light in the center due to "over exposure" of Neptune's crescent. Numerous bright stars are evident in the background. Both rings are continuous.
In its composition, Neptune is similar to Uranus: various "ices" and rock with a small amount of helium and about 15% hydrogen. Like Uranus, Neptune does not have a distinct internal hierarchical structure, but rather is more or less homogeneous in composition. But, probably, inside it is a small core of rocky material. Its atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium with a small amount of methane.
The blue color of Neptune is the result of absorption of red light by methane in the upper atmosphere.
As on any gas planet, winds blow at very high speeds on Neptune. Neptune's winds are the fastest in the solar system, reaching speeds of up to 2,000 km/h.
Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune has an internal source of heat - it radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the Sun.
During the Voyager flight, Neptune's most prominent feature was the Great Dark Spot in the southern hemisphere. It was about half the size of Jupiter's Great Red Spot (the size of the Earth's diameter). The wind blowing on the surface of Neptune was moving the Great Dark Spot westward at 300 meters per second (700 miles per hour). Voyager 2 also found a smaller dark spot in the southern hemisphere and a small, irregular white cloud that swept around Neptune every 16 hours, now known as Scooter. Its nature remains a mystery.
However, observations of Neptune in 1994 show that the Great Dark Spot has disappeared! It either simply dissipated, or is permanently hidden under the atmosphere. A few months later, a new dark spot was discovered in Neptune's northern hemisphere. This indicates that Neptune's atmosphere is changing rapidly, possibly due to small changes in temperature differences between the upper and lower cloud layers.
Neptune was discovered at the Berlin Observatory on September 23, 1846 by Johann Galle on the basis of predictions made independently by John C. Adams in England and Urbain J. Leverrier in France. Their calculations relied on inconsistencies between the observed and predicted orbits of Uranus since its discovery in 1781, which were attributed to the gravitational perturbations of the unknown planet.
General information about Neptune
One of the major planets in the Solar System, usually eighth from the Sun (Between 1979 and 1999, Pluto's elongated orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune.) Neptune, one of the four "gas giants," has a small a rocky core surrounded by an icy mantle of frozen water, methane, and ammonia. The diameter of the planet is almost four times the diameter of the Earth. The outer atmosphere consists mainly of molecular hydrogen with the addition of helium (15-20% by mass) and a small amount of methane.
In the sky, Neptune is an object of the seventh or eighth magnitude, that is, it cannot be observed with the naked eye from the Earth. Through a good high-power telescope, Neptune looks like a slightly bluish disk (this color is due to the presence of methane in the planet's upper atmosphere). Surface features cannot be detected by ground-based optical instruments, although bright spots are observed in infrared light.
Close-up images of Neptune were taken by Voyager 2 from a flyby trajectory in August 1989. Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to distinguish details of Neptune's atmosphere began in 1994. In many respects (for example, size and structure) Neptune is similar to Uranus. But, unlike Uranus, Neptune's highly dynamic atmosphere has noticeable and changing cloud structures. The most prominent structure discovered by Voyager 2 has been named the Great Dark Spot. By its nature, it turned out to be similar to the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. Located 20° south of the equator, it rotates counterclockwise with a period of about 16 days. Above it, as well as above other dark spots, bright "cirrus" clouds form. However, by 1994, when the HST observations were made, this spot had completely disappeared. Meanwhile, another dark spot formed in the northern hemisphere of the planet, not noticed by Voyager. This spot was also accompanied by bright clouds. Subsequent HST observations showed that the nature of the clouds changed, although the overall structure of the atmosphere remained stable.
Neptune's upper atmosphere has two main layers of clouds. A layer of methane ice crystals lies above opaque clouds that may contain frozen ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. In addition, in the upper layers of the atmosphere there is a hydrocarbon haze resulting from the action of solar radiation on methane.
The regular radio bursts detected by Voyager 2 suggest that Neptune has a magnetic field and is surrounded by a magnetosphere. The bursts are separated by a time interval of 16.11 hours, which, apparently, corresponds to the rotation period of the planetary core. Atmospheric details rotate at different speeds, while they are shifted in latitude. The measured wind speed was 2200 km/h. The magnetic axis of the planet is inclined to the axis of rotation at an angle of 47°, which suggests that the asymmetric field originates in the mantle, and not in the core.
Based on the total amount of energy emitted, one can estimate the average temperature of the planet at 59 K., but it remains unclear why Neptune emits 2.7 times more energy than it receives from the Sun.
Observations made from the Earth during Neptune's occultations of other celestial bodies suggested that it had incomplete ring "arcs". Voyager 2 found four minor rings, one of which is "twinned" exactly as required to explain the results of observations during the occultations.
Neptune has a radius of 24,300 km (3.81 Earth radii), a mass of 17.2 Earth masses, and an average density of 1.72 g/cm3. The axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of 29°, and the planet rotates in the forward direction with a period of 17h48m, and revolves around the Sun in almost 165 years. The closest and largest satellite - Triton, revolves with a period of 5d21h03m in the opposite direction in a circular orbit with a radius of 355,300 km, inclined to the planet's equator by 159 °. The diameter of the satellite is estimated at about 3500 km. The distant satellite, Nereid (diameter about 400 km), revolves in the forward direction in 360 days in a very elongated elliptical orbit with a semi-major axis of 5,510,000 km and an eccentricity of 0.75.
During the flight of Voyager 2, six new moons were discovered near Neptune, which brought the total number of known satellites (together with Triton and Nereid) to eight.
Several more satellites are currently open.
Neptune, the eighth largest planet from the Sun in the solar system, astronomical sign or. Discovered in 1846. Mean distance to the Sun (major axis of the orbit) 30.06 AU. e., or 4500 million km. The eccentricity of the orbit is 0.0086, the inclination to the plane of the ecliptic is 1 ° 46.4 ". N. makes a complete revolution around the Sun (sidereal period of revolution) in 164.79 years with an average orbital speed of 5.4 km / s. It looks in the sky as (inaccessible to the naked eye) a star of 7.8 magnitude with an angular diameter varying from 2.2 "to 2.4". At high magnification, it looks like a greenish disk, devoid of any details. The diameter of N. exceeds the equatorial diameter of the Earth by 3, 88 times and is 49,500 km. Compression is estimated at 1/60. The volume of N. is 57 times the volume of the Earth. The mass is 17.28 Earth masses (1.03 × 1026 kg), the average density is 1.84 g/cm3. The acceleration of gravity on the surface of N. is about 11 m/s2 (15% more than on Earth), the 2nd cosmic velocity near the surface of N. is 23 km/s, the period of rotation about the axis is 15.8 hours, the inclination of the equator of N. to the orbital plane 29° N. has two satellites, of which one, Triton, discovered in 1846 by W. Lassell, has a relatively large size (diameter about 4,000 km) and reverse motion along its orbit with a period of about 5.9 days. The second satellite, Nereid, discovered in 1949 by the American astronomer J.P. Kuiper, is a small body (300 km in diameter) revolving around the planet with a period of about a year (360 days).
N. receives very little light and heat from the Sun due to its great distance from it, and also because N.'s atmosphere scatters up to 83% of the radiation incident on it into space. In the spectrum of N., strong absorption bands of methane (CH4) are observed, especially intense in the red region, which is why N. has a greenish color. The equilibrium temperature of N. is -220 °C. Radio measurements give about -160°; this temperature apparently refers to the subcloud layer and indicates the presence of the planet's own heat. Signs of molecular hydrogen H were also found in the spectrum of N. However, the predominant element in the atmosphere and bowels of N. is probably helium, which is also indicated by the relatively high average density of the planet.
R.'s discovery is one of the most remarkable achievements of astronomy. Already two years after the discovery of the planet Uranus, in 1783, A. I. Leksel, who studied its movement and for the first time calculated the elements of the orbit of this star, suggested that the irregularities found in the motion of Uranus are caused by the attraction of a yet unknown planet circulating at a farther distance from Sun. The search for such a planet at the end of the first half of the 19th century. engaged in J. Adams and W. Le Verrier, who followed similar paths completely independently of each other. In September 1845, Adams reported the results of his calculations, containing all the elements of the orbit and the position of the planet in the sky, to the director of the Greenwich Observatory, J. Erie, who got acquainted with Adams' work only 9 months after receiving it and did not organize the search for the unknown planet in a timely manner. Around the same time, Le Verrier calculated the elements of the orbit of the new planet and its place in the sky, which he reported on September 18, 1846 to the Berlin Astronomical Observatory. The planet was discovered by I. Galle on the very first evening after receiving the letter, September 23, 1846; it was only 52" from the predicted location.
Neptune
The eighth planet of the solar system, the mass is 17.2 Earth masses, the average density is 1.7 g/cm 3 , the period of revolution around the Sun is almost 165 years. The period of rotation (direct) around the axis is 15.8 hours ± 1 hour. According to the characteristics of the atmosphere and internal structure, Neptune is very similar to Uranus. Eight satellites and a ring system are known. Of these, Triton is among the largest in the solar system (radius 2000 km); it has reverse circulation around the planet. Neptune's atmosphere is mostly made up of invisible hydrogen and helium. Neptune's blue color is due to a small amount of methane in the atmosphere, which absorbs mostly red light. The fastest winds in the solar system blow on Neptune, with gusts reaching speeds of 2,000 km/h. There are suggestions that in a dense, hot environment under the clouds of Uranus and Neptune, diamonds can form.
Pluto
Pluto and Charon form a binary system. It is the smallest of the major planets in the solar system. The average density is close to 2 g/cm 3 . Has a satellite. Charon's orbital period around Pluto is 6.4 days, at a distance of 17,000 km, orbital inclination 55°. The average surface temperature of Pluto is 37 K. Pluto's surface is covered with ice made of methane and nitrogen with an admixture of hydrocarbons. It has a rarefied atmosphere of the same gases.
Space exploration is a great adventure. Its mysteries have always fascinated us, and new discoveries will expand our knowledge of the universe. However, let this list serve as a warning to avid intergalactic travelers. The universe can also be a very scary place. Let's hope no one ever gets stuck in one of these ten worlds.
10 Carbon Planet
The ratio of oxygen and carbon on our planet is high. In fact, carbon makes up only 0.1% of the entire mass of our planet (because of this, there is such a shortage of carbon materials such as diamonds and fossil fuels). However, near the center of our galaxy, where there is much more carbon than oxygen, the planets may have a completely different composition. This is where you can find what scientists call carbon planets. The sky of the carbon world in the morning would be anything but crystal clear and blue. Imagine a yellow mist with black clouds of soot. As you descend deeper into the atmosphere, you will notice seas of crude oil and tar. The surface of the planet seethes with stinking methane fumes and is covered with black mud. The weather forecast is also not encouraging: it is raining gasoline and bitumen (...throw away cigarettes). However, there is a positive aspect to this oil hell. You probably already guessed which one. Where there is a lot of carbon, you can find a lot of diamonds.
9. Neptune
On Neptune, you can feel the winds reaching such terrifying speeds that they can be compared to a jet engine jet. Neptune's winds carry frozen clouds of natural gas past the northern edge of the Great Dark Spot, an Earth-sized hurricane with winds of 2,400 kilometers per hour. That's twice the speed needed to break the sound barrier. Such strong winds are naturally far beyond what a person can withstand. A person who somehow ended up on Neptune would most likely be quickly torn to pieces and forever lost in these cruel and incessant winds. It remains a mystery where the energy that fuels the fastest planetary winds in the solar system comes from, given that Neptune is located so far from the Sun, sometimes even further than Pluto, and that Neptune's internal temperature is quite low.
8. 51 Pegasi b (51 Pegasi b)
This giant gas planet, nicknamed Bellerophon (Bellerophon) - in honor of the Greek hero who owned the winged horse Pegasus, is 150 times larger than the Earth and is mostly composed of hydrogen and helium. Bellerophon is roasted by his star to a temperature of 1000 degrees Celsius. The star around which the planet revolves is 100 times closer to it than the Sun is to the Earth. For starters, this temperature causes the appearance of the strongest winds in the atmosphere. The hot air rises and the cold air goes down in its place, which generates winds reaching speeds of 1000 kilometers per hour. Such heat also causes the absence of water evaporation. However, this does not mean that it does not rain here. We have come to the most important feature of Bellerophon. The highest temperatures allow the iron contained in the planet to evaporate. When iron vapors rise, they form clouds of iron, similar in nature to terrestrial clouds of water vapor. Just do not forget one important difference: when it rains from these clouds, it will be red-hot liquid iron pouring directly onto the planet (...don't forget your umbrella).
7. COROT-3b
COROT-3b is the densest and heaviest exoplanet known to date. In size, it is approximately equal to Jupiter, but its mass is 20 times greater. Thus, COROT-3b is about 2 times denser than lead. The scale of the pressure exerted on a person stranded on the surface of such a planet would be unimaginable. On a planet with a mass of 20 Jupiters, a person would weigh 50 times what they weigh on Earth. This means that an 80 kilogram man will weigh as much as 4 tons on the COROT-3b! Such pressure will break a person's skeleton almost instantly - it's the same as if an elephant sits on his chest.
6. Mars
On Mars, a dust storm can form in just a few hours, which will cover the surface of the entire planet in a few days. These are the largest and most violent dust storms in our entire solar system. Martian dust funnels easily exceed their Earth counterparts - they reach the height of Mount Everest, and the winds rush in them at speeds of 300 kilometers per hour. After its formation, a dust storm can last for several months until it completely disappears. According to one theory, dust storms can reach such large sizes on Mars due to the fact that dust particles absorb solar heat well and warm up the atmosphere around them. The heated air moves towards colder regions, thereby forming winds. A strong wind kicks up even more dust from the surface, which in turn heats up the atmosphere, causing more wind to form and the circle to continue anew. Surprisingly, most dust storms on the planet begin their lives in a single impact crater. The Hellas Plain is the deepest crater in the solar system. The temperature at the bottom of the crater can be ten degrees warmer than at the surface, and the crater is filled with a thick layer of dust. Differences in temperature cause the formation of wind, which picks up dust, and the storm begins its further journey around the planet.
5. WASP-12b
In short, this planet is the hottest planet of all discovered at the moment. Its temperature, which provides such a title, is 2200 degrees Celsius, and the planet itself is in the closest orbit to its star, compared to all other worlds known to us. Needless to say, everything known to man, including man himself, would instantly ignite in such an atmosphere. In comparison, the surface of the planet is only twice as cold as the surface of our Sun and twice as hot as lava. The planet also revolves around its star at an incredible speed. It completes its entire orbit, located only 3.4 million kilometers from the star, in one Earth day.
4. Jupiter
Jupiter's atmosphere is home to storms twice as large as Earth itself. These giants, in turn, are home to winds that develop speeds of 650 kilometers per hour, and colossal lightning, which is 100 times brighter than terrestrial lightning. Beneath this intimidating and dark atmosphere is an ocean 40 kilometers deep, made up of liquid metallic hydrogen. Here on Earth, hydrogen is a colorless, transparent gas, but in the core of Jupiter, hydrogen turns into something that has never been on our planet. On the outer layers of Jupiter, hydrogen is in a state of gas, as well as on Earth. But with immersion in the depths of Jupiter, the pressure of the atmosphere increases dramatically. Over time, the pressure reaches such a force that it "squeezes out" the electrons from the hydrogen atoms. Under such unusual conditions, hydrogen turns into a liquid metal that conducts electricity and heat. It also begins to reflect light like a mirror. Therefore, if a person were immersed in such hydrogen, and a giant lightning flashed over him, he would not even see it.
3. Pluto
(Note that Pluto is no longer considered a planet) Don't let the image fool you - this is not a winter wonderland. Pluto is a very cold world where frozen nitrogen, carbon monoxide and methane cover the planet's surface like snow for most of Pluto's year (approximately 248 Earth years). These ices transform from white to pinkish brown due to interactions with gamma rays from deep space and the distant Sun. On a clear day, the Sun provides Pluto with about the same amount of heat and light as the Moon gives the Earth on a full moon. At Pluto's surface temperature (-228 to -238 degrees Celsius), the human body would freeze instantly.
2. COROT-7b
Temperatures on the side of the planet facing its star are so high that they can melt rock. Scientists who modeled the atmosphere of COROT-7b believe that the planet most likely does not have a volatile gas (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen), and the planet consists of something that can be called a molten mineral. In the atmosphere of COROT-7b, weather events are possible during which (unlike terrestrial rains, when water droplets collect in the air) whole stones fall onto the surface of a planet covered with a lava ocean. If the planet still doesn't seem uninhabitable to you, it is also a volcanic nightmare. According to some indications, scientists believe that if the orbit of COROT-7b is not perfectly round, then the gravitational forces of one or two of its sister planets can push and pull on the surface of COROT, creating a movement that warms up its interior. This warming can cause strong volcanic activity on the planet's surface - even stronger than on Jupiter's moon Io, which has more than 400 active volcanoes.
1. Venus
Very little was known about Venus (its thick atmosphere does not let light through in the visible spectrum) until the Soviet Union launched the Venus program during the space race. When the first automated interplanetary spacecraft successfully landed on Venus and began transmitting information to Earth, the Soviet Union achieved the only successful landing on the surface of Venus in human history. The surface of Venus is so changeable that the longest time that one of the AMS has endured was 127 minutes - after which, the device was simultaneously crushed and melted. So what would life be like on the most dangerous planet in our solar system, Venus? Well, a person would almost instantly suffocate on the toxic air, and even though the gravity on Venus is only 90% of Earth's, a person would still be crushed by the sheer weight of the atmosphere. The pressure of the Venusian atmosphere is 100 times the pressure we are used to. Venus's atmosphere is 65 kilometers high and so dense that walking on the planet's surface would feel no different than walking 1 kilometer deep underwater on Earth. In addition to these "pleasures", a person would quickly catch fire due to a temperature of 475 degrees Celsius, and over time, even his remains would be dissolved by high concentration sulfuric acid that falls as precipitation on the surface of Venus.
Let's continue our walk through space to distant planets.
Discovered on September 23, 1846, Neptune was the first planet to be discovered through mathematical calculations rather than through regular observations. The discovery of unforeseen changes in the orbit of Uranus gave rise to the hypothesis of an unknown planet, the gravitational perturbing influence of which they are due to. Neptune was found within the predicted position. Soon, its satellite Triton was also discovered, but the remaining 12 satellites known today were unknown until the 20th century. This image was taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1989.
Neptune was the most distant planet from the Sun until 1999, when elliptical Pluto regained that status. Neptune, like Uranus, is composed primarily of water, methane, and ammonia, surrounded by a thick gaseous atmosphere composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, and has many moons and rings. Neptune's moon Triton is unlike the others and has active volcanoes on its surface. The mystery of Triton's unusual orbit around Neptune remains the subject of debate and conjecture.
But let's get back to the history of the discovery of this planet:
Planet-sized objects and their comparison: Top row: Uranus and Neptune; bottom row: Earth, white dwarf Sirius B, Venus.
The theoretically calculated circle was compared with the actual one by the English priest and amateur astronomer Thomas John Hussey (1792-1854) in 1834. The Holy Father drew attention to the fact that theory did not coincide with practice. Uranus deviated from the intended trajectory. It was not God knows what distance, but the fact indicated that some other large cosmic body existed near the gas giant. It is it that affects the bluish-greenish handsome man and takes him aside.
An amateur astronomer shared his observations with colleagues. In 1843 the British mathematician and astronomer John Couch Adams(1819-1892) calculated the orbit of a supposed planet. Regardless of him, a specialist in celestial mechanics, a French mathematician Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier(1811-1877) also made the corresponding calculations. The orbit calculated by him differed from the Adams orbit by 11°.
Le Verrier turned to the German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle(1812-1910), so that the latter would check his mathematical calculations in practice. He admired the night sky from the Berlin Observatory and had all the technical capabilities to establish the truth.
Johann Galle connected a student who was keen on astronomy to this issue Heinrich Louis d'Arre(1822-1875). Together they studied the position of the stars in the area where the proposed planet would have to be. Then their observations were compared with a map of the starry sky. One of the distant faint stars has changed its position. She moved relative to other fixed luminaries.
There was no doubt - this is not a star at all, but a distant planet reflecting sunlight. Three more nights of careful observations finally convinced the astronomers that Le Verrier was not mistaken in his calculations. In the bottomless cosmic abyss, a planet moved in its orbit. It was further than Uranus and, in fact, could well influence its trajectory.
So the eighth planet of the solar system was discovered. The official opening date is September 23, 1846. But who exactly was the discoverer? Based on the foregoing, it is clear that several people had a hand in this significant historical event. By the way, Le Verrier was wrong in his calculations by only 1°, while Adams was wrong by as much as 12°. In addition, the French mathematician showed perseverance and brought the matter to its logical end. The conclusion suggests itself: all the trump cards are in the hands of Le Verrier.
But there is a small nuance here. Urbain Le Verrier is French and John Couch Adams is British. So the recognition of the discoverer was by no means a struggle of the vanities of individuals - in this case, the honor of the country was affected. Proud British could not give way to the palm of some kind of French, whom they called “paddling pools” behind their backs.
Naturally, heated debate ensued. And although Le Verrier was ahead in all respects, political considerations turned out to be above common sense. France eventually gave in, but did not completely give up its positions, but made a compromise. John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier were recognized as the co-discoverers of the new planet.
In our days things are still there. This sensitive question hangs in the air. So it is probably more reasonable to consider the respected German astronomer Johann Halle as the discoverer of Neptune. It was he who first saw this planet through a telescope, albeit at the suggestion of the Frenchman Le Verrier.
The planet was discovered, it was necessary to think about the name. The very first was proposed by Johann Galle. He christened the distant cosmic body Janus - the god of entry and exit, beginning and end in ancient Roman mythology. In this case, the planet was the end of the solar system and the beginning of a vast, distant space that was not subject to the forces of a yellow star.
A lot of people didn't like the name. But "with a bang" met the proposal of the Russian astronomer, director of the Pulkovo Observatory Vasily Yakovlevich Struve (1793-1864). At one of the meetings of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, he proposed giving the newly discovered planet the name Neptune.
Neptune is the god of the seas in ancient Roman mythology. This deity reigned supreme over the underwater world. And since the water surface is many times greater than the land, then Neptune had much more power than other gods. The ocean, in the understanding of people, is as great and mysterious as the boundless Cosmos. The association suggested itself. The name of a mighty underwater deity was just right for a distant mysterious planet revolving in a dark abyss.
So the eighth planet of the solar system met the new year 1847 no longer nameless. She was given the official name Neptune, putting an end to controversy and disagreement on this important issue.
Not much is known about the internal structure of Neptune, because it can only be judged on the basis of indirect data, since no seismic sounding of this planet has been carried out. The diameter of Neptune - 49,600 km - is almost 4 times greater than that of the earth, and its volume exceeds the earth's 58 times. But in terms of mass, Neptune is only 17 times larger than Earth. From these data, it is determined that the average density of Neptune is about a third of the earth's, that is, about one and a half times more than that of water. Low densities are characteristic of all four giant planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Moreover, the first two are the least dense, they consist mainly of gases, and the denser "twins" Uranus and Neptune are mainly made of ice. According to calculations, in the center of Neptune there should be a stone or iron-stone core with a diameter 1.5-2 times larger than our Earth. The main part of Neptune is made up of a layer about 8,000 km thick around this dense core, consisting mainly of water, ammonia and methane ices, to which, possibly, stony material is also mixed. According to calculations, the temperature in this layer should increase with depth from +2,500 to +5,500°C. However, the ice does not evaporate, because it is in the bowels of Neptune, where the pressure is several million times higher than atmospheric pressure on Earth. Such monstrous "hugs" press the molecules to each other, keeping them from flying apart and evaporating.
Probably, the substance there is in an ionic state, when atoms and molecules are "crushed" into separate charged particles - ions and electrons. Of course, it is difficult to imagine such "ice", therefore sometimes this layer of Neptune is called the "ionic ocean", although it is also very difficult to imagine it as an ordinary liquid. Then follows the third layer - the outer gaseous shell with a thickness of about 5,000 km. This atmosphere, composed of hydrogen and helium, passes into the ice layer gradually, without a sharply defined boundary, as the density of matter increases under the pressure of the overlying layers. In the deep parts of the atmosphere, gases are converted into crystals, a kind of frost. There are more and more of these crystals in the deeper layers, and they begin to resemble water-soaked snow porridge, and even deeper, they are completely transformed into ice under enormous pressure. The transition layer from the gaseous to the ice shell is quite wide - about 3,000 km. In the total mass of Neptune, gases account for 5%, ice 75%, and rock material 20%.
Two hours before its closest approach to Neptune in 1989, the robotic spacecraft Voyager 2 took this image. It was the first to detect long, light, cirrus-like clouds floating high in Neptune's atmosphere. You can even see shadows from these clouds on the lower cloud layers. Neptune's atmosphere is mostly made up of invisible hydrogen and helium. Neptune's blue color is due to a small amount of methane in the atmosphere, which absorbs mostly red light. Neptune has the fastest winds in the solar system, with gusts reaching speeds of 2,000 kilometers per hour. There are suggestions that in a dense, hot environment under the clouds of Uranus and Neptune, diamonds can form.
On October 10, 1846, William Lassell observed the newly discovered planet Neptune. He wanted to confirm the observations he had made the previous week and the speculation that there might be a ring around Neptune. However, now he has discovered a satellite near this planet. Lassell soon showed that the ring he had seen earlier was an error due to the distortion of his telescope. The satellite Triton remained. Voyager 2 captured amazing topographical features, witnessed the presence of a thin atmosphere, as well as the existence of ice volcanoes on Triton. Triton moves around Neptune in the opposite direction compared to the rest of the large bodies of the solar system in an orbit strongly inclined to the plane of the ecliptic. Curiously, Voyager 2 confirmed the existence of closed rings around Neptune. However, Lassell would still not be able to detect them, since the rings are very, very thin.
Rings of Neptune
To date, six rings are known that surround a distant, shining luscious blue cosmic body. These formations were named after those who at one time were involved in the discovery of the eighth planet of the solar system and its largest satellite, Triton.
The most distant and brightest ring is called adams ring. It is located at a distance of 63,000 kilometers from the center of the planet, and has a width of 50 kilometers. It is not at all an integral structure encircling a gas giant. This formation consists of five narrow rings, which cannot even be called rings. They are called arches, and they have names: Courage, Freedom, Equality 1, Equality 2, Brotherhood.
Such an original structure of the Adams ring cannot be explained from the point of view of the laws according to which the Cosmos exists. According to the logic of things, the arms should have merged with each other a long time ago and form a single solid surface. However, this does not happen, which gives rise to various assumptions and hypotheses.
The prevailing opinion is that the fault is Neptune's moon Galatea. This small body (only 180 kilometers in diameter) rotates at a distance of 61,950 kilometers from the gas giant. That is, it is only 1,000 kilometers from the inner edge of the Adams Ring. It is it, with its gravitational forces, that acts on this formation, forcing it to accept such an original design.
However, many researchers are inclined to think that the baby is not strong enough to influence the Adams ring in this way. Most likely, in this section of outer space, there is one more or a couple of very small satellites. They have not yet been discovered due to their small size and dark surfaces, but they declare their existence precisely through gravitational forces.
Such a duet or trio, or maybe a quartet, is quite capable, having combined their gravitational efforts, to keep the arms at a decent distance from each other. The latter, judging by the observations, change their configuration over time. So the shackle Freedom gradually decreases in size. It is possible that she will soon disappear altogether, leaving no memories of herself.
The closest ring to the gas giant is located at a distance of 42,000 kilometers from its center. It bears the name Halle ring and is perhaps one of the most faded and dull of all rings. Its width is quite decent: it is 2000 kilometers.
Beyond the outer edge of the Halle ring are the orbits of three moons of the planet Neptune. It's small Naiad. It is separated from the gas giant at a distance of 48,000 kilometers and has a diameter of only 65 kilometers. Then Thalassa satellite. This cosmic body is bigger. Its diameter is 86 kilometers, and the distance to the center of the planet is 50,000 kilometers.
The largest of the trio is satellite of Despina. Its distance to the hot center of the planet Neptune is measured 52,500 kilometers, and its diameter is 151 kilometers. Immediately behind it, some 500 kilometers away, is another ring called Le Verrier ring.
This formation is 100 kilometers wide and much lighter than the Halle ring. A similar ring, also 100 kilometers wide and rather bright, is located at a distance of 57,000 kilometers from the center of the planet Neptune. It bears the name Argo ring.
Between the similar rings of Argo and Le Verrier, a very transparent and wide ring found its place, which was called Lassel ring. Its width is 4000 kilometers. In fact, this formation claims the most impressive dimensions among its fellows. There is no one to overshadow his greatness.
The last in this company is the darkest ring ring. It is located at a distance of 2000 km from the outer edge of the Argo ring and has a width of 500 kilometers. Due to the fading and nondescriptness, he was not even given a name. So it exists without a name among the more successful and bright fellows.
No one will argue: the rings of the planet Neptune do not even come close to similar formations of the planet Saturn. They do not shine in space, do not attract the admiring glances of researchers. Their composition most likely consists of methane ice particles of various shapes, covered with silicates on top. Hence the weak reflection of the sun's rays.
Moons of Neptune
At the moment, 13 satellites of the planet Neptune are known. All of them bear the names of sea deities, faithfully serving the main ruler of the underwater kingdom. The largest of them Triton. He absorbed almost the entire mass of cosmic bodies, cutting countless circles around the gas giant. The remaining 12 brethren are so small that they together make up only half a percent of the weight of its ice rocks.
Most notable in this company, besides Triton, are Nereid, Proteus And Larisa. The closest satellites of the planet are Naiad, Thalassa,Despina And Galatea: a small friendly team, rotating surrounded by the rings of Neptune. The size of all this brethren, let's face it, did not come out.
Most Proteus. Its diameter is 420 kilometers. Others cannot even boast of such dimensions: they are just babies. But, despite the lack of grandeur, these nondescript creations of the Cosmos conscientiously keep watch near their older brother, once again emphasizing the similarity of the four gas giants in all respects.
Triton is the leader in all respects among the satellites of Neptune. Its diameter reaches 2707 kilometers. This is a lot. For example, the diameter of the moon is 3474 kilometers. So this cosmic body is not much smaller than the Earth's satellite.
This distant space object was discovered in the same year as Neptune itself, that is, in 1846. The British astronomer made this significant event William Lassell(1799-1880). And it happened exactly 17 days after the discovery of Neptune.
Triton (in ancient Greek mythology) is a sea deity: the son of the lord of the seas Poseidon and the mistress of the seas Amphitrite. Based on the fact that Neptune is the ancient Roman god of the seas, this name is logical and understandable.
The direction of the satellite's motion in its orbit is directed in the opposite direction with respect to the rotation of the gas giant around its own axis. It turns around its older brother in 5 days 21 hours and 3 minutes. But around its own axis, Triton rotates synchronously with the planet, moreover, it is always turned to it by the same side.
It is noteworthy that between the orbit of the satellite and the plane of the equator of Neptune there is an angle of only 23 °. The orbit itself has the shape of an almost perfect circle. Its eccentricity is 0.000016.
There is an assumption that the mighty Neptune, interacting with its gravitational field with Triton, gradually attracts it to itself. The latter in every possible way prevents such a rapprochement. As a result, a large amount of energy is released, which is the reason for the high temperature regimes observed in the gas giant.
In the terribly distant future, Neptune will eventually win. The satellite will pass the point of no return, and the gravitational forces of the huge planet will tear the poor fellow apart. The result of this will be a huge ring, which in its size can outshine the rings of the handsome Saturn shining in the cosmic abyss.
The main surprise of Triton was its modern geological activity, which no one had expected before the Voyager flight. The images revealed gas geysers - dark columns of nitrogen, running strictly vertically up to a height of 8 km, where they begin to spread parallel to the surface of Triton and stretch into "tails" up to 150 km long. Ten active geysers have been discovered. All of them "smoke" in the southern polar region, over which the Sun was at its zenith during this period. The reason for the activity of gas geysers is considered to be heating by the Sun, leading to the melting of nitrogen ice at a certain depth, where there are also water ice and dark methane compounds. The pressure of the gas mixture that occurs in the deep layer when it is heated by only 4 ° C, although small, is quite sufficient to throw the gas fountain high into the rarefied atmosphere of Triton.
Triton has an atmosphere. It envelops its surface with a liquid gas cushion. Its thickness is 10 kilometers, composition: nitrogen with a small admixture of methane. Atmospheric pressure at the surface is very small: it reaches a value of only 15 microbars.
The main components of the satellite are 99.9% nitrogen and 0.1% methane, the density is 2.061 g / cm³. There is a hard core. It is made up of rocks and frozen water. Its gravitational effect was experienced by Voyager 2 in 1989. The dimensions of this formation presumably reach two kilometers in diameter.
Anything above is methane and nitrogen. At depth, these components are in a liquid state under pressure, closer to the surface they form an ice crust. This is facilitated by low temperature: on the surface it stays at minus 235 ° Celsius.
If you look at the satellite Triton from a bird's eye view, then its frozen surface will look quite exotic. The southern hemisphere will appear before the admiring gaze of observers in a multi-colored gamut of colors. Here you can see yellow, and white, and pink shades. Such spectra are played by nitrogen ice with methane ices interspersed in it.
The equator is dominated by smooth surface areas. In their shape, they resemble frost-bound lakes. But their shores have rather peculiar outlines. They are ice terraces. The height of each step is huge. It reaches one kilometer.
Such creations cannot create methane and nitrogen. They do not have sufficient tensile strength to keep these structures in an appropriate majestic state, akin to mighty granite rocks. But water ice has such capabilities. He is able to blind and more huge structures. This leads to the conclusion that the smooth areas are composed of methane and nitrogen ice, and the terraces are made of water ice.
Neptune's satellite Triton is not limited to these sights. On its surface, there are entire regions resembling cells of approximately the same size. These are flat areas with a width of 20 to 30 kilometers. From all sides they are fenced with peculiar ice ramparts. Their height reaches 200-300 meters.
They are apparently formed as a result of the eruption of liquid methane and nitrogen from the deep bowels of the satellite. The liquid escaping under enormous pressure spreads over the surface, solidifies and creates such unique and amazing masterpieces.
Mighty geysers also make a strong impression. They are observed in the southern hemisphere, and are huge columns of gas escaping from the bowels of Triton to a height of up to 8 kilometers. Having reached this level, the dense mass is sprayed, freezes and settles on the surface, covering a distance of 150 kilometers.
Judging by the small number of impact craters, the moon's surface is quite young. It barely lives up to the age of 100 million years.
Triton, Io, and Venus are the only bodies in the solar system besides Earth that are known to be volcanically active at the present time. It is also interesting to note that the volcanic processes occurring in the outer solar system are different. Eruptions on Earth and Venus (and on Mars in the past) are composed of rock material and are driven by the internal heat of the planets. Eruptions on Io are composed of sulfur or sulfur compounds and are driven by tidal interactions with Jupiter. Triton's eruptions are made up of volatiles such as nitrogen or methane and are driven by seasonal heating from the Sun.
Gliding gently across the far reaches of the solar system, Voyager 2 photographed Neptune and Triton, both in their crescent phase, in 1989. This photo of the gas giant planet and its cloud-shrouded moon was taken after the spacecraft passed its closest approach to Neptune. As you understand, such an image cannot be obtained by a ground-based observer: it is impossible to look at Neptune "from the side" from the Earth, since we are much closer to the Sun. Voyager's unusual vantage point robbed Neptune of its familiar blue hue, due to the direct scattering of sunlight. But you can see reddening towards the edge, caused by the same reasons as the red color of the setting Sun on Earth. Neptune is slightly smaller and slightly more massive than Uranus. Neptune has several dark rings. In addition, this planet is known to emit more light than it receives from the Sun.
Proteus is the second largest moon of Neptune, next to the mysterious Triton. Proteus was only discovered in 1982 by the Voyager 2 spacecraft. This is rather strange, because Neptune has a smaller moon, Nereid, which was discovered 33 years earlier. The reason why Proteus was not discovered earlier is that its surface is very dark and its orbit is closer to Neptune. The second largest satellite of Neptune is only a quarter of a percent of the mass of Triton. Proteus is similar in shape to a box with an odd number of sides. If it were a little more massive, its own gravity would give it a spherical shape.
Neptune's moon Despina is very small - its diameter is only 148 km. Tiny Despina was discovered in 1989 in images taken by cameras on the Voyager 2 spacecraft. Studying images of Voyager 2 20 years later, imaging enthusiast (and philosophy professor) Ted Strick noticed something that scientists hadn't noticed before. The images show Despina's shadow on Neptune's upper blue clouds as she passed across the planet's disk. In today's picture you see an image composed of four archival photographs taken on August 24, 1989 and separated by a gap of nine minutes. To see Despina in the image, her surface was made artificially brighter. Despina in ancient Greek mythology is the daughter of the god of the seas, Poseidon. Recall that Neptune is the god of the seas in ancient Roman mythology.
Nereid Satellite
Neptune's moon Nereid was discovered in 1949 by the American astronomer Gerard Kuiper (1905-1973). Its distinguishing feature is a very elongated orbit. Its eccentricity is 0.7512. From here, the distance to the gas giant lies in the range from 14 million kilometers to 9.6 million kilometers.
The orbital period of the satellite is 360 days. Around its axis, this cosmic body makes a revolution in 11 and a half hours. Its diameter is 340 kilometers and its density is 1.5 g/cm³. The surface temperature is minus 222° Celsius.
Larissa Satellite
Neptune's moon Larissa was discovered in 1981. The discovery was confirmed by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1989. This body is separated from its older counterpart at a distance of 74 thousand kilometers. The eccentricity of the orbit is 0.0014.
In the 1960s, spring arrived in Neptune's southern hemisphere. Since Neptune completes one revolution around the Sun in 165 Earth years, each season there lasts more than forty years. Astronomers have found that Neptune has become brighter in recent years. Pictures from the Hubble Space Telescope taken in 1996 show that, compared to 2002, Neptune looked much darker. Illumination in the southern hemisphere has increased due to the reflection of light from white cloud bands. The equator of Neptune is inclined to the plane of its orbit by 29 degrees. This tilt is similar to Earth's, which is 23.5 degrees. Therefore, on Neptune, there may well be seasonal weather changes similar to those on Earth, despite the fact that the intensity of sunlight on the surface of a distant gas giant is 900 times less than on Earth. Summer came to Neptune's southern hemisphere in 2005.
There are spots on Neptune.
The surface of this most distant gas giant in the solar system has an almost uniform blue color, created by a small amount of methane floating in a dense atmosphere of almost colorless hydrogen and helium. However, dark spots also appear, which are anticyclones: large high-pressure systems orbiting on top of Neptune's cold clouds. Two dark spots are visible in the image taken by the robotic Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1989: at the top left, the Earth-sized Great Dark Spot and Dark Spot 2 near the lower edge. A bright cloud, named "Scooter", accompanies the Great Dark Spot. Recent computer simulations have shown that "scooters" are clouds of methane, which can often be found near dark spots. Subsequent images of Neptune obtained by the Space Telescope. Hubble in 1994 showed that both of these dark spots collapsed and new spots appeared.
The upper layers of the atmosphere of the planet Neptune are in perpetual motion. Moreover, the speed of movement of methane clouds in the region of the equator reaches 1100 km / h. In higher and lower latitudes, the speed is less, and at the poles it drops by half. The direction of movement of all this mass is opposite to the direction of rotation of the planet around its own axis.
Powerful cyclones are observed on the surface. In 1989, when NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft flew just 48,000 kilometers from the planet's surface, it recorded big dark spot. Its dimensions were 13000 × 6600 kilometers. It was located in the southern hemisphere and throughout it was a gigantic vortex flow moving at a speed of 1000 km / h parallel to the equator.
Much further south was recorded small dark spot. Similar formations occur in the lower, darker layers of the atmosphere. From space, against the background of bright blue methane clouds, they appear as huge dark spots on the surface of the planet. Such atmospheric phenomena live for several months, then disappear and appear in a new place on the planet. The nature of their formation has not yet been studied.
Back in 2004, there were no real plans for a flight to Neptune. It was believed that it was possible to fly there in a reasonable time with efficient instruments only with a favorable location of the giant planets, receiving from each of them a gravitational impulse that accelerates the station in the right direction. Such an arrangement of the planets will come in the middle of the XXII century. The situation changed in 2004, when the development of scenarios for a flight to Neptune began in earnest. From the main station, which will become an artificial satellite of Neptune, it is planned to send three small probes deep into the atmosphere of the planet in order to find out the structure of the gaseous envelope near the pole, in temperate latitudes and in the equator region. It is proposed to land two more landers on the surface of the largest satellite, Triton. They will have to give information about the so-called polar cap and the equatorial region. It is planned to install seismometers to record the tremors that should occur when gas is ejected by nitrogen geysers. According to one of the projects, it is planned to use a conventional rocket engine and the gravitational assistance of giant planets for the flight, spending 12 years on the road. The problem may be braking when approaching Neptune.
It will take a lot of fuel, but because of this, you will have to take less scientific instruments. Therefore, it is supposed to reduce the flight speed, using not fuel for braking, but the atmosphere of Neptune. This method of aerocapture will allow, without spending a single drop of fuel, to transfer from a flyby trajectory to an orbit around the planet in one maneuver within half an hour. So far, it has not been used in space flights. According to the second project, it is supposed to supply the station with an ion engine and a radioisotope thermogenerator, fueled by radioactive plutonium. But such a flight will be much slower, it will take about 20 years. When launched in 2016, the station will reach Neptune only in 2035.
And a little more about far, far space: remember what it is, find out all the details about and see where it is The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -
