In fact, a comma is included. When is the combination "really" not introductory? And we helplessly indulge them
1. Introductory words and phrases are not part of the offer. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.): Unfortunately, he did not have watercolors.
The same function can be performed by introductory sentences:
Me, dare I say, fell in love in the house- in terms of structure, a definite-personal one-part sentence;
In life, do you know there is always room for exploits- by structure, a two-part sentence;
We, if you want to know , claim came- according to the structure, a conditional one-part clause.
In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences are usually separated by commas.
2. Ranks of introductory words by value
| Values | Introductory constructions | Examples |
| 1. Evaluation of the reported in terms of reliability, etc.: | ||
| 1.1. Confidence, credibility | Of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, really, naturally, naturally, naturally and etc. | Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh. The heroine of this novel needless to say was Masha. |
| 1.2. uncertainty, speculation, vagueness, assumption | Probably, it seems, apparently, probably, in all probability, right , in some way, in some way, suppose, suppose, suppose, if you like, anyway and etc. | She, Maybe, still drinks coffee with cookies in the morning. Life, Seems hasn't started yet. free bread, it is seen, to taste . My head hurt a bit. Must be, to bad weather. |
| 2. Different feelings: | ||
| 2.1. Joy, approval | Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for joy, for the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc. | Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and managed to catch the steamer. |
| 2.2. regret, disapproval | Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as to misfortune, as if on purpose, a sinful deed, which is even worse, which is insulting, alas and etc. | I, Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Paul died. |
| 2.3. Surprise, bewilderment | Surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, strangely, strangely, incomprehensibly and etc. | Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement , in one second brushed off his leather jacket, sat down at the table . |
| 2.4. Fear | Irregular hour, what good, God forbid, just look and etc. | That and look, the oar will vomit and throw itself into the sea . |
| 2.5. The general expressive nature of the utterance | In conscience, in fairness, in fact, in essence, to the soul, in truth, truth, in truth, it is necessary to tell the truth, if the truth is told, it is ridiculous to tell, to tell in honor, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc. | followed him, Truth, some weaknesses. I, I confess, I don’t like this tree too much - aspen. |
| 3. Message source | According to someone's report, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, according to someone's words, according to someone's expression, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from someone's point of view, I remember, hear, they say, say, they say, how they hear, how I think, how I think, how I remember, how they say, how they think, as it is known, as it was indicated, as it turned out, as they used to say in the old days, in my opinion and etc. | At Pesotsky, They say, apples with a head, and Pesotsky, They say, a garden amassed a fortune. Calculation, In my, was mathematically accurate. Twenty years ago |
| 4. The order of thoughts and their connection | Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, vice versa, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, besides, to top it all, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, by the way, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc. |
The forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure. |
| 5. Evaluation of the style of utterance, manner of speech, ways of formulating thoughts | In a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, rather, it is better to say, to say directly, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what is called and etc. | Word, Storeshnikov every day more and more firmly thought to marry. In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker. |
| 6. Evaluation of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of generality of the stated facts | at least, at least, to some extent, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc. | spoke to me, at least as commander of an army. Behind the counter as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the hole. |
| 7. Attracting the interlocutor's attention to the message, emphasizing, underlining | Do you see (whether), know (whether), remember (whether), understand (whether), believe (whether), listen, allow, imagine, imagine, you can imagine, believe, imagine, confess, believe, believe, do not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc. | You were afraid confess when my fellows threw a rope around your neck? Imagine, our young are already bored. We, if you want to know , claim came. Where is it let me, was? |
3. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts of speech and various grammatical forms:
- impersonal suggestions:
she thought we all remember well;
- indefinitely personal proposals.
so they thought of him, as they usually spoke of him.
nouns in various cases with and without prepositions:
without a doubt, happily, fortunately and etc.;
adjectives in short form, in various cases, in superlative degree:
right, to blame, most importantly, in general, the most important, the least;
pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions:
besides, besides, in the meantime;
adverbs in the positive or comparative degree:
indisputably, of course, probably, in short, rather;
verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood:
think, do you believe, seemed to say, imagine, have mercy;
infinitive or combination with infinitive:
see, know, admit, funny to say;
combinations with adverbs:
to tell the truth, to put it bluntly, to put it bluntly;
two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of will, speaking, thought, etc.:
as long as I can remember, I often think;
4. HIt is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.
Depending on the context, the same words sometimes act as introductory (hence, not members of the sentence), then as members of the sentence. For example:
This Truth . — Is it true sometimes it's not too much fun to wander the back roads.
During the summer he Maybe become attached to this weak, verbose creature, get carried away, fall in love. — You, Maybe They thought I was asking you for money!
Listen, we right went? —We, right, we'll get along, if we sit next to each other.
In order not to be mistaken, you should remember What:
a) a question can be put to the member of the proposal;
b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;
c) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence;
d) in a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding a word speaking.
By the way, he never came.("By the way"); You really shouldn't have come.("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful.("in short"); I really don't want to go back to what I said.("in truth").
Words are never introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, hardly, hardly, allegedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, nevertheless, necessarily, suddenly.
5. Definition of syntactic function and punctuation marks for some words.
1) Word Maybe is introductory in the sense of "probably, apparently": The sisters are probably already asleep.
Word Maybe is a member of the sentence in the sense of "undoubtedly, exactly": If I know(How?) Maybe that I must die, then I will tell you everything, everything!
2) Word finally is introductory:
- if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and more”) completes the enumeration: Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician. Often a word finally precede with homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand , in relation to which the word finally is a trailing enumeration;
if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker's face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something: Yes, go away, finally!
Word finally is not introductory and performs the function of a circumstance in the meaning of “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”: Gave three balls annually and squandered at last. In this sense, the word finally particle can usually be added -That(with an introductory word, such an addition is impossible): Finally got to the station(Finally got to the station). — You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).
3) Combination delimitation in the end as an introductory and as a member of the sentence - the circumstances are similar in terms to the word finally: After all, in the end, we have not yet decided anything definitively! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion reached by the speaker as a result of a series of reasoning). — In the end agreement has been reached(the meaning of the circumstance "as a result of everything").
4) Word however is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence: Heat and fatigue took, however, their;How clever I am, however.
At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative union (it can be replaced by the union But), so the comma is placed only before this word: However, it is desirable to know— By what sorcery did the peasant acquire such power over the whole region?
In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation): However, what a wind!
5) Word Certainly usually separated by commas as an introductory: Fedor still worked in the rear, heard, of course, and read many times about "folk heroes".
But sometimes the word Certainly, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, acquires the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not distinguished by punctuation: Of course it's true!; Of course it is.
6) Word really is introductory in the sense of "yes, so, right, exactly" (usually it takes a position at the beginning of a sentence): Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of Russian troops.
Like an adverb really has the meaning "in fact, truly, in reality" (usually it comes between the subject and the predicate): I really is as you say.
7) Word at all is introductory if it is used in the sense of "generally speaking": In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; Actually, I would like to know what really happened.
In other cases, the word at all used as an adverb with different meanings:
- in the sense of "in general", "as a whole": Pushkin is to Russian art what Lomonosov is to Russian education. at all ;
- in the meaning of "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions": He kindle fires at all forbade it was dangerous;
- in the meaning of "in all respects", "in relation to everything": He at all looked weird.
This provision also applies to the All in all : Sadness, in general, nothing(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). — These are the terms generally uncomplicated process(meaning "in the end"); I made a few remarks about various little things, but All in all very much praised(meaning "as a result").
8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative value: Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and spoke for a reason; This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).
In the meaning of "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory: You anyway will be informed of the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll meet him today at my mother's.
9) Combination in its turn is not separated by commas if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning "in response", "on its part": He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited the workers to a meeting of the theatre's artistic council.
In a figurative sense, the combination in its turn acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation stands out: Among the newspaper genres, the genres are informational, analytical, and artistic and journalistic; among the latter, in turn, stand out essay, feuilleton, pamphlet.
10) Combination Indeed in the meaning of "really" is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory: You Indeed nothing here("really"). — What is he, in fact, pretending to be a clever man!
11) In particular , indicating the relationship between parts of the statement, is separated from both sides by commas: He is interested in particular in the origin of individual words.
But if in particular is part of the connecting construction (at its beginning or at the end), then it is separated by commas along with this construction: Many will willingly undertake this work, and in particular I; Many will willingly undertake this work, and I in particular.
If in particular included in the design in general and in particular , then such a construction is not separated by commas: Over tea, the conversation turned to the household in general and in particular about gardening.
12) Combination mainly is introductory, if it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment: There was a wide alley, and it was mainly the public that walked along it.(it is impossible to form the combination “mainly to walk”, therefore, in this example, the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material. (mainly meaning "most important").
Combination mainly, which is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), is separated by commas along with it: From fifty people mostly officers, crowded in the distance.
Combination mainly is not introductory in the sense of "first of all", "most of all": He achieved success mainly due to his industriousness; What I like most about him is his sincerity.
13) Word The main thing is introductory in the sense of "especially important", "especially important": You can take any topic for the story, but, most importantly, it should be interesting; Details can be omitted, and most importantly— to be entertaining(comma after union A cannot be put, and to strengthen punctuation, a dash is put after the introductory combination).
14) Word Means is introductory if it can be replaced by introductory words hence it became :People are born, get married, die; it means it's necessary, it means it's good; So, does that mean you can't come today?
If the word Means close in meaning to "means", then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:
- in a position between subject and predicate Means serves as a means of communication between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it: Fight— means to win;
- if the word means is between the subordinate and the main clause or between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, then it is separated from both sides by commas:
If he so stubbornly defends his views, it means that he feels he is right; If you did not save the child, then blame yourself;
- in other cases Means is not separated or distinguished by any signs: When you ask for forgiveness, it means that you feel guilty.
15) Word vice versa in the meaning of “as opposed to what was said or expected; on the contrary" is introductory and is separated by commas: Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the goats and desperately twisted his whip over his head..
If vice versa(after union And) is used as a word that replaces a sentence member or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:
- when a member of a sentence is replaced, then before the union And no sign is placed: In the picture, light tones turn into dark ones and vice versa.(i.e. dark to light);
- When and vice versa joins the whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the union: The closer the light source, the brighter the light emitted by it, and vice versa(replacing the whole sentence: The farther away the light source, the less bright the light it emits.; a kind of complex sentence is formed);
- When and vice versa joins a subordinate clause, a comma before the union And not set: This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa.(as if homogeneous subordinate clauses are formed with a non-repeating union And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).
16) Combination at least is introductory if it has an evaluative and restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the attitude of the speaker to the thought expressed: One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akaky Akakievich with good advice.; Vera Efimovna advised to apply for transferring her to political or, at least, to a nurse in a hospital..
If the input combination at least stands at the beginning of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas along with it: Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock!
Combination at least is not separated by commas if it has the value "not less than", "at least": From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco smoke.; At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army.
17) Turnover including combination from point of view , separated by commas if it has the value "in opinion": Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, lucky.
If such a combination has the meaning "in relation", then the turnover is not separated by commas: I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; In terms of novelty, the book deserves attention.
18) Word approximately is introductory in the meaning of "for example" and is not introductory in the meaning of "approximately": I try about her, about("For example"), not to think— impossible. — We are about("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they talked.
19) Word For example associated with the following punctuation (always introductory):
- separated by commas as introductory: Nikolai Artemyevich liked to argue persistently, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe throughout his life.;
- stands out together with a turnover, at the beginning or at the end of which is: Even in cities for example in Moscow when the shallow Moscow River starts, all its banks and bridges are strewn with people; Others have also dealt with this problem, for example, I;
- requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members: Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: pale grebe, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.
Exercise to the topic "Distinguishing introductory words and homonymous forms and structures"
Exercise: consider pairs of sentences; prove that in some cases the highlighted words and constructions are introductory, and in others they are not; fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. Realizing the enormity of his talent, Mayakovsky, however, strove to always be in the “bucha of life”. - Some of the poet's predictions now seem naive, but they do not lose their charm.
2. Tsvetaeva never tried to hide from life; on the contrary, she wanted to live with people. - The gymnasium where I studied was located opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
3. By the way, he is easy to remember. - He did not know how to bow by the way, to plead in time.
4. In the thin twilight of a summer night, her face seemed paler and younger. - Small pink clouds did not seem to float past, but went into the very depths of the sky.
5. They say they give balls. “They are talking about gold at the next table.
6. And if this is not there, then there is nothing. Remembering what that meant, Kashtanka jumped up on a chair.
7. He now has no one to exchange a word with. “My uncle replaced my father with himself, raised me at his own expense, and with a word did for me what my own father would not always do.
8. No, friends, it can be a hundred times worse, I know for sure. - Potugin definitely loved and knew how to speak.
9. It happens like this, but it happens and vice versa. - Instead of slowing down, on the contrary, he stood on the goats and desperately twisted the whip.
10. The time will come when everything will change your way, they will live your way, and then you will become obsolete, people will be born who will be better than you. - In your opinion, do not even dream of happiness! But if I'm happy!
11. From the first glance at his face, it was obvious that he had no permanent occupation. — The path we were following was stony, wet and obviously a dry stream bed.
12. Balyasnikov made a bold speech, in which he said, among other things, that I was arrogant. - Moral women, strict judges, and by the way, Nil Andreevich aloud condemned her ..
13. It is also true that he has never had a chance to go on business until now. “It’s really disgusting on your part,” Valya said, proudly raising her upper lip, “when you returned, and did not go in.”
14. Apparently, they did not expect such a passage from me and they did not give any order on my account. It was obvious that Paul's words made a deep impression on them.
15. Their patterned edges, fluffy and light, like cotton paper, slowly but visibly changed. “Looks like you’ll have to start by examining these documents.
16. My wound healed slowly; but actually I had no bad feeling against my father. - That's actually the story, and its plot is not tricky.
17. At the present moment, conscientious and gifted popularizers are at least as necessary as original thinkers and independent researchers. “I feel that all the workers, at least the majority, will take up arms if need be.
18. On the one hand, silent distant mountains, on the other hand, the near sea rustled. - And on the other hand, Kirsanov withstood his role with the same impeccable artistry.
19. Energy comes from somewhere, and most importantly, you don’t feel tired. - She could not remember her nightly thoughts, but the main thing remained from them and filled her being with that “something”, which was, should be happiness.
20. Finally the path was found, and we cheerfully went on. Sitting down somewhere on a mound in the steppe, or on a hillock above the river, or finally on a well-known cliff, the blind man listened only to the rustle of leaves and the whisper of grass or the indefinite sighs of the wind.
21. In general, the spring turned out to be extremely protracted and not good. - He made several remarks about various trifles, but in general he praised him very much.
22. Perhaps from his point of view, he is not stupid. “I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality.
(about introductory words, phrases and sentences)
(continuation)
E. Gekkina, S. Belokurova, S. Drugoveyko-Dolzhanskaya
In general, in general. I I don't like ice cream at all(generally = completely; in the sentence it is the adverb of the degree, therefore the comma is not distinguished) - Actually, I don't like ice cream.(generally = generally speaking; there is no syntactic connection with the rest of the sentence, therefore, in general, the introductory word and the comma (commas) are highlighted). The word is actually introductory; compare: We, in fact, always take into account scientific data on the weather, however, we do not forget about signs.
Mostly. Most often it acts as an adverb with the meaning ‘in general terms, in the main’ ( By the end of the day, these issues were largely resolved.), however, it can have the meaning of an introductory construction with the meaning ‘as a rule’ (accordingly, there is no grammatical connection with the members of the sentence): Basically, these are nocturnal butterflies, but representatives of some families can be found during the day.
Basically . The combination, in principle, can be used as a member of the sentence (circumstances or additions), and in colloquial speech sometimes as an introductory combination. Wed: It's all about the principle(addition), You are basically right(circumstance, in principle = basically, in general), Basically, you shouldn't do that.(introductory word; cf. generally speaking). It is not always easy to distinguish between adverbial and introductory constructions, but it must be borne in mind that the introductory word is not a member of the sentence (in the last example it is impossible to ask a question from the predicate how, in what way?) and is most often located at the beginning (sometimes the end) of the sentence , apart from the word to which it could refer as a circumstance.
However. The word, however, can play the role of both an introductory word (and then it is separated by commas), and an adversative union (which is not distinguished by commas). The union, however, is at the beginning of a sentence (or its subordinate part) and is used
1) to connect words and parts of a compound sentence and indicates that the information reported in them eliminates the finality and categoricalness of the information reported in the previous part and, therefore, limits it ( This year he did not enter the institute, however, he has everything ahead);
2) to connect words and parts of a compound sentence and indicates that information that is positive in any respect, which is mentioned before the union, is limited to negative, which is reported after it ( The novel is interesting, but not in all parts).
The introductory word, however, expresses indecision, hesitation, doubt ( Here you are smiling. And yet, maybe I'm saying the wrong thing).In its turn. It may have the value of an introductory construction indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of their presentation (the order is set at the discretion of the author), and in this case it should be separated by a comma; compare: It is necessary to reduce banking risks in the field of loan repayments. This, in turn, will lower interest rates on household loans..
The phrase can also act in an adverbial sense (= in response, on its part; indicates the real state of affairs and the real sequence of events, actions, etc.), is a member of the sentence and commas are not highlighted; compare: An increase in the cost of gasoline will in turn lead to an increase in the price of consumer goods..Generally. It is an introductory combination if it reports a certain result that the author of the text brings; compare: In general, the results of observations allow us to conclude ...(as a whole means: speaking generally, taking into account the whole of what was said earlier). However, as a whole, it can be an ordinary member of the proposal, closely related in meaning to other members; compare: to lobby the interests of not only individual participants, but also the market as a whole; I liked some numbers, but by the way, the whole program as a whole.
In particular. An introductory combination, in particular, is used to indicate a person, object, phenomenon, concept, etc., which illustrate something in common by highlighting, emphasizing any side of this general, act as a specific example showing the nature of the discussed set of similar objects ; compare: Many modern writers (in particular, Zalygin, Rasputin, etc.) have joined the fight for environmental protection.
Really. The adverb really means ‘in reality, in fact, truly’: The father-in-law himself came to the daughter-in-law, who was really unwell(in the example, permutation of the word is impossible); All this is perfectly true, and I really am; It was felt that the girl was really sad ...
The introductory really refers to introductory words with a modal meaning that expresses the speaker's assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being reported (confidence, assumption, doubt, uncertainty, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, certainly, undoubtedly, obviously, without any doubt, probably, in all likelihood, in fact, of course, of course, naturally, probably, probably, probably, apparently, really etc. For example: Indeed, somewhere in the distance the noise of numerous wings was heard.(M. Bulgakov); Indeed, the human soul is darkness. In a sentence He is indeed a talented scientist. the same meaning can be expressed in which the combination is introductory (the speaker shows that the statement seems indisputable to him). This is also confirmed by the possibility of rearranging the word in the sentence: Indeed he is a talented scientist; He is indeed a talented scientist.. On the other hand, if a scientist is talented in fact, in reality, and many people know about it, then there really is no need to separate it with commas, because it acts as an adverb.Naturally. Depending on the context, the word acts either as a member of the sentence, or as an introductory one. Wed coupled sentences: The group naturally claims to be the elite(naturally used in the syntactic function of a circumstance expressed by an adverb with the meaning ‘naturally’). - The group naturally claims to be the elite(naturally used as an introductory word in the meaning of 'of course').
IMHO. It is used as an introductory word, therefore, it must be separated (separated) by commas, like other similar constructions; compare: IMHO, it's better to consult a professional. Those who know English can easily expand this abbreviation to the original expression in my humble opinion, which means in my humble opinion. However, this word can also be used as a noun; compare: Sorry, I'm not an expert, but here I want to express my IMHO.
Certainly. If this word is used as an introductory word, then it expresses the speaker's assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being reported and his confidence in it: He, of course right(= needless to say, without a doubt, of course – an introductory word). Sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated, for example: Of course it's true!; Of course, this is not true; I certainly would have come if I had been warned in advance. Wed: Do you agree? - Only in principle, of course.(= of course). - But in principle, do you agree? - In principle, of course(= yes). Wed also of course as a particle:- Do you love music? - Certainly.
Probably (probably, probably). This word can also be an adverb in the sense of ‘exactly, undoubtedly, true’, although this use of it is considered obsolete ( I probably know about it), and an introductory word with the meaning ‘probably, apparently, in all probability’ ( I guess I'll still go).
At first sight. If the combination at first sight expresses the author's assessment of what is being reported, and in this case it is related both to the degree of reliability of what is being said, and to a certain order in the perception of the speaker or in the presentation of judgments, then it is introductory and requires commas: At first sight he is a man of culture. However, it can also act as a circumstance - according to the conditions of the context (to which, first of all, the semantics of a verb capable of having such a circumstance should be attributed): He already at first sight seemed like a solid person.
In fact. In fact, it can also be an adverbial combination in the meaning of ‘in reality; just the way it is ( Everything you've been told now was true). It can also act as an introductory phrase, indicating, as a rule, the requirement of the speaker, who does not agree with some actions of the addressee: Don't joke like that, really, because you can be scared! Well, what are you, in fact, all go and go after me? In such cases, according to linguists, the introductory phrase is preferable Indeed.
Undoubtedly. The word undoubtedly can act as an adverb with the meaning ‘undoubtedly, obviously’: She certainly has good artistic data.. As an introductory statement, it indicates the author's high degree of confidence in what he is reporting: You are definitely right in your decision.. This word also acts as a particle expressing a confident confirmation: - Will you even come back? - Undoubtedly.
And we helplessly indulge them!
In fact, as such, the concept of "false words" does not exist. But we really like it. Well, how else can you call the words that everyone (ok, very many) take as introductory, are separated by commas, but this is not necessary. We have compiled for you a list of words that brazenly ask us for a comma and do not even blush.
Right: what do you really think?
A false-introductory word is contradictory, which may or may not be isolated. The main thing here is to distinguish in time the adverbial combination “actually” from the introductory one, so that commas are not put at random. “Actually” can be isolated as an introductory combination with the meaning “actually, in fact” (often with bewilderment): “What else, in fact, is needed for happiness?” Or “Well, what are you really talking about!”. But more and more often in a sentence this combination turns out to be an adverb with the meaning "in fact, in fact" - then a comma is not needed. If you are still afraid of getting confused, remember that in fiction, authors prefer not to isolate rather than isolate.
Right: once I skipped physical-ru
Another favorite word of fans of commas. The adverb “once” is about as often as “actually” used as an introductory word. Very in vain! Introductory words, as a rule, do not answer any questions, and a simple question can be asked for the word “one day”. Skipped fiz-ru when? One day!
Right: however there are exceptions
Perhaps the record holder for false water is the word "however." If “however” is at the beginning of a simple sentence and it can be confidently replaced by “but”, then this is not an introductory word, but a union. A comma can stand if after “however” another separate turn follows, for example: “However, according to British scientists, slippers increase efficiency.” If “however” is in the middle or at the end of a sentence, then it may well be an introductory word with the meaning of opposition: “How he tricked me, however.” But not in our example.
Right: Well, autumn has come
"Here" is a demonstrative particle, which is very rarely separated by commas. A comma is placed if the sentence following it reveals its specific meaning. For example: "Here, take your coffee." And if you want to separate “well” with commas, try to pull yourself together and not succumb to temptation. "Well" can indeed be separated by commas when it takes on the role of an interjection, but more often it is a particle. Distinguishing a particle from an interjection can be difficult. The particle reinforces what was said and is usually pronounced together with the following words: “Well, that’s all”, “Well, no”, “Well, wow!”. And the interjection always stands out intonationally and encourages action: “Dad, well, hurry!”.
Right: nevertheless, students continue to be trained for the exam
For some reason, after the amplifying particles, I especially want to put a comma. The combination "nevertheless" can be a conjunction or a particle. In one case, the word is separated by a comma from the next part of the complex sentence as a union (“Petya hates math, nevertheless he always gets fives”), and in the other, it is not separated by commas at all, as in the example above.
Right: that is, it is not what you do that matters, but how you do it
Another clarification word that is never introductory. We sympathize with everyone who singled out this word with commas all their lives. Will have to relearn. "That is" is a union, a comma is placed only before it. And if in some texts you noticed a comma after, then for other reasons. For example, to isolate the following (introductory) word or subordinate clause: “That is, unfortunately, you will have to completely rewrite the essay.”
Right: you must have heard of rap battles
There are words that just beg to be separated by commas. “Surely” is an adverb, and adverbs, as we know, are not separated by commas. True, some dictionaries make a distinction. If "for sure" means "exactly", then no commas are needed. And if with a hint of doubt (“probably”, “apparently”), then supposedly commas are put. But according to examples from books and not only - nevertheless, the option “without commas” is much more common.
Right: maybe it will work!
Another tricky particle, moreover, colloquial, which extorts a comma from us in a very high quality. Yes, some dictionaries (for example, the dictionary of Ozhegov and Shvedova) single out “maybe” as introductory words, but this is not entirely true. And as written practice shows, “maybe” (in the meaning of “maybe”, “suddenly”) is usually not distinguished by commas. And it can also be a noun (“Yes, I hoped for a Russian maybe”).
Right: he allegedly studied English for a year
The word “Allegedly”, as we love, can be both a union and a particle. We separate the union with a comma from the other part of the sentence (on the one hand, if there is no separate turn further). And the particle that indicates “assumption” and “doubt” does not need to be separated by commas or other punctuation marks. "He pretended to be reading a book."
Right: the movie was ridiculous and brilliant at the same time
In order to check the part of speech in this sentence, it is enough to ask the question: when was the film brilliant? - "At the same time". This means that we have an adverbial expression, and we remove the commas to the side.
Right: she made at least three mistakes
Another adverb with the meaning "the least", which does not require punctuation. True, sometimes the author's selection with commas is still allowed to emphasize the intonational pause.
Right: in the end it all ended well
"Ultimately" or its counterpart "ultimately" are adverbial expressions that are often mistaken for introductory words. The main thing is not to confuse it with another similar combination "in the end", which in some meanings is used as an introductory and is isolated.
Right: he was especially good at chemistry
We have no idea who came up with the idea that the adverb “especially” (and the obvious one) should be separated by commas. Yes, and call it introductory. If "especially" is at the beginning of a sentence, then punctuation marks are not put at all. And if with the word “especially” an adjoining turnover with clarifications or explanations begins, then the entire turnover is isolated entirely. "Lena didn't like literature, especially Gogol and Dostoyevsky."
Right: anyway you were wrong
Remember that in combinations "in any case", "as a last resort", "in our case" and so on - a comma is also not needed.
Right: meanwhile, nothing has changed in the curriculum
In fact
adverbial expression and introductory expression
1. Adverbial expression. The same as "in fact, in fact." Does not require punctuation marks.
Distant, alien, like In fact foreigners, Aniskin and Luka were sitting at the table, with non-village movements, putting their little fingers aside, they raised glasses of vodka, but narrowed their eyes in their own way, incomprehensibly turned cold eyes. V. Lipatov, Village detective. Office of Boris Grigorievich In fact was not an office, but was simply part of a room fenced off by several low cabinets ... V. Pelevin, Prince of the State Planning Committee. What was called the heavy artillery battalion were In fact three guns and four tractors: two incomplete batteries . G. Baklanov, The dead have no shame.
2. Introductory expression. The same as "in fact, in fact." It is separated by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()
What else does a person really need? A. and B. Strugatsky, A billion years before the end of the world.
@Fiction examples show that the words "actually" are not separated by commas in the vast majority of cases.
Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .
Synonyms:See what "actually" is in other dictionaries:
Indeed- Indeed … Spelling Dictionary
Indeed- 1. see the most; in sign adv. In fact; indeed, exactly. He is indeed a real scientist. They think I'm worse than I really am. 2. see the most; in sign introductory phrase Indeed, true; in the end. Don't cry, really... Dictionary of many expressions
Indeed- Cm … Synonym dictionary
In fact- Cm … Synonym dictionary
Indeed- Unchange. Really. = Actually. With verb. nesov. and owls. view, with adj.: how? really speak, know, say, find out ...; really healthy, cheerful ... "There is news, and surprising: Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky has arrived." “So you saw……
In fact- Unchange. Actually, in fact. = Indeed. With verb. nesov. and owls. kind: how? in fact, to be, to know, to want, to know, to want ... At first glance, the old woman could be given sixty years old, although in fact she was younger. (M. ... ... Educational Phraseological Dictionary
Adverbial expression, introductory expression, particle 1. Adverbial expression. The same as "true, exactly." Not highlighted by punctuation marks. Kovrin spoke affectionately and convincingly, and she continued to cry, shuddering her shoulders and clasping her hands, as if she were in ... ... Punctuation Dictionary
Indeed- Razg. 1. Indeed; Truth. Sergei Sergeevich took out a bottle and two glasses from his spacious jacket and put them on the table. This is cognac, he said ... Cognac is excellent. Sat down. Cognac really turned out to be good (Chekhov. From acquaintances). 2. In ... ... Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language
In fact- see the very 1), 2) = really flaunts, but in fact a coward. Sorry! Really, what are you worth? … Dictionary of many expressions
Indeed- I predicate. Evaluative characteristic of something as corresponding to the truth. II part. unfold 1. It is used when confidently confirming someone's words or when expressing agreement with someone's statement, corresponding in meaning to the following: yes, so, ... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
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1. Introductory words and phrases are not part of the offer. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):
Example: Unfortunately, he did not have watercolors.(Soloukhin).
Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.
For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - in terms of structure, a definite-personal one-part sentence; In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits(M. Gorky) - in structure, a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.
In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.
Digits of introductory words by value
| Meaning | Introductory Components | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Evaluation of the reported in terms of reliability, etc.: | ||
| 1.1. Confidence, credibility | Of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, really, naturally, naturally, naturally and etc. | Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel needless to say, was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died ... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev). |
| 1.2. uncertainty, speculation, vagueness, assumption | Probably, it seems, apparently, probably, in all probability, right , in some way, in some way, suppose, suppose, suppose, if you like, anyway and etc. | She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Gift bread, apparently, to your taste(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, of approaching by another way, of knocking at the window as a welcome guest, dear(Twardowski). My head hurt a bit. Must be bad weather(Chekhov). |
| 2. Different feelings: | ||
| 2.1. Joy, approval | Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for joy, for the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc. | Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and managed to catch the steamer sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to the indescribable admiration of Petya, on the old kitchen table, a whole locksmith's workshop is arranged(Kataev). |
| 2.2. regret, disapproval | Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as to misfortune, as if on purpose, a sinful deed, which is even worse, which is insulting, alas and etc. | Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Paul died(Turgenev). |
| 2.3. Surprise, bewilderment | Surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, surprisingly, strangely, strangely, incomprehensibly and etc. | Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second brushed off his leather jacket, sat down at the table(Sholokhov). |
| 2.4. Fear | Irregular hour, what good, God forbid, just look and etc. | Just look, the oar will vomit and throw itself into the sea(Novikov-Priboy). |
| 2.5. The general expressive nature of the utterance | In conscience, in fairness, in fact, in essence, to the soul, in truth, truth, in truth, it is necessary to tell the truth, if the truth is told, it is ridiculous to tell, to tell in honor, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc. | Followed him, however, some weakness(Turgenev). I confess, I do not like this tree - aspen too much ...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me so much, I dare say, offends me so much, as ingratitude.(Turgenev). |
| 3. Message source | According to someone's report, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in your opinion, according to someone's words, according to someone's expression, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from someone's point of view, I remember, hear, they say, say, they say, how they hear, how I think, how I think, how I remember, how they say, how they think, as it is known, as it was indicated, as it turned out, as they used to say in the old days, in my opinion and etc. | Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, has made a fortune with his garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago, Linen Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky). |
| 4. The order of thoughts and their connection | Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, vice versa, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, besides, to top it all, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, by the way, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc. | On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure.(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room outside the doors and listened to how my fate was decided.(Dostoevsky). |
| 5. Evaluation of the style of utterance, manner of speech, ways of formulating thoughts | In a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, rather, it is better to say, to say directly, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what is called and etc. | In a word, Storeshnikov every day more and more firmly thought to marry(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push to the well, or rather, to the fountain.(Garshin). |
| 6. Evaluation of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of generality of the stated facts | at least, at least, to some extent, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc. | Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, almost the entire width of the opening stood Nikolai Ivanovich ...(Turgenev) It happens that my luck is happier(Griboyedov). |
| 7. Attracting the interlocutor's attention to the message, emphasizing, underlining | Do you see (whether), know (whether), remember (whether), understand (whether), believe (whether), listen, allow, imagine, imagine, you can imagine, believe, imagine, confess, believe, believe, do not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc. | You were scared, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine our young ones are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was it, please?(Pavlenko). |
2. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts of speech and various grammatical forms:
- impersonal offers;
She thought we all remember well.
- indefinitely personal proposals.
So they thought of him, as they usually spoke of him.
nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;
No doubt, happily, fortunately and etc.
adjectives in short form, in various cases, in superlative degree;
Right, to blame, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.
pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;
Besides, besides, meanwhile.
adverbs in positive or comparative degree;
Undoubtedly, of course, probably shorter, rather.
verbs in various forms of indicative or imperative mood;
I think, do you believe, it seemed, they say, imagine, have mercy.
infinitive or combination with infinitive;
See, know, admit, it's funny to say.
combinations with adverbs;
To tell the truth, in short, to put it bluntly.
two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of will, speaking, thought, etc.;
For as long as I can remember, I often think.
That is why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.
Note!
Depending on the context, the same words sometimes act as introductory (hence, not members of the sentence), then as members of the sentence. In order not to be mistaken, you should remember that:
A) a question can be put to a member of the proposal;
b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;
V) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.
Compare the following sentences in pairs:
This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes ... it's not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).
During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You might think that I'm asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).
Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we, right, will get along, if we sit next to each other(Krylov).
In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and members of a sentence is the possibility of adding a word saying.
By the way, he never came.("By the way"); You really shouldn't have come.("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful.("in short"); I really don't want to go back to what I said.("in truth").
When determining the syntactic function and punctuation, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.
1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of "probably, apparently":
The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).
The word probably is a member of the sentence in the sense of "undoubtedly, exactly":
If I know(How?) Maybe that I must die, then I will tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).
2) The word is finally introductory:
if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and more”) completes the enumeration:
Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).
Often the word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word is finally the closing enumeration;
if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker's face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:
Yes, go away, finally!(Chekhov).
Note!
The word finally is not introductory and performs the function of a circumstance in the meaning of “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.
Gave three balls annually and squandered finally (Pushkin).
In this meaning, the particle -to can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word, such an addition is impossible).
Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).
3) The distinction between the combination in the end as an introductory and as a member of the sentence - circumstances are similar in terms to the word finally.
Wed: After all, in the end, we have not yet decided anything definitively! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion reached by the speaker as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement has been reached(the meaning of the circumstance "as a result of everything").
4) A word, however, is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:
Heat and fatigue took, however, their(Turgenev); How clever I am, however(Chekhov).
At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative union (it can be replaced by a union but), so a comma is placed only before this word:
However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did the peasant take such power over the whole district?(Nekrasov).
Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).
5) The word of course is usually set off with commas as a lead:
Fedor still worked in the rear, heard, of course, and read many times about "folk heroes"(Furmanov).
But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:
Of course it's true!; Of course it is.
6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of "yes, that's right, exactly" (usually it takes a position at the beginning of a sentence):
Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).
As an adverb really has the meaning "in fact, truly, in reality" (usually it comes between the subject and the predicate):
I really is as you say(Dostoevsky).
7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the sense of "generally speaking":
In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; Actually, I would like to know what really happened.
In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:
- in the sense of "in general", "as a whole":
Pushkin is to Russian art what Lomonosov is to Russian education. at all (Goncharov);
- in the meaning of "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions":
He kindle fires at all forbade it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
- in the meaning of "in all respects", "in relation to everything":
He at all looked weird(Turgenev).
This provision also applies to the form in general.
Wed: Sadness, in general, nothing(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally uncomplicated process(meaning "in the end"); I made a few remarks about various little things, but All in all very much praised(Garshin) (meaning "as a result").
8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative value:
Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and spoke for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).
In the meaning of "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:
You anyway will be informed of the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll meet him today at my mother's(Dostoevsky).
9) The combination, in turn, is not highlighted as busy if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning of “in response”, “on its part”:
He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited the workers to a meeting of the theatre's artistic council.
In a figurative sense, the combination, in turn, acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation stands out:
Among the newspaper genres, the genres are informational, analytical, and artistic and journalistic; among the latter, in turn, stand out essay, feuilleton, pamphlet.
10) The combination really in the meaning of "really" is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.
11) In particular, indicating the relationship between parts of the statement, it is separated from both sides by commas:
He is interested in particular in the origin of individual words.
But if, in particular, it is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), then it is distinguished by being occupied together with this structure:
Many will willingly undertake this work, and in particular I; Many will willingly undertake this work, and I in particular.
If, in particular, it is included in the design in general and in particular, then such a construction is not separated by commas:
Over tea, the conversation turned to the household in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).
12) The combination is mainly introductory, if it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment.
For example: There was a wide alley ... and it was mainly the public who walked along it.(Bitter) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly to walk”, therefore, in this example, the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material. (mainly meaning "most important"). The combination mainly, which is part of the connecting structure (at its beginning or at the end), is separated by commas along with it, for example: From fifty people mostly officers, crowded in the distance(Pavlenko).
The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of "first of all", "most of all":
He achieved success mainly due to his industriousness; What I like most about him is his sincerity.
13) The word main is introductory in the sense of "especially important", "especially important":
You can take any topic for the story, but, most importantly, it should be interesting; Details can be omitted, and most importantly - to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be put after the union a, and a dash is put after the introductory combination to strengthen punctuation).
14) The word means is introductory if it can be replaced by introductory words hence it became:
People are born, get married, die; it means it's necessary, it means it's good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?
If the word means is close in meaning to "means", then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:
in the position between the subject and the predicate, it serves as a means of communication between the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it:
To fight is to win;
in other cases, it means that it is not separated or distinguished by any signs:
if the word means is between the subordinate and the main clause or between the parts of the non-union complex sentence, then it is separated from both sides by commas:
If he so stubbornly defends his views, it means that he feels he is right; If you did not save the child, then blame yourself.
15) The word vice versa means “as opposed to what is said or expected; on the contrary" is introductory and is separated by commas:
Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the goats and desperately twisted his whip over his head.(Kataev).
If, on the contrary (after the union and) is used as a word replacing a sentence member or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:
when a member of a sentence is replaced, then no sign is placed before the union and:
In the picture, light tones turn into dark ones and vice versa.(i.e. dark to light);
when, on the contrary, it joins the whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the union:
The closer the light source, the brighter the light emitted by it, and vice versa(replacing the whole sentence: The farther away the light source, the less bright the light it emits.; a kind of complex sentence is formed);
when, on the contrary, it joins a subordinate clause, a comma before the union is not put:
This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa.(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses are formed with a non-repeating union And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).
16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative and restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the attitude of the speaker to the thought expressed:
One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akaky Akakievich with good advice.(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised to apply for transferring her to political or, at least, to a nurse in a hospital.(L. Tolstoy).
If the introductory combination at least stands at the beginning of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas along with it:
Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).
The combination is at least not separated by commas if it has the value "not less than", "at least":
From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco smoke.(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).
17) A turnover, including a combination from the point of view, is separated by commas if it has the meaning "according to":
Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, lucky.
If such a combination has the meaning "in relation", then the turnover is not separated by commas:
I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; In terms of novelty, the book deserves attention.
18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of "for example" and is not introductory in the sense of "approximately".
Wed: I try about her, about("For example"), not to think is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are about("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they talked(Furmanov).
19) The word for example is associated with the following punctuation:
- separated by commas as introductory:
Nikolai Artemyevich liked to argue persistently, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe throughout his life.(Turgenev);
- stands out together with a turnover, at the beginning or at the end of which is:
requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:
Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: pale grebe, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.
Note!
Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:
as if, as if, hardly, hardly, allegedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, nevertheless, necessarily, suddenly.
3. General rules for punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.
1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:
I confess that he did not make a good impression on me.(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her that evening(Turgenev).
2) If the introductory word is after the enumeration of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:
Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all kinds of printed matter lay on his desk in complete disarray.
If the sentence is complex, then a comma before the dash is placed on the basis of the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:
The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).
3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:
What good, perhaps, and marries, out of tenderness of the soul ...(Dostoevsky); So, according to you, physical labor should be done by everyone without exception?(Chekhov).
Amplifying particles with introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:
This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.
4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate turnover (isolation, clarification, explanation, attachment), then it is not separated from the turnover by any sign:
The swarthy, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among the comrades there are such poets, lyrics or something, preachers of love for people(Bitter).
Introductory words are not separated from a separate turnover, even if they are at the very beginning or at the very end of the sentence:
Apparently afraid of snowdrifts, the leader of the group canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments unconvincing and far-fetched of course.
If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:
The child, apparently afraid of the horse, ran up to his mother.
Note!
It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and cases when it is between two members of the sentence.
Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate turnover, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical manual.(without the introductory word, there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).
In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when there may be doubt to which of the homogeneous terms, preceding or following, the introductory word between them refers, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.
This information is taken from the new seems special for thiscase drawn up, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in it, obviously forgotten by god and people, corner of the earth(specifying definition with a demonstrative pronoun this).
If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:
Both posts (apparently recent) have received widespread attention.
5) If there is a coordinating union before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the previous coordinative union by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (as a rule, with unions and, but). If the withdrawal or rearrangement of the introductory word is not possible, then a comma is not placed after the union (usually with the union a).
Wed: The entire edition has already been printed, and, probably, the book will go on sale one of these days. (The entire edition has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This question has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made. (This question has already been considered several times, but the final decision has not yet been made.); Here, not coal, but rather liquid fuel can be used. (It can be used not coal, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily, and therefore inaccurately.(impossible: Calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, and maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, and vice versa).
Note!
Homogeneous member of the sentence, standing after the introductory words and therefore, therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.
For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and hence the strength of reception, increases many times over; This scheme, and therefore the whole project as a whole, needs to be verified.
6) After the connecting union (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not put, since the union is closely adjacent to the introductory word following it:
And imagine, he nevertheless staged this performance; And I can assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think he got his way; But anyway, the decision was made.
Less often (when intonation highlights introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text by means of a subordinating union), after the connecting union, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:
But, to my great annoyance, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).
7) The introductory words before the comparative turnover (with the union as), target turnover (with the union to), etc., are separated from them on the basis of the general rule:
All this seemed strange to me, however, like others; The son thought for a moment, probably to collect his thoughts.(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).
8) A dash can be used instead of a comma for introductory words, phrases and sentences.
The dash is used in the following cases:
if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (any word restored from the context is missing), then a dash is usually put instead of one comma:
Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself(Gogol) (a comma before a subordinate clause is absorbed by a dash);
a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma, if the introductory word is between two parts of a complex sentence and can be referred to either the preceding or the subsequent part:
The dog disappeared - probably someone drove it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that not “the dog must have disappeared”, but that “the dog must have been driven away”).
Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes causal or conjunctive relationships between parts of a sentence:
It was difficult to check his words - obviously, the circumstances had changed a lot.
Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word, which is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and a comma after it, to avoid possible ambiguity:
Since there is still time, we will call someone else for the exam, for example, those who are retaken (allowable in the meaning of "suppose", "say");
a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:
Chichikov asked with extreme accuracy who was the governor in the city, who was the chairman of the chamber, who was the prosecutor - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person.(Gogol);
using a dash, introductory sentences can be distinguished if they are quite common (have secondary members):
To suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was not easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy get away, or - as it is said in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him break away is a big nuisance for scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).
