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Nutrition with sugar. Healthy and unhealthy foods for diabetics. What are the nutritional requirements for gestational diabetes?

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Such a disease of the endocrine system as diabetes mellitus is associated with a lack of insulin in the human body. According to the WHO classification (World Health Organization), the disease is divided into 1 (insulin-dependent) and 2 (insulin-independent) types. Their symptoms are similar: constant thirst, increased appetite, frequent urination. The main cause of the disease is the consumption of large amounts of carbohydrates and fats for a long time. The main therapeutic factor at any stage of diabetes is dietary nutrition.

What is diabetes nutrition

A special menu for diabetics is developed at any stage of the disease, but nutritional recommendations may vary. Diet is especially important for patients with type 1 diabetes, because they have a high probability of coma during decompensation and even death. For type 2 diabetics, special nutrition is prescribed, as a rule, for weight correction and for a stable course of the disease. The basics of a dietary diet at any stage of the disease:

you need to eat 5-6 times a day in small portions;
the ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates (BJU) should be balanced;
the amount of calories received should be equal to the energy consumption of a diabetic;
food should be rich in vitamins, so natural vitamin carriers should be added to the diet: dietary supplements, brewer's yeast, rosehip broth and others.

How to eat with diabetes

When a doctor prescribes a daily diet for a diabetic, he is guided by the patient's age, gender, level of physical activity and weight category. The basic principles of dietary nutrition are the restriction of sweetened foods and the prohibition of hunger strikes.. The basic concept of a diet for diabetes is a bread unit (XE), equivalent to 10 g of carbohydrates. Nutritionists have developed sets of tables indicating their number per 100 grams of any product. The diet for patients with diabetes provides for a daily meal with a total value of 12 to 24 XE.

The diet for type 1 and type 2 diabetes is different. In the first case, a low-calorie diet is needed to prevent the complication of the disease (25-30 kcal / 1 kg of weight). A strict dietary regimen must be strictly observed by a diabetic. Patients with type 2 diabetes are allowed a subcaloric diet (1600-1800 kcal / day). If a person is overweight, the number of calories decreases to 15-17 kcal / 1 kg of weight.

remove alcohol, juices, lemonade from the diet;
reduce the amount of sweeteners and cream when drinking tea, coffee;
choose unsweetened food;
replace sweets with healthy foods, for example, instead of ice cream, eat a banana dessert (beat frozen bananas with a mixer).

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Even at the initial stage of the disease, you need to follow the rules of nutrition. In diabetics who do not follow a diet, cells lose sensitivity to insulin as a result of consuming large amounts of carbohydrates. As a result, the level of glucose in the blood rises and constantly keeps at high rates. Dietary nutrition in type 2 diabetes helps restore the ability of cells to absorb sugar.

Basic rules of the diet:

replacing sugar with sweeteners in the amount allowed by the doctor;
preference for desserts containing vegetable fats (yogurt, nuts);
the same calorie meals;
eating more carbohydrates in the morning.

Type 2 diabetics are recommended a daily fluid intake of 1.5 liters. You can not load the digestive tract, so overeating is excluded. Do not think that a few glasses of alcohol and some sweets will not cause complications. Such breakdowns nullify all efforts, and can provoke a critical condition requiring resuscitation.

Approved Products

The diet of a type 2 diabetic is not difficult to understand. You just need to know which foods are allowed to be eaten in limited quantities, and which ones need to fill most of the diet. Knowing about the methods of preparing dietary dishes and the correct combination of permitted ingredients, it is easy to build a quality diet that is aimed at maintaining a stable condition of the patient. For convenience, a table should always hang in the kitchen of a diabetic:

Food	Allowed always	Allowed limited (1-3 times / week)
		Boiled green buckwheat. You can 40 grams of dry cereal 1-2 times / week.
Root crops, greens, vegetables, legumes.	All vegetables growing above the ground, including any kind of greens and mushrooms.	Celery root. raw carrots, Jerusalem artichoke, turnip, sweet potato, radish. Lentils, black beans - 30 grams 1 time / week.
Berries, fruits.	Lemon, avocado, cranberry, gooseberry, red currant, raspberry, blackberry, strawberry. It is better to make fruit sauces and seasonings.	All other berries are not on an empty stomach and not more than 100 grams / day.
	Olive, almond, peanut butter in salads. Fish oil, cod liver.	Linseed oil.
Fish, meat, eggs.	Small fish, seafood. Eggs - 2-3 pcs. / day. Veal, rabbit, chicken, turkey, offal (stomachs, liver, heart).

What foods can not be eaten

Inappropriate food will aggravate the condition of a diabetic, provoke a jump in sugar. A patient with type 2 diabetes should not eat:

Sweet. The black list includes sugar and all products containing it in excess. We must forget about ice cream, chocolate, marmalade, jam, sweets, preserves, halva and other sweets.
Bakery. Sweet bakery products are prohibited: muffins, cookies, rolls, white loaf and bread.
Fat containing foods. Fatty meals can greatly raise your glucose levels. For this reason, a diabetic should refuse duck, pork, lamb, lard, mayonnaise, cream. You should also exclude sweet yogurt, fatty cottage cheese and cheese.
Semi-finished products. In their composition they have a large number of flavors, stabilizers, flavor enhancers. You should not eat fish sticks, ready-made industrial cutlets, dumplings, sausages, sausages.
Trans fats. Their use will harm not only the diabetic, but also a healthy person. Prohibited products include margarine, confectionery fat, spread, french fries, hot dogs, burgers, puffed corn.
Fruits. Some fruits and dried fruits are not recommended. Among them are dried apricots, dates, figs, raisins, persimmons, melons, grapes, bananas.

Menu for the week

For many patients, the transition to a low-carbohydrate diet becomes a test, especially if the person did not limit himself to food before the illness. You have to get used to it gradually. When switching to products for diabetics, you should first abandon the most harmful ones, reducing their number to a minimum. Sample menu for patients with type 2 diabetes:

Day of the week					First dinner	Second dinner
Monday	Oatmeal (150 g), black bread toast, carrot salad (100 g), green tea (200 ml).	Baked apple (2 pcs.).	Chicken fillet (100 g), vegetable salad (150 g), beetroot (150 g), compote (200 ml).	Fruit salad (200 grams).	Broccoli (100 grams), cottage cheese (100 grams) tea (200 ml).	Fat-free yogurt (150 ml).
	Boiled fish (150 g), cabbage salad (150 grams), tea 200 ml.	Steamed vegetable mix (200 g).	Vegetable soup (200 g), steamed chicken cutlets (150 g), compote (200 ml).	Low-fat cottage cheese with raisins (150 g), rosehip broth (200 ml).	Baked rabbit (150 g), boiled egg, tea (200 ml).	Ryazhenka (150 ml).
	Buckwheat (150 g), bran bread, tea (200 ml).	Apple (1 pc.).	Vegetable stew (150 g), boiled meat (100 grams), compote (200 ml).	Braised cabbage (200 grams).	Meatballs (150 g), Steamed vegetables (150 g), rosehip broth (200 ml).	Low-fat kefir (150 ml).
	Rice porridge (150 grams), 2 slices of cheese (100 g), coffee (200 ml).	Grapefruit (1 pc.).	Ear (200 ml), stewed cabbage with mushrooms (150 g), compote (200 g).	Cabbage salad (150 grams).	Buckwheat (200 grams), rye bread, tea (200 ml).	Milk (200 ml).
	Carrot and apple salad (150 g), cottage cheese (100 g), tea (200 ml).	Baked apple (2 pcs.).	Goulash (100 grams), vegetable stew (150 g), jelly (200 ml).	Fruit mix (150 grams).	Baked fish (150 g), millet porridge (150 g), tea (200 ml).	Kefir (200 ml).
	Oatmeal (150 g), carrot salad (150 g), tea (200 ml).	Orange (1 pc.).	Stewed liver (100 g), vermicelli (150 g), rice soup (150 g), jelly (200 ml).	Apple (1 pc.).	Zucchini caviar (150 g), barley porridge (100 g), rye bread, compote (200 ml).	Homemade yogurt (200 ml).
Sunday	Stewed beets (150 g), 2 slices of cheese (100 g), coffee (200 ml).	Grapefruit (1 pc.).	Pilaf (150 g), stewed eggplant (150 g), black bread, cranberry juice (200 ml).	Grapefruit (1 pc.).	Steam cutlets (150 g), pumpkin porridge (150 g), vegetable salad (150 g), tea (200 ml).	Kefir (200 ml).

Diet for type 1 diabetes

Insulin-dependent disease is diagnosed when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin. Nutrition for type 1 diabetes consists in the use of a certain ratio of BJU. An indicator of the choice of foods is their glycemic index, that is, an indicator of the effect on blood glucose levels. The daily rate of high-carb foods should be 2/3 of the entire menu.

Diabetics should choose slow carbohydrates that take a long time to digest. These include mushrooms, durum wheat pasta, cereals, legumes, and some vegetables. Protein foods should not exceed 20%, and fats - 15%. With concomitant obesity, it is necessary to enrich the food with root vegetables with a minimum calorie content. In case of liver damage, the consumption of extractive substances (soy, oatmeal, cottage cheese) is limited. If the cardiovascular system suffers, then the patient needs to give up salt.

What foods can be used for diabetes

A therapeutic diet for people with type 1 diabetes is not only aimed at lowering blood sugar, but also at reducing the likelihood of other pathologies. Patients are allowed to include in the diet:

The product's name
	With bran, rye, whole grains.
Soups, broths.	Vegetable, low-fat fish, meat, chicken, okroshka, borscht, pickle.
Meat, poultry.	Rabbit, beef, chicken, skinless turkey.
	Pike, pike perch, cod, ice, saffron cod, jellied dishes.
	Any cabbage, beets, carrots, bell peppers, lentils, green peas, beans, cucumbers, beans, tomatoes, beans, eggplant, pumpkin, zucchini, potatoes (only for first courses).
Berries, fruits.	Strawberries, cranberries, mountain ash, raspberries, cranberries, currants, peach, plum, pomegranate, cherry, grapefruit, lemon, orange, apples, pears, quince.
	Buckwheat, oatmeal.
Low fat dairy products and milk.	Sour cream, cottage cheese, kefir, curdled milk, milk.

Prohibited Products

As with type 2 disease, a diabetic diet involves restricting certain foods. Among them:

sugar-containing products;
strong broths, meat fats;
semolina, pasta, rice;
smoked meats, marinades, pickles;
conservation;
confectionery, pastries;
fatty dairy products;
sweet fruits, dried fruits;
alcohol, soft drinks.

Menu for the week

With diabetes, special attention should be paid to the preparation of products. It is allowed to boil, stew, steam them. In no case should you fry, it is not advisable to bake in the oven. Sample menu for the week:

Day of the week
Monday	Buckwheat porridge on water (150 g), cabbage salad (100 g), tea (200 ml).	Apple (1 pc.).	Borsch (150 g), boiled chicken (100 g), berry jelly (200 ml).	Cheesecakes (150 g).	Cabbage schnitzel (100 g), rye bread (1 pc.), Kefir (200 ml).
	Barley (150 g), grated carrots (100 g), mineral water (200 ml).	Yogurt (150 ml).	Pumpkin soup (100 g), vegetable stew (150 g), asparagus salad (100 g), tea (200 ml).	Orange (1 pc.).	Rice casserole (150 g), boiled quail egg, fermented baked milk (200 ml).
	Boiled fish (200 g), cottage cheese (100 g), tea (200 ml).	Grapefruit (1 pc.).	Ear (200 g), boiled broccoli (150 g), rye bread, jelly (200 ml).	Cottage cheese casserole (150 g).	Meatballs (100 g), vegetable stew (150 g), yogurt (150 ml).
	Baked pumpkin (200 g), coffee with milk (200 ml), a slice of hard cheese (50 g).	Apple baked with honey (2 pcs.).	White mushroom soup (200 g), cauliflower salad (150 g), dried fruit compote (200 ml).	Yogurt (150 ml).	Boiled meat (100 g), vegetable salad (150 g), beetroot juice (100 ml).
	Barley porridge (150 g), beetroot salad (150 g), whole grain bread, tea (200 ml).	Apple jelly (150 g).	Bean soup (200 g), stewed liver (100 g), brown rice (150 g), compote (200 ml).	Orange (1 pc.).	Zucchini pancakes (150 g), cottage cheese (100 g), chamomile tea (200 ml).
	Lightly salted salmon (150 g), boiled egg, tea (200 ml).	Grapefruit (1 pc.).	Stuffed cabbage without rice (150 g), borscht (200 g), rye bread, jelly (200 ml).	Yogurt (150 ml).	Chicken fillet (100 g), green peas (150 g), stewed eggplant (150 g), milk (150 ml).
Sunday	Buckwheat porridge (150 g), stewed chicken (100 g), rye bread, tea (200 ml).	Baked apple (2 pcs.).	Shchi (150 g), chicken cutlet (100 g), vegetable salad (150 g), compote (200 ml).	Cottage cheese casserole (150 g).	Pumpkin puree soup (200 g), chicken cutlets (100 g), tomato salad (150 g), kefir (150 ml).

During pregnancy and lactation

While expecting a baby, a woman can develop gestational diabetes. The cause of the disease is a genetic predisposition to reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin. After delivery, carbohydrate metabolism often normalizes, but there is a risk of diabetes in a woman and a child. To prevent danger, during pregnancy and lactation, you must strictly monitor your diet:

exclude simple carbohydrates, limit complex ones;
pasta and potatoes eat in small quantities;
remove fried, fatty foods from the diet, refuse semi-finished products, sausages;
cook food for a couple, bake, stew;
eat every 2-3 hours;
drink up to 1.5 liters of plain water per day.

Recipes

Do not think that diet food will necessarily be tasteless. There are many recipes for diabetics that people who do not suffer from this pathology will use with pleasure. Many dishes that are intended for patients suffering from insulin deficiency are used by nutritionists in weight loss programs. Below are a few recipes.

Cooking time: 1 hour.
Number of servings: 6 persons.
Calorie content of the dish: 195 kcal / 100 g.
Purpose: dessert for breakfast.
Cuisine: English.
Difficulty: high.

Pumpkin for diabetes is necessary, because this product has many useful elements and low calorie content. Due to its low calorie content, the orange vegetable helps to normalize and control body weight. The use of pumpkin improves the functioning of the digestive tract, helps cleanse the intestines of toxic substances, and stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin.

Ingredients:

pumpkin - 300 grams;
flour - 3 tbsp. l.;
honey - 3 tbsp. l.;
eggs - 3 pieces;
salt - 1 pinch.

Cooking method:

Cut pumpkin pulp into small pieces, boil. When ready, let cool, puree.
Mix pumpkin puree with honey and egg yolks. Sift flour and add gradually.
Beat egg whites until stiff, add salt. The mass should be thick.
Fold the beaten egg whites into the batter. Put the pumpkin mass in a mold greased with sunflower oil.
Preheat the oven to 200 degrees. Bake the pudding for 30 to 40 minutes.

Cooking time: 20 minutes.
Number of servings: 8 persons.
Calorie content of the dish: 86 kcal / 100 g.
Destination: for lunch.
Cuisine: Russian.
Difficulty: low.

The use of beans in diabetes reduces glucose levels, improves metabolic processes at the cellular level. Legumes are made up of a variety of nutrients, enzymes, amino acids and do not put a strain on the pancreas. Reducing blood sugar levels is achieved through a unique ratio of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. This type of legume has the same properties as insulin.

Ingredients:

white beans - 1 cup;
dried mushrooms - 200 g;
carrots - 1 pc.;
onion - 1 pc.;
sunflower oil - 1 tbsp. l.;
low-fat cream - 100 g;
cloves - 2 pcs.;
salt - a pinch.

Cooking method:

Soak beans in cold water 8 hours before cooking. Then drain the liquid, pour 1.5 liters of water and bring to a boil.
Pour dried mushrooms with water 30 minutes before cooking. After swelling, cut into plates and cook in the same liquid.
After boiling the beans, remove the foam with a slotted spoon, add salt and spicy spice, reduce the heat. After 15 minutes, add finely chopped vegetables to the soup.
When the beans are ready, add half a serving of boiled mushrooms to it. The second half must be sautéed with butter, but not combined with the rest of the ingredients.
Remove the cloves and puree the soup with a blender until smooth. Fried mushrooms, cream and greens will decorate the dish.

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In addition to treating the underlying disease - type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is very important for patients to protect small and large vessels that the disease can affect.

This threatens with quite serious chronic complications: diseases of the cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys and other organs. Only under one condition can you cope with this task - it is necessary to normalize fat and carbohydrate metabolism, that is, nutrition in diabetes should meet all the needs of the patient.

Therefore, without following a diet, quality treatment of type 2 diabetes is simply unthinkable. Moreover, it does not depend on whether the patient takes hypoglycemic drugs or does without them, such a diet is mandatory for diabetics.

Basic principles of the diet

Often type 2 diabetes is accompanied by obesity, so the very first steps should be dietary adjustments, and proper nutrition in diabetes takes all this into account.

They should be aimed at reducing excess weight, especially for abdominal obesity.

Such a patient should lose weight by at least 6 kg, and ideally by 10% of the total body weight and never return to the previous weight, this is how the diet works, and its basic principles.

If the patient's body weight does not exceed the permissible norms, the energy value of the food he eats must comply with physiological nutritional standards, which take into account the age, gender and physical activity of the patient.

Special care must be taken with the quantitative composition of fats, and products for type 2 diabetes should take this into account.

Type 2 diabetes is known to be more likely to develop:

atherosclerosis of large and small vessels;
ischemic heart disease;
cerebrovascular diseases (destroying the vessels of the brain).

That is why the diet for diabetes should have an anti-atherosclerotic focus.

It is necessary to sharply limit the consumption of fats, because they are rich in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. As studies in recent years have shown, such nutrition in diabetes reduces the sensitivity of cells to insulin.

How much fat is acceptable in food and does not lead to obesity

A healthy person who is not overweight and active enough throughout the day can afford to consume 1 gram of fat per 1 kilogram of his own weight with different foods. To calculate your ideal weight, subtract 100 from your height in centimeters.

If the patient's height is 170 cm, then his ideal weight should be 70 kilograms, and subject to good physical activity, such a person is allowed to eat up to 70 grams of fat per day.

For example:

1 tbsp is enough to prepare a fried dish. tablespoons of vegetable oil, which contains 15 gr. fat;
in 50 gr. chocolates is 15-18 gr. fat;
1 cup 20% sour cream - 40 gr. fat.

If obesity is already present, then the amount of fat consumed per 1 kg. body weight should be reduced.

Even such a slight, but regular abstinence in the end will be beneficial. Moreover, with daily small restrictions, the effect will be more stable than from drastic weight loss using fashion recommendations, nutrition for diabetes should be rational.

To make it easier to keep track, you can use the table of products containing a large amount of fat.

What foods should be excluded from your diet

Contains a lot of fat

in mayonnaise and sour cream;
in sausages and any sausage products;
in lamb and pork;
in fatty cheeses, these are almost all yellow cheeses;
in fatty dairy products.

But no less important is the way of culinary processing of products, the diet always emphasizes this. Fat and fat must be removed from meat, skin should be removed from bird carcasses, if possible, fried dishes should be excluded, replacing them with baked, boiled, steamed, stewed in their own juice.

It is recommended to exclude from the diet products containing a large amount of trans fats. Recent medical studies have shown that an excessive amount of trans fats in the body disrupts the normal functioning of the immune system, and this leads to rapid weight gain and the development of cancer.

Foods that are high in trans fats to avoid from your diet include:

margarine;
low-quality butter substitutes;
oil and fat products from vegetable fat - spreads;
cocoa butter substitutes - confectionery fats;
any fast food (hamburger, hot dog, french fries, etc.);
popcorn.

It is very important that a sufficient amount of plant products (fruits and vegetables) be present in the diet. Scientists have found that if one serving of food for 2/3 consists of plant foods, and the rest is proteins (fish or meat), then the risk of developing cancer is significantly reduced, and the diet should take this into account.

For patients suffering from diabetes, it is very useful to use fructose products in the diet, including sweets.

However, regular consumption of fructose can lead to obesity. This happens because the body loses resistance to leptin, a hormone that regulates appetite.

This fact, combined with a high-calorie diet, can cause obesity. Therefore, overweight patients are not recommended to consume fructose products.

Quality carbohydrates

Since carbohydrates are considered the only resource capable of raising blood sugar levels, their amount in the diet (in the absence of obesity in the patient) should be sufficient, the diet takes this into account.

The modern diet for type 2 diabetes, which includes nutritional correction, refutes the recommendations that took place in the past: without exception, all patients with type 2 diabetes were advised by doctors to consume as little carbohydrates as possible. It turns out that the qualitative composition of carbohydrates is of great importance.

Sugar and foods that contain this element, the diet of diabetics completely excludes:

jam;
marshmallow;
marmalade;
chocolate;
caramel.

All this is possible for a diabetic only to a minimum, but these products can be completely replaced with those that have a large amount of dietary fiber and a low glycemic index. These include most fruits, vegetables, berries, legumes, nuts, some cereals, wholemeal baked goods, and other foods.

Food pyramid and diet for diabetes

What should a person eat to maintain his body?

This question is answered by the food pyramid, which is equally acceptable for both healthy people and type 2 diabetics.

This pyramid clearly explains how many servings can be eaten from each food group.

At its top are foods that you can eat, but rarely:

Alcohol, fats, vegetable oils, sweets.
Liquid dairy products, milk, chicken, meat, fish, nuts, eggs, legumes. All this can be done in 2-3 servings.
Fruits - 2-4 servings, vegetables - 3-5 servings.
At the base of the pyramid are bread and cereals, they can be consumed 6-11 servings.

For example, 30 g of sugar contains 115 kcal. The same exact calorie content, but more healthy carbohydrates can be obtained by eating about 35 g of pasta or 50 g of rye bread. Each person who has mastered the principle of the pyramid can build his own diet.

Features of nutrition in accordance with therapy

The patient should eat regularly, at least 5-6 times a day, but portions should be small. After filling the plate with food, you should leave only half on it, and put the rest back or leave it for later.

Much attention should be paid to controlling the amount of fat and blood sugar. The patient must have full knowledge in order to recognize and prevent the development of hypoglycemia in time, for example, when drinking alcohol or during physical exertion.

If a patient with type 2 diabetes is on intensive insulin therapy, he needs to adhere to the same nutritional conditions as for type 1 diabetes:

strict regime;
distribution of carbohydrates per reception;
counting "bread units".

In the treatment of hypoglycemic drugs

Although hypoglycemia occurs much less frequently with this treatment than with insulin injections, one should be aware of the interaction of hypoglycemic drugs with food.

And your diet must be built based on the food pyramid system.

The hypoglycemic drugs, due to the use of which hypoglycemia may occur with a high probability, primarily include glinides and sulfonylureas:

repaglinide;
nateglinide;
glimepiride;
gliclazide;
glibenclamide.

The main mechanism of action of these drugs is to stimulate beta cells to produce insulin. The higher the dose and the stronger the drug, the stronger the stimulation, and, therefore, the higher the release of insulin into the blood.

Therefore, if the patient is prescribed these drugs, he must eat regularly. Otherwise, a large amount of insulin can greatly reduce blood sugar levels.

Food Processing Methods for Diabetic Patients

For diabetics it is preferable:

Cooking in vegetable broth, on water, in other liquids.
It is used to process products that have a delicate juicy texture: vegetables, fish, dumplings.
Steam cooking.
Cooking followed by baking in the oven.
Quenching, but it is used much less frequently.

Cooking food "by eye" is undesirable. To be able to take into account the amount of carbohydrates eaten, it is recommended to use household scales, measuring utensils and food composition tables. One such table, as an example, is presented here.

Table of food groups depending on the content of carbohydrates

Products made from puff and pastry, milk soups with noodles, rice, semolina, fatty strong broths, fatty fish, canned food, most sausages, smoked meats, fatty meats and poultry, cream.
Sweet cottage cheese curds, salty cheeses, caviar, canned food in oil, salted fish, as well as:

Pasta, semolina, rice.

All cooking and animal fats.

Salty and spicy sauces.

Pickled and salted vegetables.

Sweet dishes: sugar lemonade, sweet juices, ice cream, sweets, jam, sugar.

Sweet fruits: dates, figs, bananas, raisins, grapes.

flour

Flour products and bread: wheat 2 grades, bran, rye (about 300 g per day).

By reducing the amount of bread, unsweetened and inedible flour products.

Soups

Vegetable: meat and vegetable okroshka, beetroot, borscht, cabbage soup.

Weak low-fat: fish, meat, mushroom, vegetable, potato with meatballs, cereals (oatmeal, pearl barley, millet, barley, buckwheat). Borscht and sorrel soups for obesity and diabetes are simply irreplaceable.

Oatmeal and buckwheat are very useful, they contain a large amount of dietary natural fiber, in addition, they are minimally converted into fats.

Meat products

Cut veal, lean beef, lean lamb and pork, rabbit.

Turkey, chickens stewed, boiled or fried after cooking, in pieces or chopped.

In limited quantities, liver, boiled tongue, dietary sausage.

Fish

Only its low-fat varieties in baked, boiled, less often fried form: silver hake, navaga, perch, bream, cod, pike perch. Canned fish in tomato or own juice.

Dairy

Dairy drinks.
Milk.
Bold and low-fat cottage cheese and dishes from it: lazy dumplings, soufflés, casseroles.
Low-fat, unsalted cheese.

Sour cream should be limited.

Eggs, cereals, fats

Yolks should be limited, 1-1.5 soft-boiled eggs per day are allowed.

Cereals can be consumed within the normal range of carbohydrates, it is recommended:

buckwheat;
millet;
barley;
oat;
barley.

From cooking fats + to meals (at least 40 grams per day):

vegetable oils: sunflower, olive, corn.
melted butter without salt.

Vegetables

Vegetables such as: potatoes, green peas, beets and carrots should be consumed with carbohydrates in mind.

spinach;
eggplant;
tomatoes;
cucumbers;
salad;
pumpkin;
zucchini;
cabbage.

As a low-carb product, lettuce can stand out. All in all,

The main treatment for the disease is insulin. In addition, the diet for diabetes is important, because it helps to maintain the normal balance of all substances in the patient's body. Based on this, every diabetic must know the basic principles of the diet and try to stick to it.

There are several types of diets for diabetics. They differ based on what type of disease is present and who is sick: a pregnant woman, a child, an overweight person, and so on. Dietary nutrition for a person with type 2 diabetes is very important and key. If the patient, together with the attending physician, does not select a diet appropriate for the disease, then the person's condition will only worsen.

Types of Diabetes

There are 2 types of diabetes:

Insulin-dependent (type 1). Appears as a result of transferred viral diseases against the background of a genetic predisposition to the disease. In the body of people with this type of disease, insulin is produced in a very small amount or not at all. As a result, they need to take insulin in order for the body to function normally. Basically, this type of disease is detected in the first years of a person’s life, since it is inherited. About 20% of patients have exactly 1 type of disease.
Insulin-independent (type 2). This type of disease occurs mainly as a result of improper nutrition, overeating, obesity, diseases of the endocrine system. In a patient of this type, the body produces insulin on its own, but it has a reduced sensitivity to it. A person with this type of disease may well do without the use of additional medications for a lifetime if they follow a diet for diabetes, developed jointly with a doctor. Since the disease is acquired, it develops at the age of about 35 years. Type 2 diabetes occurs in 80% of cases.

The cause of this disease in children is the use of sweet and starchy foods. And for pregnant women, such a disease develops due to changes in the body. For these categories of people, a change in diet and diet is required in order to reduce the content of products harmful to diabetics in the menu.

For any patient with diabetes, it is required to create a special diet that will be focused on correcting blood sugar levels, normalizing all body substances, and reducing the load on the kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract.

The basis for creating an individual diet is dietary table No. 9, in which certain adjustments are made based on the characteristics of the disease.

Diet for insulin dependent diabetes

The main principles for compiling a diet are: completely eliminate sugar, reduce salt intake, increase protein content, control fat intake, limit the amount of easily digestible carbohydrates, reduce the amount of foods that have an irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract.

Eating should be done in small portions 5 times a day. Instead of sugar, the use of sweeteners such as xylitol, sorbitol, saccharin is allowed. It is also important to drink plenty of fluids, at least 2 liters per day. So, a therapeutic diet for type 1 diabetes consists of the following products:

vegetables: cucumber, beets, zucchini, radishes, cabbage, spinach, lettuce, soybeans;
acidic fruits, such as lemon;
soft-boiled eggs;
cereals;
pasta;
drinks: tomato juice, tea with milk;
yeast.

Banned products include:

pork fat;
rich products;
grapes and raisins;
mustard and honey;
chocolate;
salty and spicy dishes.

Dietary nutrition in non-insulin dependent diabetes

The therapeutic diet for type 2 diabetes involves, first of all, a reduction in the calorie content of meals (maximum 1700 kcal), and the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. As a result, reducing calories lowers the level of glucose in food, which is an important point for diabetics.

Under the ban are fatty foods, easily digestible carbohydrates and foods that will increase blood sugar. These include:

sausages and various smoked meats;
fatty fish;
cream, fat sour cream and margarine;
potato;
nuts and dried fruits;
honey and jam;
sweet pastries;
everything sweet, including drinks containing sugar;
alcoholic drinks.

To avoid hypoglycemia, it is necessary that the portions of food consumed be of small volume, 5-6 times a day. The use of the following products in any volume is allowed:

tomatoes;
carrot;
cabbage;
turnip.

Diet used at the initial stage or when a disease is suspected

If a person began to suspect the presence of diabetes mellitus, then he should immediately visit specialists and undergo all diagnostic tests, according to the results of which the doctor will be able to prescribe the necessary medication and make a diet.

But still, before receiving the results of the tests, it is important to already start following the diet. When asked which diet for diabetes will be prescribed, any specialist will answer - one that is based on the recommendations of the dietary table number 9. This is necessary to make the situation worse.

During this diet, the following foods are allowed:

meat: lean pork, beef, veal, turkey, boiled rabbit meat;
fish of non-fatty varieties, boiled or as aspic: carp, pike perch, cod, pike;
raw, boiled or baked vegetables: potatoes, zucchini, carrots, radishes, beets, cabbage, rutabaga, lettuce;
no more than 2 times a week, vegetable soup is allowed, cooked in non-fat meat or fish broth, with a small amount of food;
raw fruits or in the form of compote on a sweetener: apples, oranges, lemon, red currants, cranberries;
salads from permitted vegetables and fruits can serve as snacks;
fermented milk and dairy products: milk (with the permission of a doctor), kefir (no more than 2 glasses a day), yogurt, cottage cheese (no more than 200 grams per day);
no more than 2 boiled or soft-boiled eggs per day;
dishes using cereals, pasta, legumes;
black bread no more than 350 grams per day;
butter and vegetable oil no more than 40 grams per day;
beneficial yeast;
diabetic sweets containing a sweetener;
no more than 5 mills per day of unsweetened drinks: tea, weak coffee, natural juices and rosehip broth;
spices and sauces: dairy and non-spicy, made on a vegetable basis with the addition of vinegar and tomato puree.

The following products are banned:

any kind of sweets where sugar is present;
bananas, grapes, raisins;
pork and mutton fats;
mustard, pepper;
salty, spicy, spicy, fried and smoked dishes;
alcoholic drinks.

Dishes for diabetes for weight loss

Therapeutic dietary nutrition is aimed at normalizing the level of sugar contained in the blood, the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as to control metabolism. A well-formulated diet will help you get all the nutrients you need.

As a result, such diets contribute to imperceptible weight loss, which is important, because the majority of representatives with diabetes are obese.

This diet for type 2 diabetes recipes, which will be presented below, will be indispensable in achieving positive results in treatment. So, the recipes for some of these dishes.

Okroshka is dietary. Ingredients:

1 boiled egg;
50 grams of boiled potatoes and carrots;
100 grams of fresh cucumbers;
120 grams of boiled lean beef;
40 grams of mayonnaise or sour cream;
0.5 liters of kvass;
2 grams of salt;
greens to taste.

Cut all the ingredients into cubes, season with kvass, salt. Before serving, add mayonnaise or sour cream.

Diet borscht. Ingredients:

120 grams of potatoes;
80 grams of cabbage and beets;
45 grams of tomatoes without skin;
20 grams of celery root, onion;
15 grams of carrots;
20 grams of butter.

Cut potatoes, cabbage, beets, celery root, carrots and cook for 2.5 hours in 350 ml of vegetable broth. Chop the onion and fry in oil, then add the finely chopped tomato there, cook for 10 minutes. Add the frying and a little flour to the broth, salt and cook for about 5 minutes. Before serving, it is allowed to decorate the dish with herbs and sour cream.

Cottage cheese pie with fruits and nuts. Ingredients:

400 grams of cottage cheese;
2 eggs;
90 grams of bran, flour, sweetener, walnuts;
200 mg citric acid;
3 grams of soda;
salt to taste.

Puree cottage cheese, add beaten eggs, flour, bran, sweetener, chopped walnuts, citric acid and salt. Mix everything thoroughly. Put the resulting dough into a baking dish, previously sprinkled with flour. Decorate with fruits. Bake in the oven at 220 degrees.

Dietary vegetable fritters. Ingredients:

100 grams of potatoes;
50 grams of raw carrots;
half an egg yolk and a protein;
10 grams of flour;
15 ml of milk.

Grate carrots and potatoes, add half the yolk, milk and flour. Separately beat the protein and add to the rest of the mixture, salt. Mix thoroughly and form into cakes. Cook in the oven on a baking sheet, greased with oil, at 150 degrees. It is allowed to serve with herbs and sour cream.

Therapeutic diet for children and pregnant women

During pregnancy, changes occur throughout the woman's body, and as a response, diabetes mellitus may appear, which disappears immediately after childbirth. However, throughout pregnancy there is a need for special dietary nutrition.

According to this diet, the following foods should be included in the diet:

cereals and cereals;
fruits;
eggs;
beans and peas;
natural yogurt;
bran bread;
products containing fructose;
fruit juices and compotes with a sweetener;
olive oil;
All dishes must be steamed.

Kvass and carbonated drinks are strictly prohibited during pregnancy. After giving birth, a woman can gradually switch to her usual diet.

Diabetes can also develop in children. In this case, the entire responsibility for regulating the nutrition of the child falls on the parents. The menu should consist of boiled and baked dishes. Children are allowed to consume the following foods:

meat, fish and seafood;
vegetables: tomatoes, pumpkin, carrots;
fruits and berries: tangerines, watermelon, melon, raspberries, strawberries, mountain ash, cherries;
milk and cheese;
sweet only with the use of a sweetener;
in rare cases, products from the departments for diabetics.

Under a strict ban for children are jam, chocolate, cakes.

Diet food charts for diabetes

Meat

			Carbohydrates	Kcal per 100 g
hips	17.27	15.25	0	211
beef stroganoff	14.73	2	0.4	163
bouillon	4.3	3.6	0.4	50.7
shin	18.8	13.9	0	200.3
heads	17.3	8.3	0	148
breast	23.6	1.9	0.4	113
tail	19.5	22	0	276
goulash	14.73	2	0.4	163
ventricles	17.66	2.06	0	94
leather	18	15.6	0	212.4
canned	25.3	8.1	0.9	185
smoked	27.48	8.18	0.02	184
smoked breast	27.48	8.18	0.02	184
smoked wings	26.86	19.46	0	290
wings	18.33	15.97	0	222
paws	19.4	14.6	0.2	215
pickled wings	10.26	5.92	4.45	111.14
pickled legs	17	14	1.7	200
marinated fillet	14.97	17.5	5.13	241.97
nuggets	14.97	18.07	15.67	285
legs	19.27	8.68	0	161
chicken legs	21.3	11	0.1	184.6
smoked legs	22.93	15.7	0.02	233
liver	20.4	5.9	0.73	137.6
offal	18.28	5.18	1.42	130
roll	16.64	2.73	4.66	110
hearts	15.8	10.3	0.9	158.9
backrests	14.05	28.74	0	319
soup set	5.4	4.2	0.2	250
fillet	14.73	2	0.4	163
necks	14.07	26.24	0	297
schnitzel	27	6	6	189

Beef

			Carbohydrates	Kcal per 100 g
entrecote	29.6	11.2	0	220
beef stroganoff	16.7	11.3	5.9	193
udder	12.3	13.7	0	172.5
tenderloin	18.6	16	0	218.4
brisket	17	17.4	0	224.6
goulash	16.8	14.3	3.9	212
diaphragm	18.9	16.6	0	225
lung	16.2	2.5	0	92
brain	10.86	10.3	1.05	143
marble	18	10	0	170
rump	20.16	7.73	0	156
sirloin	22.09	4.08	0	131
liver	17.9	3.7	5.3	127
kidneys	15.2	2.8	1.9	86
ribs	16.3	18.7	0	233
rump steak	24.9	11.3	8.6	237
roast beef	26.36	6.75	0	173
scar	14.8	4.2	0	97
spleen	18.3	3	0	105
heart	17.72	3.94	0.14	112
steak	19.19	15.32	0	220
marbled beef steak	18	10	0	170
stew	14.1	17.4	0	214
fillet	22.78	6.43	0	155
tail	19.7	6.5	0	137.3
language	16	12.1	2.2	173

cereals

barley 10 1.3 71.7 324 barley 10 1.3 65.4 313

Diet table number 9: Menu for the week

A person suffering from diabetes can plan his diet in such a way that it will be tasty, varied and saturated with all the necessary vitamins and minerals. This can help the daily diet for diabetes, which is presented below.

We have also prepared a separate article for you: "Therapeutic diet No. 9 - menu for diabetics"

Monday and Thursday.

Breakfast: 4 tbsp. l. vegetable salad, 3 tbsp. l. buckwheat, a slice of bread, 90 grams of low-fat cheese. Snack: glass of juice and fruit.
Lunch: a small portion of borscht without meat, 5 tbsp. l. vegetable salad, 3 tbsp. l. buckwheat, boiled fish steak, 1 glass of compote.
Afternoon snack: a glass of juice with a slice of boiled sausage.
Dinner: 1 boiled potato, a glass of low-fat yogurt, fruit.

Tuesday and Friday.

Breakfast: small portion of rabbit stew, 2 tbsp. l. oatmeal porridge, 1 fruit, a glass of tea with lemon.
Snack: fruit salad.
Lunch: a small portion of soup with meatballs, 150 grams of boiled potatoes, biscuits, a glass of compote.
Afternoon snack: a glass of berries.
Dinner: 1 tbsp. l. buckwheat, 1 boiled sausage, a glass of juice.

Wednesday and Saturday.

Breakfast: a slice of bread, 2 tbsp. l. vegetable salad, a slice of hard cheese, 1 fruit.
Snack: 1 fruit, a glass of tea with lemon.
Lunch: a small portion of vegetable soup, a slice of bread, 1 tbsp. l. buckwheat, 3 tbsp. l. vegetable salad, 1 fruit.
Afternoon snack: 1 fruit.
Dinner: 1 tbsp. l. oatmeal porridge, fish cutlet, a glass of tea.

Sunday.

Breakfast: 6 pcs. dumplings, 3 pcs. biscuits, a glass of coffee.
Snack: 1 fruit.
Lunch: a small portion of soup with buckwheat, 100 grams of boiled potatoes, 5 tbsp. l. vegetable salad, biscuit cookies, a glass of compote.
Afternoon snack: 1 fruit.
Dinner: 1 boiled sausage, 1 tbsp. l. oatmeal, biscuit cookies, a glass of juice, a glass of low-fat kefir.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin in the body and is characterized by impaired carbohydrate metabolism and other metabolic disorders. Simply put, diabetes is not a disease in the full sense, but an unhealthy lifestyle and diet. Therefore, nutrition in diabetes mellitus plays an important role in the well-being of the patient.

Today we will look at:

Foods to include and exclude from the diet for type 2 diabetes

Nutrition in diabetes should be correct and include in the diet foods with a low glycemic index (from 10 to 40):

vegetables: tomatoes, eggplant, cabbage, cucumbers, zucchini, green beans and other green vegetables
mushrooms and various nuts
fruits and berries: cherries, cranberries, lingonberries, plums, pears, apples, gooseberries, wild strawberries, strawberries and their juices
citrus fruits: lemon, orange, tangerine and grapefruit
products made from cereals and bran: barley bread, rice bran, oatmeal, buckwheat, spaghetti and pasta with durum flour.
dietary meat: poultry, rabbit, turkey, veal
lean fish and fish products
black chocolate
cold pressed linseed oil
mineral water: Borjomi, Essentuki, Polyana kvasova

Restrict consumption of foods with an average glycemic index (from 40 to 70)

dairy products: kefir, milk, low-fat or low-fat yogurt
vegetables: beets (boiled and stewed), carrots, legumes
whole grain bread, rye bread, black yeast bread
fresh and canned pineapple
apple and grape juice, no sugar
instant oatmeal porridge
marmalade
raisins, melon, kiwi
industrial mayonnaise
canned corn
wheat flour fritters
brown rice

Exclude from the diet foods with a high glycemic index (from 70 to 100)

watermelon
wheat flakes and bread
cornflakes
french fries and baked
caramel and honey, jam, sweets, sugar
White bread
alcohol and sugary carbonated and non-carbonated drinks
coffee, tea, replacing them with chicory, green tea and blueberry leaf tea
sweet fruits: grapes, bananas
semolina
processed meat products: sausages, frankfurters, sardels, sausages, smoked meat.

Along with taking medications prescribed by a doctor, you need to use medicinal plants: chicory, blueberry leaves, dandelion root, cuff, bean leaves and a collection of sugar-lowering herbs.

In addition, diabetics are shown an active lifestyle, move more, this includes walking up to 2 km a day, walking up stairs, physical work, unless of course they have suffered a heart attack or stroke. Adjust sleep patterns, sleep at least 7 hours a day, go to bed no later than 1 am.

Basic steps and dietary rules for type 2 diabetes

It's no secret that diabetes suffers mostly overweight people with obesity.

First step of the diet-2 weeks, getting rid of extra pounds. During this period, eat only foods with a low glycemic index.

With a high blood sugar content, meals are recommended strictly 3 times a day, without a snack, then the insulin will have time to be utilized. Instead of snacking, drink water or eat fruit.

Portions should be small, as nutritionists say, a portion should fit in the palm of your hand.

The second step of the diet– 15 days, fixing the results. During this period, we eat foods with a low and medium glycemic index. We limit the intake of sugar, honey, muffins, potatoes, bananas, white rice and corn.

The third step of the diet– the rest of your life, keeping fit and following the rules. The menu should be low to medium glycemic.

From my own experience, I am a diabetic with 11 years of experience, I know that 70% of well-being depends on what you ate for breakfast, lunch and dinner, and 20% from activity during the day and only 10% from drugs. At least it is for me, but still))))

Nutrition for diabetes for BREAKFAST list of dishes

For breakfast, you can cook the following dishes:

1. Oatmeal - on natural cereals and low-fat milk, with the addition of a small amount of wild berries, raisins, dried apricots.

2. Muesli or bran - with milk or low fat yogurt.

3. Buckwheat porridge with milk or boiled: tongue, rabbit, meat; or meatballs, meat soufflé.

4. Freshly made toast with a slice of cheese from whole grain bread.

5. Fat-free or low-fat cottage cheese, with fat-free sour cream, yogurt or kefir.

6. Cheesecakes with sour cream.

7. Cabbage or potato cutlets with sour cream.

8. Green tea based on natural herbs. Tea with milk.

9. Fruits: pears, apples, oranges, grapefruits.

10. Boiled eggs with homemade mayonnaise.

11. Omelet with squid

12. Cabbage casserole in the oven

13. Zucchini Casserole

14. Meat pudding

Nutrition for diabetes for LUNCH list of dishes

A normal lunch consists of salads, first and second courses, desserts and drinks. For lunch, the following dishes are offered:

Salads:

1. The basis of salads can be lettuce, fresh cabbage, incl. and Beijing, cauliflower, fresh vegetables (radish, radish, cucumber, tomato), celery, broccoli, mushrooms, cheeses and fruits.

First meal:

vegetable vegetarian
pearl barley and buckwheat with mushrooms
rice with egg
with cauliflower
with peas, with beans
pickle
fish with celery
vegetable with chicken

2. Lenten borscht with sour cream.

Second courses:

1. Boiled meat or stew from it with stewed cabbage.

2. Beef stroganoff with mashed potatoes.

3. Goulash with boiled potatoes.

4. Boiled chicken with millet porridge.

5. Mexican pita with feta cheese and mushrooms.

6. Sandwiches to your taste, based on whole grain bread.

Dessert:

1. Lemon jelly without sugar.

2. Carrot cake

3. Curd soufflé

4. Microwaved Stevia Chocolate Cake

5. Pumpkin cheesecake without sugar and semolina

6. Diet cake Napoleon

7. Baked apples

Beverages

1.Tomato juice

2. Kefir or cinnamon kefir

3. Decoction or rosehip tea

4. Milk thistle tea (for weight loss)

5. Fruit compote with sweetener

Nutrition for diabetes for DINNER list of dishes

Dinner options might include:

1. Cabbage stuffed with vegetables

2. Boiled lean fish

3. Carrot-apple meatballs with kefir

4. Carrot puree with sour cream

5. Braised cabbage

6. Vegetable casserole

1 hour before bed

A glass of kefir

The type 2 diabetes diet is one of the main ways to feed and support normal metabolism, lowering blood sugar levels to normal. Below we will consider the main essence of the treatment, what foods will be useful and what you can eat with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition table, what can and cannot be eaten by a diabetic at the initial stage of the disease.

Treatment of the second type of disease cannot be complete without the use of a diet. High blood glucose is the main indicator of type 2 diabetes. This significantly worsens the quality of life of a diabetic, provokes the development of atherosclerosis, and has a negative impact on the state of blood vessels. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes implies adherence to a clear diet - there is a list of allowed and prohibited foods for patients with a diagnosis such as diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex pathology that is accompanied by multiple metabolic disorders. In this disease, there are changes in the work of the pancreas, namely, it is responsible for the production of the hormone insulin. Insulin, in turn, is responsible for the absorption of glucose.

Type 2 diabetes symptoms

The main danger of this diabetes is because in both women and men it can be asymptomatic, in a sluggish form. And it is often discovered quite by accident, during the passage of a professional examination. The main analysis, which in this case can confirm diabetes, will be a urine test.

A diet for type 2 diabetes is no longer a measure that you can temporarily apply, it is your whole subsequent life, and the quality and duration of life will depend on how ready you are to adhere to all the rules of the diet. Lack of diet and weight control can lead to diabetes.

Contrary to popular belief, diabetes isn't just caused by eating a lot of sweets. There is no exact cause for diabetes, but there are many factors that contribute to the development of the disease. The most important thing is to diagnose the disease as early as possible and start its treatment in time.

The main symptoms of the disease include several main manifestations:

Leg cramps;
Pain in the joints of the arms and legs;
Numbness;
Itching in the vaginal area in women;
Decreased erectile function in men;
Infectious inflammation of the skin;
Overweight.

Another symptom of diabetes is polyuria. She especially worries the sick person at night. Frequent urination is due to the fact that the body is trying to remove excess sugar in this way.

Thirst can also indicate the presence of diabetes. This symptom follows from polyuria, as there is a loss of fluid and the body tries to replace it. Feeling hungry can also indicate a disease. Especially strong and uncontrollable, even after the person has eaten.

Diet for type 2 diabetes: nutritional features

CD-2 is a common disease in the Russian Federation. By January 2014, the total number of people who applied for help amounted to 3 million 625 thousand. Of these, children and adolescents accounted for only 753 cases. The vast majority of patients are over 35 years of age and have an elevated body mass index.

In percentage terms, the ratio of DM1 and DM2 carriers is 20 and 80% of the total number of cases, respectively. A diabetic needs to make a proper nutrition plan and include the most priority foods in it, removing unhealthy foods.

Women who have had gestational diabetes are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes in the future, which necessitates adherence to recommendations for lifestyle modification in the future.

Early detection of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in a pregnant woman and monitoring of this condition makes it possible to minimize the risks associated with the influence of minor chronic hyperglycemia on the formation of the fetus, the health of the newborn and the woman herself.

In patients with diabetes, who deliberately or unknowingly do not follow a diet before the diagnosis is established, due to the excessive amount of carbohydrates in the diet, the sensitivity of cells to insulin is lost. Because of this, blood glucose rises and stays at high levels.

The meaning of dietary nutrition for diabetics is to restore cells to lost sensitivity to insulin, i.e. ability to absorb sugar. What should be the classic diet for type 2 diabetics?

The amount of carbohydrates is adjusted by the doctor depending on the degree of sugar increase, the weight of the patient and concomitant diseases. To maintain the normative general condition of the body in type 2 diabetes, it is necessary to follow the rules:

The 1st and most important rule is strict adherence to the rules of the diet and your doctor;
It is forbidden to starve;
Frequent (3-5 times a day) fractional low-carbohydrate meals in small portions;
It is undesirable to take long breaks between meals;
Body weight correction - it is necessary to try to reduce it, since there is a direct correlation between weight and cell sensitivity to insulin;
You can't skip breakfast.
Avoid fatty foods as much as possible, since fats, entering the blood from the intestines, impair the utilization of carbohydrates by the cells of the body;
Vegetables are eaten first at the time of eating, and only after them - protein products (cottage cheese, meat);
Great emphasis should be placed on vegetables (up to 1 kg per day), unsweetened fruits (300-400 g), lean meat and fish (up to 300 g per day) and mushrooms (up to 150 grams);
All food must be chewed thoroughly, you can not rush and swallow large pieces;
Individual selection of a diet, depending on the age, gender and physical activity of a person;
Served meals should not be hot or cold;
For a day, it will be enough for the patient to eat 100 g of bread, cereals or potatoes (one thing is chosen);
The last meal should take place no later than two hours before going to bed;
If you want to somehow diversify the carbohydrate menu, then it is better to choose diabetic sweets (on sweeteners), but they should not be carried away. It should be compiled only by the attending physician, who knows what can and cannot be eaten by the patient, as well as what dishes can be consumed in limited quantities .;
With a negative reaction of the stomach to raw vegetables, it is recommended to bake them;
It is not recommended to fry, drench products in breadcrumbs, cook them in batter, add sauces. In addition, fried foods have a higher glycemic index. More useful for a diabetic will be boiled or steamed dishes;
In the manufacture of minced meat, the loaf is excluded, being replaced by oatmeal, vegetables;
If carbohydrates are present in a portion (a significant amount), they are diluted with proteins or allowed fats - to reduce the rate of digestion and assimilation;
Allowed drinks are used before meals, not after it;
The total amount of free fluid daily - 1.5 liters;
Remove all provocative products (rolls, mayonnaise, cakes, etc.) away from the eyes, replacing them with plates of fruits and vegetables;
Under the ban are fast carbohydrates (sweets, sugar, pastries, soda, etc.), complex carbohydrates are consumed in moderation;
Controlling the intake of carbohydrates. The easiest way is to count bread units (XE). Each food product contains a certain amount of bread units, 1 XE increases blood glucose by 2 mmol / l.

It is important to know! 1 Bread unit (1 XE) is a measure for calculating the amount of carbohydrates in foods. Conventionally, 1 XE contains 12-15 g of carbohydrates, and it is convenient to measure different products in it - from watermelons to sweet cheesecakes.

Calculating bread units for a diabetic patient is simple: on the factory packaging of the product, as a rule, they indicate the amount of carbohydrates per 100 g, which is divided by 12 and adjusted by weight. At one meal, you need to consume no more than 6 XE, and the daily norm for an adult with normal body weight is 20-22 bread units.

Examples of 1 XE in products:

Borodino bread - 28 g;
Buckwheat - 17 g;
Raw carrots - 150 g;
Cucumber - 400 g;
Apple - 100 g;
Dates - 17 years;
Milk - 250 g;
Cottage cheese - 700 g.

Products that normalize blood sugar

Oatmeal. This dish contains soluble fiber, which normalizes blood sugar;
Vegetables. Minerals, vitamins and antioxidants are found in fresh vegetables. To reduce sugar, experts recommend eating broccoli and red peppers. Broccoli - fights inflammation in the body, and red pepper - rich in ascorbic acid;
Jerusalem artichoke. Promotes the elimination of toxins, improves metabolism and reduces blood sugar;
Fish. By eating fish twice a week, the risk of developing diabetes is reduced. It is preferable to steam it or bake it in the oven;
Garlic. This product affects the production of insulin, stimulating the pancreas. In addition, garlic contains antioxidants that have a positive effect on the functioning of the whole organism;
Cinnamon. The composition of this spice includes magnesium, polyphenols and fiber, which reduce sugar levels in the body;
Avocado. The properties of avocados are of interest to many. This green fruit is rich in beneficial micronutrients, folic acid, protein, monounsaturated fats and magnesium. Its regular use will increase immunity, improve the condition of the skin and hair, and protect the body from the development of diabetes.

How to replace sweet in diabetes

Stevia is a calorie-free sugar substitute made from the leaves of the perennial stevia plant. The plant synthesizes sweet glycosides, such as stevioside, a substance that gives leaves and stems a sweet taste, 20 times sweeter than regular sugar.

It can be added to ready meals or used in cooking. It is believed that stevia helps to restore the pancreas and helps produce your own insulin without affecting blood sugar.

Officially approved as a sweetener by WHO experts in 2004. The daily allowance is up to 2.4 mg / kg (no more than 1 tbsp per day). If the supplement is abused, toxic effects and allergic reactions may develop. Available in the form of powder, liquid extracts and concentrated syrups.

The role of dietary fiber in nutrition in type 2 diabetes

Proper nutrition for patients with type 2 diabetes is a vital necessity. Strict adherence to the diet makes it possible to reduce sugar levels and improve the quality of life of a diabetic without taking medication.

In addition, dietary fiber slows down the absorption of fats and glucose in the intestines, reduces the level of insulin taken by patients, creates the impression of full saturation, which automatically leads to a decrease in appetite and, accordingly, the weight of the patient.

coarse bran;
Oatmeal and rye flour;
Mushrooms;
Figs;
Nuts;
Lemon;
Pumpkin;
Prunes;
Beans;
Quince;
Strawberry;
Raspberries.

51% of the total should be vegetables;
40% - cereals;
9% - berries, fruits and mushrooms.

According to statistics, if a patient with diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus adheres to the recommendations and prescriptions of a nutritionist, which are given in this material, his condition returns to normal, blood sugar levels decrease.

There were cases when, with full observance of the rules of dietary nutrition against the background of diagnosed diabetes mellitus, the patient's blood sugar level was within the normal range.

Diet for type 2 diabetes: what you can eat, what you can not (table)

In type 2 diabetes, a low-carbohydrate diet is recommended to maintain normal blood glucose levels. At the same time, proteins and fats are allowed on the diet in almost unlimited quantities, taking into account the daily calorie content, if necessary, lose weight.

What you can eat and what you can not with diabetes, you can see in the table below. The patient needs to learn how to choose the right foods and in the future he will know what to eat with a disease, and why it is better to refuse.

Restricted foods - they are not forbidden to be taken, but it is necessary to strictly control the amount of their intake (fats). Prohibited Foods - The inclusion of such foods in the diet is not recommended, as they significantly increase the level of glucose and insulin in the blood (easily digestible refined carbohydrates).

Products	What can you eat	Limited	What not to eat
flour products		bran bread	Bread and flour products
Meat and offal	Lamb, beef, veal, pork, rabbit meat. Heart, liver, kidneys, etc.
Bird	Chicken, turkey, goose, duck meat
Fish	Exceptionally lean fish
Sausages	All types of quality sausages with good composition (free of flour, starch and cellulose)
Dairy	Cottage cheese, sour cream, cream, low-fat hard cheese
Eggs	All kinds of eggs without limits
cereals		Several times a week up to 30 grams of dry cereals: black rice, buckwheat, quinoa, lentils, oatmeal, peas	White rice. Pasta
Fats	Olive, coconut oil		Hydrogenated vegetable oils. Sunflower, rapeseed, corn oil
condiments	Mustard, black pepper, herbs, cinnamon
Vegetables	Tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, garlic, zucchini, eggplant, sorrel, white, Beijing, Brussels sprouts, red cabbage, lettuce, spinach, broccoli, green beans, asparagus, green peas, mushrooms. Canned vegetables, salads, etc.	Pumpkin, squash, carrots, turnip, Jerusalem artichoke, sweet potato, radish. Olives and olives
Fruits, berries	Lemon, cranberry, avocado, quince	Apples, pears, cherries, plums, currants, raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries, aronia, strawberries (up to 100 g per day)	Bananas, grapes, cherries, pineapple, peaches, apricots, melon, dates, dried apricots, raisins, cherries, watermelon
nuts		All nuts and seeds, low GI nut butter. Nut flour (coconut, sesame, almond)
Chocolate and desserts		Quality chocolate with 75% cocoa no more than 15 grams per day	Pastries and desserts with sugar, sweets, honey, cane sugar
Beverages	Tea, herbal teas		Fruit and vegetable juices
Alcohol		Dry wine once a month	Beer, sweet alcoholic drinks

Knowing what foods you can eat with type 2 diabetes, the table of which is given, you can do without medication. At the same time, not only the composition of the daily menu is important, but also the number of meals. At the first signs of the disease, you need to adjust the diet, which will avoid the severe stages of diabetes with constant insulin injections and serious complications.

Let's take a closer look at what foods you can eat with type 2 diabetes:

For first courses, non-concentrated meat and fish broth is used or they are cooked on vegetable broth. Therefore, the first water in which meat and fish products were boiled is drained, and soups are cooked on the second water. Meat soups are present in the diet no more than 1 time per week;
For second courses, choose low-fat fish - hake, carp, pike, bream, pollock, perch. Beef and poultry (chicken, turkey) are also suitable;
Dairy and sour milk should be low fat - yogurt, fermented baked milk, kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese;
Eat 4-5 eggs per week. The advantage is given to proteins - an omelet is prepared from them. Yolks are not recommended for use;
Porridges are prepared from barley, buckwheat and oatmeal, they can be eaten no more than 1 time per day;
Bread is chosen from whole grain, bran, rye or wheat flour of the 2nd grade. The recommended portion of flour products is not more than 300 g per day;
Be sure to eat juicy vegetables - kohlrabi, cauliflower, white cabbage, a variety of greens, cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplants and legumes;
Starchy and sugar-containing vegetables - potatoes, beets, carrots are allowed no more than 2 times a week (during periods of exacerbation of the disease, they should be completely excluded);
Preference is given to berries and fruits rich in vitamin C. Citrus fruits - oranges, grapefruit, red and black currants, cranberries;
For dessert, it is allowed to use confectionery with sweeteners from the department for diabetics or non-bread cookies (biscuits).

From drinks, the choice is stopped at rosehip broth, cucumber and tomato juice, mineral non-carbonated water, fruit and berry compotes, weakly brewed black and green or herbal tea, low-fat milk.

Forbidden products at diabetes 2 type: list

Butter dough, white flour products, pies, sweets and biscuits, muffins and sweet cookies;
Rich fatty broth;
Salo, fatty fish;
Salted fish, ram, herring;
Cheeses with high fat content;
Dishes from semolina and rice, pasta made from white flour of the highest grade;
Pickles and marinades;
Sugar, honey, sweets, sweet soda, juices from packages;
Ice cream;
Sausage, sausages, sausages;
mayonnaise and ketchup;
Margarine, confectionery fat, spread, butter;
Food from fast food restaurants (french fries, hot dog, hamburger, cheeseburger, etc.);
Salted nuts and crackers;
Any alcohol (except dry wine once a month).
You should limit the use of nuts and seeds (due to their high fat content), vegetable oils.

Fructose in diabetes: benefits and harms

Is it possible to use fructose with diabetes - this question is asked to doctors by many patients with this disease. Experts discuss this topic a lot, and their opinions differ.

There are many reviews on the internet about the safety of fructose in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but there are also scientific studies that prove otherwise. What is the benefit and harm of products with fructose for sick people and how should they be consumed?

Why is fructose good for diabetes?

Each organism requires carbohydrates for the normal functioning of all systems and organs. They nourish the body, supply the cells with energy and give strength to perform the usual tasks. The diet of diabetics for 40-60% should consist of high-quality carbohydrates. Fructose is a saccharide of plant origin, also called arabino-hexulose and fruit sugar.

It has a low glycemic index of 20 units. Unlike sugar, fructose is not able to increase the amount of glucose in the blood. In type 1 and type 2 diabetes, fruit sugar is considered beneficial due to its absorption mechanism. This substance differs from sugar in that it is absorbed much more slowly when it enters the body.

It doesn't even require insulin. For comparison, for glucose to enter the cells of the body from ordinary sugar, protein cells (insulin are among them) are required. In diabetes, the concentration of this hormone is underestimated, so glucose is stored in the blood, causing hyperglycemia.

So, what is the main difference between sugar and fructose intake in diabetes? Fructose, unlike sugar, does not cause a spike in glucose. Thus, its use is allowed for patients with a low concentration of insulin in the blood. Fructose brings a separate benefit to diabetic men, increasing the production and activity of spermatozoa.

It is also the prevention of infertility in women and men. Fructose, after oxidation, releases adenosine triphosphate molecules, which are required for the normal functioning of the body. Fruit sugar is harmless to gums and teeth, and also minimizes the likelihood of inflammation in the mouth and tooth decay.

Why is fructose bad for diabetics?

With numerous beneficial properties, fruit sugar in type 1 and type 2 diabetes can also harm. Many diabetics face the problem of obesity. The difference between fructose and sugar in diabetes is that the former is more concentrated for the same calorie content. This means that you can sweeten food with much less fruit sugar. Fructose-based foods for diabetes can be harmful to people with this dangerous disease.

The negative effects are mainly due to the following factors: In high amounts, fructose causes a jump in cholesterol, lipoproteins and triglycerides. This causes fatty liver and atherosclerosis. An increase in uric acid. Fructose is able to turn into glucose inside the liver.

In large doses, fruit sugar stimulates the development of pathogenic microflora in the intestines. If the monosaccharide begins to accumulate in the eye vessels or nerve tissues, this will cause tissue damage and the development of dangerous diseases. In the liver, fructose is broken down, turning into adipose tissue. Fat begins to accumulate, worsening the functions of the internal organ.

Fructose stimulates appetite thanks to ghrelin, called the hunger hormone. Sometimes even a cup of tea with this sweetener causes a feeling of irresistible hunger, and this leads to overeating.

In general, fruit sugar can cause the same harm in diabetes as regular sugar if you abuse this sweetener.

Diet menu for type 2 diabetes

With type 2 diabetes, a person can lead a normal life with some changes in their diet. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with an exemplary diet menu for type 2 diabetes.

Monday

Breakfast. A serving of oatmeal, a glass of carrot juice;
Snack. Two baked apples;
Dinner. A serving of pea soup, vinaigrette, a few slices of dark bread, a cup of green tea;
afternoon tea. Carrot salad with prunes;
Dinner. Buckwheat with mushrooms, cucumber, some bread, a glass of mineral water;
Before going to bed - a cup of kefir.

Tuesday

Breakfast. Portion of cottage cheese with apples, a cup of green tea;
Snack. Cranberry juice, cracker;
Dinner. Bean soup, fish casserole, coleslaw, bread, dried fruit compote;
afternoon tea. Diet cheese sandwich, tea;
Dinner. Vegetable stew, a slice of dark bread, a cup of green tea;
Before going to bed - a cup of milk.

Wednesday

Breakfast. Steamed cheesecakes with raisins, tea with milk;
Snack. Several apricots;
Dinner. Portion of vegetarian borscht, baked fish fillet with greens, some bread, a glass of rosehip broth;
afternoon tea. Portion of fruit salad;
Dinner. Braised cabbage with mushrooms, bread, a cup of tea;
Before going to bed - yogurt without additives.

Thursday

Breakfast. Protein omelette, whole grain bread, coffee;
Snack. A glass of apple juice, a cracker;
Dinner. Tomato soup, chicken fillet with vegetables, bread, a cup of tea with lemon;
afternoon tea. A piece of bread with curd paste;
Dinner. Carrot cutlets with Greek yogurt, bread, a cup of green tea;
Before going to bed - a glass of milk.

Friday

Breakfast. Two soft-boiled eggs, tea with milk;
Snack. A handful of berries;
Dinner. Fresh cabbage soup, potato cutlets, vegetable salad, bread, a glass of compote;
afternoon tea. Cottage cheese with cranberries;
Dinner. Steamed fish cake, a portion of vegetable salad, some bread, tea;
Before going to bed - a glass of curdled milk.

Saturday

Breakfast. A serving of millet porridge with fruit, a cup of tea;
Snack. Fruit salad;
Dinner. Celery soup, barley porridge with onions and vegetables, some bread, tea;
afternoon tea. Curd with lemon;
Dinner. Potato cutlets, tomato salad, a piece of boiled fish, bread, a cup of compote;
Before going to bed - a glass of kefir.

Sunday

Breakfast. Portion of cottage cheese casserole with berries, a cup of coffee;
Snack. Fruit juice, cracker;
Dinner. Onion soup, steamed chicken cutlets, a portion of vegetable salad, some bread, a cup of dried fruit compote;
afternoon tea. Apple;
Dinner. Vareniki with cabbage, a cup of tea;
Before going to bed - yogurt.

Recipes for type 2 diabetes, meals for diabetics

Health food, dietary recipes of which should be prepared as part of an exemplary diet menu for a week. The list of products allowed for consumption by people with type 2 diabetes is not limited to what was said in the table.

There is a lot of food that is not forbidden to eat. Recipes for type 2 diabetics are such that the discerning gourmet will be satisfied. Some are described below.

First meal

Soups, broths that do not contain a large amount of fat act in this capacity. To lose weight and keep blood glucose within acceptable limits, it is recommended to cook:

Green broth: 30 g of stewed spinach, 20 g of butter and 2 eggs are ground, 3 tablespoons of low-fat sour cream are added. After that, the mixture is immersed in meat broth and boiled until tender;
Vegetable soup: cabbage, celery, spinach, green beans are chopped, seasoned with oil, stewed, put in meat broth. Next, the soup is allowed to brew for 30–60 minutes;
Mushroom soup: mushrooms are cut, seasoned with salt and butter, stewed in a pan and put into the broth. You can add the yolk of one egg.

Liquid hot meals should be given to the patient at least once a day.

Soup with tomatoes and bell pepper

You will need: one onion, one bell pepper, two potatoes, two tomatoes (fresh or canned), a tablespoon of tomato paste, 3 cloves of garlic, ½ teaspoon of cumin, salt, paprika, about 0.8 liters of water.

We cut the tomatoes, peppers and onions into cubes, stew in a saucepan with the addition of tomato paste, paprika and a few tablespoons of water. Grind cumin with a crush or in a coffee grinder. Cut the potatoes into cubes, add to the vegetables, salt and pour hot water. Cook until potatoes are ready.

A few minutes before cooking, add cumin and crushed garlic to the soup. Sprinkle with herbs.

Lentil soup

We will need: 200 g of red lentils, 1 liter of water, a little olive oil, one onion, one carrot, 200 g of mushrooms (champignons), salt, herbs.

Cut the onion, mushrooms, grate the carrots. We heat the pan, pour a little vegetable oil, fry the onions, mushrooms and carrots for 5 minutes. Add lentils, pour water and cook over low heat, covered for about 15 minutes. A few minutes before cooking, add salt, spices. Grind in a blender, divide into portions. This soup is very tasty with rye croutons.

Main courses

Solid food is used as an additional food after soups at lunchtime, as well as an independent kind of food in the morning and evening.

Simple minced meat: onions are chopped, mixed with parsley, chopped champignons. The mixture is fried, added to the rolled meat. If the product is planned to be used as a spread for a sandwich, it should be pre-fried. The raw mixture is used to stuff tomatoes or bell peppers;
Celery salad: the roots are cut, boiled until tender, stewed in a small amount of water. Before eating, the dish should be seasoned with sunflower oil or vinegar;
Casserole: cauliflower is peeled, boiled in such a way that the vegetable does not dissolve. After that, it is placed in a mold treated with oil, poured over with a mixture of yolk, sour cream, grated cheese, then baked.

In the second recipe, boiling celery is a must. During the heat treatment, the vegetable loses carbohydrates.

vegetable appetizer

We will need: 6 medium tomatoes, two carrots, two onions, 4 bell peppers, 300-400 g of white cabbage, a little vegetable oil, bay leaf, salt and pepper.

We chop the cabbage, cut the pepper into strips, cut the tomatoes into cubes, and the onions into half rings. Simmer over low heat with the addition of vegetable oil and spices. Sprinkle with herbs when serving. Can be used on its own or as a side dish for meat or fish.

Meatballsfrom vegetables and minced meat

We will need: ½ kg of minced chicken, one egg, one small head of cabbage, two carrots, two onions, 3 cloves of garlic, a glass of kefir, a tablespoon of tomato paste, salt, pepper, vegetable oil.

Finely chop the cabbage, chop the onion, three carrots on a fine grater. Fry the onion, add vegetables and simmer for 10 minutes, cool. In the meantime, add the egg, spices and salt to the minced meat, knead.

Add vegetables to minced meat, mix again, form meatballs and put them in a mold. Prepare the sauce: mix kefir with crushed garlic and salt, pour over the meatballs. Top with a little tomato paste or juice. Place the meatballs in the oven at 200°C for about 60 minutes.

Dessert

As part of sweets for tea drinking, a small amount of sugar is allowed, however, it is preferable to use dietary saccharin.

Vanilla cream: a mixture of 2 yolks, 50 g of heavy cream, saccharin and vanilla is whipped over a fire. It is important not to let the composition boil. The resulting dish is eaten slightly chilled;
Air biscuits: egg whites whipped to a thick foam are sweetened and placed in separate portions on an ungreased sheet. It is necessary to bake in such a mode that the composition dries up. To improve the taste, cream is added to the cookies;
Jelly: fruit syrup (cherries, raspberries, currants) is mixed with a small amount of gelatin, allowed to harden. After that, the dish is considered ready. Before solidification, it is recommended to add a little saccharin to it.

The use of products containing sugar should be done with caution. Glucose, which is part of the dessert, is subtracted from the daily norm of simple u/v. Otherwise, the level of C 6 H 12 O 6 may rise. Frequent episodes of hyperglycemia lead to the development of complications.

Cabbage fritters

You will need: ½ kg of white cabbage, a little parsley, a tablespoon of kefir, a chicken egg, 50 g of hard diet cheese, salt, 1 tbsp. l. bran, 2 tbsp. l. flour, ½ tsp soda or baking powder, pepper.

Finely chop the cabbage, dip in boiling water for 2 minutes, let the water drain. Add chopped greens, grated cheese, kefir, an egg, a spoonful of bran, flour and baking powder to the cabbage. Salt and pepper. Mix the mass and place in the refrigerator for half an hour.

Line a baking sheet with parchment paper and grease with vegetable oil. With a spoon, put the mass on parchment in the form of pancakes, place in the oven for about half an hour at 180 ° C, until golden. Serve with Greek yogurt or on its own.

A blood diet, no carbohydrates, separate meals, a mono-diet, protein, kefir, fasting, all kinds of teas for weight loss - diabetics go through all this. Many people cannot imagine their life without sweets - diabetics can use sweeteners.

Sorbitol, xylitol, and fructose are considered calorie-rich, so this must be taken into account when calculating calories. Aspartame (NutraSvit, slastelin), cyclamate and saccharin are non-caloric. They can not be boiled, otherwise bitterness occurs. Acesulfame potassium also belongs to the same species. When choosing a suitable drug, you must always consult with your doctor so that there are no contraindications.

The sweetest preparations:

SUCHARIN is the sweetest substitute - 375 times sweeter than sugar. The kidneys are actively involved in its processing and excretion. Therefore, in diseases of the kidneys and liver, it can not be used. You can consume no more than 1-1.5 pieces per day;
ASPARTAM - 200 times sweeter than sugar. Do not take patients with phenylketonuria (a severe hereditary disease leading to mental retardation). Dose - 1-2 tablets per day;
ACESULFAM POTASSIUM (ACE-K, SVIT-1) (200 times sweeter than sugar, consume 1.15 tablets per day.) Reception is limited in case of kidney failure and diseases in which potassium is contraindicated.

Other drugs are also available:

SORBIT - consumed 20-30 grams per day, it helps to increase metabolism;
FRUCTOSE - made from grapes, compared to sugar, fructose is 2 times sweeter (no more than 30 grams per day);
XYLITOL - obtained from corn cobs (cobs). It is absorbed without the participation of insulin. When using it, the digestion of food slows down, so you can reduce the amount of food. The recommended amount is no more than 30 grams per day.

How to Cure Type 2 Diabetes: 7 Steps

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