Roof coverings their types. Roofs of various designs. All coverage options
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Modern buildings are distinguished by a wide variety of architectural solutions. If earlier almost all buildings were of the same type, now it is difficult to find two similar ones among them. The design of the roof can also be different. The question of what types of roofs are of interest to everyone who decides to build a house. When choosing an option for arranging a roof, you should pay attention not only to its attractiveness, but also to its functionality.
All types of roof structures differ not only in appearance, but also in functional features. There is no ideal option: each type of roof construction has advantages and disadvantages.
Classification by slope angle
According to the angle of inclination of the slopes, all types of roofing are divided into the following two types: flat and pitched.
A flat roof is the simplest, it rests on walls of the same height and has practically no slope. Such roofs have a slope angle of 2.5-3%. The main disadvantage of flat roofs is that, due to the small slope, the removal of melt and rain water is difficult, and as a result, it soon begins to leak. Snow from these roofs has to be removed on their own.
Flat roofs are almost never used for the construction of private households. They are more functional for outbuildings and multi-storey buildings. But they have one advantage that other types of roofing cannot boast of: at the top you can arrange a flower garden and even a pool - the main thing is that the supporting structures can withstand this load.
For the construction of country houses and cottages, pitched roofs are usually used. The angle of inclination of the slopes of such roofs is more than 10%. Melt and rain water is easily removed from pitched surfaces; at a large slope angle, snow does not linger on them.
Design classification
According to their structural solution, roofs are non-attic and attic. The first option involves combining with the main room, and the roof of the last floor is the supporting structures of the roof. Attic roofs are not connected to the main room, they can be insulated or cold.
According to the type of ventilation, non-attic roofs are divided into:
- non-ventilated;
- ventilated;
- partially ventilated.
Also, roofs can be operated or not operated.
Geometric classification
Types of roof coverings according to the geometric shape are as follows.
Shed roofs . Consist of a single plane. Their truss system is based on the outer walls of the building, which are located at different heights (more: ""). Due to this, a slope is formed. Roofs with one slope are easy to build and do not require large financial costs. But mostly they are used in the construction of various outbuildings. Types of roofing for a roof with one slope can be different: the choice of roofing materials is very wide. For shed roofs, you can use tiles, slate, metal tiles, metal profiles, roofing felt, ondulin, and more (more: ""). Rainwater and snow do not linger on such a surface, in addition, precipitation flows in one direction, thus making it easier to create storm sewers. The main disadvantages of shed roofs are the lack of attic space and a small selection of design solutions.
gable roofs . They are in demand in the construction of private houses - their design consists of two slopes, based on load-bearing walls of the same height. This type of roof is also called gable. (read also: "") The gap between the two slopes (tongs, gables) has the shape of a triangle. As for the construction itself, it is more difficult than creating a shed version, but easier than other types of cottage roofs.
The gable roof is reliable, well drains rain and melt water, snow, and can withstand strong wind loads. In addition, it looks much more interesting than a pitched roof. For gable structures, you can use different roofing.
Mansard roofs - This is a type of duplex. But the roof slopes themselves are characterized by broken lines. Another variant of the name of such roofs is “broken”, since the slopes can be refracted at different angles. The presence of a break increases the area and volume of the attic, which is subsequently used as housing and is called an attic.
Therefore, this version of the roof device is called "mansard". Its pediments are shaped like a pentagon. The design of such a roof is characterized by certain features, but it can be built easily and quickly. you can think of quite a lot. They are preferred to be built much more often than other types of roofs of one-story houses.
Thermal insulation is also important, since the attic is built into the roof. Accordingly, the temperature in such a room will depend on the quality of thermal insulation. If it is done in accordance with all the rules, then you can live in the attic even in winter. Otherwise, the room under the roof can only be used in the summer.
As for the height of the roof with an attic, it should not be less than 2.2 meters. Otherwise, there will be inconvenience when moving along it.
For these roofs, a system of double-pull rafters and beams is used. Their shape contributes to the rapid and efficient removal of snow and water from the roof. The slope angles of the hip roofs are 45 degrees. They also withstand strong winds well. Due to the large angle of inclination, the hipped roof must be equipped with gutters. It is better to entrust the construction of such a roof to specialists, since it requires a complex truss system. If you do not adhere to the accuracy of the parameters, the roof will not last long.
Types of roofing for this type of roof can be different. You can use both light and heavy roofing materials. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the second materials for roofing last longer, plus, they have better thermal insulation. But at the same time, the use of such roofing products requires the creation of a reinforced rafter system. Most often, hip roofs are built in the southern regions.
Half hip roof
. These are ordinary hip roofs with truncated triangular slopes. At the heart of the house is a regular polygon or square, so all four slopes look like a triangle, and their vertices converge at one point. A roof in the form of a pyramid can decorate any building. The installation of this type of roof is as complicated as the installation of hip roofs. Their construction is also best entrusted to specialists. Read also: "
Also, such roofs are used to create an overlap of a part of a building or even an entire building. Dome roofs are made from bent frame elements. Such types of roofing materials are used for the roof as soft (roofing felt, glass tiles) and flexible (galvanized steel sheets, plastic tiles).
Currently, you can see a variety of coverage options on private houses and cottages. Types of roofing for the roof are very diverse. Each person can choose the appropriate roofing option and type of roofing material for their home. Any method of creating a roof has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, when choosing the type of roofing and roofing material, it is necessary to take into account not only external beauty, but also functional differences. Continuation: " ".
The design of the roof and the choice of roofing material is determined at the design stage and depends on the design of the facade of the building and the roofing technology. The choice of the type of roof, materials for its installation, its design, slope depends on climatic conditions, operation, architectural requirements, the degree of capitalization of the building.
Roof - the upper enclosing structure of the building, which performs load-bearing, waterproofing and, with non-attic (combined) roofs and warm attics, heat-insulating functions.
Roof - the upper element of the roof (covering), which protects buildings from all types of atmospheric influences.
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The roof of the building consists of the following elements: inclined planes, called slopes (1), which are based on rafters (2) and lathing (3). The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the Mauerlat (4). The intersection of the slopes forms inclined (12) and horizontal ribs. The horizontal ribs are called the ridge (5). The intersection of the slopes, forming the incoming corners, create valleys and grooves (6). The edges of the roof over the walls of the building are called cornice overhangs (7) (located horizontally, protruding beyond the contour of the outer walls) or gable overhangs (11) (located obliquely). Water flows down the slopes to the wall gutters (8) and is discharged through the water intake funnels (9) into the downpipes (10) and further into the storm sewer. |
1) Cornice plank; 2) Lathing board; 3) Falling beam of the counter-lattice; 4) Waterproofing film; 5) Rafter leg; 6) Skate; 7) Sheets of metal tiles; 8) Sealer ridge; 9) Cap of the ridge; 10) Wind bar; 11) Drain pipe; 12) Pipe holder; 13) Drainage chute; 14) Chute holder; 15) Snow barrier; 16) Upper valley; 17) Lower valley; 18) Wall profile. |
Roof classification
Depending on the slope of the slopes, the roofs are pitched (more than 10%) and flat (up to 2.5%). In individual housing construction, as a rule, pitched and sloping roofs are used. In flat roofs, the formation of stagnant water on the roof is possible and, as a result, the appearance of leaks in these places. The advantage of flat roofs is the possibility of using them for various purposes. According to the constructive solution, roofs can be attic (separate) and non-attic (combined). Attic roofs are insulated or cold. In non-attic (combined) roofs, the load-bearing elements serve as the ceiling of the upper floor of the building. Non-attic roofs are ventilated, partially ventilated and non-ventilated. According to the operating conditions, roofs are exploited and non-exploited. The type of roof is mainly determined by its geometric shape and roofing material. Depending on the shape of the roof, they can be single-slope, gable, three-, four-slope, multi-slope (Fig. 2).
shed roof (Fig. 2, a) with its plane (slope) rests on load-bearing walls of different heights. This roof is most suitable for the construction of outbuildings.
Gable roof
(Fig. 2, b, c) consists of two planes-slopes, based on load-bearing walls of the same height. The space between the slopes, which has a triangular shape, is called tongs or gables. A variation of the gable roof is the attic.
If the roof consists of four triangular slopes converging at one upper point, then it is called tent
(Fig. 2d).
A roof formed by two trapezoidal slopes and two end triangular is called hip four-slope (Fig. 2, e). There are also gable hip ( half hip ) when the pediments are cut off (Fig. 2, f).
Gable roof of an industrial building with a longitudinal lantern (Fig. 2, g) differs from the gable roof of a residential building by a smaller slope of the slopes and a greater width and length.
vaulted roof (Fig. 2, h) in cross section it can be outlined by an arc of a circle or another geometric curve.
folded roof (Fig. 2, i) is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.
domed roof (Fig. 2, j) in outline is a half ball with a continuous support on a cylindrical wall.
Multi-gable roof (Fig. 2, l) is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. It is arranged on houses with a complex polygonal shape of the plan. Such roofs have a greater number of valleys (inner corner) and ribs (protruding corners that form the intersection of the roof slopes), which requires high qualifications when performing roofing work.
Cross vault represents four closed arched vaults (Fig. 2, k).
spherical shell (Fig. 2, o) in outline it is a vault, resting at several points on the base. The space between the supports is usually used for translucent lamps.
spire roof (Fig. 2, n) consists of several steep triangles-slopes, connecting at the top.
Roof from oblique surfaces (Fig. 2, p) consists of several gentle planes, based on load-bearing walls, standing at different levels.
Flat roof (Fig. 2, p) rests on load-bearing walls that have the same height. Flat roofs are most widely used in both civil and industrial construction. Unlike pitched roofs, on flat roofs, piece and sheet materials are not used as roofing. Here, materials are needed that allow the installation of a continuous carpet (bitumen, bitumen-polymer and polymer materials, as well as mastics). This carpet must be elastic enough to perceive thermal and mechanical deformations of the roof base. As a base, use the surface of thermal insulation, load-bearing plates, screeds.
In individual construction, as a rule, roofs are used, shown in fig. 2, a, b, c, d, e, f. The intersections of the roof slopes form dihedral angles. If they are turned downwards, they are called grooves, or valleys, if upwards, then ribs. The upper rib, located horizontally, is called the ridge, and the lower part of the slope is called the overhang.
To remove rain and melt water, external drainpipes are installed, through which water is discharged to a certain place and leaves the site through drainage ditches into street ditches. The magnitude of the slope of the slope and the durability of the roof depend on the material of the roof, as well as on climatic conditions (table).
Pitched attic roofs should be operated in good condition of the roof, supporting structures of roofs, normal temperature and humidity conditions in attic spaces and timely repair of the coating.
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I - attic; II - attic floor; III - supporting structure; IV - roof; 1 - constant loads (dead weight); 2 - live loads (snow, operational loads); 3 - wind (pressure); 4 - wind (suction); 5 - impact of ambient temperatures; 6 - atmospheric moisture (precipitation, air humidity); 7 - chemically aggressive substances contained in the air; 8 - solar radiation; 9 - moisture contained in the air of the attic space. |
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| Pitched roof slopes and their durability | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1 - frame crossbar (beams, trusses); 2 - bearing element of the coating; 3 - vapor barrier; 4 - insulation; 5 - coupler; 6 - roof; 7 - protective layer. |
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a-g - for pitched roofs; d, e - for gable roofs; g - plan for the device of rafters; 1 - rafter leg; 2 - rack; 3 - brace; 4 - rafter beam; 5 - crossbar; 6 - spacer; 7 - top run; 8 - bed; 9 - diagonal leg; 10 - short rafter leg. |
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a - truss spans of 6 m or more; b - the same, 12 m; 1 - crossbar; 2 - sleeper; 3 - brace; 4 - block; 5 - beams; 6 - puff; 7 - grandmother; 8 - brace. |
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1 - puff; 2 - pendant, or headstock; 3 - rafter leg; 4 - suspended attic floor; 5 - brace; 6 - emergency bolt; 7 - nails; 8 - roofing; 9 - two overlays; 10 - bolts; 11 - bolt dowels. |
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a, b - non-ventilated; in - ventilated; 1 - protective layer; 2 - roll carpet; 3 - coupler; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - ventilated channel; 7 - supporting structure; 8 - finishing layer. |
Roof construction
Attic pitched roofs. The pitched attic roof consists of load-bearing structures and a roof. Between such a roof and an attic floor there is an attic used to accommodate ventilation ducts (boxes), pipe runs, etc. With significant slopes, attic spaces are often used for built-in premises. The height of the attic in the lowest places, for example, at the outer walls, should be at least 0.4 m to allow periodic inspection of the structures. In the winter, heat and moisture penetrate into the attic through the attic ceilings from the premises of the upper floor. The warmer the attic and the more thermally conductive the roofing material, the more condensation (hoarfrost) is formed. When the outside temperature rises, the condensate melts, causing rotting of wooden structures and corrosion of metal elements. Humidification of the attic can also occur as a result of the penetration of moist air from the stairwells, and therefore the density of the porch of doors and hatches leading to the attic is of great importance. A very important and effective measure against moistening the attic space is its ventilation. To do this, arrange ventilation holes under the eaves (supply holes) and in the ridge (exhaust holes), as well as dormer windows. The bearing part consists of rafters, trusses, purlins, panels and other elements. The load-bearing structures of pitched roofs can be made of reinforced concrete, steel, wood in the form of rafters, building trusses and large panels. The choice of roof structure depends on the size of the spans to be covered, the slope of the roof, as well as the requirements for durability, fire resistance and thermal properties (Fig. 3).
The most widespread are layered and hanging rafters.
Rafters (Fig. 4) consist of rafter legs, struts and racks. They rest with the lower ends of the rafter legs on the under-rafter bars - Mauerlats, and the upper ends on a horizontal beam, called the upper ridge run. The role of the Mauerlats is to create a convenient support for the lower ends of the rafters. The top run is supported by uprights mounted on internal supports. The distance between the posts carrying the ridge runs is taken equal to 3 - 5 m.
To increase the longitudinal rigidity of the rafter structures, longitudinal struts are placed at each rack. If the building has two rows of internal supports in the form of longitudinal main walls or pillars, columns and other elements, then two longitudinal runs are laid. Rafters are used in buildings with intermediate supports and spans up to 16 m in size.
Recently, prefabricated wooden layered rafters, prefabricated at the factory, have become widespread. A set of such rafters consists of separate structural elements and has an abbreviated name - rafter shield, truss truss. Perhaps such a device of layered rafters made of precast concrete. Roof trusses are used in the construction of roofs for buildings of considerable width that do not have internal supports. The construction truss consists of two truss legs connected by a puff, which perceive the horizontal component of the forces transmitted to the support (thrust). With truss spans of 6 m or more, a crossbar is cut in, and with a span of up to 12 m, a headstock and struts are installed, which increase rigidity and reduce the deflection of the rafter legs (Fig. 5).
Roof trusses for low-rise civil and rural construction are made of beams and boards. Sometimes elements that perceive tensile forces in the lower belt or racks are made of steel. Such farms are called metal-wood. With four-pitched or more complex roof shapes, diagonal sloping rafter legs are introduced, forming triangular-shaped slopes in plan, the so-called hips.
Laminated rafters are made of beams, boards and logs (see Fig. 4). The pitch of the rafters is taken depending on the material from which they are made, the type of roof and the section of the elements of the crate. In the manufacture of rafters from beams with a thickness of 180 - 200 mm, they are placed after 1.5 - 2 m, and from plates and boards - after 1 - 1.5 m. In buildings of considerable width, when the length of the rafter legs reaches 8 m, it is necessary to arrange intermediate supports on interior walls. Beds are laid along these walls, racks and struts are installed on them, and then a run is installed on which the rafter legs rest.
At the intersection of the roof slopes, the rafters are made of diagonal and short rafter legs (see race 4, g). To prevent the roof from being blown away by the wind, part of the rafter legs is tied to crutches driven into the outer walls with wire twists. All rafter interfaces are fixed with nails, bolts, staples. Reinforced concrete layer systems consist of reinforced concrete panels supported at the top on a ridge reinforced concrete run, and at the bottom on the outer walls of the building. The ridge run is supported by pillars installed every 4 - 6 m. Large reinforced concrete panels are used for single-pitched and gable roofs. Shed roofs are arranged on ribbed panels measuring 6.4x1.2 m, laid with a slope of 5%, gable roofs - with a slope of 7 - 8%.
At present, complex multicomponent binders can be used for the manufacture of reinforced concrete foundations. Before laying the roof on the panels, a cement or asphalt screed is arranged. In the absence of intermediate supports in small spans of buildings up to 12 m, hanging rafters are used (Fig. 6). They are made from the same materials as the layered rafters, i.e. from beams, boards and logs. Hanging rafters consist of rafter legs and puffs. The upper ends of the rafter legs are connected with a slotted spike, and the lower ends are cut into a puff with a frontal notch and fastened with bolts.
Rough roofs. Non-attic roofs are divided into non-ventilated, partially ventilated and ventilated with outside air. Non-ventilated roofs are used in cases where the accumulation of moisture in the coating during operation is excluded. Such coatings can be made with thermal insulation combined with the supporting structure. The main elements of the combined roof are flooring, insulation, vapor barrier and roofing (Fig. 7).
The flooring is arranged from reinforced concrete large-sized slabs of various types. A vapor barrier layer in the form of one or two layers of roofing material or glassine on mastic is provided to protect the thermal insulation from moisture from water vapor penetrating from the interior. As a heater, plate and bulk heat-insulating materials are used. A leveling layer (screed) of cement mortar is made on top of the thermal insulation. The roof is laid on the screed. It is made of rolled roofing materials in several layers. Stick them on cold or hot mastic. To protect the waterproofing carpet from damage, a protective layer is made in the form of mounds of sand or fine-grained gravel embedded in the top layer of mastic, or a layer of roofing material.
Non-ventilated roofs mounted from solid or multi-layer panels. Such panels manufactured in the factory are sealed with a sticker on the upper surface of the waterproofing carpet, and on the bottom and along the contour of the panel - by applying a layer of paint vapor barrier. Partially ventilated roofs have pores or channels in the panel material located in the upper thickness of the panel. Ventilated roofs have continuous air layers that dry the coating in winter and protect it from overheating by the sun's rays in summer. The height of the air gap is 200 - 240 mm. Combined roof structure consists of several layers of materials (see Fig. 7):
- a load-bearing element, for example, a reinforced concrete slab, which is trimmed from below to the ceiling of the upper floor;
- vapor barrier from one or two layers of roofing material on mastic;
- insulation - slabs of cellular concrete or filling of expanded clay, slag and similar highly porous materials;
- roofing from rolled material, made of roofing material, roofing felt, etc.;
- a protective layer made of fine gravel or sifted slag embedded in the bitumen paint layer.
With a non-ventilated roof, a cement screed is arranged along the insulation. If the roof is not ventilated, the insulation screed is made of cement mortar. The roof fencing consists of struts and struts and looks like a vertical steel grating. Racks and struts have limbs at the bottom - paws with which they rest on the roof. The fences are fastened with capercaillie, driven into the roof sheathing through holes in the legs of the racks and struts. Parapets are arranged in the form of a solid stone wall with holes at the locations of drainpipes.
Regulatory requirements for modern roofs are contained in a large number of documents, and some of these documents are already obsolete, but, nevertheless, have not been canceled. Design should be carried out taking into account the instructions and restrictions of the current standards:
- SNiP 2.08.01-89, 1995 "Residential buildings";
- SNiP 2.08.02-89 "Public buildings and structures";
- SNiP 2.09.04-87 "Administrative and domestic buildings";
- SNiP 31-03-2001 "Industrial buildings" instead of SNiP 2.09.02-85*
- It is put into effect from January 1, 2002 by the decision of the Gosstroy of Russia dated March 19, 2001 N20;
- SNiP II-26-76 "Roofs" (a new version of this SNiP was developed in 1999, but has not yet been introduced);
- SNiP II-3-79*, 1996 "Construction heat engineering";
- SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulating and finishing coatings";
- SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures".
The choice of building and finishing materials in the construction of a country house or cottage must be made already at the design stage, and roofing for a roof is no exception. The market offers a huge selection of products that differ in composition, physical and mechanical properties, appearance and cost. Before buying, it is advisable to compare the advantages and disadvantages of various materials, calculate the price and installation costs, and also take into account the nuances of the building project itself (purpose, number of storeys, shape of the roof structure, etc.).
Popular types of materials for the roof Source liveposts.ru
What to consider when choosing
Before buying roofing products, you need to pay attention to the following points:
Strength. The finished coating should be as resistant to snow and wind loads as possible.
Weight. Roofing material should not create excessive load on the rafters and foundation of the house. For this reason, for light buildings on a pile foundation, soft roofing, ondulin are usually chosen, and for houses on a tape or slab base, any kind of product is suitable, including natural tiles, the mass of which is the largest.
Life time. For cottages, they usually purchase material that retains properties for at least 50 years, and for country houses and outbuildings - varieties that are more affordable, but serve less (15-25 years).
Safety. Quality products should not contain toxic substances.
Another factor to consider when choosing the type of roofing for a roof is price: in Moscow for 1 sq. m will have to pay an average of 500-900 rubles. The most affordable types are profiled sheets, slate and soft roofs; composite and ceramic tiles are the most expensive.
The roof of a residential building is an important element of its appearance. Source stroicod.ru
Also, when buying roofing building materials, it is necessary to take into account the purpose of the house (for permanent, temporary, seasonal residence), the shape of the roof (flat, gable, multi-pitched, asymmetric, domed, etc.). It is necessary to pay attention to the compatibility of the shade of the product with the color scheme of the future building: this is especially important for residential buildings and cottages, which should not only be comfortable and reliable, but also aesthetically attractive.
Metal roofing: types, pros and cons, cost
Metal roofing is a great success and combines practicality with affordability and relatively quick installation. Such materials can last 15-20 years, withstand heavy loads, but are subject to icing, require careful insulation, and due to low sound insulation during rain or hail on the upper floors it will be too uncomfortable.
Metal materials: 1 - metal tile, 2 - corrugated board, 3 - seam roof Source tr.skopelitissa.com
Today on the market you can find the following types:
metal tile. It is made of galvanized steel, the outer side imitates the design of natural tiles. Pros - high strength, the possibility of laying on the old coating, fire safety, a large selection of colors. Cons - high thermal conductivity, noise during rain. The price per square meter is 300-600 rubles.
profiled sheet. These are corrugated sheets, they are attached to the crate using special self-tapping screws. The quality of the profiled sheet does not differ from the metal tile, its appearance is less aesthetic, but the cost is 250-350 rubles per meter.
seam roof. It was named after the type of connection - the fold: the element has a snap-on design. This roofing material is reliable, looks more aesthetically pleasing. The cost of a folded roof per meter is 500-700 rubles.
natural tile
If you plan to build a block, brick house for permanent residence, the budget allows you to purchase more expensive material, you can pay attention to the tiles.
Roofing made of natural tiles looks the most aesthetically pleasing Source krovlyaregion.ru
There are several varieties of this product on the market, which differ in composition, properties and price. The most common ceramic tile, which is made from clay by firing at high temperature in special ovens. The coating is resistant to mechanical and climatic influences, does not fade in the sun, has a high fire resistance, and retains its perfect appearance for 100-150 years. However, ceramic tiles can only be installed if the truss system is designed for a heavy load: the material is too heavy. The cost of production starts from 1500-1700 rubles.
To decorate a cottage in a traditional European style, you can choose slate tiles, which have been known since the Middle Ages and are suitable for facing roofs of all shapes and sizes. Natural slate has excellent thermal insulation performance, does not create noise during rain and hail, does not crack from external influences and does not fade in the sun. The service life is 150-200 years. The price of such products is about 400-600 rubles per tile.
Slate coating looks very unusual Source rmnt.mirtesen.ru
Another popular variety is cement-sand roof tiles. Such products are practically indistinguishable from the ceramic counterpart, have the same pros and cons, except for the service life: it varies between 80-100 years. In addition, this variety is cheaper: the price per square meter is 400-500 rubles. The material is suitable for pitched roofs with a slope of 20-60 degrees, for steeper surfaces additional waterproofing will be required.
Varieties of soft roofing
Flexible roofing materials are considered very popular: they are universal and, due to their low weight, are suitable for any building, whether it is a brick cottage or a summerhouse. Flexible roofing is resistant to temperature extremes, easy to install, has high sound insulation rates, and is safe. The average service life is 15-17 years, subject to proper installation. One of the most popular varieties is the built-up roof. This product most often has a black color, but on sale you can also find options with basalt dressing in different shades. The cost of a roll varies between 700-1200 rubles.
Another variety is soft tiles: it imitates the design of a ceramic counterpart and has a multilayer structure. The base is made of fiberglass or polyester, covered with a bituminous composition, the substrate and mineral dressing (top layer) go on top. There are the following types of roofing of this type:
Tiling class A. It has a high level of fire safety, retains its properties and appearance for at least 20 years.
Tiling class C. Roofing cardboard acts as a basis, wear resistance is less high. Service life does not exceed 15-20 years.
Manufacturers offer such material with different shapes of elements, from rectangles to imitation shingles. The cost is 250-450 rubles per square meter, depending on the manufacturer, design and composition.
Other products
The range is not limited to the materials mentioned above, customers can choose and buy other types of roofing. Among them there are both modern options (for example, composite products) and traditional types of coatings.
Other types of roofing: 1 - composite tiles, 2 - slate, 3 - ondulin Source tr.skopelitissa.com
So, for example, in the last 5-7 years, composite tiles have become increasingly popular. It has a steel base with an aluzinc coating and basalt dressing, it is distinguished by increased strength, a variety of shades, long-term operation (more than 100 years), excellent heat and sound insulation. Such material weighs less than natural analogues, does not fade in the sun, and is relatively inexpensive - 500-700 rubles per square meter.
Video description
About the types and properties of the roof in the video:
Another popular coating is ondulin, or euroslate. It is made from polymer-impregnated cellulose fibers, the sheets have a corrugated structure. Products are lightweight, practical, easy to transport and install, the cost of a sheet is 500-650 rubles. The closest analogue is the classic asbestos-cement slate, which is heavier, more fragile, requires regular maintenance and thorough waterproofing, but costs less - 200-250 rubles apiece. Most often, slate roofs are placed on non-residential buildings and extensions.
The right choice of material is the key to a beautiful and reliable roofing Source roomester.ru
On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer a turnkey roof design and repair service. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".
Conclusion
Before building a country house or cottage, it is important to study what roofing materials for the roof are, their types and prices. On the market, you can find both natural and artificial varieties in any price segment, from the economical level to the premium class. The choice should be made taking into account the design features of the future building, your own aesthetic preferences and budget.
Construction never stands still, and every year more and more high-quality roofing materials are invented. In this article you will find a description of the most famous of them. You can evaluate all the pros and cons of each of them and choose the right product for yourself.
What to look for when choosing a roofing material?
To date, the following types of roofing materials can be identified in construction:
- . It is made of ceramics, metal, cement-sand base, bitumen
- Asbestos cement sheets. They are flat or wavy. In construction, this material is often called slate. There are two types - standard and euroslate (ondulin)
- Profiled metal sheets or just corrugated board
- Sheets of metal different kind
- Membrane roof
- Ruberoid
When choosing a particular product, we often choose the best product, but what to look for when buying in a hardware store? Roofing materials, although they consist of different bases, have their own characteristics, so when choosing a purchase, you should look at them.
- Maximum loads. There are two things to think about here. After all, conventionally, such loads can be disassembled into two types. One will show only the mass of the structure itself, and the second indicator will show the mass of snow cover in winter. It is located according to regulatory documents individually for each region of the country
- The purpose of the building. It all depends on how the building will be used. For example, if the building is residential, then it is advisable to create a wooden truss system, in which there will be a certain number of slopes and lay all of them, for example, with ondulin. But if the building is industrial, therefore, the roof will be either flat or with a slight slope, and they will fit
- Service life and fire resistance. If you are a reasonable person, then you will never buy roofing material with a service life of a couple of years or use expensive products on temporary structures.
When you know the warranty periods that manufacturers provide for their roofing materials, it is already easier to navigate. Therefore, I have described the term for the most common types.
- Soft tiles can last you about 20 years
- For a new metal tile, manufacturers are advised to come after 15 years. But here the real time may be less important, it's all about coating the product with polymers
- Standard tiles serve, as a rule, up to 30 years. But in reality, it breaks down much faster. It's about its structure. Although manufacturers give a guarantee for frost resistance, it is almost impossible to change this material because in most cases the destruction occurs due to moisture vapor, but the company will not give a guarantee for this
- The average "life" of slate is 10 years
- Ondulin will last up to 15 years
- Metal roofs occupy almost all time ranges, from 40 years to a century. Copper and its alloy with titanium is the most durable product known today. Only the price scares away, but if you compare it with the service life, then this is justified
- The shelf life of slate as a roof is 40 years
IMPORTANT: The service life can be drastically reduced if the installation is incorrect or of poor quality, as well as when already damaged material is laid on the roof.
Most likely, this information will not be enough, and you want to consider in more detail all types of roofing materials for the roof, then let me tell you right now.
Ceramic or standard tiles
Roofing materials can be divided into types by cost, and this roofing will be one of the most expensive, but do not worry, the cost of roof tiles often compensates for their aesthetics and durability.
After all, clay is used as the basis in the production of this product. Finished plates have a mass of two kilograms.
Roofing made of tiles is very durable, while the manufacturer gives a fairly solid guarantee for such roofing materials.
The service life can be up to 150 years, but this is subject to the use of good materials in the manufacture of the product and high-quality installation.
A ceramic roof can be laid in all types of buildings, whether they are made of brick, wood or rubble. The main thing is to get into the range of degrees of inclination. It is 25-60 o and is considered optimal for roofing work with tiles to be carried out as safely as possible, because materials with such a mass are somewhat demanding of themselves.
- A roof structure with a slope of less than 22° requires additional ventilation and waterproofing measures.
- The slope, which is in the range of 22-60 °, allows the fastening of elements using standard methods and materials
- When the slope reaches 60 ° or more, then it is already worth fixing the roofing materials with screws, and you can find how this is done in the photo on the Internet or in our article
Every building product has its positive and negative qualities, so there is not much about it now.
The advantages include:
- Ease of installation work. Despite its severity, such a roof is very easy to install and does not require additional costs during the operation period. All maintenance costs will be associated only with the cleaning of the gutters and a professional preventive inspection.
- High noise protection. Residents with such roofs claim that not even raindrops can be heard.
- No possibility of corrosion
- fire resistance
- Frost resistance
- A wealth of choice of colors and shapes
- The material itself, due to its porous structure, allows you to remove a certain amount of moisture from the attic space.
The cons can be listed as follows:
- Large mass of one element
- Tiles are a fragile product
- Additional costs will be required for the installation of reinforced crates and waterproofing
- The cost is quite high
In addition to standard tiles, there is an analogue in construction, but only a cement-sand mixture is used as the main ingredient. Its use allows you to produce a product that is practically no different in appearance, but with a smaller mass. Judge for yourself, the load per square meter is approximately 30kg, when the original product has all 60kg.
The composition is very simple and includes: sand, some iron oxides (as a dye), cement.
The optimal degree of the roof for the installation of this coating is a value of 20-60 o. The device and fasteners are made directly on the crate in rows. Nails are used as fasteners for dressing. To ensure safe operation, I advise you to use rafter legs with a minimum section of 50x150mm.
Cement and sand tiles are quite resistant to solar radiation and are frost-resistant, but, like the original, they are quite expensive and transportation is a difficult process.
Bitumen tiles
Flexible roofing materials separate shingles from bitumen. Such a product is created from fiberglass and polyester. This tile has a modest size of 100x30 cm, has a low weight of only 10 kg per 1 m 2, is quite plastic (you can fold it in half with your own hands) and, at the same time, is resistant to aggressive terrain conditions.
Such a roof is suitable for all types of roof structures, where the slope will be more than 12 o. It is popular with developers of cottages, private houses and on temporary structures - garages, gazebos.
Durability is the main positive quality of this product. Due to its structure, transportation to any distance is possible without the risk of damage to the tiles. Local repair allows you to replace failed elements with new ones. It has a high level of sound absorption and eliminates the possibility of decay.
Bituminous tiles are a budget option when compared with their counterparts. It is highly flammable, making it unsafe. With prolonged exposure to sunlight, it loses its properties.
metal tile
In all types of buildings, due to their structure, the roof and its types differ. Some roofs have a simple structure and roofing materials used for this type may not be suitable for more complex structures. Metal tile is a unique product that allows you to use it on the roof with any complexity.
It does not matter to her whether it is a shopping center or a small pavilion, a residential high-rise building or an industrial one.
Metal tile - galvanized steel in appearance similar to a ceramic counterpart.
As a rule, the surface of such a product is treated with polymeric compositions, which makes it look like noble roofing.
Its installation is carried out on roofs with a slope of more than 15 O. The technological process is quite simple and clear from the first minutes of work. Roofing screws are used as fasteners, which can be freely purchased at a hardware store.
If you are looking for cheap, strong and durable roofing materials, then this is your choice.
Its cost is about three times less than a standard tile, and the characteristics differ slightly.
The obvious advantages of such tiles include resistance to mechanical damage, low weight (3 kg per 1 m 2), and safety of transportation.
But here you can also highlight the bad qualities, and these are: low sound absorption and a large amount of waste during installation.
Asbestos-cement boards or corrugated slate
Slate is the most common material in old-style summer cottages. It is a kind of composite material with a cement base and reinforced with asbestos fibers. To date, such sheets can be found in the form of a rectangular canvas with six waves. As a rule, its size is 120x70cm with a wave height of 2.8cm. Slate is a light material, and the load on the base is only 15kg/m 2 .
The work on laying this type of roofing material is overlapped, and nails with a wide hat are used as fasteners. Directly during the laying process, you should not save on a waterproofing layer, which is often used as roofing material or glassine.
To date, slate coating has faded into the background, but is still popular for use on temporary structures.
This is due to the ratio of price and quality, which allows you to quickly and cost-effectively create a roof, for example, on a barn or garage from gas silicate blocks.
- The positive aspects include high strength characteristics, ease of dividing the product into individual elements, low cost.
- The disadvantages include fragility, environmental hazard, unaesthetic appearance and susceptibility to the appearance of fungi on the surface of the slate.
Decking as a covering on temporary structures
As you already understood, the types of roofing can be completely different, and metal is used as one of the materials. When constructing the roofs of private houses, these materials are often a priority for developers. But what is causing this excitement? Everything is very simple because corrugated board is produced in completely different sizes and shapes, which allows the owners to realize the craziest idea. To date, three types of profiled sheets are distinguished - sinus-shaped, rounded and trapezoidal. Finding additional elements in the form of waves on the surface of the material not only simplifies the laying process, but also gives a certain touch of decor.
Decking is widely used on truss systems with a slope of 10 o. The device of sheets on the surface of the crate is made after laying the glassine layer. As fasteners, special self-tapping screws with rubber linings are used in order to create a good tightness. Their consumption, as a rule, is 8-10pcs/m 2 .
Docking of sheets occurs by the technique of "overlapping". The scope of this material is very wide, but most often it can be seen in factories, supermarkets, car washes, etc.
- Ease of installation and low cost is an obvious plus, but at the same time, corrugated board has high strength and durability. Therefore, such a product can be considered very beneficial for roofing installations with a limited budget and time.
Steel roof, made in the form of folds
Surely you know something about what roofing materials are for a roof, and you know that they all have an identical installation process - laying and fastening sheets with bolts or self-tapping screws, but some types of seam roofing are created with already self-latching elements.
This allows you to get rid of unnecessary tools and speed up the flooring process several times.
As for ordinary seam sheets, they look like steel plates. Such material can be coated with polymers, which increases the operating period, or produced without them. The minimum roof slope is 20°. Docking of individual parts occurs with the help of hooks along the edges of the sheet.
Clamps act as fasteners to the crate, and the folds themselves are rolled up using electromechanical units or manually.
These types of roofing materials for the roof are suitable for ennobling churches, estates, industrial buildings, but by looking at photos on the Internet or here on the page, you can be inspired by an interesting idea.
- The advantages include: fire safety, attractive appearance, elasticity, low weight.
- The disadvantages include additional costs for insulation and low resistance to dynamic loads.
Copper and aluminum roofing
Roofing materials made of light metals are definitely a good coating, multiple positive reviews on building portals can testify to this. Of these, aluminum and copper can be distinguished.
Copper sheets are produced by manufacturers in the form of rectangles 70x110 cm, weight is 7 kg / m 2. The aluminum coating will give even lower pressure and will be 3kg/m 2 . The permissible slope for the installation of such roofs is 15 degrees or more.
Copper and aluminum are quite expensive metals, and, therefore, the roof will not come out cheap, but everything is compensated by its service life. After all, for copper, this is a period of 150 years.
In terms of aesthetic properties, at first copper is a rather aesthetic material and has an attractive appearance, but over time the tones fade and it takes on darker tones.
Note that with the loss of color, the quality of the material remains at a high level, so if this fact does not bother you and you need a durable roof, then this is your choice.
- The advantages of these roofs include the fact that they do not require any maintenance, are non-flammable, environmentally friendly, highly resistant to aggressive atmospheric precipitation (for example, acid rain).
- And the only downside is the cost. Therefore, if you have finances, you should pay attention to this type of coverage.
bituminous slate
Flexible sheets based on cellulose pulp and bitumen are called bituminous slates. The water resistance of such a product is very high, so it has found application as a roofing. The slope of the roof for the installation of this material must be 5 degrees or more.
Sheet sizes are produced everywhere as a standard - 2x1m. Such slate is very widely used by developers of private houses, cafes, restaurants. This material has high flexibility along the wave, so it can often be found on curved roof structures, for example, on a dome.
It is worth noting that there will be practically no production waste from it, because the extra pieces can be used as a substrate for new roof construction.
Advantages:
- Light weight (5kg/m2)
- Wide range of colors
- Ease of installation
Flaws:
- Not durable. Strong gusts of wind can damage and warp the material if installed incorrectly.
- It is combustible, which is unacceptable in terms of fire safety
- Low frost resistance
In a modern hardware store, this product can be found at a price of $ 6 per meter. By the way, some sheets of bituminous slate are self-adhesive. This significantly reduces the time of installation work and displays these roofing materials above the standard ones.
Slate roofing
Surely you have heard the concept of shale formations from geography lessons. So, not so long ago, the construction of European countries for the first time laid this material on the roof of their house, which led to the creation of a new round in this industry. The ideal slope for this material is 25 o.
Elements of this type are created only manually and the weight is far from small - 25kg / m 2. Based on such a mass, it can be assumed that the load on the base will be enormous, and, therefore, the crate should be stable. For this, rails with a section of 4x6 cm are suitable, and nails (from 100 mm) as fasteners.
The step of the crate is selected strictly individually. It all depends on the size of the layers themselves. Therefore, it is customary to consider the distance slightly less than half of the reservoir as a rule. Roofing cake with this type of coating looks like honeycombs, octagons, fish scales. However, this is all unimportant here, and you can try to create your own drawing, for example, a famous logo or a picture.
The terms of operation directly depend on your attentiveness, because if you do not notice a crack in the coating during a routine inspection, you can be fooled and soon change the entire roof. Therefore, if you have damage to some layers, replace them.
Natural materials as a roof over your head
Roofing without buying roofing materials is a recent practice coming from Europe. In these countries, the following types of natural materials have long been practiced as roofing:
- Straw
- Wood
- reeds
These types, as a rule, are not used in regular construction. They are used to give their atmosphere in restaurants by the sea, hotels, various bars and hotels. A sociological survey shows that people are more impressed with natural material than with a colorful facade and new lights.
Of course, the cheapest roofing material is roofing material, and the most expensive is considered to be an alloy of copper and titanium., but there are some nuances here. If you lay the roof with roofing material for 100 years, then during this period you will incur expenses for it somewhere around 7-8 times. It takes into account the number of repairs and complete replacement of the coating. If you use an alloy, then not only will you not have to repair or replace anything, you will still have 50 years to spare. Which, of course, will pay for such material.
Inexpensive and lightweight roofing materials allow you to quickly cover a temporary structure and at the same time use a small amount of finance. After all, ease of installation is also one side of the savings.
As a conclusion, I can say that no matter what roofing materials you use, they must always fulfill the tasks you set. There are many constructions on which one type is allowed to be used, but on the other it is completely unacceptable. Choose only high-quality products from reliable manufacturers, so that later you do not have to do repairs again.
The choice of roofing material is an issue that should be resolved at the stage of creating a building project. In this case, it is necessary to take into account all factors, ranging from the design solution of the house, ending with the strength of the wind in the region and the amount of snow falling in winter.
Modern manufacturers offer a huge selection of coatings for various roofs, ranging from urban mansions to outbuildings in a summer cottage.
It includes metal tiles, roofing corrugated board, ondulin, slate, seam roofing.
The metal tile is based on a cold-rolled steel sheet with several layers of protective coating. In appearance, the coating resembles ceramic tiles. It is mounted on the crate with self-tapping screws with the obligatory use of rubber gaskets. Given the light weight of the sheets, laying can be done alone.
This type of roofing is convenient for transportation, and the low price makes it affordable for a wide range of consumers.
The disadvantages are the low level of sound insulation and the high percentage of waste.
They are used both in industrial construction and in the construction of roofs of private houses, garages. Used to create a false roof when framing flat roofs.
Decking
A cheaper analogue is roofing corrugated board. Sheets have waves of various heights and geometries and are characterized by high flexural strength. It also applies to noisy roofs and requires additional soundproofing. Decking is often used for roofs of outbuildings, shops, car washes.
Ondulin is an organic material made from cellulose fiber impregnated with bitumen with the addition of polymers. Lightweight, environmentally friendly coating has a very high water resistance. With proper installation, it can withstand loads up to 960 kg. per square meter. The disadvantage is the low class of fire safety. This material is used for covering garages, sheds, baths. Due to its good flexibility, it is perfect for complex roofs.
Slate is now used more for the construction of outbuildings, less often for country houses. The material is cheap, strong enough, with good sound insulation. Its main disadvantage is the asbestos that is part of it, which is unsafe for human health. In addition, when used in a humid environment, slate quickly fades, moss forms on the surface.
Seam roofing is made of rolled metal for the entire length of the slope. Its name comes from the seam connection, which fixes the coating in one piece. The work is carried out by professional roofers using special tools. It turns out a light, durable roof that has an attractive appearance. Due to the flexibility of the metal, seam roofing is used in the construction of complex roofs. The disadvantages are high noise and the need for additional insulation.
In the manufacture of seam roofing, in addition to steel, copper and aluminum can be used. The finish is beautiful and very durable. The only negative is the high cost of the material.
Soft roof
Its varieties are flexible tiles, roll-on welded roofing, and membrane roofing.
All of them are characterized by good flexibility and strength, which allows them to be used in the construction of roofs of any shape. They are mounted on a rigid base made of plywood, OSB board, concrete or other building material with a flat surface.
Flexible roof tiles
The flexible tile is made of the fiberglass impregnated with bitumen. To give color and protection from sunlight, stone chips are applied on top. When laying it, it is very important not to deviate from technology. The service life of the roof depends on a properly prepared base, waterproofing, and temperature conditions.
The rolled built-up roof is similar in composition to flexible tiles. During installation, it is fixed with a heated bitumen base. The price of the roof is low. It is well suited for the construction of flat roofs of houses.
On flat roofs, a flat membrane roof is often used. The membranes are made of PVC, EPDM, TPO and create a durable, water resistant coating.
Piece roofing materials
These include various types of roof tiles and slate tiles. All of them are made from natural raw materials and have a very long service life.
Ceramic tiles are popular due to their aesthetic properties. But due to the large weight of the roof, it is necessary to pay attention to strengthening the truss structures. In addition, the disadvantages include labor-intensive installation and the high cost of tiles.
A cheaper analogue can be called sand-cement tiles. It is made without firing by pressing raw materials. To give color, dyes are added, often the surface is glazed.
Slate coating is considered elite. Roofs made of this natural material can last up to 200 years. This was confirmed by ancient castles and palaces that have retained their original appearance to this day. But in modern construction, such a roof is not often built due to the high cost of the material and the need to perform it by professional craftsmen.
It is made on the basis of oligomers and is supplied in liquid form. When applied to a base made of metal, concrete or bitumen, it hardens in air and forms an elastic film.
This waterproof coating can last up to 15 years. The only drawback is the different layer thickness in the finished coating. Self-leveling roofing is commonly used in the manufacture of flat roofs.
Now, having familiarized yourself with the properties of various roofing materials, you can take into account your capabilities and needs, and choose the right coating for your home.
