Political fragmentation of Kievan Rus and its consequences. Governance and social structure of Kievan Rus
2.1 Social structure Ancient Rus'
The social structure of Ancient Rus' was complex. The bulk of the rural population, dependent on the prince, was called smerds. They lived both in peasant communities and in estates. The ruined peasants borrowed a loan from the feudal lords - "kupa" (money, crops, etc.), hence their name - purchases. The man who lost his social status, became an outcast. In the position of slaves were servants and serfs, replenished from among the captives and ruined fellow tribesmen.
The dependent people were opposed by the free population, called people (hence the collection of tribute - "polyudye"). The social top was made up of princes from the Rurik family, surrounded by a retinue, which was divided from the 11th century. into the older (boyars) and younger (children, youths, merciful). "The new retinue and zemstvo (zemstvo boyars) nobility, which took the place of the former tribal, represented a kind of aristocratic stratum supplying political leaders." The free population consisted mainly of residents of cities and villages, community husbands, who created a significant part of social wealth. They were the social core of the socio-political and military organization in the Old Russian state. This was expressed as follows.
Free community members had their own military organization, which in terms of combat power far exceeded the prince's squad. It was a people's militia led by a leader - a thousand (the militia itself was called "thousand"). The supreme authority in the Russian lands of the X-XII centuries. there was a popular assembly of the "older city" - a veche, which was the highest form of self-government. According to L.I. Semennikova, the ideal of people's rule, collective communal management dominated in ancient Russian society: "The prince in Kievan Rus was not in the full sense of the word a sovereign, neither in the eastern nor in the western version ... Arriving in one or another volost, the prince had to conclude a "row" (agreement) with popular assembly- "veche". And this means that he, too, was an element of communal power, designed to look after the interests of society, the collective; The composition of the veche was democratic. Old Russian nobility did not possess necessary means for his complete submission. With the help of the vecha, the people influenced the course of social political life"
Opinion of L.I. Semennikova about the popular character of the vecha is shared by many scientists, including I.Ya. Froyanov, A.Yu. Dvornichenko. At the same time, in science there is a view of the veche as a narrow-class body of power, where ordinary people could not get (V.T. Pashuto, V.L. Yanin, and others). Another point of view boils down to the following: the veche became a relic in Rus' already by the 11th century. and was collected in exceptional cases, and as the highest form of power, it is up to the XV century. existed only in Novgorod, Pskov and partly in Polotsk.
Veche played a prominent role in the political life of Ancient Rus', so the political system of that time can be called veche democracy.
An analysis of the socio-political situation in Kievan Rus leads to the conclusion that the people were an active political and social force, based on the traditions of freedom and public institutions dating back to antiquity, but built on a territorial basis. By means of the vecha, the people often decided which of the princes to "put on the table", discussed issues of war and peace, acted as a mediator in princely conflicts, and resolved financial and land problems. As for the nobility, it has not yet separated into a separate, closed class, has not turned into a social entity that opposes the main part of the population.
3. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE
Old Russian state the form of government is an early feudal monarchy. In addition to the monarchical element, which is undoubtedly the basis, the political organization of the Russian principalities of the Kievan period also had a combination of aristocratic and democratic rule.
The monarchical element was the prince. The head of state was the Grand Duke of Kiev, who, however, in ancient Rus' was not an autocratic ruler (but rather was "first among equals"). His brothers, sons and warriors carried out: 1) government of the country, 2) court, 3) collection of tribute and duties.
The main function of the prince was military, the first duty was the defense of the city from external enemies. Among other functions - judicial. He appointed local judges to deal with cases among his charges. IN important occasions judged himself as the supreme judge.
The aristocratic element was represented by the Council (Boyar Duma), which included senior warriors - the local nobility, representatives of cities, and sometimes the clergy. At the Council, as an advisory body under the prince, the most important state issues were resolved (the full composition of the council was convened if necessary): the election of the prince, the declaration of war and peace, the conclusion of treaties, the issuance of laws, the consideration of a number of judicial and financial cases, etc. The Boyar Duma symbolized rights and autonomy vassals and had the right to "veto".
The younger squad, which included boyar children and youths, yard servants, as a rule, was not included in the Prince's Council. But when resolving the most important tactical issues, the prince usually consulted with the squad as a whole. It is widely believed that the boyars were completely free in their service to the prince. The boyar could always leave his court or enter the service of another prince. However, since the boyars became landowners, they could only do so by sacrificing their rights to the land. Sometimes it happened that a boyar, who was the owner of land in one principality, served the prince of another. But, nevertheless, usually the growth of land holdings forced the boyars to more often combine their interests with the principality where they lived.
With the participation of princes, noble boyars and representatives of cities, feudal congresses also gathered, at which issues affecting the interests of all principalities were considered. A management apparatus was formed that was in charge of legal proceedings, the collection of duties and tariffs. From among the combatants, the prince appointed posadniks - governors to manage the city, region; governor-leaders of various military units; thousand - senior officials (in the so-called decimal system of the military-administrative division of society, dating back to the pre-state period); collectors of land taxes - tributaries, court officials - virniki, porches, collectors of trade duties - collectors. The rulers of the princely patrimonial economy - tiuns - also stood out from the squad (later they became special government officials and were included in the system government controlled).
Democratic control is found in the city assembly, known as the veche. It was not a body of representatives, but a meeting of all grown men. Unanimity was essential for any decision to be made. In practice, it happened that this requirement led to armed clashes between groups arguing at the veche. The losing side was forced to agree with the decision of the winners. The veche in the capital of the principality influenced the veche less major cities. In the XI-XII centuries. Veche fell under the influence of social leaders, losing the functions of management and self-government.
An important feature Kievan Rus, formed as a result of constant danger, especially from the steppe nomads, became the general armament of the people, organized according to the decimal system (hundreds, thousands). It was the numerous people's militia that often decided the outcome of battles, and it was not subordinate to the prince, but to the veche. But as a democratic institution, it was already in the 11th century. began to gradually lose its dominant role, retaining its strength for several centuries only in Novgorod, Kyiv, Pskov and other cities, continuing to exert a noticeable influence on the course of the socio-political life of the Russian land.
Initially, the prince among the Eastern Slavs is only the leader of the squad, invited by the decree of the veche, which, at the same time, first of all took into account his military qualities and merits. In the era of frequent wars, attacks by hostile tribes, the importance of the prince inevitably increased. Gradually, he concentrates in his hands not only the function of a military leader, but also administrative and judicial. His power acquires a state character and eventually becomes hereditary. At the same time, in Kievan Rus there were factors that prevented the strengthening of the autocracy of the Kyiv prince.
In the performance of his functions, the prince relied on the squad, which in his hands was a means of coercion and control, collection of tribute, protection of his own interests and the population of the country from enemies. She shared on "oldest" And "younger". Those who were part of the "oldest" squad were called princely men, or boyars. The younger combatants were called in different time and in different regions in different ways: youths, children, gridi. Relations between the prince and senior combatants were of a vassal nature. The boyars recognized the authority of the Kyiv prince and were obliged to serve him. At the same time, they had the right to leave the prince, to go to the service of another overlord. Many of the senior combatants, in turn, had their own squads, relying on which they ruled subject territories. The princes had to seriously reckon with the opinion of the squad when solving this or that issue. So, in 944, during a campaign against Byzantium, Igor, on the advice of combatants, made peace with the Byzantine emperor. Later, Svyatoslav, despite the persistent suggestions of his mother, Princess Olga, refused to be baptized, referring to the fact that his squad would not approve of this. His son, Vladimir, decided to accept Christianity, again as a result of a council with a squad. In 945, it was at the insistence of the squad that Prince Igor returned to the land of the Drevlyans to collect tribute again, which led to his death.
Junior vigilantes- these are persons dependent on the prince, people of his court, who served as the prince's guards, carried out separate assignments, occupied insignificant public office. Personnel were recruited from among the combatants to fill various military and civil positions in the state: governor, posadniks, swordsmen, virniki, mytniks, etc. The sources of income for the prince and his squad were: tribute from the subject population, funds from its trade, military booty, trade and court fees, fines, vira, and later - patrimonial economy.
Trying to cope with the rebellions of the tribes forcibly included in the state, the first Kyiv princes often drowned them in blood, which, however, did not give a serious and lasting effect. In 988, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, in order to firmly secure the lands within the state, introduces the institution governor-princes, having planted his sons to reign in the most important strategic points of Rus', as well as in those lands where separatist tendencies were especially strong before.
The Varangians called Ancient Rus' Gardarika, that is, the country of cities. However, unlike Western European cities that emerged as centers of crafts and trade, Russians primarily served as administrative and political centers. Most of the cities of Ancient Rus' were small and were just fortified settlements. But along with them there were quite big cities, consisting of a fortified center - a citadel, or a kremlin, around which there were settlements inhabited by artisans and merchants. The population of the cities was armed. At the head of this militia The city was a thousand, once elected by the city council, and later appointed by the prince. During the period of the formation of the Old Russian state in the cities, it was still quite significant role played veche, deciding issues related to the invitation and expulsion of princes, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace, the adoption of some laws, etc. The city administration elected democratically at veche meetings - the "old men of the city" - was part of the princely council along with combatants. However, already in the XI century. Veche in most regions of Rus' is gradually losing its former role and significance, many of its functions are transferred to the princes.
At first, there were no written laws and rules, and therefore society lived according to the norms of customary law, that is, according to customs. In one of the treaties between Rus' and Byzantium, concluded in the 10th century, mention is made of "Russian law", which, according to historians, was the customary law. Among the customs that existed in Rus', one can name talion - the custom of blood feud. In the event of the murder of one of the members of the clan, his relatives had to take revenge on the killer. However, the customs of various tribes often contradicted each other, and as they fragmented, settled mixed with other tribes and clans, i.e., as they folded united state, it was no longer a custom, but a law emanating from this state. Code of laws called "Russian Truth" gradually formed in Rus' from the beginning of the XI century. until the middle of the thirteenth century. It began under Yaroslav the Wise with the creation of the Russian Pravda, or, as it is also called, the Ancient Truth. Yaroslav's "Pravda" limited (but has not yet completely abolished) blood feuds. Now the circle of avengers included not the whole family, but only the closest relatives of the victim. Blood feud could be replaced by a fine. So, for the murder of a free person, a fine of 40 hryvnia was provided. The "Ancient Truth" also determined punishments for other crimes. Later, the "Ancient Truth" was supplemented by the "Truth of the Yaroslavichs", that is, the sons of Yaroslav, which appeared in the early 70s of the 11th century. in response to a wave of peasant and urban uprisings. "Pravda Yaroslavichi" canceled the blood feud. By the size of the fines levied for the murder of persons belonging to various social categories, one can judge the degree of social stratification by the second half of the 11th century. For the murder of the prince's close associates (fireman, tiun, swordsman, headman) a fine of 80 hryvnia was due. It was 16 times the fine for killing a smerd, which was 5 hryvnias. Punishments were also provided for encroachment on the property of the prince (land, livestock, etc.).
The codification in Ancient Rus' ends with the creation in 1113 of the "Charter" of Vladimir Monomakh, which became another integral part"Russian Truth". Thus, Russkaya Pravda determined punishments for encroachment on the life and health of people, as well as on their property. Fines became the main punishment for such crimes in Ancient Rus' after the abolition of blood feuds. Sometimes, for example, for premeditated murder, the punishment was a stream (exile) and looting of the criminal's property. For murder in a quarrel or in a fight, a fine was levied from the perpetrator. If the killer was not known, the fine (wild vira) was paid by the verv community on whose territory the murder was committed.
"If someone kills a princely husband, like a robber, and (members of the vervi) do not look for the killer, then pay the virva in the amount of 80 hryvnias for him to the vervi on whose land the murdered person is found; in case of murder, people pay the viru (prince) in 40 hryvnias ".
Russian Pravda materials
The social structure of the society of Kievan Rus
The population of the ancient Russian state, according to various estimates, ranged from 5 to 9 million people.
At the head of Rus' were the Rurikovichs - the great Kievan prince and his relatives. The prince enjoyed great power. He led the army, organized the defense of the country and directed all conquest campaigns. In the former tribal principalities, his brothers and sons ruled on behalf of the Grand Prince of Kyiv.
senior squad
Former tribal princes and the best men of the period of "military democracy" made up the senior squad, the top of the squad layer. They were called boyars and constituted a permanent council ("thought") of the prince.
Junior squad
The younger squad is ordinary warriors (“gridi”, “youths”, “children's”). From the junior squad, the prince's personal squad was recruited, which was in his service.
From the pre-state period, a squad came to the social structure of Kievan Rus. But during this period, it is divided into older and younger.
People are personally free residents of Kievan Rus. By occupation, people could be both urban artisans and communal peasants.
The artisans were quite big group population of Rus'. As the social division of labor grew, cities became centers for the development of handicrafts. By the XII century. in the cities of Rus' there were over 60 craft specialties; artisans produced more than 150 types of iron products. With the growth of cities, the development of crafts, the activity of such a group of the population as merchants is connected. Russian-Byzantine treaty 944 allows us to speak about the existence of an independent merchant profession.
Peasants united in a rural community - a verv, which consisted of economically independent families. The word "rope" is most often associated with a rope, which may have been used to highlight individual sections.
The community possessed a certain territory and was responsible for public order on it before the state (for a corpse found on its territory, it had to pay or find and extradite the killer), paid a fine - viru - for its members, owned land, which it periodically distributed among families .
Vladimir I (Saint) Svyatoslavovich (died in 1015), Prince of Novgorod (since 969), Grand Duke Kievan (since 980). The youngest son of Svyatoslav. Came to power in Kyiv after 8 years internecine war. He conquered the Vyatichi, Radimichi and Yotvingians; fought with the Pechenegs, Volga Bulgaria, Byzantium and Poland. Under him, defensive lines were built along the rivers Desna, Osetr, Trubezh, Sula, etc., the city of Kyiv was re-fortified and built up with stone buildings. In 988-990. introduced Christianity as the state religion. Under Vladimir I, the Old Russian state entered its heyday, and the international prestige of Rus' increased. In Russian epics it was called the Red Sun. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
The squad, which previously performed only military functions, from the end of the 10th century. more and more turned into an apparatus state power. The combatants performed various assignments of the Grand Duke (in military affairs, in governing the country, in the field of diplomatic relations). At the same time, the prince was forced to reckon with the opinion of the squad. The chronicle cites a case when the squad expressed their dissatisfaction with the stinginess of Vladimir, who exposed wooden dishes during the feast; the prince, considering that the loss of a squad is worth more than silver and gold, satisfied her demand. In the cities, the prince relied on the boyars-posadniks, in the army - on the governor, who were also, as a rule, representatives of prominent boyar families.
The main group of the population of Kievan Rus were free community members - people.
Semi-independent population of Kievan Rus
At the beginning of the XII century. a group of semi-dependent people appears - purchases. Most often, these were ruined community members who went into bondage for obtaining a loan - “kupa”. Working off the debt, the purchaser could work on the land of his master, but at the same time he retained his economy. The law protected the purchase from the possible desire of the owner to turn him into an independent (ie, complete) serf. Zaqup was deprived of his personal freedom, but he could redeem himself by repaying a debt. But if the purchase tried to escape, he became a complete slave.
"Russian Truth" - a code of ancient Russian law. It included separate norms of the "Russian Law", Pravda of Yaroslav the Wise (the so-called ancient truth), Truth of the Yaroslavichs, the Charter of Vladimir Monomakh, etc. Dedicated to protecting the life and property of princely combatants, servants; free rural community members and townspeople; regulated the position of dependent people; expounded the norms of obligation and inheritance law, etc. It has been preserved in 3 editions: Brief, Long, Abbreviated (lists of the XIII-XVIII centuries).
A small group of the semi-dependent population of Rus' were the Ryadovichi. According to Russkaya Pravda, their lives were only protected by a 5 hryvnia fine. Probably their connection with the drafting of the contract - a series. It is possible that the Ryadovichi are tiunas who have concluded an agreement, housekeepers, husbands of slaves, as well as children from marriages of slaves and freemen. Ryadovichi often carried out minor administrative assignments of their masters.
Dependent population of Kievan Rus
The completely dependent groups of the population include slaves, known as servants and serfs. Probably the servant is early title, serfs - later. Another possible explanation: servants - slaves from prisoners of war, serfs - internal slaves. The slave did not have the right to be a witness at the trial, and the owner was not responsible for his murder. Not only the slave was punished for escaping, but also everyone who helped him. The sources of slavery were captivity, selling oneself into slavery, marrying a slave or marrying a slave, entering the service of a prince (tiun, housekeeper) without an appropriate contract. In Rus', there was patriarchal slavery, when slaves were recruited to work in household, but Roman classical slavery did not exist. Most of the slaves did menial work. Their life was estimated at five hryvnia. But at the same time, slaves could be managers, overseers, and housekeepers. Their life (for example, a princely tiun) was estimated at 80 hryvnia, and he could act as a witness in court.
Despite the existence of a non-free population in Kievan Rus, most historians believe that slavery in Rus' did not receive widespread due to economic disadvantage.
In addition, in Rus' there are categories of semi-dependent and fully dependent residents.
Smerds were a special group of the population. These are probably not free princely tributaries. Smerd had no right to leave his property to his heirs. It was given to the prince.
One more group can be distinguished - outcasts, people who have lost their social status - a serf who has redeemed himself, a community member expelled from the line, a bankrupt merchant or artisan, and even a prince who has lost his principality.
A society consisting only of family communities can be thought of as essentially homogeneous. All members of a friend have an equal share both in the total labor and in the product of production. It is a "classless" society in miniature.
With the breaking of friendliness and the emancipation of the family from the genus, with a similar isolation of the individual from society and the formation of a new type of territorial community, the entire social structure of the nation becomes more complex. Gradually, different social classes take shape.
The process of social stratification began among the Eastern Slavs long before the formation Kyiv state. We know that the Sclavenes and Antes in the sixth century converted prisoners of war - even those of the same race - into slaves. We also know that there was an aristocratic group among the Antes and that some of the war chiefs held great wealth. So, we have among the Eastern Slavs elements of at least three existing social groups already in the sixth century: the aristocracy, the common people and the slaves. The subjugation of some of the East Slavic tribes to foreign conquerors could also be realized in the political and social differentiation of various tribes. We know that East Slavs paid tribute in grain and other agricultural products to the Alans, Goths and Magyars, as each of these peoples in turn established control over part of the East Slavic tribes. While some of the Slavic groups eventually asserted their independence or autonomy, others remained under foreign control for a longer period. Peasant communities, initially dependent on foreign masters, later recognized the power of local Slavic princes, but their status did not change, and they continued to pay their former duties. So, a difference was established in the position of different Slavic groups. Some of them were self-governing, others were dependent on the princes.
Given this extraordinary social and historical background, we should approach the study of Russian society in the Kievan period. It can be assumed that the society was quite complex, although in Kievan Rus there were no such high barriers between individual social groups and the classes that existed in feudal Europe of the same period. In general, it should be said that the Russian society of the Kyiv period consisted of two large groups: free and slaves. Such a judgment, however, although correct, is too broad to adequately characterize the organization of Kievan society.
It should be noted that among the free themselves there were various groups: while some were full citizens, the legal status of others was limited. In fact, the position of some of the free classes was so precarious, due to legal or economic restrictions, that some of them voluntarily chose to become slaves. So, between the free and the slaves, an intermediate group can be found, which can be called semi-free. Moreover, some groups of the truly free were better off economically and better protected by law than others. Accordingly, we can talk about the existence of a high-ranking class and a middle class of free people in Kiev society.
Our main legal source for this period is Russkaya Pravda, and we must turn to this code for legal terminology that characterizes social classes. In the eleventh century variant of Pravda—the so-called Short Version—we find the following fundamental concepts: men- for the upper layer of the free, People- for the middle class smerdy - for limited free, servants - for the slaves.
In the eyes of the legislator, a person had a different value, depending on his class affiliation. Old Russian criminal law did not know death penalty. Instead, it was a system of cash payments imposed on the killer. The latter had to pay compensation to the relatives of the slain (known as bot in the Anglo-Saxon version) and a fine to the prince (“bloodwite”). This system was common among the Slavs, Germans and Anglo-Saxons in the early Middle Ages.
In the earliest version of Pravda, the wergeld, or payment for the life of a free person, reached 40 hryvnias. In "Pravda" of the sons of Yaroslav, princely people ( men) were protected by a double fine of 80 hryvnia, while the fine for people(plural - People) remained at the initial level of 40 hryvnia. The fine to be paid to the prince for murder stink was set at 5 hryvnias - one-eighth of the normal wergeld. Slaves who were not free did not have a wergeld.
From a philological point of view, it is interesting that all of the above terms belong to an ancient Indo-European foundation. Slavic husband (may) related to Sanskrit manuh, manusah; Gothic manna; German mann and mench. In Old Russian, "husband" means "a man of noble birth", "knight" and also means "husband" in family terms. People means a community of human beings, which can be compared to the German leute. It turns out that the root of the word is the same as in the Greek adjective eleutheros ("free"). Smerd can be seen in relation to the Persian mard, "man"; in Armenian it also sounds mard. The disappearance of the initial "s" in the combination "sm" is not unusual in the Indo-European languages. According to Meie, mard emphasizes the mortality of man (as opposed to "immortals", i.e. gods). From this point of view, it is interesting to compare the Persian mard and the Slavic death(both words mean "death").
In the social development of Russia, each of the above terms has its own history. The term "smerd" has acquired a pejorative meaning in connection with the verb "stink", "stink". The term "husband" in the sense of a specific social category gradually disappeared, and the class of boyars eventually developed from husbands. In his diminutive form term man (« small man”) was applied to peasants subordinate to boyar power. From here - man,"peasant". Term lyudin(V singular) also disappeared except for the combination commoner.
Plural form People still in use; it corresponds in modern Russian to the word Human, used only in the singular. The first part of this word (chel-) represents the same root that is present in the Old Russian word servants("domestic slaves"). The original meaning of the root is “genus”: let’s compare the Gaelic clann and the Lithuanian keltis
In 1054 Yaroslav the Wise, dying, divided the country between 5 sons and established the procedure for transferring power not to the eldest son, but to the eldest in the family. In 1054-1072 - the reign of the three sons of Yaroslav the Wise: - the eldest Izyaslav Yaroslavich - sat in Kyiv; - Svyatoslav Yaroslavich - to Chernihiv; - Vsevolod Yaroslavich - to Pereyaslavl; The younger brothers got more distant lands: - Vyacheslav - Smolensk; - Igor - Vladimir-Volynsky. 1072 - Pravda Yaroslavichi was created. The contradictions laid down in the order of succession to the throne by seniority lead to the appearance of PRINCES - OUTSIDES - this is a prince whose father died without reaching seniority in the family. His sons were deprived of the right to be grand dukes. The area of their reign was divided among other princes. 1 strife 1073-1076 Svyatoslav and Vsevolod violated their father's commandment to rule the world and expelled Izyaslav from Kyiv. Izyaslav fled to Poland. Svyatoslav became prince of Kyiv. 1076 - death of Svyatoslav. 2 strife 1076 - 1078 In 1076 Vsevolod took the throne of Kiev, but lost it without a fight to Izyaslav, who, with the help of the Poles, returned to Kyiv again, and left for Chernigov himself. The son of Svyatoslav Oleg was left without a paternal throne in Chernigov. He fled to Tmutarakan and from there in 1078. came with the Polovtsians to wage war on Vsevolod. During the battle on the Nezhatina Field, Izyaslav of Kiev and Vsevolod of Chernigov defeated Oleg Svyatoslavovich. But Izyaslav was killed in the battle. Oleg runs back to Tmutarakan. Vsevolod occupied the throne of Kiev, and put his son Vladimir to reign in Chernigov. Vsevolod was the last of the Yaroslavichs. He held power thanks to the victories of his son Vladimir Monomakh (he received his nickname for being the son of a Byzantine princess, daughter of Emperor Constantine Monomakh, Maria Monomakh.) 1093. - death of Vsevolod. Vladimir, in an effort to avoid strife, refused the great reign and Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich, who had more rights to the capital's throne, received power. was the eldest in the family. Vladimir Monomakh himself settled in Chernigov. 3 strife 1094 Oleg Tmutarakansky came with the Polovtsians, occupied Chernigov and Vladimir Monomakh returned to Pereyaslavl, the city that his father received from his grandfather Yaroslav the Wise. For almost 20 years, Vladimir Monomakh reigned in Pereyaslavl. Vladimir Monomakh defeated Oleg and he agreed to negotiate on the rights to the inheritance. 1097 LUBECHESKY CONGRESS. On the initiative of Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatopolk of Kiev, Oleg, Vladimir Monomakh, and other descendants of Yaroslav came to the city of Lyubech for the congress. Decisions: 1) Return to the order of inheritance of lands established by Yaroslav (“Each prince keeps his fatherland”), i.e. inherit land from his father. Pereyaslavl is assigned to the descendants of Vsevolod Yaroslavich. 2) Unification of forces in the fight against the Polovtsians. Thus, the congress will have a number of major political consequences: - it will lead to political fragmentation in Rus', which began in the 12th century; - will lead to an attempt by the princes to stop princely strife; - will lead to an attempt by the princes to jointly oppose the Polovtsians. But the strife continued: 4 strife 1097 Davyd Igorevich, the son of Igor Yaroslavich, violated the decisions of the congress and went to war against other princes, but was defeated and, as a punishment, lost the city of Vladimir-Volynsky, his ancestral homeland. In 1100 another congress was held in Vitichev, which consolidated the decisions of the congress in Lyubech. In 1103 in the city of Dolobsk, the princes agreed on a joint struggle against the Polovtsy. In 1113 Prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavich died. After his death, a major uprising began in Kyiv. The people smashed the courts of princely tiuns, large feudal lords and usurers. The uprising lasted 4 days. The Kievan boyars summoned Vladimir Monomakh to the grand-ducal throne. He makes concessions to the people and, as a token of gratitude for the invitation, writes the Charter "On Purchases and Cuts." Cuts -% rate. (the essence of the rebellion on page 27). 1113 Monk Nestor writes the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years". 1113 - Vladimir Monomakh wrote "The Charter of Vladimir Monomakh", which became an integral part of the "Russian Truth". Vladimir Monomakh made a serious attempt to restore the former significance of the power of the Kyiv prince. Vladimir Monomakh considered the “younger” members of the princely family as vassals who had to go on campaigns on his orders and, in case of disobedience, were deprived of the princely throne. Vladimir Monomakh enjoyed great prestige and was widely educated, possessed a literary talent. After him, they crowned the kings with the Cap of Monomakh - allegedly transferred to Vladimir Monomakh from Byzantine emperor- Konstantin Monomakh, his grandfather.
