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Participle and gerund. Rules for their formation and use. Stylistic characteristics. Dictionaries of grammatical difficulties. Difference between participial and participial phrases

The FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language says: “Most often, verbal adjectives and derived function words are incorrectly classified as parts of speech; participles and gerunds, adjectives and adverbs, participles and adjectives are not distinguished.”

We would like to once again remind you of the differences between verbal adjectives and participles.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both forms can be formed from the same verb participles , so verbal adjectives . If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using the suffix - box - a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix - yuch - - adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn - or - them -), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Pr and parts indicate a temporary sign of an object associated with his participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, ‘arising as a result of an action’, ‘capable of participating in an action’), for example:

She was raised with strict rules (=She was brought up with strict rules)- participle;

She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).

2. The word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is verbal adjective , if it is formed from the verb NSV andhas no dependent words , and is a participle if formed from a verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows ( adjective ),

not mowed meadows ( participle, because there is a dependent word ),

mown meadows ( participle, because NE ).

3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have passive present participles, words with suffixes -them-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:

? waterproof boots(adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning ‘to let water through’ is intransitive),

? invincible army(adjective, because the verb is to defeat SV).

Let us dwell in more detail on the formation of the forms of some participles and gerunds.

Participle forms

1. From options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged the first is used in book speech, the second in colloquial speech.

2. Unprefixed verbs with suffix -Well- type go out, get wet, dry up retain this suffix in participles, for example: deaf, sticky, wet, blind.

Prefixed verbs of this type tend to lose the suffix in the participle form, for example: frozen, deaf, stuck, sour, wet, blind. In some cases, forms with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms: with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, comprehended - comprehended, stuck - stuck, withered - withered and some others).

3. When using reflexive participles with a suffix -xia one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: the combination “animals going to the zoo” (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).

Forms of participles

1. From optionshaving taken - having taken, having met - having met, having bought - having bought etc. first (with suffix-V ) is normative for a literary language, the second (with the suffix- lice ) is colloquial in nature. Forms on- lice preserved in proverbs and sayings, for example:Having given your word, be strong; When you take off your head, you don't cry through your hair .

2. Possible optionsfrozen - frozen, locked - locked, wiped - wiped, stretched - spread, erased - erased (the second form in each pair is conversational in nature). But onlybringing out (not “having brought it out”),sweeping (not “sweep it out”),having acquired (not “having found”),taking (not “driving”),making a mistake (not “mistaken”),passing (not “carried through”), etc.

In pairs sticking out - sticking out(cf. run with your tongue out), putting - putting(cf. hand on heart), gaping - gaping(cf. listen open-mouthed), fastened - fastened(cf. agree reluctantly), breaking - breaking(cf. rush headlong), having lowered - after(cf. work carelessly) etc. the second forms are outdated and are preserved only in stable phraseological expressions. Wed. also outdated shade in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, setting apart, seeing, hearing and so on.

3. Stylistically colored (like ancient folk speech) are the adverbial forms in -uchi(-yuchi) : looking, warming, walking, driving, regretting, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs, the forms are used playfully(cf. do it playfully), sneaking(cf. slink), happily(cf. live happily ever after), skillfully(cf. use skillfully) and some others.

Participial

A large number of errors are made in the use of participial phrases. Let's break it down into specific example. Let's take a sentence:

The book lying on the table has been read.

« Fruits of the new harvest, shipped from the south, are already arriving in the industrial centers of the country " You may feel a little uneasy reading this sentence out loud. And indeed: isn’t it possible that the fruits “send themselves” to the north? The point is that the suffix-xiain verbal forms it has not only a reflexive meaning (cf.:The students goVhiking),but also a passive meaning when an object experiences someone’s influence (cf.:Replies to letters are sent by the secretary without delay).To avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use instead of the participle-xiaparticiple on-my(passive present participle), i.e. instead of the construction “Fruits,departing..."we write:Fruits,sent...Instead of "Girl"brought uploominggrandmother..." -Girl,brought upgrandma...

Using a participial phrase helps remove ambiguity in a sentence. For example:Students had an internshipVone of the plant's workshops, which was recently reorganized(was one of the workshops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).

The participial phrase brings the necessary clarity: 1)...in one of the plant’s workshops, recently reorganized;2) ...in one of the workshops of the recently reorganized plant.

The stylistic feature of participles and participial phrases is that they give the statement a bookish character.A.S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say:a carriage galloping across a bridge; servant sweeping the room;We are speaking:which gallops, which sweeps..."The above reasoning of Pushkin, who noted the “expressive brevity of participles,” has the following continuation: “The richer the language in expressions and turns of phrase, the better for a skilled writer. The written language is enlivened every minute by expressions born in conversation, but it should not renounce what it has acquired over the centuries.”

Participial turnover

Everyone knows the textbook phrase from A.P. Chekhov’s story: “ Approaching this station, my hat fell off".

Its meaning is clear, but the sentence is constructed unsuccessfully: the rule for using participial phrases is violated.

The adverbial phrase usually moves freely within the sentence: it can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end.

For example: 1) Upon entering the classroom, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher, entering the class, greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students upon entering the class. As the examples show, the action expressed by the gerund (entering) refers to the subject.

This provision is not observed in the epigraph: in it we're talking about about two active objects in the grammatical meaning of this word - about the passenger (he drove up to the station) and about the hat (it flew off), and the action of the passenger does not relate to the subject. It is easy to verify the incorrect construction of this sentence if you rearrange the adverbial phrase: “As the passenger approached the station, his hat flew off.”

Compare in a student essay: “ Living and moving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed the habits and views inherent in this society”(it turned out that in an aristocratic society “habits and views lived and circulated”).

It is possible to use the participial phrase in impersonal offer in the infinitive form of the verb, for example: When crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor traffic. In such sentences there is neither a grammatical nor a logical subject (i.e., the subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by the indirect case of a noun). But a sentence like: “ Approaching the forest, I felt cold": it does not contain an infinitive to which an adverbial phrase could refer.

The adverbial phrase, like the participle, is usually used in book speech. His undoubted dignity- brevity, conciseness. Let's compare two sentences: After I finished my homework, I went for a walk. - After finishing my homework, I went for a walk. It is easy to notice that the second sentence, more condensed in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.

Participles and participial phrases are highly expressive, which is why they are widely used in the language fiction. For example: The fogs, swirling and twisting, crawled there along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks(M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(V. G. Korolenko).

Participles and gerunds

Rule: If the participial phrase comes after the word being defined, then it is separated by commas on both sides: The blue southern sky, darkened with dust, is cloudy. Rule: In the suffix -enn- after the hissing ones, under stress, e (ё) is written, although it is pronounced [o]: burned, decided. Rule: In short passive participles, one letter n is written: read, told. Rule: If the participle is formed from verbs ending in -at, -yat, then the letters a or i are written before -nn- and -n-: plow - plowed - plowed; oblige - obligated - obligated. If the participle is formed from any other verbs (not -at or -yat), then the letter e is written before -nn- and -n-: study - studied - studied. Rule: In full passive participles with the suffixes -enn- and -nn- two letters n (nn) are written if:

1) the participle has a prefix (except not): boiled fish, plowed field;

2) the participle has words dependent on it: fish fried in oil;
3) perfect participle: solved example;
4) the participle is formed from verbs with the suffixes -ova-, -eva-, (-irova-): pickled mushrooms, asphalt highway. If a word does not have any of the listed characteristics, it is written with one n: boiled fish, fried fish.
(page 146)
Rule: Not with full participles it is written separately:
1) if the participle has dependent words, i.e. forms a participle phrase: On the table lay a letter that I had not sent. — There was an unsent letter on the table;
2) if the sentence contains a contrast with the conjunction a: The vase contained not withered, but fresh flowers. Not written together with full participles:
1) if it does not have dependent words: incessant rain;
2) if the participle without is not used: a hateful look. With short participles the particle is not written separately: The letter was not sent. The book has not been read. (page 146)

Rule: Particle Not written separately with gerunds: Answered without hesitation.
Rule:
The participial phrase is always separated by commas: Howling angrily, the cold autumn wind blows. A cold autumn wind is blowing, howling angrily. The cold autumn wind blows, howling angrily.

Participles have a number of correspondences among adjectives, partly in origin going back to participles. These include:

1) Active present participles and adjectives with the same root:
Blushing - red;
bluish - blue;
whitening - white.

2) Present participles active voice(as well as reflexive) and adjectives with the suffix -uchy, -yuchy, -achy, yachy, which are Old Russian participles in origin:
Flowing - free-flowing;
sitting - sedentary;
prickly - prickly.

3) An active present participle (usually with a negation) and an adjective coinciding with the passive present participle with negative prefix non-: Not burning - fireproof;
not fading - unfading;
not getting wet - waterproof.

4) Passive present participles (usually with negation) and adjectives with the prefix not- and the suffix -im:
Inadmissible - unacceptable;
not defeated - invincible;
untamed - indomitable.

5) Active past participles and adjectives formed from participles with the suffix -ly:
Tanned - tanned;
burnt - burnt;
blue - blue.

6) Next in meaning from the participles are the non-prefixed adjectives na-ly, which do not have fully corresponding participles; for them there are only more distant participles with prefixes:
Ripened - ripe;
ripe - mature;
withered - lethargic.

7) Passive past participles and adjectives that were formed from these participles; usually the first with prefixes, and the second without prefixes:
Boiled - boiled;
grated - grated;
broken - beaten.

8) Active and passive participles and adjectives homonymous with them, formed from these participles:
A) A stone shining in the sun is a brilliant report.
A cape jutting out into the sea is a prominent figure.
Jackals wandering in the forest - a wandering smile. The director calling the technician - a defiant tone.
b) A person respected by all, a respected comrade.
A driver-controlled car is a controlled balloon.

tbobolovich.narod.ru

Participle and gerund

Communion and gerunds in Russian- that's two special forms verbs that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which? What do you do? What did he do? What did he do? Participles denote an additional action and answer questions Doing what? What did you do?

Rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

· availability of full and short forms;

-ush-/-yush-/-ash-/-box-(actual participles NV);

-vsh-/-sh-(actual participles PV);

-eat-/-om-/-im-(passive participles NV);

-nn-/-enn-/-t-(passive participles PV).

The syntactic role is adverbial.

The girl was walking down the street smiling.

Syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Features of participial and participial phrases

Participial and participial phrases- these are syntactic constructions that differ general meaning and a function in a sentence:

Participial turnover is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, like a single gerund, they perform the syntactic role of a separate adverbial adverb (set off on both sides with commas) and denote an additional action.

Test on the topic

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Material on the Russian language (grade 6) on the topic:
Table “Difference between participle and gerund”

The table will help you understand the differences between participles and gerunds

Preview:

Table 1. Differences between participle and gerund

What are you doing? What did the lice do? What did you do? What are you doing eating?

HOW? HOW?

What am I doing? What did you do? What did the lice do?

Developing, remembering, written, moving

Having developed, remember, I wrote lice

Refers to a noun (pronoun)

Refers to a verb (predicate)

Present tense: -ushch-(yushch), - ashch-(yushch) - valid.

I eat-, -im- – passive

Vsh-, -sh- – valid

Nn-, -enn-, -t- – passive

Imperfect form (present time):

Perfect form (past tense):

A participial phrase is a participle with words dependent on it

Software is a separate definition

An adverbial phrase is a gerund with dependent words

DO is a separate circumstance

üOn the porch stood a man who was arming people.

ü Pierre could not fall asleep for a long time, thinking about what had happened.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

A lesson in repeating and summarizing the studied material on the topics “Communion” and “Partition”. Students are offered multi-level tasks. The lesson is built using modular technology. Pre is attached.

Summary of a lesson in the Russian language on summarizing what has been learned in the form of the game “Starry Hour”.

I taught this lesson while participating in the “Teacher of the Year” competition. The class to whom I was giving a lesson was unfamiliar to me (this was the condition of the test). But thanks to the skit at the beginning of the lesson, guys a.

Summary of a general lesson in 6th grade according to the program of M.M. Razumovskaya.

Selected material test work allows you to test your knowledge on the topics: “Partipulations” and “Participles” most fully.

The lesson reinforces the skills of forming participles and gerunds and spelling their suffixes.

The collection consists of control tests and tests that allow you to practice a difficult topic for sixth-graders: “Communion and gerunds.” Tasks are worked out by Or.

2.7. Participle and gerund

Difficulties associated with the use of a special form of the verb - the participle - in speech can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.

Errors in the formation of participles usually consist in incorrect construction of the formative basis (cf.: the use of the wrong form galloping instead of normative - galloping) and in the wrong choice of formative suffix. Since the choice of a form-building basis is common for conjugated and non-conjugated forms, if there is difficulty, you should use the recommendations given in paragraph 2.6.

When choosing a formative suffix in the formation of a participle form Special attention Please note the following cases.

1. Most active past participles are formed using suffixes -вш- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) ending in a vowel:

write - wrote, decide - decided.

The suffix -ш- is used if the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:

carry - carried, carry - carried.



2. Passive past participles use the suffixes -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-) and -t- ( cleaned, made, finished). In speech, quite often there is an error associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in the sentence: The room has been cleaned– instead of the normative form removed with the suffix -n- the suffix -t- was mistakenly used.

3. It should be remembered that when forming a participle, all word-forming prefixes and suffixes of the verb must be preserved. The most common mistake is dropping the suffix -sya when forming participles from reflexive verbs.

For example, in the sentence: The wind tore off the remaining leaves on the trees– the suffix -sya was illegally omitted. The following sentence would be grammatically correct: The wind tore off the remaining leaves on the trees.

4. It should be taken into account that some verbs are characterized by the absence or infrequency of certain forms of participles. Thus, according to the rules of Russian grammar, passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs:

Passive participles cannot be formed from verbs like get up, lie down etc., since these verbs cannot be combined with accusative case without pretext.

At the same time, the absence of certain forms of participles may be due not to grammatical laws, but to tradition.

arrest, protect, beat, take, wake up, carry, twirl, twist, transport, knit, iron, look, cook, warm, smash, load, gnaw, crush, hold, regret, fry, reap, wait, burn, call, know, have, boil, put, glue, prick, feed, paint, sculpt, treat, pour, revenge, grind, wash, find, plow, sing, bake, write, saw, drink, weed, spoil, hide, tear, cut, chop, salt, set, guard, dry, sprinkle, weave, stew, pull, teach, bury, clean, whisper, sew and etc.

2) There are no forms of passive past participles for transitive verbs:

When using participles in speech, special attention should be paid to the following points.

1. The contrast between active and passive participles is related to the meaning they express.

Active participles (suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-, -vsh-, -sh-) denote the attribute of who (what) directly performs the action:

a singing girl, a boy drawing.

Passive participles (suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-; -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-), -t-) indicate a sign of who (what) is experiencing an action:

a book you read, a magazine you bought.

In speech, a fairly common mistake is to use active participles instead of passive ones, and vice versa.

For example, in the sentence: I had one ticket won– the passive participle is used incorrectly, since in this case this construction means: I won a ticket, and not a specific prize, amount of money, etc. with a lucky ticket. It is grammatically correct to use the active participle ( winning ticket), since the defined noun does not experience, but produces an action.

2. In Russian, the passive meaning can be expressed both by passive participles and by active participles from reflexive verbs with the suffix -sya.

In some cases in literary language Both possible forms are used:

project approved by everyone - project approved by everyone.

In other cases, either only the passive participle or only the active participle of the reflexive verb is used.

Wed: a built house is a house under construction.

It should be remembered that the main expresser of the meaning of passivity is precisely the passive participle, and where it is present, the reflexive participle is usually unacceptable.

Thus, the following phrases will be grammatically incorrect: a child dressing up as a nanny; carpenter's box. IN in this case It is mandatory to use passive participles: a child dressed by a nanny; a box made by a carpenter.

The reflexive participle is usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not available in the language or is rarely used. For example, forms of passive past participles from imperfective verbs are not formed or are rarely used.

Wed: a paper written by a student last year; a report written by a student over the course of a year.

3. It should also be remembered that in Russian there are no and cannot be future participles. You cannot use participles in relation to the future! Therefore, constructions like:

In just a few years we will have a whole complex of enterprises that could cause an environmental disaster.

When forming forms of gerunds, the following points must be taken into account.

1. Imperfective participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs using the suffixes -а/-я:

take – take – taking; cry - cry - crying.

A number of imperfective verbs also form participles using the suffix -uchi/-yuchi:

being, driving, regretting, playing, walking, sneaking.

However, to any extent widespread in the literary language they did not receive. Typically, the forms in -uchi/-yuchi are perceived either as outdated or as a means of stylizing folk and ancient speech.

In addition, not all imperfective verbs are capable of forming gerunds. As a rule, verbs that do not have vowels in the present tense do not form participles (cf.: weave - weave):

beat, twist, lie, bend, eat, reap(hand) reap(rye), wait, burn, lie, pour, crush, drink, tear, send, sleep, weave, rub, sew.

There are no or no participles from verbs with alternating consonants z–zh, s–sh in the stems of the infinitive and present tense (cf.: knit - knit, dance - dance):

weigh, knit, seem, mow, lick, dance, cut, scratch.

Imperfective verbs in -ch, na-nut do not form participles:

protect, burn, might, oven, flog, guard, cut, flow, wither, go out, stall, grow stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, drown, pull.

Imperfective participles from verbs are not used:

arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, freeze, want.

2. Perfective participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) of perfective verbs, mainly using the suffix -в:

buy - having bought, decide - having decided.

From a number of verbs of the perfect form, gerunds are formed using the suffix -а/-я ( enter - entering, subtract - subtract etc.) or suffixes -louse, -shi ( offended, upset and etc.).

In the overwhelming majority of cases, forms with the suffix -в are used: they are shorter and more euphonious. The cacophony of forms like having written M. Gorky especially emphasized. But it should be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - laughing, wrapped up. The use of the suffix -shi instead of the suffix -v is also typical for many verbs with a consonant stem: grow up - grown up; save - having saved.

The use of the suffix -а/-я in the formation of perfect participles (cf.: putting - putting, hearing - hearing, noticing - noticing) was a fairly common phenomenon in the 19th – early 20th centuries. For example, such forms were widely used by M. Gorky: leaning, approaching, getting off etc. Currently, many of these forms are out of use.

3. The main mistake when forming participles is the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in the sentence: I dialed the number after hanging up– the form of the gerund with the suffix -a was mistakenly used. From verbs with a sibilant stem, perfective participles are usually formed using the suffix -a, but the normative version will be the form with the suffix -v (putting phone).



Errors of this kind are quite common when using phraseological units. Many of them contain obsolete forms of gerunds ( hand on heart, damn my head). Arbitrary replacement of such forms with modern forms in some idiomatic expressions ( rushed headlong) is an error!

Quite regularly in speech, the so-called filling of “empty cells” is also observed, that is, the erroneous formation of gerunds from verbs that in a literary language cannot have gerund forms at all (for example: While sleeping, he shuddered).

Correct spelling: what are participles and gerunds, rules with examples

In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “participation” in a noun, adjective or verb.

Declined, that is, it changes according to gender, number, case, and has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having the form:

• checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , time matters. This is a permanent feature of these parts of speech, having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized Xia).

It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).

From all of the above, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.



Participle

The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that means additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• repayment(pretending sya).

Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that participle does not change, that is, does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.

The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:

1. Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:

3. definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
4. part of a compound nominal predicate (The bread was moldy).



The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

Goals:

• generalization and systematization of students’ knowledge on the topics “Communion” and “Communion”;
• consolidation of the practical ability to find participles and participles, participial and participial phrases in the text;
• consolidation of the ability to compose a monologue statement in linguistic topic;
• development logical thinking, skills independent work with text;
• nurturing a sense of mutual assistance, developing interest in reading through analytical work with the text of N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”.

Lesson type: combined lesson on the use of ZUN.

Method: reproductive-creative, visual-figurative.

Equipment:

1. Table “N.V.Gogol. "Taras Bulba".
2. Information card (4 options).
3. Cards for individual work.
4. Table “Distinctive features of participles and gerunds” (filled out during the lesson).
5. Individual meters to calculate the points earned.

Epigraphs:

They [participles] serve as abbreviations for the human word, containing a name and a verb force.

M.V. Lomonosov

[Adverbial phrases] are primarily a part of book speech. Their undoubted advantage... lies in their brevity and dynamism. They are also characterized by great expressiveness

D.E. Rosenthal

During the classes

I. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Guys! We have finished studying the topics “Communion” and “Communion”. Today in the lesson we will summarize and systematize your knowledge by compiling a table “Distinctive features of participles and gerunds.” Why is such a table needed? Firstly, as already mentioned, to systematize your knowledge, because knowledge brought into the system remains in memory firmly and for a long time. Secondly, perhaps some of you will have to take an oral exam in the Russian language at the final certification at the end of 9th grade. In this case, the table we have compiled will help you quickly remember all the information about participles and gerunds. Third, and most importantly, you will be able to create similar comparison tables on other topics.

At home, you have prepared examples of sentences with participial and adverbial phrases from N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”, which you will use when compiling the table. Each of you also has an information card from which you can take examples to illustrate one or another position of the table.

During the lesson, you will independently calculate the points you earn. The class is divided into two teams. At the end of the lesson, when the winning team is determined, the one of you who brings the most points to the winning team will receive additional credit.

II. Epigraph.

Epigraphs have been selected for our lesson, but before they appear on the board, determine what they are talking about.

(The teacher reads out the epigraphs, the children add the missing words: participles, participial phrase.)

III. Drawing up a table.

What grammatical features do participles and gerunds have? By what criteria will we compare them?

(Students name a grammatical feature, then tell how it manifests itself in participles and gerunds. At this time, the teacher fills out the table on the board. It is better to prepare cards in advance and attach them to the board using magnets.

For each position in the table, children give examples from homework or from the information card).

VI. A coherent story on a linguistic topic.

One representative from each team draws a ticket and answers the questions: “What do I know about the sacrament?” or “What do I know about gerunds?”

During the answer, the class listens carefully and reviews the answer.

V. Individual work using cards or graphic dictation.

(at the discretion of the teacher)

Summing up the lesson.

The result is summarized according to individual counters:

26-28 points – “5”;

22-25 points – “4”;

17-21 points – “3”.

The student from the winning team who scores the most points receives an additional grade of “5”.

Instructions

Communion They call the unconjugated form of a verb with the meaning of a characteristic of an object that occurs in time. In Russian, participles depend on the type of verb from which they are formed, so four types of participles are possible: active and present participles and active and passive participles.

So, first choose the verb you want from and determine its basic morphological characteristics: aspect, transitivity, conjugation and tense. Then select the stem from which the participle will be formed. Present participles are formed from the stem of the verb in the present tense. To form the active present participle, use the suffixes –уш/-уж (for verbs) and –аш/яж (for verbs). To form the present passive participle, add the suffixes –em () and –im () to the stem. Examples: reader, gon-im.

From the stems of verbs in the infinitive form or, less commonly, in the past tense form, past participles are formed. Attach the suffixes –вш/-ш (for active participles) or –ен/-нн/-т (for passive participles) to the stem. The suffix –вш is used if it ends in a vowel, -ш – in a consonant. Examples: seen, remember.

Participle is an unconjugated form of a verb that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb. Answers the questions “doing what?”, “having done what?” and, at the same time, answer the questions “how?”, “in what way?” Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the verb in the present tense with -а/-я and using the stem of the infinitive with the suffix -va. Examples: leta-ya, knock-a, washing-ya. Perfective participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive using the suffixes –v/-vshi/-shi. Examples: stole-in, return-louse-s.

note

It is impossible to form all four types of participles from any verb. After all, for example, active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive ones - from transitive ones.

Imperfect participles cannot be formed from verbs: 1) with the main present tense ending in hissing and with the infinitive stem in z, s, st, x; 2) with a stem containing only consonants (sew); 3) with a base on g, k and in some other cases.

Helpful advice

If you have difficulty forming participles, refer to the reference book “Russian verb and its participle forms”.

Sources:

• About participles and gerunds
• how to form tenses

Participles and participles, as well as participial and participial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, play different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.

Instructions

These past participles are formed using the stem of the transitive verb of the past tense and the suffixes “n” and “nn” (if the verb ends in “at”, “et”, “yat”), for example “lost”, “read”; suffixes “en” and “enn” (if the stem of the verb ends with a consonant), for example “”, “weighted”; suffix “t” (if the verb ends in “here”, “nut”, “ot” and is monosyllabic), for example “grated”, “crumpled”. Some verbs that end in “st”, “sti” form past participles using the stems of the present or future tense.

There are two forms of existence: short and full. If the participle is in the first form, it cannot change and is almost always a nominal part of a compound predicate.

So what is it? How to distinguish it from a participant? What punctuation marks make it stand out in the letter? What questions does it answer? What difficulties may arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.

The participial phrase, like the participle, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerunds and related dependent words. Answers gerund questions: doing what? what did you do? and denotes an additional action of an object/person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the sentence he is separate member , or rather, isolated circumstance.

The dot-dash (dash-dot) is emphasized. You can also ask him questions about the circumstances:

• how?
• When?
• for what purpose?
• Why?

They can be given both from the predicate and, in some cases, from the participle or participial phrase.

Examples

Commas when using participial phrases in a sentence

The participial phrase, in contrast to the participle, always separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define its boundaries. The participle phrase includes all dependent words related to a given participle.

For example, in the sentence “The opponent, who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind,” it is the expression “ahead of me at the start,” and not just “ahead of me.” Since the words “at the start” are also dependent on the gerund, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.

When it comes at the beginning of a sentence, then separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sign of the end of the sentence.

Exceptions are the participial phrases included in phraseology. When a phrase is part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, this rule on the placement of commas does not include those cases when several adverbial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the conjunction “and”. Then there are no commas with them. With punctuation marks, everything is extremely clear here, but errors associated with the incorrect use of participial phrases are often encountered.

Constructing a sentence with an adverbial clause. Possible mistakes

The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it states that the additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you cannot say “As we approached the house, a strange growling and howling was heard from behind the door.” After all, the subjects here are growls and howls, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But they couldn’t approach the house; some other person did it.

Thus, this sentence can be rearranged into a more grammatically correct one complex sentence: “When I/he/she approached the house, there was a strange growling and howling coming from behind the door.”

You also need to be careful when using the participial phrase in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by an infinitive, and in the second - by a third-person verb. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is constructed incorrectly, since the gerund implies an action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.

In an impersonal sentence, the participial phrase can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, all grammatical norms will be observed, since the person performing both the main and side effects, absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, “I need to do this job as quickly as possible, using all possible materials.”

These are the main mistakes in coordinating the participial phrase with the basis of the sentence. They can appear quite often in our speech, since we sometimes do not give it due importance. But in vain, because inaccurate use of participial phrases leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.