Test: Analyze the stages of development of the world socialist system. World socialist system
A significant historical event of the post-war period was the people's democratic. revolutions in a number of European countries - in ALBANIA, BULGARIA, HUNGARY, EAST GERMANY, POLAND, ROMANIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, YUGOSLAVIA and in Asian countries - VIETNAM, CHINA, KOREA, MONGOLIA. In these countries, new political regimes and proclaimed course to socialism.To a large extent political. orientation in these countries was determined by the presence of Soviet troops on their territory, this also contributed to cardinal transformations in the political, social-no-ek-sky and other spheres, a cat. were characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the people's economy and the predominance of the party-state bureaucracy. Countries were invited to use the experience of building socialism in the USSR. The exit of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country, its spread to Southeast Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, a cat. was named " world system of socialism"(MSS). In 1959 CUBA, and in 1975 - LAOS became part of this new system that has existed for over 40 years. At the end of the 80s. the world system of socialism included 15 states, numbering 32.3% of the world population, which is a significant factor indicating the existence of a world system of socialism in the post-war international. life. MSS DEVELOPMENT STAGES. The plan for building socialism provided not only for the proletarian revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in one form or another, but also for the concentration in the hands of the authorities of key positions in the economy (this is the nationalization of industry, transport, communications, natural resources, financial and credit system, ext. and int. trade), industrialization and the transformation of small peasant property into a cooperative (i.e., the creation of a large socialized production), cultural revolution, the establishment of total control of the state, supreme bodies the ruling party over common life, etc. Stage 1 MSS (1945-1949) included changes in the political regimes that led to a change in the social-but-ek-orientation. Simultaneously with the restoration of the economy affected by the war, the restructuring of the Ek structure began with an active political. and material assistance of the USSR. An important step in the history of the formation of the world system of socialism can be considered the creation in 1949. Council of Ek-sky Mutual Assistance (CMEA) in order to organize a systematic Ek-sky, scientific and technical. and cultural cooperation, designed to facilitate the reorientation of external. trade countries of Eastern Europe(previously, until 1939, Germany was the main partner of the cat). In addition, the CMEA served as a channel of ex-sky assistance to the less developed socialist countries from the USSR (as opposed to the Marshall Plan) and its creation was motivated by political. considerations - promoting the interdependence of the countries of Eastern Europe with the USSR. You can count 1949. a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS. Stage 2 MSS(1950-1960s) 50s can be distinguished as a relatively independent stage of the forced creation of a “new” society (according to the model of the USSR). However, the socialist countries of Europe were a relatively dynamic part of the MCC, and the countries of Asia of the MCC used the Stalinist model of construction, eradicating market elements in the economy. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the established in May 1955. Warsaw Pact. At this stage, in the countries of Eastern Europe, after nationalization, industrialization, for which the first plans for national economic development are being adopted. Agrarian transformations are taking place, but the nationalization of the land has not been carried out. Land was taken away from large landowners, and not all land was taken away, but only its surplus in excess of the established norm and sold on preferential terms to peasants. In some cases, landowners even received partial compensation. The co-operation of the peasantry was carried out, a cat. was completed in most of the countries of Eastern Europe by the beginning of the 60s (the exception was Poland and Yugoslavia, where the state structure in the agrarian sector did not acquire decisive importance). In the new countries, transformations in ek-ke had compromise character And carried out more carefully than in the USSR (the experience of our country was taken into account, showing the destructiveness of extreme measures of revolutionary reforms, therefore there was no “war communism” in these countries). Industry in the 50s. experienced rapid development, its growth rate was about 10% per year, and countries turned from agricultural into industrial and agricultural(except Czechoslovakia and East Germany). The methods of forced industrialization contributed to the formation of an administrative system of management and a monopolized structure of the national economy, indifferent (ie, indifferent) to the characteristics of specific countries. In general, despite the largely extensive type of development, the results of the decade were favorable in most countries. In this period CMEA activities unfolded, cat. before that, it was mainly based on the ideological factor and was poorly developed at the interstate Ur-not and at the Ur-not of enterprises and firms. However, the conditions of the Cold War favored the reorientation of trade relations in a short time, and with the help of the CMEA, its participants were able not only to survive, but also to restore the economy after the war and achieve impressive progress. If at the initial stage the activity of the CMEA was focused on the development of trade, coordination and development of external. trade, on the provision of scientific and technical. documentation and information, then from 1956-57. the CMEA countries switched to specialization and co-operation in production, to harmonization and coordination of national economic plans, to the creation of joint scientific centers and economic organizations. Stage 3 MSS (1960-1970) associated with the exhaustion of resources for extensive growth, the decline in industrial growth and national income, which necessitated economic reforms. During this period, they began to show flaws socialist economic system, since the model that had become stronger in the CMEA countries fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the global economic process (this became especially evident in connection with the scientific and technological revolution in the 50s. when countries began to lag behind the advanced capital countries more and more). Therefore, in many CMEA countries, attempts were made to partially reform this model. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia the benchmark of the reforms was the use of the market mechanism in order to be included in the international system. division of labor and entry into the world market. In these countries, changes in the Ek system were radical. IN Poland, GDR the changes did not go beyond the modernization of the existing administrative system of planning and managing the national economy. Mongolia, Romania, Cuba, Vietnam they did not start reforming national models of development during this period. However, economic reforms in the 60s. did not give positive results and were curtailed, since the liberalization of pricing, although it gave positive results in the agricultural sector, but under the conditions of the monopoly position of industrial enterprises, it did not lead to the formation of competition, but to the realization of monopoly advantages, incl. and rising prices. In addition, when their teams gained the right to influence the distribution of income, they simply began to “eat away” the income of enterprises. An important reason for the failures was the strongest resistance to the reforms of the party and state nomenklatura, the cat. basically determined their extreme inconsistency, and therefore the failure of the initiated reforms. In 1968 liberalization and democratization reforms were interrupted by the entry of troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Prague. In general, the curtailment of reforms was explained not only by political. pressure, but also the exacerbation of social contradictions caused by the difficulties of the transition to commercial principles of economic management. In the activities of the CMEA, the coordination of the national economic plans of the countries continued and in 1964. was created International bank of ek-sky cooperation- body for the regulation of international calculations. Stage 4 MSS (1970-mid 80s) Har-Xia attempts to solve the economic problems of the socialist countries by modernizing the administrative system of economics, but without resorting to radical changes. The world energy crisis of 1973-74 had a great influence on the development of the socialist countries, cat. reflected in the rise in oil prices. While the capitalist countries, due to the crisis, sought to reduce their dependence on imported raw materials and fuel, they quickly rebuilt the structure of the economy by introducing resource- And energy saving technologies, introduced the production of microprocessors and biotechnology. However, the CMEA countries, in connection with receiving resources from the USSR at preferential prices (below world prices) and the sluggishness of the pricing system in mutual trade, were deprived of all incentives for such innovations. This resulted in a serious backlog in all key areas of scientific and technical. progress. The exhaustion of the resources for extensive growth forced the CMEA countries to resort to foreign credits. Contradictions began to appear within the CMEA. The countries that carried out radical reforms (Hungary, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia) began to be more actively involved in the world market and their most high-quality products were already going to Western markets, while the share of their exports to the CMEA countries was declining. As a result, the share of the CMEA began to decline. was adopted Comprehensive Program of Socialist Ec Integration. It set the goal of developing industrial cooperation and specialization, scientific and technical. cooperation, coordination of plans for ek-sky development, joint investment activity (ie, the development of higher forms of ek-sky integration). As a result, the role of the CMEA in the economy of the socialist countries in the 70s. increased during 1971-1978. 100 multilateral and 1000 bilateral industrial cooperation agreements were concluded. The automotive industry received the greatest development of cooperation and specialization. In addition, the role of the CMEA increased due to dependence on oil imports from the USSR during the global energy crisis. However, the scale and forms of industrial cooperation within the CMEA lagged far behind Western standards due to the insensitivity of the economy to scientific and technological revolution. Therefore, in the late 70s. another attempt was made to modernize the CMEA - they began to develop long-term target programs of ek-sky cooperation. During the 80s. inside the CMEA there was an increase in problems, which led to its crisis. The period of the collapse of the MSS (2nd half of the 80s - early 90s) characterized by the growth of problems within the CMEA and the collapse in 1991. world system of socialism. During this period, it became obvious that the existing social system and its economic mechanism could not create an effective socially oriented economy that actively uses the achievements of scientific and technical. progress and interacting with the world economy. For the countries of the Eastern European countries of the CMEA, it was har-but the fall in the growth rate of the eq-ki, the backlog of high-tech industries, distortions in the financial sector, the growth of external. debts, relatively low living standards of the population. All measures taken to intensify production in the 80s. failed and the ongoing deep Ek-sky crisis, the instability of the emerging political. systems, exacerbation of national contradictions, the collapse of multinational states (Yugoslavia), unemployment, impoverishment of the population - all these processes were typical for the late 80s. The processes of a deep crisis were also characteristic of the USSR. This led to the collapse of the CMEA system, since the Soviet Union was the initiator of the creation of the world socialist system. Ek-sky reforms carried out since the beginning of the 90s. in the countries of Eastern Europe became part of the renewal of the social-no-ek-sky and political. building, the formation of a qualitatively new business model in post-socialist countries, where the main course has become in the direction of Western democracy and market relations through the privatization of the public sector and the promotion of private entrepreneurship. In the countries of Central and South Eastern Europe the weakening of the socialist economies was caused simultaneously by the collapse of the methods of ek-sky management and the process of reforms carried out in the Soviet Union. CONCLUSION: The CMEA crisis and the cessation of its activities predetermined the following factors: 1) the barrier of the original inter-sectoral division of labor scheme based on the partners' interest in Soviet raw materials was not overcome; 2) greenhouse conditions in the development of mutual ties (i.e., the absence of competition); 3) the general increase in crisis phenomena in the socialist countries; 4) the deterioration of the positions of Eastern European goods on the world market; 5) disagreements and conflicts over prices and the principles of balanced trade; 6) the desire to switch to Western market ways of developing economies. Termination in 1991 The activities of the CMEA had a different effect on the eq-ke of the countries that were part of it. For the USSR, the cessation of supplies through the CMEA channels meant additional factor deepening crisis. Reaction different countries Eastern Europe was determined by the head of their households from the supply of raw materials from the USSR and alternative sources imports, and the prospects for the transition to resource-saving technologies in these countries.
Formation of the world system of socialism
Stages of development of the world socialist system
The collapse of the world socialist system
18.1. Formation of the world system of socialism
Significant historical event post-war steel people's democratic revolutions in a number of European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Asia: Vietnam, China, Korea and a little earlier - the revolution in Mongolia. To a large extent, the political orientation in these countries was determined under the influence of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of most of them, carrying out a liberation mission during the Second World War. This also largely contributed to the fact that in most countries cardinal transformations began in the political, socio-economic and other spheres in accordance with the Stalinist model, characterized by the highest degree of centralization. National economy and the dominance of the party-state bureaucracy.
The emergence of the socialist model beyond the framework of one country and its spread to Southeast Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, called "world socialist system"(MSS). In 1959 Cuba and in 1975 Laos entered the orbit of a new system that lasted more than 40 years.
At the end of the 80s. The world system of socialism included 15 states occupying 26.2% of the earth's territory and numbering 32.3% of the world's population.
Taking even just these quantitative indicators into account, one can speak of the world system of socialism as an essential factor in post-war international life, requiring more in-depth consideration.
Eastern European countries. As noted, an important prerequisite for the formation of the MSS was the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Today there are quite heated discussions on this issue.
A significant part of researchers tend to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people
democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and the Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model of social development on the liberated peoples. We can only partly agree with this point of view, since, in our opinion, it should be taken into account that in 1945-1946. broad democratic transformations were carried out in these countries, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored. This is evidenced, in particular: the bourgeois orientation agrarian reforms in the absence of nationalization of the land, the preservation of the private sector in small and medium-sized industry, retail and the service sector, and finally, the presence of a multi-party system, including the highest level of power. If in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia immediately after liberation a course was taken for socialist transformations, then in the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe the new course began to be implemented from the moment the essentially undivided power of the national communist parties was established, as was the case in Czechoslovakia (February 1948), Romania (December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946), East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947). Thus, in a number of countries, during the one and a half to two years after the war, the possibility of an alternative, non-socialist path remained.
1949 can be considered a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS, and the 50s can be singled out as a relatively independent stage forced creation of a "new" society, according to the "universal model" of the USSR, the constituent features of which are quite well known. This is a comprehensive nationalization of industrial sectors of the economy, forced cooperation, and in essence the nationalization of the agricultural sector, the displacement of private capital from the sphere of finance, trade, the establishment of total control of the state, the supreme bodies of the ruling party over public life, in the field of spiritual culture, etc.
Assessing the results of the course of building the foundations of socialism in the countries of South-Eastern Europe, one should state, on the whole, rather the negative effect of these transformations. Thus, the accelerated creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic disproportions, which affected the pace of liquidation of the consequences of post-war devastation and could not but affect the growth in the standard of living of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction. Similar results were obtained in the course of coercive cooperation of the village, as well as the displacement of private initiative from the sphere of handicrafts, trade and services. As an argument confirming such conclusions, one can consider powerful socio-political crises in Poland, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia in 1953-1956, on the one hand, and a sharp increase in the repressive policy of the state against any dissent, on the other. Until recently, a fairly common explanation for the causes of such difficulties in building socialism in the countries we are considering was blind copying by their leadership of the experience of the USSR without taking into account national specifics under the influence of Stalin's cruelest diktat in relation to the communist leadership of these countries.
Self-governing socialism in Yugoslavia. However, there was another model of socialist construction, carried out in those years in Yugoslavia -model of self-governing socialism.It assumed in general terms the following: the economic freedom of labor collectives within the framework of enterprises, their activity on the basis of cost accounting with an indicative type of state planning; rejection of forced cooperation in agriculture, fairly widespread use commodity-money relations, etc., but subject to the preservation of the monopoly of the Communist Party in certain areas of political and public life. The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the "universal" Stalinist construction scheme was
the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from the USSR and its allies. Only after the condemnation of Stalinism at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, only in 1955, relations between the socialist countries and Yugoslavia began to gradually normalize. Some positive economic and social effect obtained from the introduction of a more balanced economic model in Yugoslavia would seem to confirm the argument of the supporters of the above point of view on the causes of the crises of the 1950s.
CMEA formation. An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world system of socialism can be considered the creation Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in
January 1949. Through the CMEA, economic, scientific and technical cooperation was carried out initially by the European socialist countries. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the military-political cooperation established in May 1955. Warsaw Pact.
It should be noted that the socialist countries of Europe remained a relatively dynamically developing part of the MSS. At its other extreme were Mongolia, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. These countries most consistently used the Stalinist model of building socialism, namely: within the framework of a rigid one-party system, they resolutely eradicated elements of market, private property relations.
Mongolia. Mongolia was the first to embark on this path. After the coup of 1921 in the capital of Mongolia (the city of Urga), the power of the people's government was proclaimed, and in 1924 - the People's Republic. Transformations began in the country under the strong influence of the northern neighbor of the USSR. By the end of the 40s. in Mongolia there was a process of moving away from the primitive nomadic life through the construction of mainly large enterprises in the field of the mining industry, the spread of agricultural farms. Since 1948, the country began to accelerate the construction of the foundations of socialism on the model of the USSR, copying its experience and repeating mistakes. The party in power set the task of turning Mongolia into an agrarian-industrial country, regardless of its peculiarities, essentially different from the USSR civilizational base, religious traditions, etc.
China. China remains the largest socialist country in Asia to this day. After the victory of the revolution, the defeat of the army of Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975), on October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed. Under the direction of Communist Party China and great help USSR, the country began to restore the national economy. At the same time, China most consistently used the Stalinist model of transformation. And after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, which condemned some of the vices of Stalinism, China opposed itself to the new course of the “big brother”, turning into an arena of an unprecedented scale experiment called the “great leap forward”. The concept of the accelerated construction of socialism by Mao Zedong (1893-1976) was essentially a repetition of the Stalinist experiment, but in an even tougher form. The most important task was to catch up and overtake
USSR through a sharp break in social relations, using the labor enthusiasm of the population, barracks forms of work and life, military discipline at all levels of social relations, etc. As a result, already at the end of the 50s, the country's population began to experience hunger. This caused unrest in society and among the leadership of the party. The response of Mao and his supporters was the "cultural revolution". This was the name of the "great helmsman" of a large-scale campaign of repression against dissidents, stretching until the death of Mao. Until that moment, the PRC, being considered a socialist country, was nevertheless, as it were, outside the borders of the MSS,
evidence of which can be, in particular, even its armed clashes with the USSR
at the end of the 60s.
Vietnam. The most authoritative force leading the struggle for the independence of Vietnam was the Communist Party. Its leader Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) headed in September 1945 the provisional government of the proclaimed Democratic Republic of Vietnam. These circumstances determined the Marxist-socialist orientation of the subsequent course of the state. It was carried out in the conditions of an anti-colonial war, first with France (1946-1954), and then with the USA (1965-1973) and the struggle for reunification with the south of the country until 1975. Thus, the construction of the foundations of socialism proceeded for a long time in military conditions, which had a considerable influence on the features of the reforms, which were increasingly acquiring a Stalinist-Maoist coloring.
North Korea. Cuba. A similar picture was observed in Korea, which gained independence from Japan in 1945 and was divided in 1948 into two parts. North Korea was in the zone of influence of the USSR, and South Korea - the United States. In North Korea (DPRK), the dictatorial regime of Kim Il Sung (1912-1994) was established, which carried out the construction of a barracks society closed from the outside world, based on the most severe dictatorship of one person, total nationalization of property, life, etc. Nevertheless, the DPRK managed to achieve in the 50s. certain positive results in economic construction thanks to the development of the foundations of the industry, laid down under the Japanese conquerors and a high work culture, combined with the most severe industrial discipline.
At the end of the period under review in the history of the MSS, an anti-colonial revolution took place in Cuba (January 1959). The US hostile policy towards the young republic and the Soviet Union's resolute support for it determined the socialist orientation of the Cuban leadership.
18.2. Stages of development of the world socialist system
Late 50s, 60s, 70s. Most of the ICC countries have managed to achieve certain positive results in the development of the national economy, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly identified, primarily in the economic sphere. The socialist model, which had become stronger in all the MCC countries without exception, fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the world economic process. This became especially evident in connection with the beginning of the 1950s. scientific and technological revolution. As it developed, the ICC countries lagged behind the advanced capitalist countries in terms of the rate of introduction of scientific and technological achievements into production, mainly in the field of electronic computers, energy and resource-saving industries and technologies. Attempts to partially reform this model, undertaken in these years, did not give positive results. The reason for the failure of the reforms was the strongest resistance to them by the party-state nomenklatura, which basically determined the extreme inconsistency and, as a result, the failure of the reform process.
Contradictions within the MSS. To a certain extent, this was facilitated by the domestic and foreign policy of the ruling circles of the USSR. Despite the criticism of some of the most ugly features of Stalinism at the 20th Congress, the leadership of the CPSU left intact the regime of the undivided power of the party and state apparatus. Moreover, the Soviet leadership continued to maintain an authoritarian style in relations between the USSR and the ICC countries. To a large extent, this was the reason for the repeated deterioration of relations with Yugoslavia in the late 1950s. and a protracted conflict with Albania and China, although the ambitions of the party elite of the last two countries no less influenced the deterioration of relations with the USSR.
The dramatic events of the Czechoslovak crisis of 1967-1968 demonstrated the style of relations within the MSS most clearly. In response to the broad public movement of citizens of Czechoslovakia for economic and political reforms On August 21, 1968, the leadership of the USSR, with the active participation of Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR and Poland, sent its troops into an essentially sovereign state under the pretext of protecting it "from the forces of internal and external counter-revolution." This action significantly undermined the authority of the MCC and clearly demonstrated the party nomenclature's rejection of genuine, rather than declarative, changes.
In this regard, it is interesting to note that against the backdrop of serious crisis phenomena, the leadership of the socialist countries of Europe, assessing the achievements of the 50-60s. in the economic sphere, came to the conclusion about the completion of the stage of building socialism and the transition to a new stage of "building developed socialism." This conclusion was supported by the ideologists of the new stage, in particular by the fact that the share of the socialist countries in world industrial production reached 100% in the 1960s. about one third, and in the global national income - one quarter.
The role of the CMEA. One of the essential arguments was the fact that, in their opinion, the development was quite dynamic. economic relations within the MSS along the CMEA line. If in 1949 the CMEA was faced with the task of regulating foreign trade relations on the basis of bilateral agreements, then since 1954 a decision was made to coordinate the national economic plans of its member countries, and in the 60s. followed by a series of agreements on specialization and co-operation of production, on the international division of labor. Major international economic organizations, such as the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, Intermetall, the Institute for Standardization, etc. In 1971, the Comprehensive Program for Cooperation and Development of the CMEA Member Countries on the Basis of Integration was adopted. In addition, according to the estimates of the ideologists of the transition to a new historical stage in the construction of communism in most European countries of the MSS, a new social structure of the population has developed on the basis of completely victorious socialist relations, etc.
In the first half of the 1970s, most of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe did indeed maintain very stable growth rates. industrial production, which averaged 6-8% annually. To a large extent, this was achieved by an extensive method, i.e. building up production capacity and the growth of simple quantitative indicators in the field of electricity generation, steel smelting, mining, and engineering products.
Complications from the mid-70s. However, by the mid-1970s the socio-economic and political situation began to deteriorate. At that time, in countries with market economies, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, a structural restructuring of the national economy began, associated with the transition from extensive to intensive type.
World system of socialism a social, economic and political community of free sovereign states advancing along the path of socialism and communism, united by common interests and goals, by bonds of international socialist solidarity. M.'s countries with. With. have the same type economic basis- public ownership of the means of production; the same type of state system - the power of the people, headed by the working class and its vanguard - the communist and workers' parties: a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in the defense of revolutionary gains, in ensuring security from the encroachments of imperialism, in the struggle for peace throughout the world and in rendering assistance to peoples fighting for national independence; a single goal - communism, the construction of which is carried out on the basis of cooperation and mutual assistance. The socialist countries, while remaining sovereign states, are drawing closer and closer within the framework of international socialism. s., which opposes the class-opposite world capitalist system (see the articles Capitalism, Capitalist system of the world economy).
The material basis of M. s. With. is a world socialist economic system based on socialist production relations. It is an aggregate of interconnected and gradually converging economies of sovereign socialist states bound by the international socialist division of labor and the world socialist market.
M.'s education with. With. - a natural result of the development of world economic and political forces during the period of the general crisis of capitalism (See General Crisis of Capitalism) ,
the collapse of the world capitalist system and the formation of communism as a single all-encompassing socio-economic formation. Occurrence and development of M. page. With. - the most important objective result of the international revolutionary working-class and communist movement, the struggle of the working class for its social liberation. It is a direct continuation of the cause of the Great October Socialist Revolution, which marked the beginning of the era of mankind's transition from capitalism to communism. The successes of the USSR in the construction of socialism, its victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 over Nazi Germany and militaristic Japan, the liberation Soviet Army the peoples of Europe and Asia from the fascist invaders and the Japanese militarists accelerated the maturation of conditions for the transition to the path of socialism for new countries and peoples. As a result of the strong rise liberation struggle peoples in several countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), as well as the struggle of the Korean and Vietnamese peoples in 1944-49 won people's democratic and socialist revolutions. Since that time, socialism has gone beyond the boundaries of one country and the world-historical process of its transformation into a world economic and political system has begun. In 1949 the GDR entered the path of socialism, and the revolution in China won. At the turn of the 50-60s. in M. s. With. entered the first socialist country in the Western Hemisphere - Cuba. M.'s countries with. With. began the process of creating a new society from different levels of economic and political development. At the same time, each of them has its own history, traditions, national specifics. In M. s. With. There are countries that even before World War II (1939-45) had a numerous proletariat hardened in class battles, while in others the working class was small at the time of the revolution. All this gives rise to certain peculiarities in the forms of building socialism and puts forward the task of creatively using the general laws of socialist construction, taking into account specific conditions. In the presence of M. with. With. even those countries that have not gone through the capitalist stage of development, such as the Mongolian People's Republic, can begin and successfully carry out socialist construction. With the victory of socialist revolutions in a number of countries in Europe and Asia, a new, socialist type of international relations gradually began to take shape, based on the principle of socialist internationalism a. This principle stems from the nature of the socialist mode of production and the international tasks of the working class and all working people. The formation of a new type of international relations is a complex and multifaceted process associated with overcoming the heavy legacy left by the centuries-old domination of the exploiting classes, national isolation, discord, distrust. Objective difficulties in establishing multifaceted cooperation among the socialist states are generated by the differences inherited from the past in the levels of economic and social development and in the class structure. Overcoming these consequences, getting rid of all vestiges of petty-bourgeois and nationalist ideology is a task that requires a relatively long time. Translational movement M. s. With. takes place in a fierce struggle with imperialism, which different methods trying to divide the socialist countries. The core of all forms of cooperation among the socialist states is cooperation between parties. Without the active leadership of the Marxist-Leninist parties, the building of socialism is generally impossible. Based on the knowledge of objective laws and the generalization of collective experience, the communist and workers' parties jointly worked out the principles and norms of inter-party and interstate relations inside M. s. which include complete equality, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, mutually beneficial economic cooperation, and fraternal mutual assistance. Unity of action in the international arena, coordination of efforts in building and defending socialism, broad exchange of experience in party, economic and state work, cultural exchange, expansion and deepening of fraternal mutual assistance are in the fundamental interests of every socialist country. M.'s experience with. With. showed that the successful creation of a new society is possible only on the basis of the use of the general laws of building socialism discovered by Marxism-Leninism, that a departure from the principles of Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism, from the general laws of building socialism leads to serious deformations in the functioning of the economic basis and political superstructure. The chauvinistic anti-Soviet course of the Maoists harmed the cause of the unity of the M. s. With. (see Maoism). Despite all the difficulties, the main and defining line of M.'s development with. With. there was and is a strengthening of the unity and cohesion of the socialist states. M.'s formation with. With. occurred simultaneously along two interconnected lines. In the countries that had fallen away from the capitalist system, the process of creating a new society was going on, and the positions of socialism were being strengthened. At the same time, strong economic and political ties were being established between the socialist states, closely rallying them into a socialist community. Until the end of the 40s. in most European people's democracies (see People's Democracy) predominantly general democratic, anti-imperialist, anti-feudal tasks were solved. At this stage, the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry was taking shape and strengthening. At the initiative of the Communist and Workers' Parties, measures were taken in the people's democracies that prepared the conditions for a gradual transition to building socialism. Profound transformations were carried out during this period in the economic sphere. The first years of people's power - the years of the implementation of fundamental agrarian reforms (See Agrarian reforms) ,
who destroyed the remnants feudal relations in the countryside and eliminated the class of large landowners. During this period, the nationalization of industry, transport, banks, trade enterprises. Nationalized property became the basis of the state sector in the national economy. The big bourgeoisie and dependence on foreign monopolies were practically eliminated. In Bulgaria the revolution had a socialist character from the very beginning; state power was formed as the power of the working class, which is in close alliance with the working peasantry. In the course of the people's democratic revolutions, the military-political alliance of the USSR with the people's democratic states, which had been formed back in the period of the liberation struggle, was strengthened, which enabled them to defend the gains of the working people, despite economic and political pressure, and the military threats of imperialism. The most important political act aimed at stabilizing the international position of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and increasing the international prestige of these countries was the conclusion between them and the Soviet Union of treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance. At the turn of the 40-50s. in the European countries of people's democracy, the fullness of state power and commanding heights in the economy have passed into the hands of the working class in alliance with the peasantry and other sections of the working people. Socialist industrialization began
national economy and the socialist transformation of agriculture. The economy of the socialist states began to develop on the basis of long-term national economic plans. Under difficult historical conditions, relying on the assistance of the Soviet Union, the fraternal countries created their own industry, ensured the victory of socialist production relations and a steady rise in the material and cultural standard of living of the working people. In most European socialist countries during the 50s - the first half of the 60s. the material and technical basis of socialism was created. In the field of mutual interstate ties, the international socialist division of labor began to take shape during this period, and cooperation developed on the basis of long-term economic agreements. Since the mid 50s. most countries have moved to the coordination of five-year national economic plans, which has become the main method of their economic cooperation. The process of development of the socialist community has developed in such a way that the countries that are members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949), the organization of the Warsaw Pact of 1955, which are called upon to unite and coordinate their political, economic and military efforts, unite most closely economically and politically. Close ideological cooperation is also being developed between the CMEA countries, mutual enrichment and rapprochement of national socialist cultures is taking place. In the process of exchanging experience and mutual enrichment of cultures, common criteria for a socialist way of life are worked out, and socialist patriotism and socialist internationalism are strengthened. The CMEA countries form a powerful industrial complex which makes it possible by joint efforts to solve complex problems of further economic development and technological progress. They have achieved high results in raising the living standards of the working people. In the mid 60s. many countries M. with. pp., having completed the creation of the foundations of socialism, they proceeded to the construction of a developed socialist society. The USSR entered the stage of developed socialism. Owls. the people create the material and technical base of communism. The CMEA countries are moving towards deeper and more complex forms of economic cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration (see Socialist Economic Integration). An active factor in the close rapprochement and improvement of national economic complexes is the formation of rational interstate national economic proportions through mutual adaptation and improvement of their national economies in order to increase the efficiency of social production. In process of M.'s development with. With. socialist internationalism is being strengthened, the strength of which is especially clearly manifested during the emergence of acute international situations. International socialist mutual assistance made it possible to repulse imperialist aggression in Korea and Vietnam, to withstand socialist Cuba, and to reliably defend the socialist gains in Hungary and Czechoslovakia from the imperialists. On the basis of socialist internationalism, the peoples of the fraternal countries are steadily strengthening their moral, political and economic unity. In M. s. With. the economic laws of socialism operate. Joint planning activity is the main method for achieving socialist economic integration. Organic integral part The modern world socialist economy is the world socialist market with a system of commodity-money relations. In the course of M.'s development, s. With. gradually overcome significant differences in the levels of economic, political and cultural development socialist countries. The relatively less developed socialist countries are advancing at a faster rate and are catching up with the more developed ones. For example, the industrially backward agricultural country in the past, Bulgaria, by the beginning of the 70s. in terms of industrial production and national income per capita, the standard of living of the population has come close to such countries as the USSR, the GDR, and Czechoslovakia. M. s. With. is the main force consistently defending peace and international security, blocking the way for the imperialist policy of wars and conquests. The ruling circles of the imperialist powers are compelled to reckon with the peace-loving and resolute policy of the socialist countries, with their defensive might. The most important feature modern stage development of M. with. With. is the consistent implementation by the countries of the socialist community of a coordinated foreign policy aimed at strengthening world peace and international security, at ensuring international conditions most favorable for the development of socialism. As a result of M.'s successes with. With. in the economic competition with capitalism, a new alignment of forces in the international arena has been determined, opening up real prospects for a lasting, lasting peace before mankind. During 1951-73, while industrial output in the developed capitalist countries grew 3.3 times, industrial output in the socialist countries increased 9.15 times. The share of the socialist countries in world industrial output grew 13 times between 1917 and 1973. Occupying in the early 70s. 26% of the entire territory of the globe and numbering 1/3 of its population, M. s. With. produces approximately 39% of all manufactured industrial products in the world. The CMEA countries, occupying 18% of the territory and accounting for less than 10% of the world's population, create 33% of the world's industrial output and approximately 25% of the world's national income. M. s. With. isolation and autarchy are alien. Based on the peaceful coexistence of the two world systems on the initiative of M. s. With. are steadily developing different forms international economic cooperation (See International economic cooperation).
M. s. With. wresting decisive frontiers from capitalism. In coming into contact with the non-socialist world, the socialist community contributes to the activation of all truly democratic and revolutionary forces in it. All more states and peoples takes the path of struggle against imperialism, with its neo-colonialist and aggressive aspirations, and chooses the path of socialist orientation. Thus, in the course of coexistence and confrontation between the two world systems, the preponderance of the forces of socialism over the forces of capitalism accumulates. This creates favorable conditions for the class struggle of the proletariat in the capitalist countries, facilitates their transition to socialism, and creates opportunities for independent development for the peoples who have liberated themselves from colonial oppression. Within the framework of the socialist community itself, on the basis of the objective process of internationalization of the productive forces, the socialist states are drawing closer together. Both of these processes - the transition to the construction of socialism are all more countries and socialist internationalization create the prerequisites for the complete victory of socialism and communism on a world scale. Lit.: Marx K., Engels F., Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 4; Marx K., Engels F., Lenin V.I., On proletarian internationalism, 2nd ed., M., 1968; Lenin V.I., On the laws of the emergence and development of socialism and communism, [Collection], M., 1960; his own. On the international significance of the experience of the CPSU [Collection], M., 1963; Brezhnev L. I., On the foreign policy of the CPSU and Soviet state. Speeches and articles, M., 1973; Program Documents of the Struggle for Peace, Democracy and Socialism. Documents of the Meetings of representatives of communist and workers' parties held in Moscow in November 1957, in Bucharest in June 1960, in Moscow in November 1960, M., 1961; Documents of the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties, Moscow, June 5-17, 1969, M., 1969; Statement of the communist and workers' parties of the socialist countries, Pravda, 1968, August 4; Program of the CPSU, M., 1973; Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1964; Comprehensive Program for the Further Deepening and Improvement of Cooperation and the Development of the Socialist Economic Integration of the CMEA Member Countries, M., 1971; Charter of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, in the book: Multilateral Economic Cooperation of the Socialist States, (Sb. Documents), 2nd ed., M., 1972.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what the "World System of Socialism" is in other dictionaries:
Social economic. and political a community of free, equal countries following the path of socialism and communism. M. s. With. greatest ist. conquest between people. working class, ch. revolutionary the strength of our epoch, the reliable support of the peoples fighting for peace... Soviet historical encyclopedia
World system of socialism- arose after the Second World War with the release of socialism beyond the boundaries of one country. Its emergence was an important factor in the weakening and narrowing of the sphere of influence of imperialism. Further development of military-political, economic, ideological ... ... Scientific Communism: Dictionary
- "Socialist camp" and other socialist states ("Second World") during the Cold War Socialist camp is an ideological and political term (political cliché) used in the USSR and other socialist countries ... ... Wikipedia
World system of capitalism- a set of countries with a capitalist social system, interconnected by economic, political and other relations, At the heart of their commonality is the dominance of the same type, capitalist production relations, although their degree ... ... Scientific Communism: Dictionary
An important event of the post-war period was the "people's democratic revolutions" in a number of European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, as well as in Asia: in Vietnam, China, North Korea and earlier - a revolution in Mongolia. To a large extent, their political orientation was influenced by the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of most of them. This also largely contributed to the fact that in most countries cardinal transformations began in the political, socio-economic and other spheres in accordance with the Stalinist model. The emergence of the socialist model beyond the boundaries of one country laid the foundation for the emergence of a community called "world system of socialism" (MSS). At the end of the 80s. 20th century The MSS included 15 states, occupying 26.2% of the globe and accounting for 32.3% of the world's population.
CMEA formation. The creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949 can be considered a notable milestone in the history of the formation of the MSU. Economic, scientific and technical cooperation was carried out through the CMEA initially among the European socialist countries. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the Warsaw Pact created in May 1955. The socialist countries of Europe remained a relatively dynamically developing part of the MSS. At its other extreme were Mongolia, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. These countries most consistently used the Stalinist model of building socialism, decisively eradicating elements of market, private property relations within the framework of a rigid one-party system.
Stages of MSS development. Most of the ICC countries have succeeded in achieving well-known positive results in the development of the national economy, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly identified. The socialist model, which had become stronger in all the MSS countries, fettered the economic initiative and did not allow an adequate response to new phenomena and trends in the world. This became especially evident in connection with the beginning of the 1950s. NTR. As it developed, the ICC countries lagged more and more behind the advanced countries in terms of the rate of introduction of scientific and technological achievements, mainly in the field of electronic computers, energy and resource-saving industries and technologies. Attempts to partially reform this model, undertaken in these years, did not give positive results. The reason for the failure of the reforms was the strongest resistance to them by the party-state nomenklatura, which basically determined the extreme inconsistency, and as a result, the failure of the reform process.
In the mid 70s. the socio-economic and political situation in the socialist countries began to deteriorate. At that time, in countries with a market economy, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, a structural restructuring of the economy began, associated with the transition from an extensive to an intensive type of development. The growing lag of the ICC countries in the scientific and technical sphere steadily led to the loss of the positions they had won in the world market. By the 80s. the lag of industries producing goods and services, from the extractive and heavy industries that were still afloat, led to the emergence of total deficit for consumer goods. The demand for radical political and socio-economic transformations is becoming almost universal.
The collapse of the MSS. At the end of the 80s. a wave of democratic revolutions took place in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, which eliminated the monopoly power of the ruling communist parties, replacing it with a democratic form of government. The revolutions unfolded almost simultaneously - in the second half of 1989, but took place in various forms. So, in most countries, the change of power took place peacefully (Poland, Hungary, the GDR, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria), while in Romania - as a result of an armed uprising. Market relations began to be restored everywhere, the process of denationalization was rapidly going on, and private capital began to play an increasingly important role. As a result of the collapse of the MSS, a line was drawn, as it were, under long period totalitarianism in the history of most countries of Eastern Europe.
