• Repair
• Repair
• Interior Design
• About everything
• About plumbing

Participial and participle constructions as syntactic constructions. What are participles and gerunds, their distinguishing features and suffixes

Participle - non-conjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that an object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected to by another object ( caller - called).

Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like a shape verb the participle has the grammatical meanings of the verb:

transitivity and intransitivity

control

compatibility with an adverb.

How adjective, participle:

denotes an attribute of an object

varies by gender, number and case

when declining, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective

in the proposal acts as definition and predicate.

gerund- non-conjugated form of the verb, combining grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. signs verb:

control

the ability to be defined by an adverb

There is no passive voice in gerunds. Like adverbs, gerunds do not change: they do not agree, are not controlled, but adjoin.

Most often, gerunds adjoin predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case, the adverb is secondary predicate and can be replaced by the conjugated form of the verb. Less commonly, the participle adjoins nominal predicate, expressed by a short passive participle, a short adjective or noun.

It can also apply to other members of the sentence:

addition (keeping silence)

definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)

circumstance-general participle (drinking without grimacing)

The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the participle and the predicate belong to the same person ( having done her homework, the girl went for a walk).

The formation of the sacraments. Real participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles can only be formed from transitive ones. Passive present participles are not formed from the verbs oven, reap, shave, weed, etc. Present participles, real and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive past participles, as a rule, are formed from verbs of only the perfect form. Thus, only real past participles can be formed from intransitive perfective verbs, for example: jumping, standing and so on.

Present participles, real and passive, are formed from the stem of the present tense of the verb by means of suffixes -usch- (-yushch-), -ashch- (-yashch-)- for real participles and suffixes -em, -im-- for suffering participles.

Past participles, real and passive, are formed from the stem of the indefinite form (or past tense) by means of suffixes -vsh- And -sh- for real participles and - nn; -enn-, -t-- for suffering participles.

Stylistic characterization of participles.

The participle is the most important means of designating the attributes of objects in the form of an agreed definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes the subject, but represents its sign in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” the information.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. pictorial the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, now perplexed and suffering, then smiling and reassuring his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also give special expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind in round window poured in a wet stream - it seemed that the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).

Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become language tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.

The sphere of wide figurative use of adjectivized participles is journalistic style. Here, participles act in the expressive function, meaning an extremely high degree of manifestation of the intensity of the action: flagrant iniquity, massive blow.

The negative attitude of writers to dissonant suffixes leaves an imprint on the aesthetic assessment of participles. -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yusch-. The writer either completely refuses dissonant verbal forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.

In common parlance, participles formed from reflexive verbs omit the postfix -sya: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.

Replacing a passive participle with a real participle formed from a reflexive verb can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of a change in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive communion is superimposed on the general return).

Like a violation literary norm the formation of verbal forms on -but, -to from intransitive verbs is perceived: start - started, act - arrived.

Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:

book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying

colloquial colloquial with suffixes -lice, -shi: saying come.

IN literary language the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unrestricted. Nowadays, they are used as a stylistic means for expressing vernacular. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all gerunds in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Stylistically neutral are the few gerunds of irrevocable verbs that cannot be formed without -shi: grow up, lay down, stretch out, kindle.

The gerunds, which stand out sharply in their stylistic coloring, in our time attract the attention of word artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -in. It is worth putting such gerunds into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

Participles, figuratively depicting an action, often play the role of tropes.

In Russian, there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.

Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language

Tatyana Efremova, Vitaly Kostomarov

Communion and participle are nothing but special forms verb. This article describes in detail the grammatical and syntactic features, methods of formation, characteristics participles and participles. For better assimilation of the material, examples and important points are given.

Communion and gerund in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which? Doing what? What did you do? What has done? Participles indicate an additional action and answer questions What do you do? Having done what?

The rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

Note! Participles in Russian vary by gender, number and case. The participles do not change and have no endings.

Features of participial and participle turnovers

Involved and participle turnovers are syntactic constructions that differ general meaning and the function in the sentence:

• Participial turnover is a gerund with dependent words. In a sentence, as well as a singular gerund, they perform the syntactic role of a separate circumstance (they are separated by commas on both sides) and denote an additional action.

  Examples: The man was very happy meeting an old friend. Jumping over the barrier, the puppy ran to the owner.

• Participial- participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is a non-separated (usually if it comes before the word being defined) or a separate (if it comes after the word being defined) definition.

  Examples: Visiting A friend brought delicious cakes. Vita had to go out to the street, crossing the central square.

So what is it? How to distinguish it from an accomplice? What punctuation marks does it stand out in writing? What questions does it answer? What difficulties can arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.

The adverbial turnover, like the participial, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerund and related dependent words. Answers the questions of the participle: what are you doing? having done what? and denotes an additional action of the object / person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the proposal he is separate member , or rather, separate circumstance.

Dot-dash (dash-dot) is underlined. You can also ask questions of circumstance:

• how?
• When?
• for what purpose?
• Why?

They can be given both from the predicate, and in some cases from participle or participial turnover.

Examples

Commas when using a participial phrase in a sentence

The adverbial turnover, in contrast to the participle, always separated with commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define the boundaries. The participle turnover includes all dependent words related to this participle.

For example, in the sentence "The opponent who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind" it is the expression "ahead of me at the start", and not just "ahead of me." Since the words "at the start" are also dependent on the participle, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.

When it is at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if it is located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sentence completion sign.

The exceptions are the adverbial phrases that are part of phraseological unit. When a turnover is a part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, those cases when several participial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the union “and” do not fall under this rule on setting commas. Then there are no commas. With punctuation marks, everything is very clear here, but there are often errors associated with the incorrect use of adverbial phrases.

Construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover. Possible mistakes

The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it says that an additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you can't say, "As I approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door." After all, the subjects here are a growl and a howl, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But there was no way they could approach the house, it was some other person who did it.

Thus, this sentence can be restructured into a more grammatically correct complex sentence: "When I / he / she approached / approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door."

One must also be careful when using the adverbial turnover in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by the infinitive, and in the second - by the verb of the third person. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is built incorrectly, since the gerund implies the action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.

In an impersonal sentence, the adverbial turnover can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, all grammatical norms will be observed, since the person who performs both the main and side effects, absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, "I need to do this work as soon as possible, using all possible materials."

These are the main mistakes in coordinating the adverbial turnover with the basis of the sentence. They can often be found in our speech, as we sometimes do not attach due importance to this. But in vain, because the inaccurate use of the adverbial turnover leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.

Participle turnover is a participle with dependent words. The participle is a part of speech that combines the features of a verb and an adjective. It can be found by schematic clue words: doing-done (for real participles), done-done (for passive ones).

If the participial turnover is before the main word, it is not distinguished by commas in the text, if after - it is distinguished:

Waiting for luggage passengers crowded around the conveyor.

Passengers waiting for luggage, crowded around the conveyor.

Both the participle and the whole participle in a sentence always play the role of a definition.

The gerund answers the questions what do you do? or What did you do? Both the single participle and the participle turnover are separated in writing by commas, they are circumstances.

The exceptions are cases when the gerund participle passes into the category of an adverb, then in the syntactic structure it is considered precisely as an adverb.

In Russian syntax participial is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, it, as a rule, is an integral syntactic structure, that is, it is not divided into parts, and plays the role of a definition.

Wolves avoid roads laid by man.

Participle turnover standing after of the word being defined, is always isolated.

But there are cases of highlighting this turnover even when it is far from the word being defined, for example:

across the sky driven by the wind, fled torn, gloomy clouds.

If the participial turnover has a circumstantial value causes or concessions, even if it is before the noun it defines, it is separated by commas, for example:

Frightened by the crackling of firecrackers, the puppy huddled under the bench.

Exam Excitement Tired The boy quickly fell asleep.

Participial turnover constitutes the gerund itself surrounded by dependent words.

Noisy and playing on the riffles, the river carried its waters.

This turnover is always distinguished in the sentence, except for some special cases, for example, if the adverbial turnover is a homogeneous circumstance along with the adverb and there is a union between them And:

He said lazily And slightly stretching the words.

In order to deal with turnovers, you need to remember what participle and participle are.

The participle denotes the attribute of the subject, and the participle denotes the attribute of the verb.

The sacrament answers the question: Which? which?, and the adverb: what to do, what to do?

Participle turnover is a participle with dependent words.

Accordingly, a participle with dependent words is called a participle turnover.

The participial turnover in the sentence in most cases acts in the form of a definition.

Participle examples: looking, considering, thinking, dreaming, etc.

Example of participial turnover: Young woman, sitting by the fire looked attractive.

Sitting by the fire, this is the sacramental turnover.

Since it is in the middle of a sentence, it should be separated by commas on both sides.

If the participial turnover is at the beginning of the sentence, then it is not necessary to separate it with a comma.

If at the end, then a comma is placed before the turnover.

For example: The girl wearing a red coat looked stunning.

The girl wearing a red coat looked stunning.

Examples of gerunds: recognizing, reading, unlocking, reading.

The adverbial phrase is always separated by a comma.



Yes, in terms of parsing sentences, participial turnover always performs the function of definition (because it answers the question What / what / what / what? and is a sign).

For example:

1. child playing in the garden - child (what?) playing
2. strong wind dispersing clouds - wind (what?) dispersing

While the adverbial turnover will act in the sentence in the syntactic role of circumstance and answer the question how?:

1. the wind intensified, dispersing the clouds - intensified (how?) dispersing = circumstance of the course of action
2. calmly playing in the garden, the child was left without the attention of adults

• The participial turnover is a participle with dependent words, and the participial turnover is a participle with dependent words!

  Participle turnover: I saw a cat lapping from a bowl.

  He listened to the music coming from the receiver.

  Adverbial phrase: I was looking at rising Sun without taking your eyes off.

  The goose, seeing the children, flew away.

  Participle turnover is nothing more than participle with dependent words. In a sentence, it acts as a definition, since it defines a noun. It is separated by commas if it comes after the noun being defined.

  A participle turnover is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, it acts as a circumstance and is always separated by commas.

  Participle turnover in Russian is usually called a participle with a dependent word.

  The participial turnover is separated by commas if it is in the sentence after the noun, the attribute of which it denotes. If it comes before a noun, then it is not separated by commas.

  Grandfather, who came to us, was very sick.

  Grandfather who came to us went to rest.

  We call the sign of the verb a gerund participle, and a gerund participle together with a word dependent on it, a participle turnover. In sentences, the adverbial turnover is always distinguished by commas, no matter where it is located.

  Describing a circle, the paper plane crashed behind a pile of firewood.

  Mother entered the door, taking off her gloves as she went..

  The adverbial turnover is a gerund with dependent words and answers the questions: how? When? Why? for what purpose? how?. For example: Hover over flowering willows, collecting golden pollen, bees flying out of the hive. In this sentence, the adverbial turnover is separated by commas. And the participial turnover is a participle with dependent words, that is, a verb + an adjective. The sacrament answers the questions: what? which? which? which? doing what? what did he do? For example: flying, distraught.

  The participial turnover is a participle together with dependent words. The participial turnover is always a definition in a sentence, since it defines the noun before or after it. The participial turnover is separated by commas only if it comes after the noun being defined, but if before, then it is not separated by commas.

  For example:

  A boy was standing on the shore, waiting for the ship.

  The adverbial turnover is a gerund together with dependent words. The adverbial turnover in the sentence acts as a circumstance. Commas are always separated.

  For example:

  Masha went home, singing a song.

  To remember the rules and practice in the definition of distinguishing one from the other, there are many tests for both home use, as well as online. I bring to your attention a few:

  test in Russian by Zakharyina

  There may be egesh questions

  And on this portal you can read more about syntactic traps, in which cases the adverbial turnover cannot be used at all and why.

  

Participle - non-conjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that an object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected to by another object ( caller - called).

Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like a shape verb the participle has the grammatical meanings of the verb:

• transitivity and intransitivity
• pledge
• time
• control
• compatibility with an adverb.

How adjective, participle:

• denotes an attribute of an object
• varies by gender, number and case
• when declining, it has the same system as the adjective case endings
• in the proposal acts as definition and predicate.

gerund- non-conjugated form of the verb, combining grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. signs verb:

• control
• the ability to be defined by an adverb

There is no passive voice in gerunds. Like adverbs, gerunds do not change: they do not agree, are not controlled, but adjoin.

Most often, gerunds adjoin predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case, the adverb is secondary predicate and can be replaced by the conjugated form of the verb. Less commonly, the participle adjoins nominal predicate, expressed by a short passive participle, a short adjective or noun.

It can also apply to other members of the sentence:

• addition (keeping silence)
• definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)
• circumstance-general participle (drinking without grimacing)

The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the participle and the predicate belong to the same person ( having done her homework, the girl went for a walk).

The formation of the sacraments. Real participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles can only be formed from transitive ones. Passive present participles are not formed from verbs to bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Present participles, real and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive past participles, as a rule, are formed from verbs of only the perfect form. Thus, only real past participles can be formed from intransitive perfective verbs, for example: jumping, standing and so on.

Present participles, real and passive, are formed from the stem of the present tense of the verb by means of suffixes -usch- (-yushch-), -ashch- (-yashch-)- for real participles and suffixes -em, -im-- for suffering participles.

Past participles, real and passive, are formed from the stem of the indefinite form (or past tense) by means of suffixes -vsh- and -sh- for real participles and - nn; -enn-, -t-- for suffering participles.

Stylistic characterization of participles.

The participle is the most important means of designating the attributes of objects in the form of an agreed definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes the subject, but represents its sign in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” the information.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style . pictorial the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, now perplexed and suffering, then smiling and reassuring his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also give special expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind poured in a wet stream through the round window - it seemed that the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).

Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become language tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.

The sphere of wide figurative use of adjectivized participles is journalistic style. Here, participles act in the expressive function, meaning an extremely high degree of manifestation of the intensity of the action: flagrant iniquity, massive blow.

The negative attitude of writers to dissonant suffixes leaves an imprint on the aesthetic assessment of participles. -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yusch-. The writer either completely refuses dissonant verbal forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.

In common parlance, participles formed from reflexive verbs omit the postfix -sya: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.

Replacing a passive participle with a real participle formed from a reflexive verb can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of a change in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive communion is superimposed on the general return).

As a violation of the literary norm, the formation of verbal forms on -but, -to from intransitive verbs is perceived: start - started, act - arrived.

Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:

• book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying
• colloquial colloquial with suffixes -lice, -shi: saying come.

In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unrestricted. Nowadays, they are used as a stylistic means for expressing vernacular. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all gerunds in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Stylistically neutral are the few gerunds of irrevocable verbs that cannot be formed without -shi: grow up, lay down, stretch out, kindle.

Participles that stand out sharply for their stylistic coloring, in our time, words attract the attention of artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -in. It is worth putting such gerunds into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

Participles, figuratively depicting an action, often play the role of tropes.

In Russian, there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn and etc.