≡× MENU

• Repair
• Repair
• Interior Design
• About everything
• About plumbing

Declension by cases of adjectives. Case endings for adjectives. Declension of adjectives

Unstressed case endings for adjectives spelled the same way as drums, except for adjectives male in the nominative case.

In order to correctly write the unstressed ending of an adjective, you need to find in the sentence the noun to which this adjective belongs and determine its gender and case. Then remember the ending of the adjective in this case. Next, compare the ending of the adjective and the ending of the question it answers.

Woodpecker treated himself to delicious spruce cones . → treated myself(how?) cones TP, cones(what?) delicious mi .

Masculine adjectives in the nominative and accusative answer what question? and have endings -y, -y.

Masculine: Which? -Ouch, th, -th:dashing Ouch , dared th , great uy

Middle gender: what? th, -her: white oh , syn her

Example: There was a funny clown in the circus . → was(Who?) clown IP, clown(Which ?) dared th . m.r. IP

Genitive answer the question of what? and have endings -Wow, -his: near him, merry .

Serezha called his beloved puppy → called(whom?) puppy RP, puppy(what?) love Wow . m.r. RP

masculine and neuter adjectives dative case answer the question (which one?) and have endings th, -to him: handsome omu , near to him .

We drove up to a beautiful building . → drove up(for what?) to the building dp, building(what?) handsome omu . s.r. DP

The masculine and neuter adjective in instrumental answer the question (what?) have an ending th, -them: good them , oars th .

The plane was flying over huge city . → flew over(how?) city TP, city(what?) huge th . m.r. TP

The masculine and neuter adjective in prepositional answer the question (about what?) and have endings -ohm, -eat:o oars ohm ,about near eat .

I talked about my favorite writer . → told(about whom?) about the writer PP, writer(what?) love ohm. m.r. PP

Feminine adjectives in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases, answer questions what? and have endings -Ouch, -to her. handsome Ouch , senior to her.

She was a fun girl . → was(by whom?) girl TP, girl(Which ?) oars Ouch . zh.r. TP

IN instrumental there may be more endings -oy, -her.

feminine adjectives in accusative answer the question what? and have endings - wow, -yuyu.

They went to an evening disco . → Went(where? for what?) to the disco VP, discotheque(what?) vespers yuyu . zh.r. VP

Thanks to this amazing part of speech, the language acquires expressiveness and brightness; without it, our speech would not be so colorful and rich. defines an object by its attribute and belonging. They ask him the questions “what? which? which? what?”, and it also answers the questions “whose? whose? whose? whose?"

The secret is depending

In a sentence, the adjective is usually associated with nouns and pronouns. This part of speech is always dependent on them. This connection will tell us how to determine the case Cases in Russian: nominative, followed by genitive, then dative, followed by accusative, then instrumental, and then prepositional. It is easy to find out the endings of adjectives by case if you ask them a question from the part of speech on which they depend. Usually the ending that is in the question is the same as that of the adjective.

What to Consider

Changing adjectives in cases depends on the number and gender of this part of speech. And there are two things to remember here. First, adjectives can be changed by gender only when they are in singular. Secondly, they can be changed by numbers. Let's look at both theses with examples.

masculine, feminine and neuter

Let's take the phrase "noun + adjective in the singular" and see how the ending of the adjective changes in different genders. The gender of an adjective is always the same as the noun to which it refers.

1. Masculine adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y. Here is an example: a person (what?) is businesslike, smart, sensitive.
2. Graduation adj. V feminine: -th, -th. For example, clothes (what?) are spacious, summer.
3. Graduation adj. in the middle gender: -oh, -ee. For example, a plant (what?) Tall, perennial.

Endings of adjectives in different numbers

Adjectives change freely in numbers. In the singular, they designate a sign of one object or group of objects and answer the questions “what, what, what?” For example: smart question, wide road, gentle sun, cheerful team, large crowd, noisy crowd.

In names, adjectives denote a variety of objects, answering the question “what?” For example: high hopes, small disappointments. As you can see, the number of an adjective depends on the number of the noun with which it is associated.

Spelling of unstressed endings in adjectives

To determine this point, you can act on a simple algorithm. First you need to ask a question from a noun to an adjective.

If the question is “what?”, you need to check if the ending is under stress. If yes, then we write -th, if not, then we write -th (th).

If a question from a noun sounds like “whose?”, then at the end you should write -y

If only questions can be asked from a noun to an adjective, then the same ending that sounds in the question should be written (taking into account the hard and soft declension). Let us consider the last statement in more detail.

Changing adjective names by case

Now let's get acquainted with the features of the declension of adjectives in cases. This information will help you figure out the name of the adjective in each case.

First group

These are singular adjectives that are feminine. They lean like this:

• Nominative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -ya, -ya.
• Genitive case: plums (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
• Dative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
• Accusative case: plum (what?) - ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -yu, -yu.
• Instrumental case: plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.
• Prepositional case: about a plum (what?) ripe, early. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -hey.

Note that the endings of adjectives coincide in four cases: genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional.

Second group

These are singular adjectives that are masculine. They lean like this:

• Nominative case: ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Adjective endings: -oy, -y, -y.
• Genitive case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
• Dative case: ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
• To determine the ending of an adjective in the accusative case, you must first find out whether it refers to an animate or inanimate noun. In our example, adjectives refer to an inanimate noun that answers the question "what?". Then the question for the adjective will sound like this: the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Endings of adjectives with an inanimate noun: -oy, -y, -y. But if the noun is animate, in the accusative case, the question “whom?” should be asked to it. Accordingly, the form of the adjective will change. For example, a father (what?) Strict, loving. Endings of adjectives with an animated noun: -th, -his.
• Instrumental case: with a ball (what?) Large, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
• Prepositional case: about the ball (what?) Big, rubber, blue. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.

Third group

These are singular adjectives in the neuter gender. They bend like this.

• Nominative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Adjective endings: -oh, -ee.
• Genitive case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -his.
• Dative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -mu, -him.
• Accusative case: morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -oh, -her.
• Instrumental case: in the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
• Prepositional case: about the morning (what?) Sunny, summer. Graduation adjectives: -om, -em.

We see here that in all three groups the answer to the question of how to determine the case of an adjective comes down to one thing - it is recognized by the case of the noun on which this adjective depends.

Fourth group

These are adjectives that are in plural. Let's say the following about them:

• Nominative case: flowers (what?) Yellow, autumn. Adjective endings: -s, -s.
• Genitive case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.
• Dative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -im.
• Accusative case: adjectives referring to inanimate nouns are declined according to the principle nominative case: flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Endings: -s, -s. Adjectives related to animate nouns are declined according to the principle of the genitive case: relatives (what?) Cheerful, close. Endings: -s, -ih.
• Instrumental case: colors (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -s, -s.
• Prepositional case: about flowers (what?) yellow, autumn. Graduation adjectives: -th, -them.

Note that in this group adjectives have similar endings in the genitive, accusative (if they refer to animate nouns), prepositional cases.

Determining the case of an adjective: a sequence of actions

1. Let's write the adjective on a piece of paper.
2. Let's highlight the ending.
3. Determine the gender and number of the adjective.
4. Let's choose which of the four groups described above the given word belongs to.
5. Let's determine the case of the adjective at the end.
6. If in doubt, let's pay attention to the noun on which our word depends, ask a question to it and determine the case of the adjective from it, since it has the same ending.

If it is difficult to figure out whether a noun (and an adjective dependent on it) is used in the nominative or accusative case, you should look at it. If the noun in the sentence acts as a subject, then it has a nominative case. The cases of adjectives will be the same. If the noun is a minor member of the sentence, then it is used in the accusative case. Therefore, adjectives will have the same case.

We looked at how to determine the case of an adjective and made sure that it is not difficult at all.

That you need to find objects (phenomena) that are characterized by the found adjectives. IN this case these are the words "dawn" and "city".

Determine the case found. Remember that the nominative case answers the questions "who?" ("What?"), - the questions "who?" ("What?"), the dative - the questions "to whom?" ("What?"), the accusative - to the questions "whom?" ("what?"), instrumental - to the questions "by whom?" ("what?"), prepositional - to the questions "about whom?" ("about what?"). So, "dawn", and the noun "city" of the instrumental case.

note

It is easy to confuse the nominative and accusative cases, since inanimate nouns in these cases answer the same question. In order to distinguish between them, you need to remember that a noun in the nominative case is always the subject of a sentence, and a noun in the accusative case is always minor member offers. For example, "The lazy cat saw sweet Dreams". Here the subject is the word "cat". Therefore, the phrase "lazy cat" is nominative, and the phrase "sweet dream" is accusative.

Sources:

• how to correctly determine the case of nouns

A noun is a part of speech that refers to a person or thing and answers the questions “who?” So what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in Russian. To prevent cases from being confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions, and what it is used for.

Instruction

In order to never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions defined for it, asking which you will get the corresponding one. Questions of the accusative case are the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. So, the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (a week, a kilometer walk); the transition of the action completely to the subject (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely accusative as a dependence on (offensive for a friend).

However, even by rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, so always use special questions. In terms of questions, the accusative case partially coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, Which matches with, substitute instead of it and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “I see what?”, Then you have an accusative case.

Remember also that there are some that look the same in all cases: metro, cinema, coat, cafe, etc. To determine their case, ask a question for the keyword. For example, in the sentence “Yesterday they bought me an expensive coat,” the word “coat” is in the accusative case, because the question “I see what?” you can answer "beautiful coat." In addition, replace the word "coat" here with a variable, for example, "decoration." Then belonging to the accusative case immediately becomes more obvious.

Related videos

Helpful advice

When determining the case of any noun, always apply all the rules and methods that you know, then it will be much easier for you to make sure that the word belongs to one or another case.

Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases can be the same, therefore, to determine the case, it is necessary to set to the word being checked right question.

Instruction

To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word to which the noun you are checking belongs - it is from this words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase "I love dogs", and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence is subordinate to the word "love". Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”

Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case, they answer the question "who?" or "what?". The auxiliary word "is" can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?) . The question of the genitive case is “whom?” or "what?". The auxiliary word "no" can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question "to whom? / what?" and is combined with the auxiliary word "give". The question of the accusative case - "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame”. Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question “by whom?” and are combined with the words "created" and "satisfied." Finally, the following questions: “about whom? / about what?”, “in whom? / in what?”. One of auxiliary words of this case is the word "think".

To determine the case, first you need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, since they always agree in gender, number and case with those nouns () on which they depend. For example, “Kolya ate a big pear” The noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, so the case of the adjective “big” related to it is also accusative.

The nominative case is the initial dictionary form of nouns, opposed to all other forms of indirect cases: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. The word in the nominative case is never used with a preposition and in a sentence usually performs the syntactic function of the subject or the nominal part of the compound predicate.

Instruction

For nominative case and the main ones are subjective and attributive meanings. In the first case, this form denotes the agent performing the action, or the object to which it is directed. Compare: "A mother loves her son." The word "mother" denotes the doer. "The son is loved by the mother." The word "son" denotes the subject to which the action is directed.

Determine the subjective meaning of the nominative form case and according to the syntactic role of the subject in a two-part sentence (“The son is a student, but at the same time he works”) or the subject in a one-part nominal (“Whisper, breath, trills of a nightingale ...”).

Determinative meaning of the nominative form case and in a compound nominal predicate or in syntactic construction applications. "New is a factory." The word "factory" is the nominal part of the predicate, which answers the question "new building?". "The female doctor invited me to the office." The word “doctor”, answering the question “who?” is an application that performs the syntactic function of a definition. Note that the nominative case used in defining value, gives a different name to an object by property, quality, sign, and the values ​​​​are not characteristic of it.

Additional meanings of the nominative case and the noun are: - the estimated value expressed in the nominal part of the predicate ("He was a good-natured man"); - the expression of a temporary sign related to the past ("At that time her husband was still the groom"); - the meaning of the informatively replenishing form used both with a proper name (“She was named Olya”), and a common noun (“He is listed as a watchman”). Most often nominative case used in this sense geographical names("Then Petrograd began to be called").

note

In addition to nouns, the category of case has declinable parts of speech: adjective, numeral, participle and pronoun. Determine the nominative case of adjectives and participles on the questions “what? which? which? what?”, given from the noun being defined, “how much?” - for cardinal numbers, “what is the number?” − for ordinals. Pronouns, depending on the category, can answer in the nominative case the questions “who? What?" (I, that), “what? whose?" (some, own), "how much?" (so many).

Author information

Sazonova Galina Vasilievna

Place of work, position:

Krasnodar Territory, city of Novokubansk, MOBUG No. 2, teacher

Krasnodar region

Characteristics of the lesson (classes)

The level of education:

Primary general education

The target audience:

Learner (student)

The target audience:

Teacher (teacher)

Class(es):

Item(s):

Russian language

The purpose of the lesson:

*

*

*

Lesson type:

Lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge

Students in the class (audience):

Used textbooks and study guides:

T.G. Ramzaeva "Russian language", 4th grade

Explanatory dictionary of a schoolboy, O.D. Ushakov

Used equipment:

Table "Declination of adjectives"

Short description:

Russian language lesson in 4th grade

Subject: Changing adjectives by case

Target:

* to introduce students to the method of recognizing the case of an adjective;

* introduce the declension of adjectives in the singular;

* develop attention, memory, speech of students.

Equipment: table "Declination of adjectives", MMP, laptop, screen

During the classes

1. Organizational moment and communication of the purpose of the lesson

Good day, about a good story, a good deed.

Why adjectives good, good, good have different endings, although they have the same gender and number? (They have different cases.)

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the declension of adjectives in the singular.

2. Vocabulary and spelling work

You will learn a new word from the dictionary, which we will get acquainted with in the lesson, if you solve the crossword puzzle (see attached file): (slide)

1. Long stick. (Pole.)

2. What is the name of the large locality? (City.)

3. Item for sitting. (Chair.)

4. Large, high haystack. (Stack.)

5. Road with rows of trees planted on both sides. (Alley.)

What word came out? (This word highway.)

What is a highway?

First, the children make their guesses, then

find an explanation in explanatory dictionary. (This is a paved road.)

Write this word twice, pronouncing it in syllables, highlight the spelling, put the stress mark.

Pick up the word highway suitable names adjectives. ( Smooth highway, wide highway.)

Why are adjectives used in speech? (Adjectives are used to make speech more accurate and beautiful.)

Name the grammatical features of the adjective. (Adjectives change by gender and number.)

How to determine the gender of an adjective? (The gender of an adjective is determined by the gender of the noun.)

Today we will learn another grammatical feature of the adjective.

3. Work on the topic of the lesson

Teamwork

Determine the gender and number of adjectives in phrases:

. (In the phrase deep pond adjective deep masculine, since the noun pond to which it refers is masculine. In the phrase deep lake adjective deep neuter, since the noun lake to which it refers is neuter. In the phrase deep hole adjective deep feminine, since the noun nora to which it refers is feminine. In phrases deep pond, deep lake, deep hole adjectives are singular. Since they are related to nouns pond, lake, burrow, which are singular.)

What is the gender and number of the adjective? (An adjective is always in the same gender and number as the noun it refers to.)

Decline these phrases.

How Ouch? How oh? How and I?

Im.p. deep uy the pond is deep oh the lake is deep and I Nora

How Wow? How Wow? How Ouch?

R.p. deep Wow the pond is deep Wow lakes deep Ouch burrows

How omu? How omu? How Ouch?

D.p. deep omu the pond is deep omu the lake is deep Ouch burrow

How Ouch? How oh? How wow?

V.p. deep uy the pond is deep oh the lake is deep wow burrow

How them? How them? How Ouch?

T.p.. deep them the pond is deep them lake deep Ouch burrow

oh how ohm? oh how ohm? oh how Ouch?

P.p.. oh deep ohm deep pond ohm the lake is deep Ouch burrow

What conclusion can you draw? (Adjectives change by case or decline.)

How to determine the case of an adjective? Maybe at the end? (No, the adjective deep ending - Ouch in the genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional. The case of an adjective can be determined by the case

noun.)

4. Physical education

We worked great.

Take a break now

And we are accustomed to charging

Comes to class for class.

I will name phrases. If the phrase contains a singular adjective, you squat. If the phrase contains a plural adjective, you are walking in place.

Winter road, delicious berry, slender trees, a high fence, forest paths, new notebooks, a red apple, interesting stories.

5. Consolidation of the studied

a) Exercise "Determine the gender, number and case of the adjective"

Word combinations are written on the board.

Across a wide field, about a true friend, in long way, under a low bush, behind a high fence, an interesting book, on tall tree, with a beloved kitten, on a bookshelf, in a green grove, blue wave.

b) Work on the textbook.

Reading the output on page 124.

Reading the memo on page 124.

Exercise 283 p.125.

Write from memory, determine the case of the adjective. ( Transparent - V.p..)

V) Independent work(mutual check).

Pick up and insert adjectives, linking them in meaning with nouns. Determine the case of adjectives. Select endings.

In _________ there is silence in the forest. All animals hid from __________ cold. Suddenly crossbills swept with noise over _________ clearing. Birds clung to the top of _________ spruce. At the very top hung clusters of ___________ cones. The claws of the birds began to drag ___________ seeds.

6. Lesson summary

Continue the phrase:

To determine the case of an adjective, you need:

1. Find ……, which refers to ………
2. Determine case...
3. By case ...... determine the case ......

7. Homework

Exercise 281, page 124