What are isolated members of a sentence. What is isolation? Separations in Russian
(other than neutral) word order (Rus. She suffered a great and unexpected grief. , But Grief befell her, great and unexpected);
Semantics
The semantic-stylistic function of isolation is a clarification of the thought expressed and an additional characteristic of a person or object: when separated, the connection between the defining and the defined members of the sentence acquires an additional semantic connotation (causal, concessive, temporal) and acquires the character of a secondary predication (cf. Rus. Tired travelers stopped for the night And Tired, travelers stopped for the night), bringing the isolated member closer to the subordinate clause. Separation carries an additional message accompanying what is said in the distributed part of the sentence.
Isolation often introduces an expressive coloring into the sentence.
Agreed Definitions
| Separation conditions | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Cloud, hanging over the high tops of the poplars it's already raining |
| 2. They stand after the word being defined and are expressed by an adjectival phrase (adjective with dependent word) |
On the empty platform, long strips of rainwater glistened thinly, blue from the sky |
| 3. They stand in front of the word being defined and have an additional connotation (reasons, concessions) | 1.Amazed by this laughter, Pavel sat on the floor and looked somewhere in the corner(hue of reason) 2.Always confident, the athlete today for some reason was worried(a hint of concession: "regardless of what?") |
| 4. Two (or more) single definitions are after the word being defined, especially if there is already a definition before it | 1. Vaska, angry and sleepy, stood at the gate and let the horses through. 2.There is a special, probably understandable charm in autumn days, warm and sad |
Agreed definitions are not isolated
1. Standing before the word being defined and not having additional adverbial meanings:
The passing day brought nothing unusual
2. Standing after the word being defined, which in itself does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined:
His face had an expression rather pleasant, but roguish.
3. Associated in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate:
The sun rose cloudy, sleepy and cold
4. Standing after indefinite, negative, definitive, indicative possessive pronouns, because related to them:
No one entering the park went unnoticed
Suddenly something like a song struck my ear
Inconsistent definitions
| Separation conditions | Examples |
|---|---|
|
Around noon, a lot of round high clouds usually appear, golden gray, with delicate white edges |
| 2. Relate to a proper name | Anna, in a gray coat, with short black hair sitting on the couch |
| 3. If it is necessary to highlight the sign they designate | Entered the room old man, in a gray frock coat, in a gray waistcoat, with a bare skull and with immensely wide and thick sideburns |
| 4. Expressed by infinitive, if they have an explanatory connotation, and there is a definition before the word being defined (highlighted dash) | But beautiful the lot "" -"" shine and die |
Application
Hyphen for single application
| Is put | Not set |
|---|---|
|
If the applications are heterogeneous (characterize the subject with different sides): Officer surgeon Ivanov |
| 2. After your own name (most often geographical name), which is an application of the generic concept: Moscow-river, Kazbek-mountain | If application is own name "" -"" stands after the generic concept: river Moscow, mountain Kazbek |
| 3. If the combination of two common nouns is a complex scientific term (the second part of it does not serve as an independent specific concept), the name of the specialty, etc.: bug- deer, cancer- mantis, doctor- therapist | If the first noun denotes a generic concept, and the second " -" specific: flower chamomile, bird hawk |
| 4. | If the application preceding the common noun can be equated in meaning with the adjective: gorgeous daughter (=beautiful) old man father (= old) |
| 5. | If the first words in a phrase are words sir, citizen comrade and etc.: citizen boss, mister the president |
Comma on application
| Separation conditions | Examples |
|---|---|
|
It was her Peterhof stranger |
| 2. Common, refers to a proper name and stands after it | The deacon enters the reception Vonmiglasov, stocky old man in a brown cassock with a wide leather belt |
| 3. Single, referring to a proper name and standing after it (with appropriate intonation) | It was Kolya, schoolboy |
| 4. Stands before the word being defined, but has an additional adverbial connotation (reasons, concessions) | A lively, passionate, enthusiastic person, Vrubel stood at the center of intellectual interests and ideological hobbies of his time |
| 5. Common, related to a common noun and standing, as a rule, after it | Shepherd, decrepit old man with one eye and twisted mouth, walks with bowed head |
| 6. Have an explanatory character (dashes stand out) | Easter cakes were on the table next to the stove.- fluffy white buns |
| 7. Joined by union How(if it has an additional connotation of reason) or in words by name, surname, family and etc. | Like a careful person, Ivan Fedorovich preferred, if possible, not to use the turnouts left to him |
| Separation conditions | Example |
|---|---|
|
Glow in the corner yellow spot - fire in the apartment window |
| 2. A common or single application stands in the middle or at the end of a sentence and serves to clarify (clarify) or emphasize its independence | Sister my- life - and today in the flood I was hurt by the spring rain about everyone.I really like the scent of the flowers of this tree - lindens |
| 3. Stands out on both sides if it introduces an explanatory character | caretaker rooming houses- retired soldier - walked beside |
The application is enclosed in quotation marks
Inconsistent appendices (names of newspapers, magazines, works of art etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks
Separate circumstances
| Separation conditions | Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|
|
Departing from Africa in April to the shores of the fatherland, flew in a long triangle, drowning in the sky, cranes | Exceptions:
a) phraseology: Lisa missed the living and went away unsalted slurping b) stands in a series of homogeneous non-isolated circumstances: There is no woman's gaze, which I would not forget at sight blue sky or listening to the noise of the flow falling from cliff to cliff c) the allied word "which" is dependent: tea drink, having drunk which you become more cheerful |
| 2. Expressed by a single gerund | Gusev, scowling, stood at the apparatus | Exception: single gerunds that have turned into adverbs: He was walking sneaking around (=secretly) |
| 3. Two single participles | Grunting and looking around, Kashtanka entered the room | |
| 4. Expressed by a noun with a preposition in spite of, in spite of | I think that, despite your age you are a very good artist | |
| 5. Circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions can be isolated due to, in spite of, due to, due to, on account of, on account of and etc. | 1.Savelich, according to the coachman's opinion, advised to return 2. Thanks to the mass of new impressions, the day passed unnoticed for Kashtanka | But:
2. A hero is one who creates life in spite of death |
Standalone add-ons
Nominal constructions, conditionally called additions, with prepositions can be isolated:
1) except, excluding, except etc. (with exclusion value)
2) besides, beyond, along with etc. (with include value)
3) instead of etc. (with substitution value)
The isolation of these constructions occurs if the writer wants to emphasize their role in the sentence.
Ways of expression
In oral speech
On a letter
In a letter, isolated members of a sentence are distinguished by commas, less often a dash: Directly against the cordon on that shore, was empty(L. N. Tolstoy).
Types of isolated units
According to the function in the proposal differ semi-predicative And explaining isolated turns. Semi-predicative phrases have a relative substantive independence and are close to subordinate or independent clauses. Among them are distinguished:
- participle turnover (rus. A lighthouse is visible in the distance standing by the sea );
- participial turnover ( He was walking, waving your arms );
- substantive isolated turnover ( Peaceful people, they hardly endured the dangers of the front);
- adjectival turnover ( his shirt, napkin-like, was always open on the chest).
Explanatory phrases, as a rule, depend on minor members sentences and carry a specifying meaning or communicate Additional information. Depending on the part of speech to which it belongs main member a separate construction (noun, adjective, conjugated form of the verb, infinitive, adverb), there are explanatory isolated turns of the following types:
- substantive ( Around the wagon on snow, crowded soldiers), including restrictive excretory (Everyone came except Ivan);
- adjectives ( This puddle seemingly harmless, can not be taken with overclocking);
- verbal ( It is necessary to write about what is burning, does not wait );
- infinitives ( Many just came sit and talk );
- adverbs ( In the middle of a conversation unexpectedly he dozed off).
Isolation in the languages of the world
Russian language
In the Russian language, isolation reveals unusual properties of both the isolated and the distributed element. So, a separate definition can have not only a complete, but also short form: Bordered flying foam, / The pier breathes day and night(A. A. Blok); a pronoun can act as a definitive: And on a strange rock, beyond the blue seas, / Forgotten, He faded away completely(M. Yu. Lermontov) and proper name: Masha, pale and trembling, went up to Ivan Kuzmich(A. S. Pushkin).
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Notes
- Isolation- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- Kruchinina E. N. Separation // Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - 685 p. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
- Itskovich V. A. Separate turnover // Russian language. Encyclopedia / Yu. N. Karaulov (editor-in-chief). - 2nd ed., revised. and additional .. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, Bustard, 1997. - 703 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85270-248-X.
- Isolation // Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary
- VSMU. Guidelines, exercises for self-fulfillment in the Russian language for students of the correspondence preparatory department. - Vitebsk, 2012.
- VSMU. Guidelines, exercises for self-fulfillment in the Russian language for students of the correspondence preparatory department. - Vitebsk, 2012.
Literature
- Separation of the extending members of the sentence // Russian Grammar. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - T. II.
An excerpt characterizing Separation
– That's how! - he said. - Well?- Repulsed! - Boris said animatedly, becoming chatty. - You can imagine?
And Boris began to tell how the guards, having taken their place and seeing the troops in front of them, mistook them for the Austrians and suddenly learned from the cannonballs fired from these troops that they were in the first line, and unexpectedly had to join the case. Rostov, without listening to Boris, touched his horse.
- Where are you going? Boris asked.
- To His Majesty with a commission.
- Here he is! - said Boris, who heard that Rostov needed his highness, instead of his majesty.
And he pointed out to him the Grand Duke, who, a hundred paces from them, in a helmet and a cavalry guard coat, with his raised shoulders and furrowed eyebrows, was shouting something to an Austrian white and pale officer.
- Yes, it is Grand Duke, and to me to the commander-in-chief or to the sovereign, ”said Rostov and touched the horse.
- Count, Count! Berg shouted, as animated as Boris, running up from the other side, “Count, I’m in right hand wounded (he said, showing his hand, bloodied, tied with a handkerchief) and remained in the front. Count, I hold a sword in my left hand: in our breed of von Berg, Count, all were knights.
Berg said something else, but Rostov, without listening to the end, had already gone on.
Having passed the guards and an empty gap, Rostov, in order not to fall back into the first line, as he fell under the attack of the cavalry guards, rode along the line of reserves, going far around the place where the hottest shooting and cannonade were heard. Suddenly, in front of him and behind our troops, in a place where he could not in any way suspect the enemy, he heard close gunfire.
"What could it be? thought Rostov. - Is the enemy in the rear of our troops? It can’t be, thought Rostov, and the horror of fear for himself and for the outcome of the whole battle suddenly came over him. “Whatever it is, though,” he thought, “there is nothing to go around now. I must look for the commander-in-chief here, and if everything is lost, then it is my business to die together with everyone.
The bad feeling that suddenly came over Rostov was confirmed more and more, the farther he drove into the space occupied by crowds of heterogeneous troops, located outside the village of Prats.
- What's happened? What's happened? Who are they shooting at? Who is shooting? Rostov asked, leveling with the Russian and Austrian soldiers, who fled in mixed crowds to cut across his roads.
"The devil knows?" Beat everyone! Get lost everything! - Answered him in Russian, German and Czech crowds fleeing and not understanding exactly the same as he did what was happening here.
- Beat the Germans! one shouted.
- And the devil take them, - traitors.
- Zum Henker diese Ruesen ... [To hell with these Russians ...] - the German grumbled something.
Several wounded were walking along the road. Curses, screams, groans merged into one common rumble. The shooting died down and, as Rostov later found out, Russian and Austrian soldiers were shooting at each other.
"My God! what is it? thought Rostov. “And here, where at any moment the sovereign can see them… But no, it’s true, these are just a few scoundrels. This will pass, this is not it, this cannot be, he thought. “Just hurry, hurry through them!”
The thought of defeat and flight could not enter Rostov's head. Although he saw French guns and troops precisely on the Pratzensky mountain, on the very one where he was ordered to look for the commander-in-chief, he could not and did not want to believe this.
Near the village of Pratsa, Rostov was ordered to look for Kutuzov and the sovereign. But not only were they not here, but there was not a single commander, but there were heterogeneous crowds of disordered troops.
He urged on his already tired horse in order to quickly pass these crowds, but the farther he moved, the more upset the crowds became. By high road, on which he left, carriages, carriages of all kinds, Russian and Austrian soldiers, of all branches of the military, wounded and unwounded, crowded. All this buzzed and swarmed mixedly to the gloomy sound of flying cannonballs from the French batteries placed on the Pracen heights.
- Where is the Emperor? where is Kutuzov? - Rostov asked everyone he could stop, and could not get an answer from anyone.
Finally, grabbing the soldier by the collar, he forced him to answer himself.
- E! Brother! Everyone has been there for a long time, forward fled! - the soldier said to Rostov, laughing at something and breaking free.
Leaving this soldier, who was obviously drunk, Rostov stopped the horse of a batman or an important person's caretaker and began to question him. The batman announced to Rostov that an hour ago the sovereign had been driven at full speed in a carriage along this very road, and that the sovereign was dangerously wounded.
“It can’t be,” said Rostov, “that’s right, someone else.”
“I saw it myself,” said the batman with a self-confident grin. - It’s time for me to know the sovereign: it seems how many times in Petersburg I saw it like that. Pale, pale, sitting in a carriage. As soon as he let the four blacks, my fathers, he thundered past us: it seems time to know both the royal horses and Ilya Ivanovich; it seems that the coachman does not travel with another, like with Tsar Ilya.
Rostov let his horse go and wanted to go on. A wounded officer walking by turned to him.
- Whom do you need? the officer asked. - Commander-in-Chief? So he was killed with a cannonball, he was killed in the chest with our regiment.
“Not killed, wounded,” another officer corrected.
- Yes, who? Kutuzov? Rostov asked.
- Not Kutuzov, but how do you put it - well, yes, it’s all the same, not many are left alive. Go over there, over there, to that village, all the authorities have gathered there, - this officer said, pointing to the village of Gostieradek, and passed by.
Rostov rode at a pace, not knowing why and to whom he would now go. The sovereign is wounded, the battle is lost. It was impossible not to believe it now. Rostov was driving in the direction indicated to him and along which the tower and the church could be seen in the distance. Where was he in a hurry? What was he to say now to the sovereign or Kutuzov, even if they were alive and not wounded?
“Go along this road, your honor, and they’ll kill you right here,” the soldier shouted to him. - They'll kill you!
- ABOUT! what are you saying! said the other. – Where will he go? It's closer here.
Rostov thought about it and went exactly in the direction where he was told that they would kill him.
“Now it doesn’t matter: if the sovereign is wounded, can I really take care of myself?” he thought. He drove into the space where most of the people who fled from Pracen died. The French had not yet occupied this place, and the Russians, those who were alive or wounded, had long since left it. On the field, like shocks on a good arable land, there were ten people, fifteen killed, wounded on every tithe of the place. The wounded crawled down in twos, threes together, and unpleasant, sometimes feigned, as it seemed to Rostov, their cries and groans were heard. Rostov trotted his horse so as not to see all these suffering people, and he became afraid. He was afraid not for his life, but for the courage he needed and which, he knew, would not withstand the sight of these unfortunates.
The French, who had stopped shooting at this field, littered with the dead and wounded, because there was no longer anyone alive on it, saw the adjutant riding on it, pointed a gun at him and threw several cores. The feeling of these whistling, terrible sounds and the surrounding dead merged for Rostov into one impression of horror and self-pity. He remembered his mother's last letter. “What would she feel,” he thought, “if she could see me here now, on this field and with guns aimed at me.”
In the village of Gostieradeke there were, although confused, but in greater order, Russian troops marching away from the battlefield. French cannonballs were no longer reaching here, and the sounds of firing seemed far away. Here everyone already clearly saw and said that the battle was lost. To whom Rostov turned, no one could tell him where the sovereign was, or where Kutuzov was. Some said that the rumor about the wound of the sovereign was true, others said that it was not, and explained this false rumor that spread by the fact that, indeed, in the sovereign’s carriage, the pale and frightened Chief Marshal Count Tolstoy galloped back from the battlefield, who left with others in the emperor’s retinue on the battlefield. One officer told Rostov that behind the village, to the left, he saw someone from the higher authorities, and Rostov went there, no longer hoping to find anyone, but only to clear his conscience before himself. Having traveled about three versts and passing the last Russian troops, near a garden dug in by a ditch, Rostov saw two horsemen standing opposite the ditch. One, with a white sultan on his hat, seemed familiar to Rostov for some reason; another, unfamiliar rider, on a beautiful red horse (this horse seemed familiar to Rostov) rode up to the ditch, pushed the horse with his spurs and, releasing the reins, easily jumped over the ditch of the garden. Only the earth crumbled from the embankment from the hind hooves of the horse. Turning his horse sharply, he again jumped back over the ditch and respectfully addressed the rider with the white sultan, apparently suggesting that he do the same. The horseman, whose figure seemed familiar to Rostov and for some reason involuntarily attracted his attention, made a negative gesture with his head and hand, and by this gesture Rostov instantly recognized his mourned, adored sovereign.
"But it couldn't be him, alone in the middle of this empty field," thought Rostov. At this time, Alexander turned his head, and Rostov saw his favorite features so vividly engraved in his memory. The sovereign was pale, his cheeks were sunken and his eyes were sunken; but all the more charm, meekness was in his features. Rostov was happy, convinced that the rumor about the wound of the sovereign was unfair. He was happy to see him. He knew that he could, even had to directly address him and convey what he was ordered to convey from Dolgorukov.
But just as a young man in love trembles and trembles, not daring to say what he dreams of at night, and looks around frightened, looking for help or an opportunity to delay and escape when the desired minute has come, and he is standing alone with her, so Rostov now, having reached that What he wanted more than anything in the world, did not know how to approach the sovereign, and he had thousands of reasons why it was inconvenient, indecent and impossible.
"How! I seem to be glad of the opportunity to take advantage of the fact that he is alone and in despondency. An unknown face may seem unpleasant and hard to him at this moment of sadness; then, what can I say to him now, when just looking at him my heart stops and my mouth dries up? Not a single one of those innumerable speeches that he, addressing the sovereign, composed in his imagination, now occurred to him. Those speeches were for the most part kept under completely different conditions, those were spoken for the most part at the moment of victories and triumphs, and mainly on the deathbed from the wounds received, while the sovereign thanked him for his heroic deeds, and he, dying, expressed his love confirmed in deeds. my.
“Then, what am I going to ask the sovereign about his orders to the right flank, when it is now 4 o'clock in the evening, and the battle is lost? No, I definitely shouldn't drive up to him. Should not disturb his reverie. It’s better to die a thousand times than to get a bad look, a bad opinion from him, ”decided Rostov and drove away with sadness and despair in his heart, constantly looking back at the sovereign, who was still in the same position of indecision.
While Rostov was making these considerations and sadly driving away from the sovereign, Captain von Toll accidentally ran into the same place and, seeing the sovereign, drove straight up to him, offered him his services and helped him cross the ditch on foot. The emperor, wanting to rest and feeling unwell, sat down under Apple tree, and Tol stopped beside him. Rostov from afar, with envy and remorse, saw von Tol say something to the sovereign for a long time and with fervor, as the sovereign, apparently crying, closed his eyes with his hand and shook hands with Tolya.
"And it could be me in his place?" Rostov thought to himself, and, barely holding back tears of regret for the fate of the sovereign, he drove on in complete despair, not knowing where and why he was now going.
His despair was all the greater because he felt that his own weakness was the cause of his grief.
He could ... not only could, but he had to drive up to the sovereign. And this was the only opportunity to show the sovereign his devotion. And he didn't use it... "What have I done?" he thought. And he turned his horse and galloped back to the place where he had seen the emperor; but there was no one behind the ditch. Only wagons and carriages were driving. From one furman, Rostov learned that the Kutuzovsky headquarters was located nearby in the village where the carts were going. Rostov followed them.
Ahead of him was the bereytor Kutuzova, leading horses in blankets. Behind the bereytor was a wagon, and behind the wagon was an old yard man, in a cap, a sheepskin coat, and with crooked legs.
- Titus, oh Titus! - said the berator.
- What? the old man replied absentmindedly.
- Titus! Start threshing.
- Oh, fool, ugh! - Angrily spitting, said the old man. Several minutes of silent movement passed, and the same joke was repeated again.
At five o'clock in the evening the battle was lost on all points. More than a hundred guns were already in the hands of the French.
Przhebyshevsky and his corps laid down their weapons. The other columns, having lost about half their men, retreated in disorganized, mixed crowds.
The remnants of the troops of Langeron and Dokhturov, mixed up, crowded around the ponds on the dams and banks near the village of Augusta.
At 6 o'clock, only at the Augusta dam, the hot cannonade of some Frenchmen could still be heard, who had built numerous batteries on the descent of the Pracen Heights and were beating at our retreating troops.
Separate minor members of the sentence
1. What is isolation? What members of the sentence are called isolated?
Isolation is the semantic and intonational separation of the members of a sentence in order to give them a certain semantic and syntactic independence in the sentence. The members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation, are called isolated.
2. What are the conditions for the separation of minor members of the proposal?
It depends:
- from the order of words;
- degree of prevalence of a minor member;
- the clarifying nature of one member of the proposal in relation to another;
- semantic load of a minor member;
- the presence of an intentional separation of a minor member from another member;
- neighborhoods of other isolated members of the proposal;
- syntactic incompatibility of related words.
3. What are the rules of punctuation when separating definitions in a sentence?
Definitions are isolated (that is, highlighted in writing) in the following main cases:
1. Regardless of how the definition is expressed and what place it occupies in relation to the word being defined, if it refers to a personal pronoun (I, you, you, we, he, she, they, it).
For example: How, poor, should I not grieve (I. A. Krylov)
And he, rebellious, asks for a storm. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
Excited by memories, I forgot. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
2. A common definition, expressed by participial turnover, if it comes after the word being defined. For example: The blizzard that raged for a whole week subsided.
3. The participial turnover will be isolated if it stands before the word being defined, in the event that it has the additional meaning of cause or concession. For example: Exhausted by the thought of a sail, grandfather fell into oblivion (V. Kataev).
4. An adjective with dependent words is isolated if it comes after the word being defined. For example: The color of the grove, wet from the rain, constantly changed under the sun.
5. Two or more homogeneous agreed non-common adjectives, if they come after the word being defined.
For example: A childish cry, repeated by an echo, rumbles through the forests from morning until night.
6. Separate definitions that are expressed by a noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition, if they are after the word being defined. For example: The same sailor, with a sail on his arm, was sitting on the steps of the ladder (V. Kataev).
7. Any definition will be isolated if it is torn off from the word being defined by other members of the sentence. For example: Several times, lonely and mysterious, a rebellious battleship appeared on the horizon (V. Kataev).
Application is a special kind of definition
1. Common applications expressed by common nouns with dependent words are isolated.
For example: Unfortunately faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken pride and fun (A. Pushkin).
2. Separate single applications related to a common noun, especially if the latter has dependent words with it. For example: Our hostess, an old woman, was always lively.
3. The application is isolated if it refers to its own noun and comes after it. For example: The Volga, the great Russian river, cannot but amaze with its beauty and grandeur.
4. Applications are isolated if they are expressed by proper nouns. For example: The fourth, Kostya, a boy of about ten, aroused my curiosity with his thoughtful and sad look.
4. What are the rules of punctuation when separating circumstances?
1. A separate circumstance, expressed by a participial turnover, is always distinguished by commas:
Looking up at the sky, she was surprised at the complete absence of stars.
Exceptions:
- if the adverbial turnover is after the union A and cannot change its position in the sentence without violating the structure of the statement: It is necessary to make a decision, and having made it, consistently stick to it.
- if the gerund has an allied word as a dependent word which as part of a relative attributive sentence (the gerund is not separated from the subordinate clause by a comma):
Before him was a task, having completed which, he would enter the university.
- if the participle has lost its verbal meaning and acts as a complex preposition:
Construction has been going on since summer. country house.
2. Separated by commas:
Single gerunds that have not lost their verbal meaning and are not at the absolute end of the sentence: He, smiling, squinted from the sun.
3. Nouns (usually with prepositions, serving for semantic highlighting or passing explanation.
Winter, contrary to forecasts, turned out to be very cold and with little snow.
4. The circumstance, which is a phrase with prepositional combinations despite, despite: Despite the rain, we went for a walk in the park.
5. With what intonation are the isolated members of the sentence pronounced?
Special intonation: raising the voice, pause, logical stress on separate members of the sentence.
What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When do members of a sentence separate, and when not? In this article, we will deal with what separate members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, and also what are the rules for separation.
The concept of isolated members of the proposal
So, let's start, as is customary in such cases, with a definition. Separate members of a sentence are such secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the framework of the entire phrase.
How are isolated members of a sentence distinguished?
Isolation in oral conversation occurs with the help of intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different there. Commas are used to separate separate members of a sentence in the text.
Comparing Detached Members to Non-Detached Members
It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, the stylistic expressiveness also increases. It is impossible not to say about the logical selection.
What can be isolated in Russian?
Of all the members of the proposal, only secondary ones can be isolated. The main terms in the proposal have never been separated, and this is not expected in the near future.
Why is segregation necessary?
It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of the proposal have more weight and greater independence. We immediately note that isolation can be very different. These are additions, and circumstances, and definitions. Next, we will try to deal with each of these categories, bring concrete examples for each group.
Isolation of clarifications
First of all, let's look at what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such secondary members of the sentence serve to specify, clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.
When are qualifying members of a sentence separated?
1. Separate clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark all around, very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world just turned off all the lights.” IN this case the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.
It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted with a dash when writing. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”
2. Circumstances that are relevant are singled out. They can be expressed as nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:
- “Just a second passed - and somewhere nearby an explosion thundered, right behind him.”
- “Once upon a time here, in a quiet, little-known village, life flowed.” The third example: “It happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”
Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of a place. In the third - the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the place.
3. Clarifications are isolated, attached with the help of the words “or”, “that is”, “precisely”. For example:
- “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a magician, or a mage, or a superhuman.”
- “It was a balanced, individual, that is, not imposed on him by anyone, decision.”
- “A lot was said about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and fragments of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shells.”
4. The clarifying members of the sentence are separated, which are joined with the help of such words as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:
- “Everyone remembers that no one could defeat a magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
- “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
- “Another second - the detachment went on a breakthrough, including him.”
- “Many countries accept Russian tourists with great joy, in particular, Türkiye is doing this now.”
Separation of add-ons
The types of separate members of the proposal include a group of additions. This is nothing but case forms applied to nouns. They are used with combinations such as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be seen that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.
Separation occurs depending on what is the semantic load, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:
- “He was already feeling more or less stable, except that his leg was still a little sore.”
- “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky was lit up with branches of purple lightning, leaving their bright mark on the retina for a moment.”
- “Along with the questions that were waiting to be resolved at work, something had to be done with household chores.”
- “In addition to all this, there was another significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
- “And everything was fine, except, of course, some points.”
Note that if the preposition “instead of” is used in the meaning of “instead of”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money promised, as he thought, by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”
Separation of circumstance
Separate members of the sentence are called, as we found out earlier, secondary members, distinguished intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances separate? This is what will be discussed further.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a participial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further, past them.” Explanation: here “with bated breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by adverbial turnover. There is an exception to this rule. The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single participle. Example: "He left without looking back, although he understood what he had just done." Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was saying something to me, I stood thinking.”
- Usually, two participles connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as two single participles) are separated as one turnover. Example: “I, despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, continued to persistently trample my own path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “not listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. However, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
- A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative turnover. Usually in comparative terms, words like “exactly”, “as if”, “like” are used. There are some exceptions to the separation of comparative turns, they are not separated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked over it.”
There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. It means "at the discretion of the author". So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:
- If the circumstance is presented as a noun. In this case, the pretext may or may not be present. But most of all, when circumstances are isolated, which are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary”, “according to”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:
- "Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems."
“Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
- "Despite the threats, he did not change his policy in the slightest."
- “According to the plan, all tasks were completed on time.”
- "Depending on what decision will be made, a different fate awaited him."
- “In order to avoid a fight, the people who were nearby separated them different angles”.
“Due to unforeseen circumstances, it was necessary to decide something quickly, but thoughtfully.” - If there is a specification of the place, time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this place forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and prospered.”
How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it really is separated by punctuation marks. After that, you can begin to analyze the question of what is expressed isolated circumstance. It is easiest to start the search with gerunds, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no worse visible, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of a person's action. There is a questionnaire called the “Separate Members of a Sentence Test”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task according to which it is necessary to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by a participial phrase. It is logical that there will be not one gerund, but some set dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in oblique cases. Next to them there should be adverbs, prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances expressed by clarifications of place and time.
Signs of isolation
According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of the sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammar. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and highlighting intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation marks. As mentioned earlier, punctuation marks such as commas are most often used as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be carried out with the help of a dash. Copyright punctuation is a rather complicated thing.
The role of isolation in Russian
Separation often allows you to endow this or that fragment of a text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to get attention to these fragments, they play some kind of special role in one situation or another. It may make some clarifications as well. Thus, summing up, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.
Test “Isolated members of a sentence”
Before proceeding to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own, unique test with suggestions to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of secondary members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this kind of tasks that are used to identify knowledge among middle school students. educational institutions. Next, there will be a task to which you need to give an answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.
1. What numbers correctly represent ALL the commas that should be in the text? “He went to the lake (1) which overflowed into sunshine(2) and went somewhere further”.
Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.
Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial revolutions. Participle turnover is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. So there is no comma between them.
Correct answer: a.
2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be written immediately in which commas must be correctly placed. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that a group of clouds (4) gathered into one whole was already looming on the horizon (3) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”
Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.
Explanation: “except” is an example of a stand-alone object. It does not stand at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, therefore it is isolated from two sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered together” is a common definition, which is expressed by participial turnover. There will be no isolation at the checkpoint (3). But between the “clouds” and the “predicting” necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “shower” are two equal complements that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.
Correct answer: Mr.
3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminating with forks of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) thunder was heard (6) foreshadowing bad weather.”
Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.
Clarification: omissions 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Sometimes illuminating with ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance, expressed by adverbial turnover. It will separate from two sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It separates on one side.
Correct answer: c.
Conclusion
So, what did we find out in the course of this article?
- Firstly, the use of isolated members of the sentence is done in order to endow the isolated fragment with independence and increased information load.
- Secondly, commas and dashes are used to isolate punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
- Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.
Separate members of the proposal, the table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. Often they are also expressed by gerunds, participles and turnovers. Comparisons are not ruled out at all.
One of the sections of the syntax is precisely the isolated members of the sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.
Separate members of the sentence and how they behave in the text, it is necessary to delve into the meaning of the words themselves that make up the term.
Term clarification
To isolate means to make a person different from something else, to single out. Separate members of a sentence are words that stand out in a sentence, separated from others. Separation occurs with commas or dashes.
Along with the word "isolation" the word "isolation" can be used. Both have the right to exist.
Everything is more or less clear with the term “members of a sentence”, these are, in fact, the words that make up the sentence. The members of the proposal are divided into main and secondary.
It is the secondary members of the sentence that are subject to separation. Namely, addition and circumstance. Separately, it makes sense to consider more, which is a kind of definition.
Separation of definitions
Definitions are agreed and inconsistent. Agreed definitions are usually expressed as or . Inconsistent - names in oblique cases.
Separation of add-ons
Additions are not always isolated, but only if the context requires it. Usually, revolutions with the words “except”, “instead of”, “besides”, “with the exception of”, etc. are distinguished by commas. However, there may be options that do not require separation.
In other words, the isolation of additions is optional.
For example, "Nothing but far-fetched difficulties darkened the path." But: "Besides a distant cloud, there was a sun in the sky."
Separation of circumstances
Such a member of the sentence, as a circumstance, can be expressed by a participial turnover, and an adverb.
Participial turnover, usually separated by commas. For example, "We must go forward, not paying attention to fatigue."
Circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases with dependent words are isolated if necessary for clarification or semantic highlighting in the context. For example, “People, after hearing them kind words Let's go have fun."
Adverbs are often used as adverbs. They can also be isolated, if required by the meaning of the text or for clarification. For example: "And now, unexpectedly for everyone, the horizon has cleared." “It is very important to reach the goal, together or alone.”
You can simply say that this is the selection of sections of text on the letter. But, as elsewhere, there are many nuances. In particular, there different types isolation.
Separation of minor members of the proposal
Almost any part of speech, including secondary ones, can stand out in a letter.
First of all, highlighting circumstances with commas depends on how they are expressed. The following cases are possible.
The circumstance is expressed by the adverb
The circumstance is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate expressed by the verb. That is, the isolation of revolutions, including participles, occurs together with the isolation of the circumstance.
For example: Frightened by a thunderstorm, he returned to the house.
If the circumstance is located in the middle of the sentence, then it must be separated by commas on both sides. This once again confirms that the answer to the question, what is isolation, is simple. This is the selection of a piece of a phrase in a letter.
In the autumn, leaving the house, he felt longing for his native land.
A circumstance that is expressed by a gerund or participle can be replaced subordinate clause or predicate, since it is close in meaning to the secondary predicate.
Wed: In the fall, leaving the house, he felt longing for his native land. - In the fall, he left the house and felt longing for his native land.
1. Particles only are included in a separate design and are also distinguished:
The light came on, illuminating everything around for a moment, and went out again.
That is, this is an example of the isolation of secondary members of the sentence, which include particles.
2. If the adverbial construction is after a coordinative / or allied word, then it must be separated from the union with a comma.
Wed: She opened the window and, leaning out into the air, began to observe rising sun. She opened the window and leaned out into the air to watch the rising sun.
3. The union does not require separation with a comma with a gerund or participle turnover in the event that the gerund construction is inseparable from the union or allied word, i.e. it cannot be removed without violating the structure of the sentence.
Compare: He loved to make unusual gifts, and congratulating a friend, he broke into a smile of satisfaction (impossible: He loved to make unusual gifts, but congratulated a friend ...). But! The teacher did not announce the grades for the control, but, having collected the diaries, put them there. - The teacher did not announce the grades for the control, but put them in the diaries.
Homogeneous participles and participles that are connected by single coordinating or disjunctive conjunctions and, or, or, no need to separate with a comma.
The linguist worked on the translation by reading the text and listening to its recording.
But if the union connects not two gerunds, but other constructions, commas are put:
I took the letter and opened it and began to read.
When is this part of speech not isolated?
1. The adverbial construction is represented by a phraseological unit:
He sat back.
But if the phraseologism is in the sentence introductory word, it is separated by commas.
2. There is an amplifying particle in front of the adverbial construction and:
You can achieve success without having wealth.
3. The gerund is included in and has a dependent allied word which(a comma separates the main clause from the subordinate clause):
Before the state are critical issues, without understanding which it will not be able to reach new level in economics.
4. The adverbial turnover includes the subject (a comma separates the entire turnover from the predicate):
Perched on the spruce tree, Crow was about to have breakfast.
5. The participle is a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is associated with it with the help of the union and:
He ran quickly and did not look around.
When else is isolation of revolutions not required?
Do not require single gerunds, which:
1. Having finally lost their verbal meaning, they moved into the category of adverbs:
We walked slowly. (It is impossible: We walked and were in no hurry).
2. Lost connection with the verb and moved into the category of function words: n starting from, proceeding from, according to:
Documents are compiled based on the results of the study. However, in other contextual situations, turns can sometimes be isolated.
1) turnover from beginning with is isolated if it has a clarifying character and is not related to time:
She speaks many languages, starting with English and German.
2) turnover from based is isolated in the event that in meaning it correlates with the one who performs the action:
We have compiled documents based on the results of your research.
3) turnover from according to is isolated if it has a clarifying or connecting meaning:
I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances.
Isolation if the circumstance is expressed by a noun
The concession circumstance is always isolated, expressed by a noun with a pretext despite / in spite of(easily replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with an allied word Although).
Wed: Despite the bad weather, the rest was a success. - Although the weather was bad, the rest was a success.
Special cases of separation
In the following cases, circumstances may be separated by commas:
1. Reasons with prepositions owing to, in the absence of, owing to, owing to etc. (easily replaced by a subordinate clause with an allied word because).
Wed: The son, according to the opinion of his father, entered the Faculty of Law. - Since the son agreed with the opinion of his father, he entered the Faculty of Law.
2. Concessions with prepositions in spite of, with Although).
Wed: Against the advice of his father, the son entered the Faculty of Medicine. - Although the father gave advice, the son entered the medical faculty.
3. Conditions with prepositional constructions in the presence, in the absence, in case etc. (easily replaced by a subordinate clause with a union If).
Wed: Employers, in the event of a decrease in profits, decided to reduce the staff. - If the employers' profits decrease, they decided to reduce the staff.
4. Purposes and prepositional combination to avoid(easily replaced by a subordinate clause with a union to).
Wed: Payment, in order to avoid inconvenience, make by card. - To avoid inconvenience, pay by card.
5. Comparisons with the allied word like.
Wed: Tanya graduated from school with excellent grades, like her older sister.
In general, the isolation of phrases with the above prepositions and prepositional constructions is variable.
What is isolation in the acquisition of semantic load?
Circumstances that are expressed by nouns without prepositions or with other prepositions are isolated only if they acquire an additional semantic load, an explanatory meaning, or a combination of several adverbial meanings.
Katya, after receiving a negative answer, left the living room.
Here the circumstance combines two meanings (time and reason, that is, when did he leave? and in connection with what did he leave?)
Pay Special attention that which are expressed by nouns should always be emphasized intonationally. But the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. it is always intonationally necessary to highlight the circumstances located at the beginning of the sentence with isolations.
However, a comma after such a circumstance is not required.
The circumstance is expressed by the adverb
If the circumstances are expressed by adverbs (the presence of dependent words does not matter), then they are isolated only when the author wants to pay more attention to them, when they have the meaning of an accompanying remark, etc.:
A minute later, by no means known how, he reached the village.
IN this proposal with the help of isolation, the unexpectedness and strangeness of the action performed are emphasized. However, such separations in the Russian language always have an authorial, optional character.
We hope that in the article we were able to reveal the answer to the question of what isolation is.
