Adjectives denoting material. Qualitative and relative adjectives
High quality and relative adjectives
§ 1295. Qualitative adjectives denote a property inherent in the object itself or discovered in it, often one that can be characterized by varying degrees of intensity: white-whiter,Beautiful-more beautiful,lasting-stronger,stubborn-more stubborn,good-better. The core of this category consists of adjectives, the basis of which denotes a characteristic not through its relationship to the subject. This includes words that name such properties and qualities that are directly perceived by the senses: color, spatial, temporal, physical and other qualifying features, qualities of character and mental makeup: red,blue,light,bright;hot,loud,thick,fragrant,voiced,round,soft,cutting,sweet,warm,quiet,heavy;far,long,long,short,small,close,narrow;barefoot,deaf,healthy,young,blind,old,thick,skinny,frail;proud,Kind,greedy,wicked,wise,bad,stingy,smart,cunning,good,brave,generous;important,harmful,fit,necessary,useful,correct.
Qualitative adjectives have two series of forms - full (attributive) and short (predicative): white,white,white,white And white,Bela,white,white;dark,dark,dark,dark And dark,dark,dark,dark;bitter,bitter,bitter,bitter And bitter,bitter,bitterly,bitter; they form comparable forms. important-degrees (comparative):,Kind-more important,sweet-kinder,sweeter-smooth,thick-smoother thicker . From qualities. adjectives can be formed into adverbs, O:hot-e,far-hot,long-far,for a long time-surplus,wise-unnecessarily,wisely-melodious,brave-melodiously bravely . Most of the qualities. adjectives are also characterized by a number of word-formation features: the ability to form other qualities.,adjectives naming shades and degrees of quality (,whitish enormous hefty,), and nouns naming abstract concepts (,depth courage
§ 1296. Relative adjectives name a characteristic through its relation to an object or to another characteristic: the motivating basis denotes the object or characteristic through the relation to which this property is represented: wood,steel,summer,bathing,yesterday's. The nature of the expressed relationships is very diverse: it can be a designation of a characteristic based on the material ( wood,metal), by belonging (possessive adjectives: fathers,fishy,sisters,husband,my), as intended ( children'sbook,schoolbenefits), by property ( autumnrains,eveningcool). Relates. adjectives name a characteristic that cannot manifest itself with varying degrees of intensity.
Relates. adjectives constitute the main and continuously replenished mass of Russian adjectives (only groups of ordinal and pronominal adjectives are not replenished). Unlike qualities. adjectives represented by both unmotivated and motivated words relates. adjectives are motivated by words of other parts of speech: nouns (,iron,fathers,sisters,door,lamp,Komsomol,spring upper ); verbs (,tannic,swimming,dance medicinal ), numerals (,fourth,tenth,fortieth two hundredth ) and adverbs (,near,former,yesterday's,then present ). The exception is ordinal adjectives.,first second
and many pronominal adjectives (see § 1297), which are unmotivated words. ). The exception is ordinal adjectives.,first,Ordinalrelates. adjectives that name a characteristic through its relation to number (quantity, place in a series) are similar in meaning to other relates. adjective: they denote a relationship. Pronominal adjectives are unique in their meaning: these are demonstrative words. Pronominal and ordinal adjectives have a certain similarity: ordinal adj. may indicate a place in a row (see § 1366); thus they behave like demonstrative words. The latter primarily applies to adj.,third,.,On the other hand, pronominal adj. That thisanother,thisother,thiscan act as ordinal adjectives. A similar interchangeability of some ordinal and pronominal adjectives is observed when listing:;thisAnd,thisThat,thisother.
third those-other third otherDemonstrative functions are also characteristic of the countable pronominal adjective,one Thatalone; let's compare:remained;AwentVmoviethisSpringfrost.sensitive Driedthis, Thatinvigorated,forestMoreoneday AND under those can also be used in the meaning of an indefinite pronoun some:WhichproducedconsequenceThisarrival,readerMaybeto knowfrom oneconversation,whichhappenedbetween alonetwoladies(Gogol); Livedonearth; let's compare:old times otherPeople,impassableforestssurroundedWiththreepartiescampstheseof people,oneWithfourthwassteppe(Gorky).
§ 1297. Pronominal adjectives are divided into six groups: 1) possessive (so-called. possessive pronouns): a) personal, indicating ownership by the first person ( my,our), second person ( is yours,your) or to a third party (indeclinable adj. his,her,their); b) returnable, indicating ownership by any of three persons: mine thus they behave like demonstrative words. The latter primarily applies to adj.,third,; 2) index:,such sort of (colloquial),that's how it is next thus they behave like demonstrative words. The latter primarily applies to adj. another,; 2) index: another, as well as words , see section “Word Formation”, § 1039; 3) definitive:,any,all kinds,every,any,all,On the other hand, pronominal adj.,.,whole,myself most ; 4) interrogative:,which,Which,whose what ; 4) interrogative: another,; 5) undefined:,some some ; 6) negative:,no.
nobody's Note. The category of pronominal adjectives also includes colloquial words, such, theirs, Nashenskiy Vashinskiy
. Note. The category of pronominal adjectives also includes colloquial words,such,theirs,Nashenskiy These words are reflected in the language of fiction.
All pronominal adjectives, except postfixal and prefixal (see § 1036–1039), as well as simple. my,is yours,his,b) returnable, indicating ownership by any of three persons:, are unmotivated words. third,; 2) index: Refers to everyone. adjectives, pronominal adjectives differ in the nature of their lexical meaning; they denote such signs that arise on the basis of the speaker’s attitude towards persons, objects and phenomena. Yes, words ; 4) interrogative: another,; 5) undefined:,some indicate possessive relations established by the speaker: (relating to me, to you, to himself, etc.);
words my,is yours,our,your,b) returnable, indicating ownership by any of three persons: on behalf of the speaker indicate a sign ((one that the speaker definitely points to, which he characterizes)); the meanings of the words are similar((the one the speaker points to vaguely)).WithPronominal adjectives can indicate any attribute; their content is determined in speech.;Pronominal adjectives also have other features of lexical meanings characteristic of demonstrative words. Yes, wordsmay have abstract typifying meanings inherent in personal pronouns of nouns (see § 1277). For example, in statements of a general nature, in proverbs, these adjectives denote belonging to any generally imaginable person:MyhutedgeNot; yourssadnessstrangerschildrensway.
Its ; 2) index: And thus they behave like demonstrative words. The latter primarily applies to adj. shirt A handful ofland,similaronanother,How many; let's compare:herlovethissuperstitions!ABOUT ; 2) index:thisonskyare sad,forest; let's compare: suchbeforegravesbelieve. Erenb.) has an intensifying meaning. ; 2) index: At the same time the word thus they behave like demonstrative words. The latter primarily applies to adj. emphasizes the degree of manifestation of characteristic (a), and also identifies the bearer of the attribute named by the noun (b): a)Ringed; let's compare:music garden Sountold heartbroken (Ahm.);He; let's compare:delusionalrays|this« votesFairy taleforests», | thisViennacaressBryanskikh, |forestforests another how like thisVasilkovs, |m|to whomthousands years (Inconsistent); b)Craneatdilapidated,wellAbove,himHow,boil,cloudsINfieldscreaky,forestgatesmell,thisof bread,forest And yearning dimspace,sWhereevenvoicewind heartbroken weak; let's compare:EatLeningradhardthiseyes,thatForof the past, mysteriousone, mutebitterlyThat compressedro, And Tonhoops,heart,MaybeWhat,otherbehisrescuedfrom of death
(Ehrenb.). adjectives represented by both unmotivated and motivated words relates. adjectives are motivated by words of other parts of speech: nouns (§ 1298. The semantic boundary between qualitative and relative adjectives is conditional and unstable: relates. adjectives can develop qualitative meanings. In this case, the meaning of the objective relation in the adjective is combined with the meaning of the qualitative characteristic of this relation. Yes, wordHow does it relate?,adjectives represented by both unmotivated and motivated words relates. adjectives are motivated by words of other parts of speech: nouns (adjective means (containing iron) or (made of iron) ( iron orenail); this same adjective also has a number of figurative, qualitative meanings: (strong, strong) ( adjectives can develop qualitative meanings. In this case, the meaning of the objective relation in the adjective is combined with the meaning of the qualitative characteristic of this relation. Yes, wordiron,adjectives can develop qualitative meanings. In this case, the meaning of the objective relation in the adjective is combined with the meaning of the qualitative characteristic of this relation. Yes, wordhealth), (firm, unyielding) ( will discipline ). Adjectivechildren's,children'sbook,willas a relative means (belonging to, characteristic of children, intended for children) ( children's ). Adjectivetoys,house); as qualities. the adjective of this word receives a figurative meaning: (not characteristic of an adult, immature) ( reasoning children'sbehavior,). Likewise:gold,charactergolden,ryewolfish,hungercanine;coldcocky enthusiasm Usopens[door], Mitrofan StepanovichZverev,; let's compare:Very homemade throbe (M. Aliger);Soonsanatorium silence publishing houses violatestractor bolt
shoes Khamlovsky(gas.). § 1299. A touch of quality may be present in all relates. adjectives, but in
varying degrees . IN to a greater extent fishy,the development of qualitative meanings is characteristic of relative adjectives themselves and, to a lesser extent, of possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives.,rye,Among possessive adjectives, the ability to acquire a qualitative meaning primarily distinguishes adjectives with the suffix,th. Given the context, such adjectives easily acquire qualitative meanings. In combinations fishytemperament,felinegait,caninedevotion,vealtenderness relates adjectives act as qualitative: INotWant,toYouatealmscompassionthis caninedevotion(Cupr.); Agallopbehindthunder,behindfourIlyaProphet,Morejets-My vealwoulddelight, Vealbtendernessyours(Pastern.).
Note. In cases where relative adjectives are motivated by the same noun, but are formed using different suffixes ( rooster And hunger, shepherd And pastoral, th this human), non-possessive adjectives more easily acquire qualitative meaning: hunger canine, pastoral idyll, human attitude.
Possessive adjective formed with the help of suf. ov, in, nin(fathers,grandfathers,maternal,sisters,brother), the development of qualitative values is not typical. This is explained, firstly, by the fact that such adjectives denote a specific individual affiliation (see § 781, paragraph 1), and secondly, by the fact that they are generally limited in use: relations of affiliation in modern language are more often indicated by the form gender. n. noun ( fathersas a relative means (belonging to, characteristic of children, intended for children) (-as a relative means (belonging to, characteristic of children, intended for children) (father).
Note. Adj. damn along with the possessive meaning, it is widely used to denote an expressive negative attitude towards the defined object: damn idea; damn abyss affairs; forest contributed that I wear damn I in first floor(Necr.).
An adjective is an independent part of speech that denotes a characteristic of the object being discussed in a sentence. Adjective answers questions Whose? or Which? For example: red (rose), huge (territory), iron (shovel), mother's (car).
An adjective is associated with a noun and agrees with it, that is, it changes according to cases, gender and numbers. Examples: Interesting story (masculine), interesting book ( feminine). Interesting stories ( plural), an interesting story (singular).
Qualitative and relative adjectives
Adjectives are divided into two types: qualitative and relative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives always indicate the qualitative characteristics of an object, as well as the attribute that the object may have to a greater or lesser extent. Examples qualitative adjectives: tasty, strong, beautiful, small, tall. From such adjectives we can create a degree of comparison: more delicious, very beautiful, very small.
Relative adjectives indicate the relationship of one thing to another. Relative adjectives very often indicate the material from which an object is made. For example: iron bed, porcelain dishes.
Relative adjectives indicate the state of an object at a certain point in time. For example: winter day, evening sun, morning work-out. In this case, adjectives are formed on the basis of a noun: morning - morning, winter - winter.
The category of relative adjectives also includes possessive adjectives. Such adjectives indicate that one object belongs to another person (or object). For example: sister's brooch, dad's car, bear's den.
Full and short adjectives
Qualitative adjectives are divided into the following subtypes: full and short adjectives. Examples of full adjectives: handsome, kind, young. From such adjectives we can create short adjectives by shortening the word, which does not change its essence. Examples: handsome, kind, young.
Full adjectives in a sentence, as a rule, they act as a definition. For example: Beautiful house stood at the edge of the forest. Brief qualitative Adjectives in a sentence are usually the predicate. For example: The breeze is fragrant and fresh.
Relative adjectives are never short.
It should be remembered that short adjectives that belong to the masculine gender, the stem of which ends in a hissing letter, written the same way as nouns male– without adding soft sign at the end. For example: skinny, good, fresh, hot.
An adjective is a significant part of speech, which, unlike, does not mean a process, does not name an object (like a noun). The adjective enters into certain syntactic and morphological connections with the noun, defining their qualitative characteristics.
In contact with
What are adjectives used for?
It is impossible to imagine speech activity and literary creativity without adjectives. Describing an object or phenomenon, adjective gives him full description, reveals quality, highlights distinctive features.
It's hard to describe what a day might be like without using adjectives.
When describing a day, adjectives give it a certain emotionally charged characteristic. The day can be warm, cold, boring, interesting, ordinary, difficult, successful, sad, funny, special, etc.
Let's take the word "morning". Let's consider what morning is like if we describe it using adjectives. It can be gloomy, sunny, summer or winter, autumn, spring, rainy and cloudy, frosty, cold or warm.
Depending on the adjective, subject noun can be personified, look bright, alive, animated.
Attention! Translated from Latin, the term adiectivum means “adjacent”, “adjacent”. The meaning fully characterizes this.
Adjective closely related with a pronoun or noun. Here it is appropriate to recall Mitrofanushka’s explanation from Fonvizin’s famous comedy. "The Minor" argued that the door belongs to the adjective because it is attached "to its place." Despite the grammatical nonsense regarding “fit,” there is a certain logic in Mitrofanushka’s reasoning.
Adjective categories
What kind of adjective there is in , you can determine it by its lexical and grammatical features.
How to define a quality adjective?
Quality denote quality, properties, characteristics. They answer the question: what? which? which? and point to:
- Color - blue, purple;
- Shape - oval, square;
- Parameters: low, wide;
- Temperature - hot, warm;
- Weight - heavy, light;
- Size – tiny, huge;
- The sound is shrill, weak;
- Space – left, far;
- Physical and intellectual properties – smart, healthy;
- Character traits - arrogant, kind;
- General characteristics: negative, reliable.
Important! Qualitative adjectives are words that characterize objective features inherent in a particular object, living being, or phenomenon.
Relative answers the same questions as qualitative. Indicates:
- Material: iron, wood;
- Purpose, properties - folding, mobile;
- Status – military, civilian;
- Time – morning, evening;
- Unit of measurement – one-story, two-meter;
Possessives indicate that an object belongs to another person (animal), answer the question whose? whose? whose?:
- Grandma's table;
- Fathers jacket;
- Squirrel hollow;
- Cat bowl.
Sentences with adjectives will help to consider the role of this part of speech in the descriptive characteristics of quality. Let's study examples of combinations with the word “estate”:
- Big estate is a qualitative adjective denoting a certain size. Answers the question which?
- Landowner estate - a possessive adjective indicates ownership. Answers the question whose?
- Wooden estate - this relative adjective denotes material and answers the question Which?
Important! The meanings of all types of adjectives are expressed in the morphological categories of gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), cases, and number (singular/plural)
.Borrowed nouns of foreign origin, Having passed into the Russian language, they agree with adjectives in case, gender, number, without changing the form. For example: In the bedroom there were new beautiful blinds.
The concept of what happens jury, give adjectives: the jury can be city, local, school, strict, incorruptible, etc.
Attention! Sentences with adjectives combined with borrowed words show changes.
Foreign words remain static:
- I found myself in clean compartment.
- There was a cup on the table hot coffee.
- There were new riding breeches.
Variety of quality
A real polyphony of characteristics can be expressed by evaluative adjectives.
Let's take the word "forest". What is it like if we use adjectives to characterize it?
The forest can be green, deaf, young, old, mysterious, dense, dense, fabulous, mysterious, distant, etc.
Evaluative adjectives are able to interpret a characteristic by generalizing it. Examples of evaluative interpretations:
- Rationality (harmful, beneficial);
- Quality (good, bad);
- Emotionality (satisfaction, pleasure);
- Communicativeness (agreement, disagreement, approval, etc.).
Important! Evaluative adjectives are qualitative adjectives that carry a special, generalized semantics of quality.
- Useful class, "live" food (rationality);
- Fiery speech, fabulous landscape (emotionality);
- Filthy sidewalk, spoiled product (quality);
- Friendly meeting, closed person (communication).
Evaluative adjectives play big role in language. Depending on the meanings, they are used in everyday speech, business, literary, and the media.
Qualitative or relative?
Having found out what adjectives are, you can consider their differences.
How to determine which adjective is qualitative and which is relative or possessive? What adjective happens will help determine the meaning of the word and its grammatical properties.
Let's look at what morning is like, describing it using adjectives.
- Morning has appeared cold.(quality)
- Morning autumn brought coolness. (relative)
- Petino the morning started poorly. (possessive)
In the first example, a quality indicator (temperature). Qualitative adjectives capable of giving comparative characteristics: yesterday morning colder; With the coldest morning this week. They give shades of quality: they reduce properties or enhance them. For example: the water seemed coldish. In addition, adverbs are formed from them: Cold, Beautiful etc.
In the second case - relative adjective. It bears a permanent sign. It differs from qualitative in that it does not provide comparison. It cannot be said that tomorrow morning will be more autumnal. In addition, these adjectives can be replaced with phrases: autumn leaves- autumn leaves, autumn signs - signs of autumn.
In the third example possessive adjective Petino means belonging. Answers the question whose?
Adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive
Russian 6 Places of adjectives Qualitative adjectives
Conclusion
The specific nature of adjectives is especially clearly manifested in the Russian language, revealing the richest variety of its semantic properties.
Famous linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. There are already students in Russian high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.
As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?
Which? –small yard school teacher, bear claw.
Which? –a wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.
Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.
Which? – polite students, regional competitions, bunny ears.
Each row contains examples qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As has already become clear, simply asking a question about an adjective will not give a result; the category cannot be determined in this way.
Grammar and semantics(meaning of the word). Let's consider each category of adjectives by meaning .
Qualitative adjectives
It’s already clear from the name what these adjectives mean. quality of the item. What kind of quality could this be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics Living creatures (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial features (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animate object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.
Also, most (but not all!) qualitative adjectives have whole line grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some attribute is suitable for this adjective - you have a quality adjective. So:
1) Qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the ability to form degrees of comparison.
Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – the most interesting.
2) Form short forms . Long is long, short is small.
3) Combine with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.
4) From qualitative adjectives you can form adverbs on -o(s) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -izn-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blue, blue - blue, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.
5) You can also form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: angry - angry, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.
6) Can have antonyms: big - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.
As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives have No degrees of comparison, some abstract nouns do not form, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit according to other criteria.
For example, adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but it means color = quality of item, - that means it quality.
Or adjective beautiful. You can't tell very beautiful, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.
Relative adjectives
Designate a sign through an attitude towards an object. What kind of relationship could this be - signs? Material, from which the item is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone basement - stone basement, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal is a scandal that happened today; intercity bus – a bus between cities; Moscow region – Moscow region); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's store - store for children) and etc.
Signs of this 
and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features inherent quality names adjectives, relatives do not have. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(not to say that this house is wooden, and that one is more wooden), cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.
But phrases with relative adjectives can be transform, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - village resident, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.
We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. We’ll talk about possessive adjectives and some pitfalls in the next article.
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In Russian, the adjective plays a very important role. This part of speech gets its name from the fact that it is usually “attached” to a noun. In other words, the adjective depends on the noun and denotes its attribute. These signs can be different: the quality of the object (which?), the material from which the object is made (which?) and the identity of the object (whose?).
Adjectives are divided into three categories, depending on what attribute of the subject they denote. So, for example, relative ones - “wooden”, “glass”, “brick”. Possessives – “mother’s”, “grandmother’s”, “dog’s”. But most of all in the Russian language there are quality adjectives. They are widely used in fiction as epithets. They are also notable because they have degrees of comparison. Relative and possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, because you cannot say “the brickiest” or “the most motherly.”
How to define a quality adjective
This part of speech can denote a variety of characteristics of objects, for example:
- Positive traits character (“kind”);
- Negative character traits (“cruel”);
- Age("old");
- Shades (“dark”);
- Taste and aroma (“sweet”).
It is quite easy to identify it in the text. In order to find out which category an adjective belongs to, you need to try to put it in the degree of comparison. If it works (for example, “kinder - kinder - the kindest”), then it belongs to the category of quality.
Signs of a name
The signs of qualitative adjectives help to easily determine whether this part of speech really belongs to this category. They vary depending on the gender and number of the noun. This is done using endings. Among the main features are the following:
- Have a gender(male, female or average). In a phrase or sentence, they take the gender of the noun with which it is associated. Examples: “dark dress”, “ a dark room", "dark window";
- Have a number. The number also depends on the number of the noun. Examples: “delicious candies”, “delicious chocolate”;
- Agree with the noun in case, have case endings . For example, “I see a kind mother” - accusative, “I am pleased with the old grandfather” – instrumental case;
- In a sentence they serve as a definition, at parsing are emphasized by a continuous wavy line.
Adjectives are very important for literary Russian. Without them, the idea of an object or phenomenon will be incomplete. For example, rain can be “strong” or “weak”, a person can be “smart” or “stupid”, and a story can be “boring” or “interesting”. Proper use in oral and written speech adjectives makes speech figurative, beautiful, expressive. It is especially important to use them correctly in poetry and prose. The type of text in which qualitative adjectives predominate is traditionally called “description”. The purpose of the description is to create the most complete picture of a specific phenomenon or object, so that readers can “see” this image and imprint it in their minds.
The attribute of an object denoted by this part of speech, for example, “age”, “shade”, “character quality”, can be expressed strongly or weakly. For this purpose, in Russian and many other Indo-European languages there is such a concept as degrees of comparison. There are two types of degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
The formation of degrees of comparison can occur in two ways: by adding a special comparative suffix or by adding the words “more”, “less”, “most”. For example: “kind - kinder - kinder” or “kind - more (less) kind - the kindest.” Most adjectives can be used both ways successfully.
However, the first method is more often used in oral speech, and the second method in written speech, especially in scientific, journalistic and official business style. IN artistic style both methods are used. Also, both methods are considered correct and acceptable from the Russian point of view literary language. Adjectives that belong to other categories (relative and possessive) do not have degrees of comparison.
Qualitative adjectives: examples
“Cheerful”, “boring”, “sad”, “fragrant”, “sweet”... The list goes on and on. In any literary text, from a school textbook to poems by classics of Russian poetry, there are sure to be at least several such adjectives. But relative and possessive adjectives are not found in every text.
Almost every adjective has many synonyms – different words, denoting the same feature. These synonyms form synonymous series. Here is an example of such a synonymous series: “happy - cheerful - joyful.” Or, for example: “angry - cruel - harsh - ferocious.” In such rows, synonyms can be arranged in ascending or descending order of the degree of expression of a particular trait, for example: “boring (the trait is expressed slightly) – tedious (the trait is expressed more strongly) – dreary (the trait is expressed most clearly).
The competent use of synonyms and knowledge of their gradations depending on the degree of expression of a particular quality makes written and oral speech capacious, figurative, expressive. Such synonyms are very often used in literary descriptions.
Qualitative adjectives in fiction
The most expressive artistic media may appear in poetic and prose fiction as epithets. Epithet is artistic definition. Usually, with the help of an epithet, a poet or prose writer expresses his unusual view of familiar things. For example, the word “pale” in the phrase “pale moon” can hardly be called an epithet; it is simply a definition of color.
However, a poet or writer, describing the moon, can choose such epithets for this subject as “magical”, “young”, “wise”. Epithets help to look at many familiar things from an unusual point of view. Many works of art, which contain long, detailed descriptions, are characterized by big amount various epithets. Well-chosen epithets help describe a person’s appearance and character, features of a natural phenomenon (for example, rain, thunderstorm or snowfall), place (village, city or room).
Classical Russian poetry and prose is characterized by the active use of various epithets. It is epithets that give poetry and prose naturalness and brightness, and help the reader to visualize in his mind this or that phenomenon (or object, place, image of a person).
But also modern speech is unthinkable without adjectives. They have great importance in modern Russian language. Without their use, it is impossible to get a complete picture of an object (phenomenon, person). In order to develop competent oral and written speech in secondary school students, teachers of the Russian language and literature should pay attention to Special attention on the correct use of all parts of speech. You should also consider in detail the problem of epithet in the Russian language using the example of fragments from the works of Russian classics.
