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An insidious soft sign after hissing. In what cases is it written? Spelling of hard and soft sign

No matter how hard they try to convince students that the knowledge they received in school years, will be needed by them in the future, unfortunately, this is not the case. However, some things that are taught in school will actually come in handy in adult life. For example, the ability to write well. To master it, you need to know the basic grammatical laws of the Russian language. Among them are the rules governing the use of separators ъ and ь signs.

Solid sign: history and its role in the word

The twenty-eighth letter of the Russian alphabet, despite the fact that it does not denote sounds, performs an important function in words. Therefore, before consideringthe rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs are worthlearn a little about its history and role in the word.

A solid sign existed in Slavic languages almost from the very moment of their formation. At first, it was a short vowel sound, until it became an unpronounceable letter used to divide a word into syllables, as well as replacing spaces.

IN late XIX V. it was noted that the frequent use of ъ in texts (4% of the total volume) is inappropriate, especially in telegraphy, cursive writing and typography. In this regard, more than once they tried to limit the use of a solid mark.

After the 1917 revolution, this letter was generally abolished for almost ten years. In those years, the apostrophe was used as a separator in words.However, in 1928 it was excluded from the Russian language (but preserved in Ukrainian and Belarusian), and its dividing function was taken over by a solid sign, which it still performs to this day.

In what cases is put ъ in words

As for the use of a solid sign, there are several rules for putting it before e, u, yo, i:

After prefixes that end in a consonant: connector, pre-anniversary.
In terms that came from other languages, with the prefixes ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, ob- and sub-: adjuvant, disjunction.
After counter, pan, super, trans and feld: pan-Europeanism, superyacht.
In compound words starting with two-, three-, four-: two-core, three-tier, four-language.

There are several exceptions when ъ is not at the junction of the prefix and the root, but inside the word itself. These nouns include: courier and flaw.

When do not put

In addition to the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth remembering the cases when they do not need to be put:

A solid sign is not put in words with a prefix ending in a consonant letter, when it is followed by vowels a, o, and, y, e, s: cloudless, secluded.
This sign is not put in complex abbreviated terms: foreign language, head of trade.
It is also not put in lexemes written with a hyphen: half a diocese, half an apple.

Considering the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs that perform a separating function in a word, it is worth remembering that the lexemes "interior" and "clerk" are written through a soft sign. Such a spelling is no exception, since in the word "interior" the inter is not a prefix, but part of the root. And in the "clerk" the prefix is \u200b\u200bnot under-, but po-, but -clerk is the root.

What are the functions of a soft sign

As for ь, in ancient times it meant a short vowel [and], but gradually, like ъ, it lost its sound.

At the same time, he retained the ability [and] to give softness to the previous consonant sound.

Unlike a solid word, it can perform 3 functions.

Dividing.
Informs about the softness of the preceding sound.
Used to denote certain grammatical forms.

Rules for the use of a soft sign

Studying the laws of the Russian languageregulating the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth learning a few rules:

A soft sign that performs a dividing function is never placed after a prefix (this is the lot of a hard sign). Parts of words in which the separating b is written are the root, suffix and ending before e, e, u, i: monkey, interior. This rule applies to both Russian vocabulary and borrowed terms from other languages.
The separating b is placed in some words before the letter combination he: champignon, medallion, broth and million.

In the case when b informs about the softness of the previous sound, and does not perform a separating function, its setting is determined by the following rules:

In the middle of a word, ь indicates the softness of the letter l if it precedes another consonant, except for l: finger, prayer. Also, a soft sign “does not wedge” into letter combinations: lf, nsh, nn, rsh, chk, ch, rch, schn ( drummer, candle).
In the middle of a word, this sign is placed between soft and hard consonants: please, very much.
In the middle of a word, ь can stand between two soft consonants. Provided that when the form of the word changes, the first remains soft, and the second becomes hard: a request is a request, a letter is a letter.
In some cases, this symbol is located at the end of a word after consonants. In doing so, it helps to set the value of the lexeme: linen(plant) - laziness(quality of character), con(place for bets in the game) - horse(animal).

As a marker for individual grammatical forms, this sign is used in such cases:

In adjectives arising from the names of the months (except January): February, September.
At the end of numerals from 5 to 30, as well as in their middle, if they denote tens from 50 to 80 and hundreds from 500 to 900: six, seventy, eight hundred.
In the imperative mood of verbs (except lie down - lie down): take out - take out, throw - throw.
In the infinitive (the initial form of the verb): keep, grow.
In all cases, the words "eight" and in the instrumental plural. numbers of individual numerals and nouns: six, lashes.

The use of b and b signs after hissing w, h, u, sh

Follow these letters soft sign possible under the following conditions:

At the end of most adverbs and particles, except for: really, already, unbearable, married and in the preposition between.
In the infinitive: save, bake.
In the imperative mood of verbs: smear, soothe.
In the endings of the second person of verbs singular future and present times: sell, sell.
At the end nominative case nouns kind, in the third declension: daughter, power. For comparison in the m. gender - call, broadsword.

In some cases, ь is not used after these letters:

In nouns II declension: executioner, fake.
IN short forms adjectives: fresh, poignant.
In the genitive case of plural nouns: puddle, cloud

A solid sign after w, w, h, u at the end of a word or root is not put, since its “place” is always after the prefix before e, e, y, i.

Use of ь and ъ signs: exercises

Having familiarized yourself with all the cases of setting soft and hard signs, it is worth moving on to the exercises. In order not to be confused, we have collected together most of the above rules governing the use of ь and ъ signs. The table below will serve as a hint for completing tasks.

IN this exercise you need to choose which of the letters should be put in words.

This task concerns the use of a soft sign following the hissing letters. It should open the brackets and, where necessary, put a soft sign.

In the last exercise, you need to write out the proposed words in 2 columns. In the first - those that are used with ь, in the second - those that are without it.

That both hard and soft signs are "silent" letters, they play an important role in the Russian language. You can make many mistakes in your writing, if you do not know the laws of grammar governing the use of ъ and ь signs. You will have to learn more than one rule so as not to confuse which of the signs should be put in a particular situation. However, it is worth it, especially in the case of a soft sign, since often only its presence helps to determine the lexical meaning of a word.

There are two amazing letters in the Russian alphabet - a soft sign and a hard sign. They themselves do not make any sounds. But they affect the neighbors.

The soft sign performs two important functions in Russian. It denotes the softness of the preceding consonant and is used as a separator.

Sometimes a soft sign in a word is heard, but not. And vice versa ... It is difficult to remember all the rules and exceptions, but I really want to write correctly. Turns out it's not that hard to learn.

Soft sign after hissing

A soft sign is not needed after the hissing second declension singular ( , garage), the first and second declensions during plural genitive case (puddles, skis) and short adjectives male answering the question "what?". For example: fresh - fresh, similar - similar. In with the consonant w at the end (already, married, unbearable), the soft sign is also not used, but it should be written in the word wide open.

The soft sign is not written in the pronouns "our", "your", in the particle "already" and the preposition "between".

Soft sign to indicate the softness of consonants in writing

A soft sign is not written in combinations: -chk- (line, crust), -ch- (bakery, laundry), -nch- (strum, bell), -nsh- (racer, attendant), -rsh- (collector, debater ), -rch- (morel,), -schn- (elegant, powerful), -st- (bridge, reed), -nt- (wrapper, edging).

IN foreign words with a double letter l, the soft sign is not written (collective, collegium, collie).

There is a rule for spelling compound numbers. If the second root is inclined in them, a soft sign should not be written. For example: eighteen - eighteen, fifteen - fifteen.

If the stem of the word from which it is derived relative adjective, ends in -н, -р, then the soft sign is not needed before the suffix -sk-. For example: the beast is brutal, the horse is horse. The exceptions are adjectives formed from the names of the months (except January), words of Chinese origin and adjectives like day. For example: September, November, but January; Sichuan - Sichuan; day - daytime.

Nouns in –nya with a preceding consonant do not have a soft sign. For example: tower - towers. Exception: young lady - young ladies, - kitchens, hawthorn - hawthorn.

To find out if a soft sign is needed in a verb ending in -s, ask a question to it. If there is no soft sign in the question, it means a third person, you do not need to write a soft sign: "he (what does he do?) study", "they (?) care".

If you want to write correctly, do exercises to consolidate the theory and read more.

Sources:

Spelling of hard and soft signs
Spelling soft sign at the end of words after hissing

Writing the “not” particle with pronouns can be a real problem - after all, the Russian language is famous for its ambiguity in such matters. However, if you know a few simple rules, it might not be that difficult.

A pronoun is a special part of speech in Russian, which is usually used instead of denoting an object or being, as well as its properties and other features. At the same time, the pronoun is characterized by its own spelling rules, including cases of writing with the particle “not”.

Rules for writing the particle "not" with pronouns

The common particle "not" when used with a pronoun says that in this situation they should be written separately. At the same time, this method of use concerns the most various types pronouns. In particular, those that designate an object, a being, a sign of an object and other concepts. For example, the particle “not” is used in this way in the following cases: “not the one”, “not you”, “not everyone”, and so on.

Special cases of using the particle "not" with pronouns

A separate situation is represented by cases of using the particle “not” in negative pronouns. They can denote the absence of an object, creature, attribute of an object, or another object. For example, the group of such negative pronouns includes such as “nobody”, “nothing”. In addition, negative pronouns can also denote the indefiniteness of the object in question, such pronouns as "something" or "someone" belong to them. It is noteworthy that in most of these pronouns, the particle "not" will be stressed. If you come across a situation where the negative particle is in a shockless position, in most cases we are talking about another particle - "neither".

In all the examples given and similar to them, the particle “not” should be written together with the pronoun. However, this rule applies only to situations where a negative pronoun is used without a preposition. If the situation in which the negative pronoun is used requires the presence of a preposition between the particle “not” and the main word, they should be written separately. For example, separate spelling is required in the examples "no one", "no one" and the like.

Finally, the special situation of the use of the particle “not” is associated with the phrase “none other than”. In this case, obviously, there is the use of a negative pronoun with the particle “not” without a preposition, however, it is an exception to the rule and requires separate writing of the particle and the pronoun. The same rule applies to some variations of this phrase, namely: "nothing else but", "nothing but", "nothing else like". However, this rule applies only to the given variants of phrases; in other combinations, usual rules writing the particle "not".

Related videos

Everyone knows very well that in the Russian alphabet there are two letters that do not denote sound, cannot begin words and be capitalized. Of course, these are soft and hard signs. It is no coincidence that these letters are called "signs": their use helps to correctly convey the sound of words. With the help of a soft sign, in addition, grammatical forms of words related to different parts speech. Consider the spelling of this sign.

In Russian, soft and hard signs have one common function - dividing.

1. Divider Kommersant written before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I after Russian or foreign prefixes ending in a consonant or in compound words, where the first part is two-, three-, four-, and the second part begins with E, Yo, Yu, I. For example, corrosive, subjective, two-tiered.

REMEMBER: courier, four-act.

2. Divider b written before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I, I inside the word. IN foreign words meets b before ABOUT, For example: blizzard, dress, nightingales, battalion.

3. b used to denote softness at the end of a word: shampoo, stone; after L before other consonants (except L): balm, glazier; after a soft consonant before a hard one: letter, nurse; in numerals (denoting tens and hundreds) from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900: eight hundred, seventy.

REMEMBER: b not written in combinations H And SCH with other consonants, combined letters HH, ZN, SN, NT, ST, ZD: babysit, nocturnal, monkey.

1. b is used to denote grammatical forms:

at the end of third declension nouns: mouse, rye;

at the end of adverbs ending in hissing: all the way, backward, jump, backhand(BUT: already, married, unbearable);

in the indefinite form of the verb : wash, love;

in the 2nd person singular of the present and future tenses: eat, write;

in the creative case: children, eight;

in particles: only.

Task 1. Rewrite the words, insert the missing letters.

1) to ... caustic, 2) from ... to reveal, 2) from ... to yat, 4) white ... floor, 5) piano ... yano, 6) ad ... jutant, 7) n ... juance, 8) nine ... yu, 9) head ... southern, 10) interview .. yer, 11) wasp ... lamprey, 12) p ... edestal, 13) film ... capacious, 14) warm ... capacious, 15) trans ... European, 16) third ... annual, 17) three ... tiered, 18) four ... storey, 19) pass ... jans, 20) champagne ... he. 21) without ... nuclear, 22) variation ..., 23) bondage ... ero, 24) in ... reality, 25) injection ... injection, 26) from ... yang, 27) postal ... he, 28) mouse ... yakov, 29) fel…eton, 30) inter…linguistic, 31) once…unified, 32) with…emochny, 33) feld…jaeger, 34) four…tiered, 35) kan…he, 36) man…chzhur, 37) district… e, 38) hugs ... hugs, 39) con ... yuktivit, 40) drive ... drive.

Topic: Text analysis.

Exercise #1

Last year I was in trouble. I was walking down the street, slipped and fell ... I fell badly, worse than anywhere: my face on the curb, I broke my nose, I smashed my whole face, my hand jumped out in my shoulder. It was about seven o'clock in the evening. In the city center, on Kirovsky Prospekt, not far from the house where I live.

With great difficulty he got up - his face was covered with blood, his hand hung like a whip. I wandered into the nearest entrance 5, tried to calm the blood with a handkerchief. Wherever there, she continued to whip, I felt that I was in a state of shock, the pain was getting stronger, and something had to be done quickly. And I can’t speak, my mouth is broken.

Decided to turn back home.

I was walking down the street, I think not staggering: I was walking, holding a bloody handkerchief to my face, my coat was already gleaming with blood. I remember this path well - about three hundred meters. There were many people on the street. A woman with a girl walked towards me, some couple, an elderly woman, a man, young guys, all of them at first looked at me with curiosity, and then averted their eyes, turned away. If only someone on this path came up to me, asked what was the matter with me, if I needed help. I remembered the faces of many people - apparently, with unaccountable attention, a heightened expectation of help ...

The pain confused my consciousness, but I understood that if I lay down on the sidewalk now, they would calmly step over me, bypass me. We have to get home.

Later I thought about this story. Could people take me for a drunk? It seems to be no, it is unlikely that I made such an impression. But even if they took me for a drunk ... They saw that I was covered in blood, something happened - fell, hit - why didn’t they help, didn’t at least ask what was the matter? So, to pass by, not to get involved, not to waste time, effort, "this does not concern me" has become a familiar feeling?

Pondering, he recalled these people with bitterness, at first he was angry, accused, perplexed, indignant, but then he began to remember himself. And he looked for something similar in his behavior. It is easy to reproach others when you are in a situation of distress, but you must definitely remember yourself, I can’t say that I had exactly such a case, but I found something similar in my own behavior - a desire to move away, evade, not get involved .. And, having convicted himself, he began to understand how familiar this feeling had become, how it warmed up, imperceptibly took root.

Unfortunately, our copious conversations about morality are often too general. And morality ... it consists of specific things - of certain feelings, properties, concepts.

One of these feelings is the feeling of mercy. The term is somewhat outdated, unpopular today and even seems to be rejected by our life. Something peculiar only to former times. "Sister of mercy", "brother of mercy" - even the dictionary gives them as "outdated." , that is, obsolete concepts.

In Leningrad, in the Aptekarsky Island area, there was Mercy Street. They considered this name obsolete, renamed the street into Textile Street.

To withdraw mercy means to deprive a person of one of the most important effective manifestations of morality. This ancient, necessary feeling is characteristic of the entire animal community, the bird community: mercy for the downtrodden and the injured. How did it happen that this feeling overgrown with us, died out, turned out to be neglected? One can object to me by citing many examples of touching responsiveness, condolences, and true mercy. Examples, they are, and yet we feel, and have long been, the decline of mercy in our lives. If it were possible to make a sociological dimension of this feeling.

I am sure that a person is born with the ability to respond to someone else's pain. I think that this is innate, given to us along with instincts, with the soul. But if this feeling is not used 5 , if it is not exercised, it weakens and atrophies.

Task for the exercise:

Read the text from D. Granin's book "Fulcrum". The article is called "On Mercy". Is this text reasoning? Name the main features of the text and this type of speech, prove your opinion.

1) What is the main thesis of this text? What arguments are used to prove it? Are they enough? What is the conclusion? Do you agree with this conclusion?

2) What types of speech, besides reasoning, are used in this text?

We repeat the spelling.

1. Final consonants in prefixes (except for prefixes on h-c) over-, under-, pre-, before -, from-, about- are always spelled the same, no matter how they sound: train - grind, incision - inscription.

2. Attachments without-, air-, from-, bottom-, times-, through-, through- spelled with a letter W before vowels and voiced consonants, and with a letter WITH before voiceless consonants: tasteless, heartless, outlook, extremely, excessively.

3. In consoles times- (ras-) or roses- (ros-) spelled under stress ABOUT, written without stress A: search, look for, painting, painted.

Exception: investigative .

REMEMBER: calculation, prudent, calculate, pay off, quarrel.

4. Prefix With- written before voiceless and voiced consonants: cut down, knock down. In words here, building, health, no zgi Z included in the root.

Fill in the missing letters in the words:

and…following; ra ... to know; be…cherished; be ... coven; and ... flow; ra ... reduced; be…mortal; ra ... to provoke; ra ... trample; and ... scoop; r ... write-off; r ... detective department, r ... looking for a book, give r ... a list.

We repeat the spelling.

Prefixes pre-, at- differ in meaning:

a) prefix pre- close:

* to the meaning of the word "very": lovely;

* to the meaning of the word "in a different way": transform, reshape;

* denotes an action reaching the ultimate degree: surpass;

b) prefix at -:

* indicates spatial proximity: coastal;

* joining or approaching: approach, approach;

* performing an action in an incomplete amount: cover up, lay down;

* bringing the action to the end: swim, teach;

* an action performed in the interests of the subject: to appropriate, to pocket.

It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words:

REMEMBER: pursue, neglect, claim, obstacle, pretender, prestige, president, prerogative, punctuation marks; pretend, privilege, private, priority.

Exercise. Write out the phrases, fill in the missing letters.

1) to ... give in to dreams, 2) to ... adapt to circumstances, 3) a picture without pr ... beauty, 4) to misunderstand, 5) to ... give ridicule, 6) signs of pr ... kicking, 7) pr ... to be given to memories , 8) pr ... walking phenomenon, 9) pr ... tame the beast, 10 pr ... bizarre drawing, 11) pr ... twist, 12) pr ... block the road, 13) pr ... increase danger, 14) pr ... draft horse .

ORTHOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY

To main

Spelling words into letters from A before I look at the list of letters >>>

The most important spelling rules.

Letters b and b.

4. Letter b written to indicate the softness of consonants other than sibilants at the end of a word, e.g. con b , Sol b , topics b .

Note. At the end of a word after a hissing letter b put to indicate
word forms, for example: backwoods b (see paragraph 20), strich b (see par. 66), cut off b (see par. 67).

5. Letter b is written to denote the softness of a consonant before a hard consonant, for example: WHO b mu, hammer b ba, nanny b ka, vos b my.

6. Letter between soft consonants b it is written in the event that when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first retains its softness, for example: WHO b mi WHO b mu, hammer b be hammer b ba, nanny b ki nanny b ka, vos b mi vos b my, (compare words in which a letter is not written between soft consonants b ; branches(because branch), worms(because worm-hole), death(because mortal).

Note 1: In some cases, the letter b is placed between consonants to indicate the grammatical form: 1) in imperative mood verbs ( ready b those, sit down b those, familiar b tes); 2) in the indefinite form of the verb ( cook b Xia, sits down b Xia, will introduce b Xia); 3) when declining some nouns and numerals ( children b mi, people b mi, horse b mi, four b me).

Note 2. After the hissing letter b is used either to indicate the form of a word, or as a separate sign: 1) esh b those, dir b those(form of the imperative mood); 2) you wash your face b Xia(form of the second person singular); 3) sharp b Xia(infinitive); 4) erysipelas b Yu(as a separator).

7. Letter b used after soft l , standing before any consonant (both hard and soft), for example: in eh ny, me eh nitsa, se eh d, soon eh sz.

l letter b not written, for example: gu ll willow, uh ll in(Greek).

8. Letter b used only as a separator before letters her) , Yu , I in the following cases:

a) between a prefix on a consonant sound and a root starting with letters her) , Yu , I , For example: under b rides, about b eat, above b natural, volition b phenomenon, between b longline;

b) in compound words after numerals two-, three-, four-, For example: two b longline, three b lingual;

c) in foreign words after foreign prefixes, for example: hell b dutant, in b section, con b juncture, counter b tier, about b ect, sub b ect, trance b European and so on.

dictionary.liferus.ru

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation (1956)

Spelling

Section 70. Letter b only written before e, yu, i in the following cases:

1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, will, intertier.

2. In compound words after numerals two, three, four, For example: three-tiered.

3. In foreign words after foreign prefixes ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans- and after the initial particle pan- , For example: adjutant, disjunction, injection, injection, conjuncture, counter-tier, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.

§ 71. Letter b i, e, yu, i , For example: quarry, loach, weeds, clerk, family, gun, at night, rye, sparrow, curious, fox, fox, fox, whose, whose, whose, I drink, I sew.

Note. Letter b before O battalion, broth, guillotine, carmagnola, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.

§ 72. Letter b h, w drink, darkness, horse, and in the middle of a word before a solid consonant, for example: threshing, please, babysitter, less.

b written in the following cases:

1. If, when changing the word, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nannies(nurse), wedding(wedding), eight(eighth).

2. To indicate softness l , For example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.

h, w , letter b not written, for example: bones, early, babysit, tip, mason.

Note. between two soft l letter b not written, for example: illusion, goofy.

§ 73. Letter b It is also written in the following cases:

1. In formed from numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine fifty (fifty, fifty), sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundred, But: fifteen (fifteen, fifteen), sixteen and so on.

2. In the forms of creativity. pad. plural h, for example: children, people, Also four.

3. Indefinitely before -sya -sya And -those , For example: drink - get drunk; fix - fix, fix; weigh - weigh, weigh.

1. In adjectives with a suffix -sk- formed from nouns on b , For example: Kazan(Kazan), Kemsky(Kem), Siberian(Siberia), brutal(beast), January(January).

Note. adjectives september, october, november, december, june, day (day-day) are written with b ; adjectives formed from Chinese titles on -n , For example: Yunnanese (from Yunnan) .

2. In the genus. pad. plural hours from nouns to -nya with a preceding consonant or th and in those formed from them with the help of a suffix -To- diminutives, for example: cherry - cherries, cherry; slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse; reading room - reading room; But: bathhouse - bathhouse, bathhouse; apple tree - apple tree, apple tree; Also village - villages, village; young lady - young ladies; kitchen - kitchen, kitchenette.

§ 75. After the sizzling (w, h, w, w) letter b written only in the following cases:

1. At the end of nouns female in them. and wine. pad. units h, for example: rye, night, mouse.

2. At the end of the 2nd person unit. h. present and future tenses of the verb after the final w , For example: you carry - you carry, you carry - you carry, you take - you take.

3. At the end of the verb in singular. h. imperative mood, and the letter b is preserved before -sya , For example: smear - smear; hide - hide eat.

4. In the plural. h. imperative before - those, - those , For example: smear - smear; hide - hide eat.

5. At the end of the verb in an indefinite form, and the letter b written before -sya , For example: shear, shear.

6. In all adverbs after final w And h , For example: all the way, jump, away, as well as in the adverb wide open.

7. At the end of the particles: vysh, bish, only, ish.

Letters b And b

The letter ъ is written only before e, e, u, i in the following cases:

When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: under the driveway, volume, over natural, volitional phenomenon, inter tiered.
In compound words, after the numerals two-, three-, four-, for example: three b tiered.
In foreign words, after foreign prefixes ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, trans- and after the initial compound particle pan-, for example: ad jutant, dis junction, injection, interactional, conjuncture, counter-tier, object, subject, trans-European, pan-European.

The letter b is written inside the word not after prefixes to separate the pronunciation of the consonant from the ones following it and, e, e, u, i, for example: career, v yun, storm yang, subyachy, seven i, rouge b yo, night yu, rye yu, sparrow other, curious, fox, fox yu, fox u, ch ya, ch yo, ch yu, p yu, sh yu .

Note. The letter b before about is written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, broth, guillotine, pocket, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.

The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of the consonant, except for h, u (see § 75), at the end of the word, for example: whether, those, horse, and in the middle of the word before a hard consonant, for example: grind ba, please ba, nya, less.

To indicate the softness of a consonant in front of another soft consonant, ь is written in the following cases:

If, when the word changes, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nannies (nanny), wedding be (wedding), eight (eighth).
To indicate the softness of l, for example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.

In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, u, the letter b is not written, for example: bones, early, nurse, tip, mason.

Note. Between two soft l, the letter b is not written, for example: and ll yuziya, gu ll ivy.

The letter b is also written in the following cases:

In the numerals formed from the numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine complex numbers in which both parts are declined, for example: five ten (fifty, fifty), six ten, seven ten, eight ten, nine hundred, but : fifteen (fifteen, fifteen), sixteen, etc.
In creative forms. pad. plural hours, for example: children, people, also four.
In an indefinite form before -sya and in an imperative mood before -sya and -te, for example: drink drink; fix fix it, fix it; weigh in weigh in, weigh in.

The letter ь is not written:

In adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from nouns in -ь, for example: Kazan (Kazan), Kemsky (Kem), Siberian (Siberia), beastly (beast), January (January).

Note. Adjectives September, October, November, December, June, day (day-day) are written with ь; adjectives formed from Chinese names ending in -n are also written, for example: Yunnan (from Yunnan).

In the genus pad. plural hours from nouns ending in -nya with a preceding consonant or й and in those formed from them with the help of a suffix -to- diminutives, for example: cherry cherries, cherry; slaughterhouse slaughterhouse; reading room reading room; but bathhouse bathhouse, bathhouse; apple tree apple trees, apple tree; also village villages, village; young lady young ladies; kitchen kitchens, kitchenette.

After hissing (x, h, w, u), the letter b is written only in the following cases:

At the end of feminine nouns in them. and wine. pad. units hours, for example: rye, night, mouse.
At the end of the 2nd person singular. hours of the present and future tenses of the verb after the final w, for example: you carry you carry you, you wear you you wear you, you will accept you will accept.
At the end of the verb in singular h. imperative mood, and the letter b is preserved and before -sya, for example: smear smear; hide hide; eat
In plural h. imperative mood before -te, -tes, for example: smear smear; hide hide; eat.
At the end of the verb in an indefinite form, and the letter b is written before -sya, for example: strich b, strich b.
In all adverbs after the final w and h, for example: completely, jump, away, and also in the adverb wide open.
At the end of the particles: you see, that is, only, you see.

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Spelling of separating b and b Spelling of separating ъ (solid character).

65. Spelling of dividing b and b Spelling of dividing b (solid sign).

1. Separating b (solid sign) is written before the vowels e, e, u, i:

after a prefix ending in a consonant: entrance, detour;
in words of foreign origin after prefixes ending in a consonant (ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, counter-, ob-, sub-, per-, trans-) or after a compound particle pan- : adjutant, trans-European;
in compound words, the first part of which is the numerals two-, three-, four-: two-tier, three-story;

2. This rule does not apply to compound words: children.

Spelling dividing b (soft character).

Separating b (soft sign) is written:

inside the word before the vowels e, e, u, i: peasant, blizzard;
in some words of foreign origin before the letter o: medallion, champignon.

Spelling of vowels after hissing and q in suffixes and endings.

1. In the endings and suffixes of nouns, adjectives and suffixes of adverbs, stressed after hissing and c is written o, without stress - e (knife "m, big" go, book "nka, end" m, ring "vy-vat; NO ekila "weap, p" look for, red "zhego, merchants" vets, ring "th).

2. After hissing under stress, yo is written:

in the endings of verbs (neighing, lying),
in the suffix of the verb -yovyva- (uproot),
in the noun suffix -ёr- (trainee),
in the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk- (uprooting),
with the suffix of passive participles -yon (n) - (combat, harnessed),
in the suffix of verbal adjectives (zhzhёny) and in words derived from these adjectives (zhzhenka),
in the pronoun about what,
words and, by no means.

b and b after the sibilant rule

The given set of rules of Russian spelling of 1956 is still valid.

Hard and soft signs

soft sign b

§ 71. Letter b written inside the word not after prefixes to separate the pronunciation of a consonant from those following it And, e, Yu, I, For example: career, loach, weeds, clerk, family, gun, at night, rye, passerine, curious, fox, fox, fox, whose, whose, whose, I drink, I sew.

Note. Letter b before O written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, bouillon, guillotine, Carmagnole, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.

§ 72. Letter b written to indicate the softness of a consonant, except h, sch(see § 75), at the end of a word, for example: drink, darkness, horse, and in the middle of a word before a solid consonant, for example: threshing, request, nurse, less.

To indicate the softness of a consonant before another soft consonant, b written in the following cases:

If, when changing the word, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nannies(nurse), wedding(wedding), eight(eighth).
To indicate softness l, For example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.

In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, sch, letter b not written, for example: bones, early, babysit, tip, mason.

Note. between two soft l letter b not written, for example: illusion, goofy.

§ 73. Letter b It is also written in the following cases:

In formed from numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine complex numerals in which both parts decline, for example: fifty(fifty, fifty) sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundred, But: fifteen(fifteen, fifteen) sixteen and so on.
In the instrumental plural, for example: children, people, Also four.
In an indefinite form before — sya and in an imperative mood before -sya And -those eg: drink - get drunk; fix - get better, fix; suspension - get suspended, weigh.

After the hissing. We will lay down the rules for you when it should not be done and when it is strictly necessary to do it.

These rules are based on what part of speech is being discussed, in what declension and in what part of the word.

Soft sign after hissing - setting rule

We put a soft sign:

A soft sign after hissing must be written in feminine nouns if they are in the singular in the nominative and

Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.

Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth on the night of either a son or a daughter.

2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense at the endings after the sibilants.

Example in a word: you will, you will become, you cook, you remember, you believe, you will do.

Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving.

- Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Example: returning, straining, intending.

3. In singular verbs in endings after sibilants.

Example in a word: Cut! Eat! Hide!

Addition: If the ending is added to these verbs - Xia, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't fool around!

Examples in sentences: Vadik, don't be foolish and don't hide!

4. In verbs in and imperative before endings - those, - those.

Example: smear - smear - smear.

Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!

5. In verbs of an indefinite person, including before the ending -sya.

Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.

Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.

6. In adverbs, it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.

Example: Entirely, jump, backhand, wide open.

Example in a sentence: He started the horse at a gallop, and hacked at the air with his sword.

Exceptions: Oh, unbearable, married.

7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you only.

Example words: that is, only.

In a sentence: Look what a bully!

Why sometimes a soft sign is not written after hissing ones?

You don't have to write:

In nouns of the nominative case.

Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.

Offer: A swift flew up to our window.

2. In plural and genitive nouns.

Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grish, between, puddles.

Suggestion example: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.

3. In short form.

Example: powerful, hot, good, flying, melodious, comely.

Offer: He was good-natured and good-looking...

4. In pronouns with hissing at the end.

Examples: yours, ours.

Given the above, the spelling of a soft sign after hissing differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.

Elementary teachers give their students rhymed versions of the rules - for easier memorization.

Rules in verse!

Nouns "a lot"

Nouns "my" -

We don't put up any sign!

In verbs and adverbs

The sign is always written

And in short adjectives

We never write!

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