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Gray pipe for sewerage in the ground. Laying sewer pipes in the ground: technological rules and nuances. Underground sewerage

Underground sewerage includes a whole range of engineering structures, equipment, as well as sanitary cleaning work to ensure their uninterrupted operation. Sewerage is an integral part of water supply and drainage systems.

All wastewater is transported through the system to a sump. The system consists of two independent branches, for household outlets and for the removal of atmospheric water (storm sewer). It is accepted that they are transported through separate pipelines.

The laying of underground sewerage is the most expensive, both in terms of time and material costs. When laying the system, it is necessary to take into account many criteria that will ensure continuous and uninterrupted operation. One of the criteria is the insulation of pipes. If the insulation is not done with high quality, then the pipes in severe frost can freeze and the drain will stall. The use of plastic pipes is less dangerous, due to the fact that they are not afraid of deformations, since they are cast iron and will not burst.

The depth of the external sewage pipe in the ground depends on the depth of soil freezing in your area and is calculated 30 cm deeper than this depth. It is customary to lay underground sewers to a depth of at least 70 cm, and for areas with low winter temperatures, this depth is set to at least 1.2 m. Today, the industry produces special polypropylene pipes, which have good thermal insulation characteristics. The use of thermal insulation can significantly reduce the depth of laying sewerage in the ground, and, therefore, reduce the cost of laying work and, in the future, repair and maintenance.

Lightweight pipe,

Easily installed.

Minuses:

Soft, easy to deform when pressure increases,

Thick wall pipes are very expensive,

They become unusable under the influence of sunlight.

Polyethylene pipes

There are smooth and corrugated. The latter, by the way, are more durable.

Pros:

The possibility of laying pipes to a depth of 15 m, as they do not deform under the weight of the soil,

Smooth interior walls

small mass,

Easy installation due to the presence of connectors and tees,

Service life more than 50 years.

Minuses:

Deformed at temperatures above 65 ° C,

Fall into disrepair under the influence of sunlight,

It is laid only in the ground.

For all their advantages, polyethylene pipes have little strength, so their rigidity is increased by an external corrugated layer.

Asbestos cement pipes

Such pipes are made from an aqueous mixture of cement and asbestos.

Pros:

Resistant to all chemicals

Service life up to 100 years,

Easy to install and simply connect to each other,

small mass,

They rarely get clogged.

Minuses:

Very fragile (this must be taken into account when buying and carefully inspect the pipes for chips and cracks),

Difficult transportation, again, due to fragility.

These two drawbacks overshadow all the advantages of such pipes, so they are practically not used now.

Ceramic pipes

Ceramic pipes have been used since before our era, but even now it is also used in the construction of sewers.

Pros:

Easily tolerate temperature changes

Resistant to all chemicals, even the most corrosive ones,

Easy to install

Practically do not clog due to the slight roughness of the inner walls.

Minuses:

Very fragile and because of this, their installation and delivery is complicated,

A small length, which leads to a large number of joints between them.

Due to their fragility, ceramic pipes have practically disappeared from the market as they are difficult to use.

Choice of pipe diameter

When choosing the diameter of the sewer pipe, it is necessary to pay attention to both the inner and outer diameters.

For the sewerage of a small private house, a pipe with a standard diameter of 110 mm is suitable. When combining several sewers into one network, the diameter of the pipe should increase. PPU pipes use the largest diameter size.

In most cases, pipes with a round cross section are used. But there are cases when pipes with a rectangular or elliptical section are used.

Rectangular pipes can be installed if the sewerage is at a depth of up to 1 meter, and elliptical in the case when the soil or drains create very strong pressure on the pipes.

It should also be remembered that if the sewer system is not deep, then it must be insulated, otherwise you can get a pipe rupture at sub-zero temperatures.

Ways to connect sewer pipes

There are three connection methods:

1) welding- the most difficult way, as it requires certain skills and special equipment. Used to connect plastic and metal pipes. In the case of repair, such connections create some difficulties;

2) socket- a thin section of the pipe is inserted into the wide end of the second pipe (bell), rubber seals and sealants are used for tightness, and tow is added at the end;

3) coupling (flanged, socketless)- two pipes are tightly pressed with cuts to each other, a rubber cuff is placed on top and tightened with a clamp. This is the most convenient way to repair sewers.

From all this we can conclude: before choosing a particular type of pipe, it is necessary to analyze all the factors for a particular situation in order to avoid problems in the future. For example, calculate the slope of the sewer pipe depending on the site.

Video: All about sewerage installation

Basically, PVC products are used for the construction of modern sewers, which have many advantages and disadvantages. But pipes of other materials can be used, having their own characteristics. Due to the fact that the consumer is primarily interested in which pipe to use for underground sewage in accordance with his budget, we will consider suitable and affordable varieties.

Characteristics of plastic products

Preparation of trenches for laying sewer pipes

Pipelines with standard sizes are commercially available. Their diameter is determined by GOSTs, that is, pipes can have dimensions of 10, 50, 90, 110, 300 and 160 mm. There are also products of large diameters, but they are not suitable for private construction.

Basically, the connection of plastic pipes is made using a similar technology by inserting into a fitting or other pipeline. Fittings include tees, angles, crosses, bends, revisions, plugs.

All plastic products are light in weight, have a density of 0.95-1.4 g / cm 3, and are distinguished by dielectric properties. Pipes have a slippery and smooth surface, which protects them from deposits.

PVC pipes are resistant to alkalis, acids and mineral oils. They are distinguished by long-term operation, but at a temperature of 70 degrees, the loss of their strength begins. Therefore, they are not suitable for industrial sewage equipment. Also, PVC pipes are hard and slightly brittle, and have low sound insulation.

Polyethylene pipes differ from PVC products in greater slipperiness and pliability. Polyethylene is characterized by better sound absorption, resistance to mechanical damage, better chemical resistance to acids, biomass and alkalis. Corrugated products intended for underground installation, resistant to pressure and soil displacement, can be produced from polyethylene. But there is a risk of pipe deformation when pouring hot water.

installation of revision wells

A more durable material for the production of pressure pipes is polypropylene. The temperature of its softening reaches 140 ºС, melting - 175 degrees. Polypropylene sewerage is resistant to boiling water drain, but at a temperature of less than 5 ºС the material becomes brittle. Because of this, pipelines must be laid underground or thermally insulated. Polypropylene is highly resistant to wear, so it can be used for draining wastewater with a high content of solid abrasive elements.

Characteristics of products made of cast iron and other materials

Cast iron pipes can often be found in old buildings, but they are no longer recommended in the arrangement of new buildings. The only advantage of cast iron pipes over plastic ones is their high sound absorption. Otherwise, they are characterized by a large mass, high cost, and complex installation. They can be used for laying under roads due to their high strength. If you opted for these pipes, then it is better to choose products treated with an anti-corrosion compound.

When constructing a sewer system in cities and enterprises, ceramic, reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement pipelines can be used. But in domestic conditions they are not used.

Which pipeline is better to choose for domestic sewage?

Basically, homeowners refuse cast-iron products due to difficult installation and large mass, preferring plastic counterparts to them. Plastic pipelines can be laid independently without specialists. In addition, plastic is characterized by resistance to the aggressive action of the environment and strength.

For laying internal sewage, it is better to choose PVC products that are resistant to wastewater with different temperature indicators. Pipes withstand freezing and ground pressure, do not form cracks and there is no loss of shape. In addition, the plastic structures are airtight and corrosion resistant.

In the rules for laying sewers, there is one condition that must be followed without fail - to avoid sudden changes in levels and turns. When laying sewerage, it is necessary to comply with the regulatory documentation SNiP P-G.3-62.

ensuring the correct slope angle of the sewer pipe

The choice of the diameter of the sewer pipeline

If you study SNiP 2.04.01-85, then it describes in detail the calculation for choosing the size of pipes for sewerage. It turns out that the suitable pipe diameter for sewerage in a private house is 50 mm, to which plumbing equipment for the kitchen and bath can be mounted. For the riser and toilet, designs with a diameter of more than 10 cm are chosen, since a large water flow is created in such places.

The toilet should be mounted to the riser with a separate pipeline. It is not necessary to connect products with a smaller size to its drain, otherwise the pipeline section may be blocked by the flow, a vacuum may be created in the connected pipe. Because of this, the siphons of the rest of the equipment may dry out.

As a result of this, pipes with a diameter of 50 mm will be the best choice for horizontal surfaces that go to the kitchen or bathroom, and 110 mm for the riser and toilet.

For individual drain points (shower, bidet, sinks) smaller pipe diameters of 22-40 mm can be used. Here, rubber cuffs or couplings with a transitional size are used.

For apartment buildings (with 5 floors), pipes with a diameter of 100 mm are suitable, and pipelines larger than 150 mm should be laid in buildings with a higher number of storeys.

Pipes connecting several risers with access to the sewer well can be up to 20 cm in size.

Features of laying sewerage

In addition to choosing the right pipe size, you should consider the details of laying the sewer system. The diameter of the horizontal pipeline cannot be larger than the riser for draining wastewater. Installation of horizontal connections is carried out by oblique corners and tees. Right angles are allowed only when connecting the riser to a horizontal section.

At sewer turns, revisions are installed - openings with covers for cleaning pipes.

First, a system design is created, where the following factors are taken into account:

• soil composition;
• mechanical loads on the sewerage;
• depth of soil freezing;
• depth of groundwater.

The project reflects the placement of all drain points in the house, on the territory, the placement of a water intake point, a septic tank. Also indicated are the turning points, the lines for installing sewer pipes, and the installation of the revision.

At this stage, the material used, the need for thermal insulation, drainage system and the number of adapters are determined. For bends and adapters, a slope of 45ºС must be created; from the pipe to the septic tank, the slope must be at least 2 cm per linear meter. If the sewer is laid above the freezing of the soil, then it is insulated, the joints are sealed with sealant or silicone.

laying sewer pipes at the stage of laying the foundation

Carrying out installation work

Do-it-yourself installation of sewer pipes begins after marking the system on the territory, calculating the laying depth, selecting pipes of the desired diameter, and a cleaning facility.

Preparatory work involves digging a pit for a septic tank or cesspool, after which a trench is dug for pipe installation. They need to be dug 20 cm lower than the planned level of laying sewer elements.

Plastic is resistant to low temperatures, but so that water does not freeze in such pipes, they are wrapped with thermal insulation and covered with a dry mixture of cement and sand in a ratio of 1/3.

laying a drain pipe to a sewer septic tank

In order for the sewerage system to work properly, the slope of the pipes specified in the project must be observed. The depth of the trench on a flat surface near the house should be less than near the sewage treatment plant. With a natural slope from the building to the septic tank, a trench is dug with a uniform depth along the entire length of the pipes.

With a steep slope, it is better to divide the sewer into compartments with different levels, where overflow or distribution wells are mounted.

The bottom of the trench is rammed and covered with gravel or sand. Pipes can be laid in a trench to any depth. With a high placement of groundwater and deep freezing of the soil, a deep trench is dug, where the pipeline is laid high. With a low placement of water, it is placed near the bottom or in the center of the trench.

Before laying pipes in trenches, they should be checked from the inside for cleanliness. The laying of the pipeline begins from the drain points in the house, after which the sewer is mounted towards the treatment plant, connected to the rest of the street drain branches.

It should be remembered about the installation of pipes using an o-ring or silicone grease, installation in the areas of turns and branches of auditors. After careful laying of the pipes, they are carefully wrapped with thermal insulation. Manholes, auditors and a ventilation pipe are mounted near the house. With a large length of the line, it will be necessary to create 1 or 2 ventilation pipes.

Before backfilling the system, a control drain should be performed, which will reflect the quality of the pipe laying.

At the end of all work, the sewer pipes are first covered with a mixture of sand and cement for 15 cm, and then with soil. Manholes and revisions are mounted 20 cm above the ground level.

Additionally, you can familiarize yourself with video instructions for laying sewers, which you can do yourself, subject to the relevant rules.

Any kind of human activity has a tremendous impact on the environment. Especially if it is an industrial production, the waste from which is of great danger.

Wastewater from an enterprise that has a structure modified by physical or chemical methods and a number of impurities can cause serious damage to the environment. That is why the problem of industrial waste disposal has been relevant since the emergence of industrial enterprises. To date, the most effective solution to this problem is the installation of a sewer network. Two types of sewerage can be used as local sewerage at the production facility: external and underground.

Outdoor sewerage- this is a complex of structures and systems located outside the building of the enterprise. It is a network of sewer pipes located on overpasses (supports) and laid to cleaning devices. Underground sewerage includes a set of engineering systems and equipment, sewer pipes to which are carried out in dug trenches or punctures.

Installation of external sewer networks

Ground laying is carried out in most cases in areas with permafrost soils. Pipes are located on channels and trays that are above ground or partially grounded. The method of installation of such a sewer network depends mainly on the conditions of the given object.

Not too aesthetic appearance is the main disadvantage of external sewage

For the installation of pipes with a small and medium diameter, steel or reinforced concrete masts and supports are used, for pipes with a large diameter, reinforced concrete overpasses. Thermal extensions of the sewerage system are equipped with bent expansion joints. Maintenance is carried out from special sites. If necessary, it is possible to install special bridges for crossing.

At cost, as well as the price of installation and maintenance, external sewage is more profitable than underground, but it spoils the aesthetic impression and is not always appropriate.

Underground sewerage

Underground sewerage device somewhat different. There are two types of laying a sewer network underground: channelless (installation of pipes directly in the ground) and channel (laying in special channels).

The first method has a lower cost and performs much faster than the second in terms of time. The safety of the pipes is ensured by special insulation and thickening of the shell. The second provides a high degree of pipe protection against mechanical damage and environmental influences. In addition, the channels used in this method are also divided into several types:

• Passage (large number of pipes)
• Semi-through (multiple pipe crossings)
• Non-permeable (many pipes of small diameter)

Underground sewerage is used much more often than aboveground. It provides good pipe protection, more compact, saves the appearance of the environment. However, it also costs a lot more.

It is unlikely that it will be possible to save money on an underground sewer device

Above ground sewerage ideal when crossing difficult terrain or water barriers. In addition, it is very popular in areas with frozen ground, which does not allow underground installation.

Which way is better is debatable. It all depends on the purpose of the sewer, environmental conditions, aesthetics, convenience and a number of other factors. However, each type has undoubted advantages, which, if used correctly, will serve uninterruptedly for many years.

Many are wondering if it is possible to lay sewer pipes in the ground. The answer is yes.

Before starting work, you must select the desired type of cylindrical structures. Previously, only asbestos or cast iron products were used, but they were adequately replaced by plastic pipes.

This product has many benefits, including:

• low cost;
• the minimum number of joints on one line;
• resistance to temperature in the range from -50 to 60 °C;
• the possibility of docking by gluing or cold welding;
• long service life (more than 50 years);
• resistance to liquids with an acidity index of more than 10 pH;
• easy installation even in difficult areas, such as under asphalt pavement.

Orange or brown PVC pipes are suitable for laying outdoor sewers. There are two types of cylindrical products: SN4 (wall thickness - 3 mm) and SN8 (wall thickness - 3.2 mm).

If the system is to be subjected to traffic loads, SN8 type products must be used, regardless of the paving depth.

Each pipe is marked, so choose carefully. Poor quality designs will cause a malfunction of the entire sewerage system.

Such cylindrical products are resistant to aggressive environments. Due to the smooth inner surface, they are not subject to clogging, thereby extending the service life. The disadvantages of such products made of polyvinyl chloride include instability to high temperatures (more than 40 ° C).

Gray PVC pipes are often used when laying internal sewers. For an outdoor system, they should not be used, since such products are too soft, therefore, they cannot withstand a significant load from the outside. The thickness of their walls is only 2.7 mm.

Today, corrugated polypropylene pipes for sewerage are on sale. Basically, such products are used in industrial enterprises. It is durable and resistant to high temperatures.

Even if corrugated polypropylene pipes are laid deeper than 2 m, the weight of the soil does not deform the product.

Polyethylene products are great for arranging underground sewers. This material is quite strong, and the corrugated structure increases strength several times.

Corrugated PE pipes can be laid in the ground to a depth of 15 m. Unlike orange PVC products, they withstand temperature extremes and exposure to aggressive environments.

In addition, these designs have excellent throughput. They have a corrugated outer and smooth inner surface, thereby minimizing the risk of blockages.

Rarely used products for the construction of underground sewage are asbestos-cement pipes. They weigh less than cast iron, are able to withstand heavy loads and exposure to aggressive environments. Such products are fragile and difficult to install.

The cost of PVC pipes is much lower compared to other types of products. They are highly durable and have a long service life. The disadvantages of such products include instability to high temperatures. PVC pipes are great for arranging the sewerage of a country house.

Corrugated products made of polyethylene cost more, but they are characterized by durability and reliability, thanks to which the drainage system will last for decades.

Diameter

First of all, it is required to take into account the outer and inner diameters of the pipes, since the wall thickness can vary significantly.

For external domestic sewage, it is recommended to use cylindrical products with a standard section of 110 mm. This size is quite enough to serve a small private house. When several buildings or a whole settlement are combined into one sewer network, the cross section must be increased according to the project calculations.

The main mistakes when laying external sewerage

The unstable functioning of the drainage system can be associated not only with the wrong choice of pipe type, but also with poor-quality installation of the structure.

One of the common mistakes is the desire to save on thermal insulation. The liquid frozen in the system threatens not only to stop the water supply or drainage, but also the destruction of the pipes themselves. If in winter the water froze naturally, then it will melt only in late spring or early summer. Finding the problem area and eliminating the cause of the blockage will be very difficult.

You can insulate the water supply by laying a heating cable. This is far from the most budget option, since it involves the purchase of a transformer and high power consumption, but it is considered the most efficient. The heating cable does not allow the liquid to freeze even in the coldest periods.

To further protect the pipes and the high-resistance conductor, insulating materials can be used, for example, Energoflex insulation about 13 mm thick, fiberglass or foam.

A lot of problems can lead to a discrepancy with the plan of a suburban area at the beginning of the work on laying the pipeline. It is imperative to take into account the possible location of existing communications in order to avoid problems associated with their damage.

The key to a favorable sanitary and hygienic situation in the apartment / house, the comfort of all inhabitants. The guarantee of long-term, uninterrupted operation of this engineering network is correct. They will prevent the occurrence of blockages, noise, eliminate leaks. What pipes are suitable for arranging internal sewage?

Cast iron pipes are more reliable and durable

Communications that divert sewage from the building have a lower load than external ones. Their installation is carried out in an open or hidden way. But for any installation scheme, there are criteria for choosing internal sewer communications, these are:

• strength;
• temperature resistance;
• resistance to biological, chemical attack;
• good cross;
• the ability to connect plumbing fixtures;
• compatibility with external sewage;
• simple installation;
• the possibility of repair, replacement.

For laying sewerage in private houses, apartments, products from:

• cast iron;
• polymers (plastic).

Cast iron communications: pros and cons

This material is made from iron ore, which has high performance. Before the advent of analogues, it was used for decades for laying external and internal drains. There are products from:

• - resistant to compression, suitable for arranging a riser, but fragile;
• ductile iron (VChShG) - high-strength, ductile.

According to the functionality, cast iron products are classified into 2 types:

1. SMU - with smooth ends;
2. SME - one outlet of the pipe is smooth, and the other is with a funnel extension (bell).

Cast iron socketless pipe is used to drain recycled water inside the building. Line elements are connected with clamps. The socket pipes are hermetically sealed, therefore they are suitable for forming an external drainage system.

The dimensions of cast iron sewer pipes include the wall thickness of the product, diameter, weight. The throughput of communication is determined by:

• nominal indicator. This is the inner diameter of the cast iron sewer pipe. It has the designation Dn;
• conditional diameter. It displays the rounded / conditional value of the internal hole of the product (DN);
• outer diameter - the distance between the outer walls of the communication (designation G).

The choice of pipes of a certain capacity is determined by the volume of effluents. fluctuates between 50-150 mm. For laying 50-100 mm communications, for outdoor - 100-200 mm. The standard length of the product is 2 m. Taking into account GOST for cast-iron sewer pipes, the weight of the product depends on its nominal diameter:

• 50 mm communication weighs 11 kg;
• 100 mm = 25 kg;
• 150 mm = 40 kg.

Note: the thickness of the communication walls also affects the weight of the product. It varies between 6.7-27 mm.

Cast iron sewer pipe has several advantages:

• strength;
• high service life (up to 85 years);
• plasticity;

Plastic pipes are lighter and easier to repair and replace.

Disadvantages of communications:

• big mass. The weight of the cast iron pipe complicates the transportation and installation of the product. This requires the use of special equipment;
• rough inner walls, which causes sediment accumulation;
• high cost due to the metal content of the product.

Plastic products: advantages and disadvantages

With the advent of polymers, which make it possible to manufacture light and cheap products, the use of cast iron has faded into the background. Communication data from complex plastics.

Plastic sewer pipe - pluses:

• high strength;
• resistance to corrosion;
• long service life (up to 60 years);
• lightness of design, facilitating its transportation and installation;
• high throughput of the product;
• low cost. The average prices for sewer plastic pipes 50 mm in diameter are 65 rubles / m.p., 100 mm = 155 rubles / m.p. (for cast iron, respectively, 550 and 900 rubles / m.p.).

Please note: the lack of communications made of plastic is low resistance to temperature effects. They must not be installed at constant hot drains (65-70˚).

Pipe sizes are standard, or individual (custom). They are selected depending on the expected load on the product. When arranging an autonomous sewage system, the following diameters of sewer plastic pipes are used:

• 100-110-150 mm for risers and central lines, connections;
• 40-50 mm - for distribution lines, sink / sink connection.

Tip: determined by the long line, the number of joints, turns, water pressure. General parameters are specified in SNiP.

Plastic sewerage is laid from pipes:

• polyvinyl chloride (PVC);
• polypropylene (PP);
• polyethylene (PET).

Polyvinyl chloride pipeline

Communications from non-plasticized PVC are used to form external and internal drains (pressure / non-pressure). They are suitable for distributing sewers around the house, when draining sewage by gravity.

The diameter of PVC sewer pipes is established by GOST 51613-2000. According to it, the length of communications should be 4-12 m, the size of the inner hole - 10-315 mm. In a private house, sewer pipes are used to form a riser, connect plumbing fixtures with a large drain volume. 40-50 mm communications are used for laying draw lines and connecting sinks, and 25 mm for drainage from a washing machine / dishwasher.

The PVC pipe is durable and resistant to UV rays. The disadvantage of PVC communications is susceptibility to temperature fluctuations. Constant draining of hot water softens, deforms the material.

Note: in order to avoid the destruction of PVC communications, the wastewater temperature should not exceed 40˚.

Compared to cast iron, a plastic PVC pipeline makes more noise and is prone to burning. This releases poisonous gas.

Polypropylene pipes

These are products made of synthetic, thermoplastic polymers. They are distinguished by increased strength, temperature resistance, acid and alkaline agents. - environmentally friendly, recyclable.

Polypropylene pipes for sewerage serve up to 100 years. Smooth inner walls provide good throughput of communications. This is for laying internal sewerage. PP-products are characterized by low noise/vibration levels, allow you to form distribution lines of various configurations.

Please note: when exposed to high temperatures, PP products elongate. This is compensated by the use of special structures during installation.

Making sewerage wiring from plastic pipes is much easier and cheaper than from cast iron

Polyethylene communications

They are made from a polymer that has undergone extrusion (high pressure treatment). As a result, it acquires super strength. The properties of the line are affected by the density of the polyethylene pipe. There are PET communications:

• low density (high pressure lines) 0.910-0.925 g / cm 3 - are used for laying external sewerage, since they are resistant to mechanical damage;
• medium density - up to 0.940 g/cm 3 ;
• high density (low pressure) up to 0.965 g / cm 3 - products mainly for use inside the house.

Note: externally, products made of LDPE and HDPE are similar, but communications made of low-density material are more solid.

Compared to PVC structures, polyethylene products are more flexible and do not create noise. These communications are not afraid of acids, alkalis, are not subject to corrosion, have good stretching, and last up to 50 years. The disadvantage of these pipes is softening and deformation at a temperature of 80˚. GOST provides for a working temperature of PET pipes of 40˚. The performance characteristics of polyethylene communications are reduced when exposed to UV rays.

Docking of sewer pipes

The laying of internal sewage networks involves the use of fittings. These are devices for joining line elements. There are fittings:

• threaded - used for joining cast iron products. The part is screwed onto the threads of the incoming and outgoing pipes, connecting them together. Provide a strong mechanical connection;
• flanged - paired steel disks connected by bolts are inserted into the junction of communications. One-piece flange connection of pipes is carried out by welding their ends. A special coupling is applied to the joint, connected to the electric heating elements;
• compression - the pipes are tightened with a nut having a silicone / rubber seal;
• self-locking - complex devices consisting of inner rings with teeth. They are installed at the joints of the elements and fixed with a special key. When pressed, the teeth penetrate deeply into the communication material, providing a strong connection. These fittings are reusable;
• welding - the ends of the pipes are degreased, fixed with clamps and processed by welding with a heated disk. The melted sections are connected, forming a thin strong edge;
• adhesive - a liquid polymer composition is applied to the joint, which quickly hardens. This method is also called "cold" welding.

It is important to choose the right sewer pipes and fittings for them. Communication joints are the weak point of the system, the cause of leaks, blockages, cracks. The cast-iron pipeline is mounted using chasing. The end of the communication with a chamfer is inserted into the funnel of the fitting. The connection is sealed with oil-impregnated fibers, additionally smeared with cement mortar, fused sulfur. For tight joints, pipes are equipped with rubber gaskets. Cast iron products are also connected with clamps. A coupling is put on over the joint, which is pulled together with bolts.

End faces of pipes from PET, PVC are completed with rubber sealants. To connect the parts, cut off the pipe of the required size, remove the outer chamfer from it, coat it with sealant and insert it into the communication funnel. Docking of polymer products is also carried out by the flange method.

Sometimes it is required to connect communications from different materials. How is the transition from cast iron pipe to plastic? Pre-clear the socket of the metal communication (if it is old). The funnel extension is treated with sealant and a 110 mm transition from cast iron to plastic is inserted (for a riser), or another suitable diameter (50 mm for a distribution line). This cuff is rubber, polymer. The gaps between the elements are sealed. Similarly, the docking of funnelless communications is performed.

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A strong and tight connection of cast iron pipes with polyethylene pipes will ensure the use of a self-unwinding press fitting. It will avoid leaks that occur during water hammer, temperature changes in the system. The end of the cast-iron product is cut and cleaned, lubricated with grease and threaded on it. Tow is wound on this place (), silicone sealant is applied and the press fitting is manually wound. This connecting element can be tightened at any time, preventing the formation of leakage.

Tip: plastic and cast iron sewer pipes have different coefficients of expansion, so it is better to use high-quality fittings.

Owners of private housing have to think through not only internal communications, but also a system for diverting effluents outside the house. For this purpose sewer pipes for external sewerage are used, for the manufacture of which different materials are used.

External sewer networks have to function in difficult conditions. Pipes covered with earth are forced to carry the weight of the soil, on which people, and often cars, can move. They are also affected by soil water, which can provoke a displacement of the docking points, which can lead to depressurization of the sewer network.

Systems have to constantly resist the static/dynamic effects of wastewater that is transported through pipes.

External sewer pipes used to install wastewater systems have to be underground in difficult conditions

That is why special requirements are imposed on the elements of external sewer networks. Pipes must have such qualities as:

• strength and rigidity;
• the ability to endure temperature fluctuations without losing working qualities;
• frost resistance;
• wear resistance, long service life;
• resistance to aggressive chemical environments.

For the manufacture of external sewer systems, various materials (polymers, steel, cast iron) can be used, but all of them must comply with the above factors. It should also be taken into account that the quality of the pipeline is influenced not only by the specific properties of the pipes, but also by the quality of installation and installation of the system.

Differences between external and internal sewerage

Pipes that are used for laying external systems differ significantly from analogues used for intra-house communications.

External sewer systems are distinguished from internal pipes by a bright orange color, as well as increased density and wall thickness dimensions.

The characteristic features include:

• Orange (reddish) color, which facilitates easy detection of the pipe, therefore avoiding unintentional damage to the network during earthworks.
• The wall thickness of the part for external sewerage is always higher than for internal sewage (when using PVC systems, these figures are 3.2-3.4 mm versus 2 mm), since the pipeline laid underground has to endure heavy loads.
• Red pipes are usually made of materials of increased resistance (for example, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, which has special strength).
• Due to the increased thickness and reliability of the walls, as well as the addition of specially selected components, the heat resistance of external systems is higher than that of internal ones.
• Orange products tend to last longer than gray ones.
• The cost of elements for external sewerage is approximately 20% higher than for internal ones.

Experts warn against the use of gray pipes for laying external sewerage. It is difficult for them to withstand increased load (especially for a long time), which can lead to breakthroughs and accidents.

Let us consider in more detail what materials can be used for the manufacture of external sewer systems.

Varieties of plastic products

Sewer polymer pipes appeared not too long ago, but they have become widespread, displacing traditional analogues in the profile market. Such components have a number of undeniable advantages:

• light weight, facilitating transportation, storage, laying;
• smooth inner surfacecontributing to the unimpeded passage of runoff water and preventing the settling of salts and other deposits. Due to this feature, with proper installation and operation, blockages almost never form in plastic pipes;
• plastic pipes do not rot, do not corrode;
• such products have a sufficient service life, although less than their cast-iron counterparts (maximum 50 years).

Most often, for the manufacture of external sewer systems, components made of the following materials are used.

Option #1: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is an affordable popular plastic that is widely used for the production of various products, including pipes for internal / external networks. Such components are especially recommended for sewer systems that require a large flow area (collector, culvert, storm water).

PVC pipes are widely used for laying external sewer networks, however, they are sensitive to aggressive chemicals and liquids with temperatures above 60 degrees

PVC pipes have the following positive properties:

• good resistance to mechanical stress;
• high strength;
• UV resistant, making them suitable for outdoor areas.

Among the most significant disadvantages of PVC pipes are:

• Sensitivity to aggressive materials. If it is planned to remove acids and oils through such components, it is better to purchase special PVC-U pipes with special properties.
• Thermal elongation of the material. Because of this property, it is not advisable to install such parts for transporting hot liquids (over 60 degrees C).

There are two types of PVC pipes:

1. Pressure, high pressure (
2. Non-pressure. Recommended for systems with unintended high pressure (fluid in the pipe moves by gravity at a moderate speed).

Most often, the second version of the products is used in external pipelines.

PVC pipes can consist of one or two layers. In the latter case, unplasticized material is used for the outer layer, and recycled foamed polymer is used for the inner one.

The connection of PVC pipes is usually made using sockets. In some cases, cold welding and adhesive method are used.

According to the stiffness class, PVC components are divided into the following categories:

• Rigid pipes (class S) with a maximum wall thickness, designed for installation at a depth of up to 8 meters. This type can be used for any work, but is most often used in industry.
• Medium-hard products (class N) are used at a depth of 2-6 meters. They are suitable for pipeline installation under not too busy roads.
• Light components (class L) sufficient to create systems that are laid at shallow depths (0.8-2 m). Not suitable for laying under the roadway.

The most common pipe for external sewage is a product with a diameter of 10-11 cm. In this case, sewage from a country house is easily transported through the network.

Option #2: polypropylene products

Pipes of this type are not often used for laying external sewer networks due to the insufficient rigidity of polypropylene parts. However, they can be used for laying free-flow storm sewers or for installing systems in sandy soils.

Among the advantages of this type of product:

• High heat resistance. The laid systems withstand the transportation of hot liquids (up to 80, and occasionally up to 95 degrees Celsius).
• chemical inertness. Plastic is not subject to corrosion, does not emit harmful substances.

In addition to the already mentioned insufficient density, the disadvantages of polypropylene include its sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. When storing and laying pipes made of such material, it is important to avoid direct sunlight.

Option #3: polyethylene pipes

Such material is widely used for the construction of external pressure pipelines. The advantages of PE pipes include:

• ability to withstand water hammer;
• resistance to active substances;
• long service life (50 years or more).

Among the shortcomings of such products are:

• insufficient heat resistance (polyethylene pipes can be used in the temperature range from -40 to +40 degrees C);
• susceptibility to ultraviolet light.

Option #4: corrugated products

A common disadvantage of plastic sewer elements is their lack of strength. To correct this flaw, a special design was invented - a corrugated pipe with greater mechanical rigidity.

Due to the folded outer surface of such products, their area increases. This allows the pressure exerted by the soil to be redistributed, as a result of which the pipelines withstand increased loads.

Corrugated designs are very popular. They allow to improve the rigidity and density of plastic pipes, while maintaining a light weight of products.

There are two types of corrugated pipes:

1. Single-layer, with a peculiar ribbed surface inside and out. Such material is relatively cheap, but drainage is much worse.
2. Two-layer pipes having a folded outer surface and a smooth inner surface. Due to this, the flow freely passes through the pipe, without forming deposits and blockages.

Similar products can be made from various types of polymers. The most commonly used low-pressure polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride.

The diagram shows the device of a two-layer corrugated pipe used in the installation of external sewers. The part consists of an outer folded layer and a smooth inner surface.

Pipes with a corrugated surface are connected by a socket method using special rubber cuffs. When installing pipelines, it is also possible to apply the cold welding method.

Sewer products from other materials

In addition to plastic, external sewer pipes can be made from other materials.

For the production of such products, a mixture of Portland cement with mineral asbestos fiber is used. Such systems have a number of important advantages:

• Durability: the service life can reach half a century and even a hundred years.
• Relative lightness, greatly facilitating installation.
• Resistance to aggressive environments. Asbestos cement pipes withstand almost all chemicals.
• Indisposition to overgrowth of the bell.

The disadvantage of this material is its fragility and sensitivity to mechanical damage.

When buying asbestos-cement products, you need to carefully examine them to identify chips and cracks - an already fragile material with a marriage will not withstand the necessary load

When making a purchase, it is important to carefully examine the ends of the pipes, where various damage is most often observed. When transporting and storing asbestos cement products, it is important to take special care.

Ceramic products

Even in ancient times, ceramics were used to make parts of the sewer system. This material is popular today, thanks to such advantages as:

• chemical inertness. Ceramic systems allow transportation of almost any liquid media.
• The special structure of the inner surface, which prevents the formation of deposits and deposits of salts and other substances.
• Resistance to ambient temperatures and liquids passing through the pipe.
• Ease of laying.

Among the shortcomings can be noted:

• Fragility. Ceramic pipes are easily destroyed by mechanical stress, so special precautions must be taken during their transportation, storage and installation.
• The short length of the pipes, which is why when laying the system it is necessary to increase the number of joints.

On sale there are ceramic elements with a diameter of 100-600 mm, which can have two connection options: with a socket and with a thread.

Before installing pipes, check the quality by examining the appearance of the parts and knocking them out. A rattling sound that appears upon impact indicates the presence of a hidden crack.

Cast iron systems

For a long time, cast iron socket pipes were considered the most popular solution for arranging external sewage. As a rule, elements with a diameter of 16 cm are sufficient for private construction.

The main disadvantage of traditional cast iron pipes is their heavy weight, which requires the use of special equipment to lay communication networks.

Systems made of this material have many positive qualities:

• High strength, allowing the pipeline to withstand heavy loads.
• Durability. The service life of cast iron systems is at least several decades.
• Resistance to temperature changes.
• A fairly simple installation, involving the use of the socket method.

At the same time, it is impossible not to mention some of the shortcomings of such products:

• Big weight. Due to the severity of the elements, it is impossible to lay a cast-iron pipeline without the use of special equipment.
• Tendency to form deposits on the surface: over time, this can lead to blockages.
• Inability to use on a number of soils, especially in solonchaks.
• Fairly high price of traditional cast iron products.

Currently, cast-iron pipes are used for laying industrial communications, while in individual construction they have been replaced almost everywhere by cheaper and lighter plastic counterparts.

Manufacturers of sewer pipes

Many foreign and domestic companies are engaged in the production of pipes from various materials used for laying external sewerage.

Companies specializing in plastic products

Among the companies producing plastic products, the following can be noted.

Wavin. The company, founded in Holland in 1955, specializes in the production of sewer and water plastic pipes. The company's products are extremely in demand throughout Europe.

The Dutch company Wavin is well known in European countries. The company offers a wide range of pipes and fittings for external sewage

For outdoor work, the manufacturer produces Pragma corrugated polypropylene pipes with double walls, as well as other product options.

Pragma components are 6 meters long; they are easily connected to the system, since they have a socket at one end and a rubber seal at the other. The manufacturer recommends using these products to create an external gravity sewer network.

POLYPLASTIC. An international company with subdivisions located in the CIS countries (Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus).

Among the range of branded products, a large place is occupied by all kinds of sewer elements, including external pipes made from various types of polymers (polyethylene, PAH, polypropylene, fiberglass).

The products manufactured by the company are characterized by an optimal combination of low weight with increased ring rigidity, thanks to which plastic pipes successfully resist even significant loads.

Reinforced products "Korsis Arm", included in the range of POLYPLASTIC, have a steel layer that enhances the rigidity of external sewer pipes

The brand line of this manufacturer is the Korsis series, which includes:

• two-layer corrugated products;
• spiral details;
• multilayer reinforced pipes.

All these elements are perfect for laying external sewer networks, other drainage systems. The company produces products with a length of 600 or 1200 mm, with a diameter of 110-600 mm. Unlike products from other companies, Korsis components have a corrugated black outer layer and an inner surface of light blue, yellow or orange.

Ostendorf. The well-known German company Ostendorf Kunststoffe, which specializes in polymer pipes and other parts, was founded by the Ostendorf brothers in 1973. Now the company is considered the leading manufacturer of elements of such systems in the profile market. Deliveries of products are made in many countries of the world, but Germany is the main consumer.

KG pipes (manufactured by the German company Ostendorf) have high consumer qualities. Such systems are durable, reliable, durable, easy to operate.

In 2011, the Ostendorf plant began operating in Russia. At the enterprise, where the latest technological equipment manufactured in Germany is installed, imported raw materials and components are used. Strict quality control is organized in the production, which is carried out in accordance with German and Russian standards.

Due to the highest quality of products, it is in high demand by consumers, despite the relative high cost.

The KG line, intended for outdoor sewage, is made of solid polyvinyl chloride without impurities, which has increased strength, water resistance, durability, and thermal conductivity. The convenient shape of the ends allows quick and easy installation of various systems.

POLITEK. The Russian company Politek, founded in 1999, is a leader in the production of polymer products used for drainage, water supply, and sewerage.

The products of the domestic enterprise Politek gained popularity due to the optimal ratio of quality and price. Even budget products have decent performance

The latest foreign special equipment is installed at the company's factories, which makes it possible to produce European-class products.

Cast Iron Pipe Companies

Although metal products are now less common than plastic, the demand for cast iron pipes can be called stable. Several European companies produce such products, among which the following can be noted.

Duker. Founded in 1913 in Karlstadt (Franconia, Germany), the company originally produced products with socket systems. In 1968, innovative socketless pipes were developed, which made it possible to shorten parts, as well as mount the remaining trimmings, using the combination method.

Now the company is the only manufacturer of cast iron sewer systems in Germany, while the plant carries out a fully completed production cycle: from casting to applying an external coating.

The company offers the widest range of different systems with different lengths, diameters and connections. All of them have excellent consumer qualities: wear resistance, resistance to aggressive substances, strength.

Pam Global. The large concern Saint-Gobain (France) specializes in the production of modern cast iron products. For their manufacture, De Lavo technology (centrifugal casting) is used, followed by deep cooling of the structures.

Pam Global cast iron pipes are produced at the factories of a large French concern. In the production of products, the metal is coated with epoxy resin, zinc powder and acrylic varnish

Pam Global C systems are specially designed for earthworks, as well as the installation of high-quality durable drainage systems. External sewer pipes have a diameter of 100-200 mm.

It is impossible to say unequivocally which type of pipe is the best. When considering product options, it is important to know for what purpose they are intended and in what conditions they will be used. Only taking into account all the individual characteristics of the site, the owner can make a choice which option is best for him for arranging the sewer system.

In order to install pipes for external sewerage, it is necessary to determine the type of pipes that are made from various types of materials. Today, pipes are made of reinforced concrete, cast iron, polyethylene, PVC, ceramics and polypropylene. Pipes that are laid underground must be purchased depending on the depth of the trench, its slope, as well as on the properties of the pipes, first of all, the pipe section is considered. Today in our article, we will consider the features of different types of pipes for supplying external sewage.

orange pvc pipe

The orange sewer pipe has a number of significant advantages, because. the quality of plastic pipes is in many ways inferior to it in terms of its qualities.

Pipes fromnon-modernized PVC

These pipes are produced for the construction of underground sewers, namely under buildings and under major roads, such as motorways and highways. They are often used for storm water drainage, industrial scale sewage and sewerage. Pipes made of this material are able to withstand any impact, incl. chemical class. They have a number of significant advantages:

• produced in yellow and brown;
• very light in weight, made of a special, three-layer material in various diameters;
• resistant to chemicals;
• have a long service life, more than 50 years.

In addition, these pipes have some disadvantages, such as the release of harmful substances during combustion, they can be exposed to rodents, they function only at certain temperatures.

Cast iron pipes

Cast iron pipes are used for outdoor applications, as they have significant benefits.

• have very high strength;
• have a significant service life of up to 90-10o years;
• withstand loads;
• do not rust and are not subject to corrosion;
• two types of pipes are most in demand, like smu without detachable connections, and sme, which has a detachable connection on one side.

Cast iron pipes also have disadvantages, such as being too heavy, have roughness on the inner surface, which is why they often become clogged. When exposed to low temperatures, the cast-iron pipe freezes and bursts.

Plastic pipes

The next popular type of pipes are plastic pipes, which are not used for outdoor use, but only a certain type. This double layer corrugated pipes with connecting elements, in the form of adapters and couplings. Concerning, polypropylene pipes, which are the most common and produced most often, are gray, they are used in private construction, and pipes made of rigid polypropylene are used for outdoor work.
Also produced polyethylene pipes, which have a high density, with increased wall thickness.

Thus, we see which pipe to choose for sewerage and understand that not all types of pipes are used for external sewerage, but only those that can withstand loads, exposure to chemicals. As well as the temperature difference from high to very low.

Installation of external pipes

The installation of water supply and sewerage pipes, first of all, requires the preparation of a project, which is carried out in several stages to ensure the removal of waste water from a residential building of any type. The stages of work consist in the selection and arrangement of a septic tank, a filter well, as well as in the insulation of sewers and laying pipes. After the work has been completed, the pipes are brought to the septic tank, and the final work is carried out.

Advice! Remember that septic tanks are located at a distance of at least 9 meters from the house, and from the water intake at a distance of at least 30 m.

Advice! The filter well should be dug at a depth of 1.5 m from the level of soil freezing. A well is required in order to defend the water, which then enters the ground.

Advice! For laying pipes, trenches are dug at a depth of 1 m, with a slope towards the septic tank.

Advice! Pipes are not rigidly attached when connected to a cesspool, because when the seasons change, they can burst, in this regard, the connection must be mobile!

Do not forget to carry out operational checks when starting up the system, incl. under pressure. Use foam to connect the pipes and complete all work by carefully backfilling the earth.

Photo gallery (6 photos):

installation of external pipes

For laying the sewer system on sale from various manufacturers, there is a large selection of different pipes. What sewer pipes are best?

How to combine price and quality? How to make the right choice? Let's try together to understand the variety of modern sewer pipes.

All sewer pipes, with all the richness of choice in the modern building materials market, are divided into two groups:

• metal pipes;
• plastic pipes.

When choosing sewer pipes, we consider several defining parameters:

• durability;
• resistance to corrosion;
• ease of assembly;
• stability at the descent of hot water;
• chemical resistance;
• biological resistance.

Metal and plastic pipes have a very wide range of characteristics for each of these parameters. In the Soviet Union, metal pipes have been used for the sewerage system for decades.

And only relatively recently, plastic pipes appeared in the assortment of our construction stores, although metal pipes are still used in some cases.

What metal pipes are used for the sewerage system?

• steel;
• Cast iron.

In turn, steel pipes are divided into:

1. welded;
2. seamless.

In the construction of a modern private house, metal sewer pipes are rarely used.

But, if you still want to use steel pipes, it is better to buy seamless and coated with an anti-corrosion coating.

These pipes will live longer than welded ones, although they will require somewhat higher financial costs.

Anti-corrosion coating will keep metal pipes from rusting.

Please note that when threading, the anti-corrosion coating is removed, so it is necessary to additionally treat the joints against corrosion.

In general, steel pipes are more expensive than plastic ones, although they do not surpass them in quality.

Cast iron pipes are also occasionally used in the construction of internal and external sewer networks.

But these pipes have serious drawbacks:

1. Large weight, as a result - inconvenience in installation;
2. Cast iron is a brittle metal, therefore it is easily destroyed under shock loads, especially at low temperatures;
3. Cast iron and all metal pipes overgrow over time.
   Initially, plaque forms inside the pipe, and then growths form, which makes it difficult for sewage to pass through the pipeline.

Sewer pipelines made of polyethylene pipes have become very popular in construction.

With a relatively low price for these pipes, they have a number of advantages over metal pipes:

1. Longer service life (durable).
2. Plastic pipes are lightweight.
3. Convenient and easy to install. A person who is far from plumbing work will be able to assemble a simple sewer system on their own.
4. Resistant to biological corrosion.
5. More resistant to chemical corrosion.
6. On polyethylene pipes, plaque does not form on the inside, these pipes do not overgrow, as happens with metal ones.
7. Operated at different temperatures. Range from -30ºС to +95ºС.

Polyethylene pipes have one feature - they are characterized by linear expansion. This must be taken into account when under the floor, leaving a gap to increase the diameter of the pipe.

When installing risers, special expansion joints are used that solve this problem of linear expansion.

What pipes are best for sewerage? There are a huge number of types of plastic pipes on the modern market.

They are made from various materials and in various ways: high strength polyethylene, polypropylene, cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum reinforced polypropylene, etc.

When buying sewer pipes, find out what material they are made of. And be sure to consider the conditions and place of installation when choosing pipe material.

In the general case, it is impossible to say which sewer pipes are better. Always the best option is pipes that are matched to a particular case.

For example:

• If the installation takes place in frost at a negative temperature, polyethylene pipes should be used, as they are resistant to frost.
  But these pipes should not be exposed to sunlight, this exposure to ultraviolet leads to their destruction and a reduction in service life.
• If a sewerage system is being installed for a multi-storey building, pipes intended for the construction of small sewerage systems cannot be used.
• For outdoor installation, pipes made for the internal sewerage system cannot be used.
  Pipes for outdoor and indoor laying even differ in color - the outer ones are usually orange, and the inner ones are gray.
• Do not narrow the diameter of the sewer pipes, this leads to blockages and traffic jams.
  It is better to put a pipe of a larger diameter than necessary than to make a mistake in the opposite direction.

Pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene can be recommended for the installation of a sewer system that requires high strength and reliability.

There is another type of pipe - made of metal polymers, these pipes are of increased strength, since they have an aluminum layer.

These pipes are more resistant to oxidation while retaining their shape during installation.

In practice, they are used extremely rarely due to the high cost compared to the rest.

Another advantage of plastic pipes is their more aesthetic appearance. When installing a plastic system, you may not think about how to hide sewer pipes. A smooth white or gray pipe has a very neat appearance.

The wastewater disposal system is not limited to internal communications. And if for the owner of an apartment in a multi-storey building only internal pipelines are the subject of concern, then the owner of individual housing has to take care of external communications as well. Their reliability and durability directly depend on which sewer pipes are chosen for external sewage. There may be several options. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

What should be the pipes for the outdoor system?

External pipelines have to work in difficult conditions, which is why they are subject to increased requirements. The material from which they are made must be:

• durable;
• resistant to a wide variety of aggressive environments;
• capable of enduring seasonal temperature changes without prejudice to their properties;
• wear resistant.

These requirements are met by various types of plastic, steel, cast iron, asbestos cement and ceramics. Pipes for outdoor systems are most often made from these materials. When choosing such details, it should be remembered that they must:

• withstand the severity of the backfill and the load from possible movements of people and vehicles over them;
• resist static and dynamic effects;
• resist the impact of groundwater, provoking displacements inside the docking nodes and, as a result, depressurization of the system.

When choosing pipes, it should also be remembered that the reliability of the system is affected not only by the quality of the material of the parts, but also by the literacy of their installation. If it is too complex or difficult, it may be worth considering a different type of pipe.

What can you choose from?

There are a lot of pipes suitable for arranging external sewer pipelines. If desired, you can even make it from glass parts. However, it is rather exotic. Consider the most popular options among developers.

Option # 1 - asbestos cement parts

For the production of products, a mixture of asbestos fiber with Portland cement is used. The advantages of such pipes are:

• Durability. An asbestos cement system can last from 50 to 100 years.
• Resistance to aggressive environments. Almost any liquid can be drained through such pipes.
• Light weight, which greatly facilitates their installation.
• The resistance of the pipe to the "overgrowth" of the inner lumen.
• Ease of installation. You can trim and join elements without using a special tool.

The disadvantages include the fragility of the material, which is very unstable to mechanical damage. When buying such products, you should very carefully inspect the ends of the pipes. This is where chips and cracks most often appear. In addition, they must also be transported very carefully.

Asbestos cement pipes are very fragile. Before installation, they must be carefully inspected. Most often, cracks and chips are formed in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe end face of parts.

Option #2 - pottery

Ceramics has been used as a material for the production of sewer pipes since antiquity. And so far, such products are quite popular. The reason lies in the large number of advantages of ceramic parts:

• Chemical inertness, which makes it possible to transport almost any liquid through such pipes.
• Slight roughness of the inner surface, which prevents the appearance of build-up and clogging of parts.
• Resistance to temperatures of the transported liquid and environment.
• Easy installation.

The disadvantage of ceramics is its fragility, as a result of which special care must be taken during its transportation and installation. In addition, the length of such products is small, which significantly increases the number of joints in the system. On sale you can find ceramic pipes with a diameter of 100 and up to 600 mm in two connection options: with a thread and a socket.

Before installing ceramic pipes, their quality must be checked. To do this, every detail is inspected and tapped. The appearance of a rattling sound is considered evidence of cracks.

Option #3 - cast iron sewer pipes

Bell-shaped cast-iron pipes are a traditional solution for arranging sewers. For private construction, a part with a diameter of 160 mm is most often used. Cast iron pipes have many advantages:

• High strength, allowing products to withstand significant loads.
• Durability. Cast iron pipelines can be used for decades.
• High corrosion resistance and insensitivity to most aggressive media.
• Resistant to temperature extremes.
• A fairly simple installation, carried out by the socket method.

A serious "minus" of such material is its large weight. In this regard, the installation of a cast-iron pipeline without special equipment is impossible. The internal surfaces of cast iron products are rough, deposits easily form on it, which over time leads to the formation of blockages and “overgrowth” of the pipe. In addition, the material has restrictions on its use. It is very sensitive to saline solutions, so cast iron cannot be used in saline soil.

Cast iron is a traditional material for sewer pipes. Its main disadvantage is its large weight, which requires the use of special equipment when installing the system.

Option #4 - PVC piping

PVC is an affordable, and therefore a very common polymer. Pipes made from it for external sewerage are distinguished by multiple "pluses":

• Smooth walls that prevent the formation of internal growths.
• Sufficiently high strength.
• Frost resistance. Pipes do not crack even in case of complete freezing.
• Light weight, which allows installation without the involvement of special equipment.
• Ease of installation.
• Resistant to corrosion and some aggressive environments.
• Low cost.
• High wear resistance. Pipes do not lose their properties even when transporting liquids with a large amount of sand.

The main disadvantage that limits the use of PVC products is a significant thermal elongation of the material. Therefore, such pipes are not installed in areas where the transportation of liquid is required, the temperature of which exceeds 60C.

The characteristics of such products may vary significantly depending on the execution. Today, PVC pipes of two types are produced: one and three-layer. In the latter version, the inner layers are made of recycled plastic foam, and the outer layers are made of unplasticized material. Details also differ in the class of rigidity. Issued:

• Rigid pipes, class S. Designed for laying at a depth of up to 8 m, they are characterized by a maximum wall thickness.
• Medium-hard products, class N. Can be laid to a depth of 2 to 6 m.
• Light elements, class L. They are used for arranging pipelines laid to a depth of 0.8 to 2 m.

As a rule, when installing PVC pipes, a socket connection is used. This is an extremely simple operation that does not require special equipment and skills. In some cases, the adhesive method or the so-called cold welding is used.

Polyvinyl chloride pipes are limited in use. They cannot be laid in systems where the temperature of the transported liquid exceeds 60C.

Option #5 - polypropylene products

Polypropylene pipes are optimally suited for arranging external sewer pipelines of residential buildings and non-pressure storm sewer systems. Among their many advantages are:

• Temperature resistant. The upper limit of permissible temperatures is at the level of 95C. The material tolerates cold as well as heat and does not lose its qualities.
• chemical inertness. Polypropylene is not subject to corrosion and does not emit toxic substances.
• Smooth surface inside the parts, on which particles of deposits do not settle. Blockages in such sewers occur only in the event of an incorrect system design.
• Long service life. The manufacturer guarantees that polypropylene pipes will last at least 50 years with proper operation.
• Light weight, which gives advantages during installation and transportation.
• Ease of installation. Light weight, elasticity and special connecting sockets allow installation very quickly and without the use of special equipment.

The range of polypropylene pipes is very wide, which allows you to find parts for a system of any complexity and configuration.

Polyethylene sewer pipes are sensitive to ultraviolet light. They must be laid so that the surface of the pipeline is protected from direct sunlight.

Option #6 - polyethylene pipes

Another type of plastic products widely used for arranging external sewer systems. The advantages of such pipes are:

• Durability. The service life of such products is calculated in tens of years.
• Resistant to temperature extremes. The operating range of the material is in the range from -20C to +60C. For a short time, polyethylene can withstand exposure to a liquid heated to 100C.
• Simple installation, carried out without the use of special tools and equipment.
• Smooth inner surface that prevents the settling of deposits that close the lumen of the pipe.

The disadvantage of polyethylene is its sensitivity to UV radiation. Such pipes can only be used under the condition that sunlight does not fall on them.

Corrugated sewer pipes are produced in two layers. The outer corrugated layer gives the product rigidity. Internal smooth - allows you to transport drains without interference

For all their advantages, plastic pipes are not sufficiently durable. To offset this drawback, they are made corrugated. Such products are made from low-density polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride. They have two layers. External - corrugated, providing parts with increased rigidity. The inner layer is smooth, making it possible to freely transport drains. The connection of corrugated pipes is carried out in a socket using special rubber cuffs or using "cold welding".

The construction of communications brings real comfort to country life, but their open location is not reflected in the best way on the aesthetic component of the site. It is a completely different matter if the sewer pipeline is buried in the ground: it is not visible, the highway does not interfere with movement.

However, for the underground device of the system, compliance with the rules and regulations is necessary. They should be studied, right?

The fundamental laws and subtle nuances according to which sewer pipes are laid in the ground are presented on our website. Focusing on the information we offer, you will build a trouble-free external sewer system.

A pipeline built in accordance with our advice will work perfectly at any time of the year. The article brought to your attention scrupulously outlines the technology for constructing the underground part of the sewer system.

The material describes the nuances of design and laying details. Recommendations are given on the implementation of preventive measures and compliance with the rules for the operation of sewage. To simplify the perception, the information is supplemented with photo images and video instructions.

Today, almost every household has the necessary set of amenities for a comfortable stay: a washbasin, a sink, a toilet, a shower or a full bath, a washing machine and other benefits of civilization. Many houses are equipped with not one, but several bathrooms and bathrooms.

All this economy, with full-fledged work, produces a large amount of waste and wastewater per day. According to the standards, the amount of liquid waste per day per person is from 5.4 to 9.5 liters, which must merge somewhere.

As a rule, country houses where people live permanently have many different plumbing devices, which makes it necessary to equip an autonomous sewer system.

Therefore, the drainage system is an obligatory part of the engineering communications of an individual house. It consists of an outlet from a residential building and an external sewer network laid on the site.

Many owners of private houses, paying special attention to the intra-house system, for some reason do not always properly treat the arrangement of external networks.

Indeed, the process of laying the pipeline seems simple, it is enough to dig a trench, dock the pipes with each other, the house system and the collector, and then cover everything with earth.

But this is only at first glance. In fact, in this, as well as in any other work, there are many nuances that must be taken into account. Failure to comply with technological standards and improper laying of the pipeline can lead to silting and other considerable problems in the future.

If the site has a natural slope that exceeds the recommended standards, it is possible to lay a sewer with several vertical transitions. In this case, on the horizontal sections of the pipeline, it is necessary to comply with the regulatory indicators.

Actions in case of sewer freezing

If you have not insulated the sewer pipes, or you have not insulated them enough, and they are frozen, first of all, you need to determine the damaged section of the pipeline in order to choose a method for solving the problem. Metal pipes can be heated with a blowtorch.

If the pipeline is made of plastic, open flames cannot be used. You can pour hot water into the sewer, in which you first dissolve salt (2 kg per 10 liters of water). You can direct a jet of steam or hot water to the revision closest to the frozen area.

If the damaged pipe is in the middle of the line, you can use a steam generator to warm up the soil. However, this process can take quite a long time. It is best to prevent the system from freezing, and when laying pipes, carry out their high-quality thermal insulation.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

This video covers the process of laying external sewage in great detail, as well as the standard indicators that must be followed during installation:

This video shows how sewer pipes are laid in the ground:

Despite the apparent simplicity, the work of laying sewer pipes requires a competent approach and knowledge of the regulatory rules for laying. Only if the necessary indicators are observed and the work is done correctly, it is possible to equip a truly effective and durable sewer system.

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The basis of the sewer system is a high-quality pipe. The higher the load on it, the stronger it should be. A good pipe for drainage in the ground has been serving for more than 25 years without the risk of clogging, breakage, depressurization of the collector. At the same time, temperature indicators do not have a significant effect on it.

How to choose a pipe for underground sewage

When choosing elements for outdoor sewage, it is important to consider two important parameters:

• The amount of effluent that will flow through the collector. The larger it is, the larger the cross section of the external system will be.
• The level of static and dynamic load on the ground. They mean the intensity of movement along the site and the pressure of the soil on the collector.

It is good to use a pipe with the most smooth inner surface for underground sewage. This will avoid silting of the system and its blockages.

Material of manufacture and technical characteristics

For the production of external sewer pipes, four types of materials are used - polymer, cast iron, ceramics and asbestos cement. Each of them has specific technical characteristics and is good when used in certain conditions.

Ceramics

Ceramic sewer pipes

Ceramic "sleeves" have the following positive characteristics:

• high resistance to medium and higher loads;
• high throughput with an increase in diameter (up to 600 mm);
• the possibility of mounting on the joint / groove system without the use of additional couplings;
• inertness to aggressive waste media.

Ceramic pipes have two significant disadvantages - a lot of weight, inconvenient when laying the collector on their own, and the relative fragility of the material. In case of careless installation, the wall may crack. Most often, such elements are used for public sewerage.

Polymer (PPP and HDPE)

Socket polypropylene pipes

Polypropylene (PPP) and low-pressure polyethylene (HDPE) are used as polymeric materials. In the first case, the positive characteristics of the pipes are as follows:

• high plasticity, which reduces the risk of damage to the system during installation;
• good linear stretching ability;
• resistance to temperature changes;
• long service life;
• light weight of the elements and ease of their installation.

However, polypropylene "sleeves" are unsuitable for the installation of a city sewer, since, according to the maximum section of the sleeve, the system is able to withstand only average volumes of wastewater.

PVC pipes

HDPE pipes are distinguished by the following characteristics:

• resistance to temperature changes in the range from -50 to +130 degrees;
• rigidity of the elements due to the corrugated outer structure (rings play the role of stiffeners);
• resistance to mechanical stress;
• tear resistance;
• smoothness of the inner walls;
• little weight;
• long service life.

Like PPP pipes, HDPE elements are not suitable for sewerage with a large volume of wastewater. In addition, direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the polymer destroys it over time. But this does not apply to external sewerage.

asbestos cement

Asbestos-cement pipes

Such a pipe for sewage can be laid in the ground with any volume of wastewater. It is important to choose the right section of the collector. Asbestos-cement elements have the following advantages:

• resistance to aggressive environments and to dynamic / static loads;
• inertness to aggressive components in drains;
• smoothness of the inner walls;
• less than cast iron or ceramic "sleeves", weight.

In laying sewerage, the mass of an asbestos-cement pipe is often its minus, since one can not cope with such work alone. In addition, the fragility of the material with a strong point mechanical impact on it leads to a split.

Cast iron

Cast iron sleeves

The main positive aspects of the cast iron pipe are:

• resistance to various types of loads;
• inertness to low / high temperatures;
• corrosion resistance;
• service life (up to 80 years).

But cast iron also has disadvantages:

• tendency to silting due to the imperfectly smooth surface of the inner walls;
• weight that makes installation difficult;
• item cost.

Sewer pipe diameter

All pipes for external sewerage, made of various materials, have a specific gradation of sizes / sections:

• Polymers. The diameter of the sewage elements is from 40 to 200 mm. As a rule, elements with a cross section of 40, 50 and 110 mm are used inside the house. The external collector is mounted from pipes of a larger cross section.
• Cast iron. The internal section (DN) starts from 150 mm and in increments of 50 mm reaches a maximum value of 600 mm.
• Asbestos cement. Such elements have a diameter of 75 mm to 600 mm.

All tubes with a diameter of 110 mm or more are intended only for the installation of external sewer networks.

Basic requirements for pipes for sewerage in the ground

In order for the sewer system to work without failures, it is important that the pipes for the external collector meet the following requirements:

• Durability and long service life. For private sewerage, it is from 30 years.
• Inert to aggressive/chemical environments.
• Resistant to temperature extremes.
• Maximum smoothness of the inner walls.

Provided that the system is correctly installed with a slope towards the drain receiver, the sewage system will work properly without the need for costly repairs. In this case, it is desirable to flush the collector under high pressure at least once every 5 years.