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Do-it-yourself warm walls: installation technology. Warm wall - heating Wall heating or warm water walls

» is well known to Russians and has been used for heating apartments and private houses for decades. But the analogue - warm walls - is just gaining popularity. Let's study the European experience and understand in what situations warm walls are indispensable and beneficial, and when it is better to do with traditional heating methods.

Warm walls - the pros and cons of the system

Warm walls for home heating are widely used in many European countries. For example, in Germany, entire residential complexes are being built, where the premises are heated only by warm walls without installing radiators. At the same time, domestic experts do not cease to assert that the "warm wall" system is good as an additional source of heat. But not the only one.

Advantages of warm walls:

– High efficiency. Manufacturers and sellers of this equipment claim a figure of 85%. Against 60% of central heating radiators.

– Large heated surface area. Due to which the air in the room heats up faster, which allows you to save a lot on resource consumption.

– Unique thermal effect. The heating temperature of the coolant is much lower than in traditional batteries. And this also contributes to savings. Regular expenses for paying for housing heating are reduced by 6-11% in the next month after the installation of the system.

- Comfortable atmosphere. Warm walls belong to the so-called radiant heating. Unlike the convection system, this heating is as close as possible to natural heat and has a positive effect on the condition of humans and animals. In addition, with radiant heating, there is practically no circulation of dust in the air, which facilitates breathing and improves the well-being of residents.

– No exposed heating elements. Which, of course, excludes burns (especially in a house with small children) and does not overheat the air. It is much easier to maintain the optimal level of humidity during the heating season.

- Among the advantages of warm walls, comfort occupies the first place. A person can talk for a long time about technical subtleties, for example, about the favorable temperature difference between the supply and return circuits, but first of all, he will evaluate this particular indicator - is it comfortable or not for him to be in a room with warm walls. Pleasant tactile sensations, when the palm touches not a cold, but a warm wall, are complemented by an obvious feeling of warmth in the whole room, and not just near the radiator or underfoot.

Disadvantages of warm walls:

– Installation costs. In addition to buying the product itself, you will have to pay for installation and related work.

- Difficult to install and operate. The point here is not the system itself, but the fact that it is located inside the wall, which requires appropriate internal and external surface finishing, including rough finishing, heat and waterproofing, installation of heat-reflecting panels, etc. Further, during the operation of the system, even the most reliable, malfunctions may occur. Access to pipes or cables will be possible after the dismantling of several layers of the wall. And this leads to additional expenses and then requires unplanned expenses for repeated repairs. True, they can be avoided by using for wall decoration, for example, not a concrete screed, but removable false panels.

- Requirements for the interior. A room with warm walls should be freed as much as possible from wall furniture and accessories. Such as carpets, large panels, walls, wardrobes. Otherwise, the installation of the system is considered useless. Heat will not pass through the additional barrier and will not warm the room.

- Failure to agree. Water warm walls, however, like floors, are an option for private houses. In the apartment, the connection of such systems to the central water supply and heating is prohibited by law. No authority will approve such a plan. Electrical systems are suitable for the apartment. They are quite easy to install, but costly for large rooms in terms of electricity consumption. The way out is to install warm walls in one room: a nursery or a bathroom.

Scope of application, variants and general installation rules

Warm walls are intended for the following rooms:

• Halls and living rooms
• Auditoriums, classrooms, conference rooms (for non-residential buildings)
• Children's rooms (safe, adjustable, maintain the optimal level of humidity for the child)
• Bathrooms (help fight mold and mildew)
• Swimming pools, baths, saunas

Warm walls are water and electric

A hot coolant, namely water, circulates in warm water walls. Hot water enters the pipeline from the installed heating boiler. The pipeline is connected to the collector, a circulation pump and a thermostat must be installed. The pump will be responsible for the speed of movement of the coolant, respectively, and for the speed of heating the room, and the thermostat will ensure that the optimum temperature of the system is maintained. Installation of such a complex of equipment will cost more, but it will save you from problems in operation.

Water walls are assembled from copper, metal-plastic, polypropylene pipes or stainless steel pipes of small diameter. Stacked in only two ways - vertically or horizontally. The “snail” method, characteristic of a warm floor, thanks to which it is possible to master the heated area more densely, while laying the pipeline more compactly, is excluded due to the formation of air congestion.

How is the water system installed? The walls are cleaned and leveled, heat and waterproofing are laid, heat-reflecting panels are installed, and the pipeline is installed. A special supporting mesh (lattice) is placed on top, on which plaster or drywall is applied.

The type of wall that is planned to be heated is important. If this is an external wall, insulation is required. As well as the use of frost-resistant materials. If it is internal, you can do without insulation and, thereby, kill two birds with one stone. If "warm walls" are mounted on an adjacent structure, then the heat will spread in both directions - about 70% of the heat will fall on the main room, and 30% on the adjacent one.

When laying pipes in the wall, you must follow the step. Chaotic installation does not contribute to the uniform distribution of heat over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room. The standard step is:

• At a distance of 1.2 meters from the floor, pipes are laid in increments of 10-15 cm
• At a distance of 1.2 m to 1.8 m - step 20-25 cm
• At a distance of 1.8m. - step 30-40 cm

It is clear that when installing warm walls at the facility, the master takes into account the features of the room, including the height of the ceilings.

Before closing the pipeline of warm walls, it is tested at maximum pressure for 1.5-2 hours. If no leaks are found, further finishing is carried out.

Electric warm walls are presented on the market in two types - cable and film.

Cable heat-insulated floors are made of a single-core or two-core cable with a diameter of 2-10 mm. They are connected to the mains, for which they use a separate line so as not to overload the main one. Installation of the electrical system differs little from the water system: cleaning, leveling the wall, insulation, installation of the mounting frame, cable laying, finishing.

The cable is laid horizontally or vertically, keeping an average distance of 10 cm from each line. At the same time, they should not intersect and be away from other heating and electrical equipment at a distance of less than 10 cm.

Film warm walls are sold in the form of electric mats. They represent the same cable, only thin, fixed on fiberglass or textile mesh. The mats are twisted into rolls, when buying, the sellers simply cut off the desired “piece”, according to the dimensions of the customer’s wall. Electric mats are easy to install - they do not require the installation of a frame and any fastener. Mounted on the wall with a special adhesive. This option is the most beneficial for small spaces. Due to the thin cable, the room area is not significantly reduced, i.e. installation of warm walls "does not eat up" meters. And the power that the mats have is not the largest compared to conventional electrical systems, will slightly affect the amount of utility bills.

Film systems also include infrared warm walls. They are produced in the form of the thinnest polymer film, inside which heating elements are soldered in the form of flexible wires. Such a film is universal - suitable for floors, walls and ceilings. It is connected to the network, controlled by a thermostat, fits under any decorative coating. In some cases, wall mounting of infrared film is acceptable.

• Temperature control accurate to the degree
• Timer
• Delayed start
• Switch on and work only at night
• Remote control
• Room cooling in summer

Take advantage of our "warm walls" heating system.

Wall heating is an environmentally friendly, practical and aesthetic solution for the home.

The warm wall heating system is an alternative to traditional radiators. In our country, these systems are used quite recently, but in fact they are not a new invention. The idea of ​​wall heating was actually known in antiquity.

Warm wall system - heating in a new way

Panel heating in the wall, as in the "underfloor heating" system, can be water or electric.

• the water system includes collectors connected by pipes through which water flows, giving off heat to the walls;
• in the case of an electrical system, electrical heating cables are used.

Both methods of heating a room have both advantages and disadvantages. Heated walls radiate heat into the room very gently and do not cause dust to float. The disadvantage may be the high cost of installation and the inability to put high furniture near the walls. A separate issue is the requirements for thermal insulation of vertical partitions.

Photo. Heating in the wall

Water heating in the wall

Installation of heating in the wall consists of connecting and fixing manifolds interconnected by pipes. To implement such a project, multilayer pipes made of plastic or copper can be used. Copper heating pipes in the wall are not used too often due to their relatively high price.

The pipe is installed in the inner layer of the wall on a permanent basis, it is laid vertically, horizontally or wavy. The temperature of the water in the pipes must be less than 50 degrees Celsius, as stronger thermal radiation can adversely affect the well-being of people in the room. The optimum water temperature range is 30-45 degrees Celsius. The thermal energy that is able to pass through a wall with water heating is about 200-280 W / m².

A water heated wall has an advantage over an electric one, as it is cheaper to operate, in addition, the heating system can be converted into a cooling system. When there is cold water in the pipes in summer, the surface will give a pleasant coolness to the room, which will lower the air temperature.

After laying the pipes, the surface is covered with plaster or drywall sheets, and then finished according to your preferences. It should be taken into account that water pipes have a relatively large cross-section, which will affect the thickness of the partition wall and, to some extent, reduce the area of ​​the room. An interesting offer is prefabricated plasterboard panels designed for installation of pipes in them. This solution is made in the form of two plates, between which the heating system is already built.

Advantages and disadvantages of the "warm walls" system in comparison with the "warm floor" system:

• temperature distribution in the case of warm walls is more even in height, in the case of underfloor heating the temperature decreases with increasing height above the floor level;
• most of the heat is transferred by radiation - 90%, and 10% by convection. In the case of a heated floor, these proportions are: 70% by radiation, by convection 30%;
• there is no problem of thermal resistance of the flooring, for example, the phenomenon of drying out of the wooden floor;
• the temperature of the wall surface can be up to 35 °C, so you can get a higher thermal efficiency per 1 m²; for a room temperature of 20 ° C, the thermal efficiency is 140-160 W/m², and in the case of underfloor heating, this value is usually 80 W/m² (increasing only in wall areas up to 120 W/m²);
• in wall heating, it is also possible to use a higher water supply temperature than in a floor heating system, even up to 55 °C, while the water temperature in underfloor heating rarely reaches 45 °C;
• in the system of warm walls, the thickness of the plaster coating is less (about 1.5 cm) than the concrete layer with underfloor heating (about 4.5 cm). As a result, wall heating has less thermal inertia, which makes it easier to control the room temperature;
• wall heating can be successfully used in summer for cooling rooms.

Disadvantages of a water heating system for walls:

• Often in a heated room we have too little wall surface as the only source of heat, considering that it is most expedient to heat the outer wall as a "cold barrier". Its surface is usually small due to the presence of windows and balcony doors. Therefore, sometimes we have to install heating pipes in internal partitions (but they can be covered by tall cabinets), or we are forced to supplement the system with underfloor heating or another heater, such as a fireplace.
• When mounting interior decor items and electronics (such as paintings and a TV) on the wall, make sure that the mounting fasteners will not damage the pipes.
• External walls must satisfy the condition that the heat transfer coefficient U ≤ 0.4 W/m². This condition is met in standard walls in new buildings, but in the case of old buildings it is necessary to insulate the wall.

Wet and dry mounting systems

The most commonly used technical solutions for the installation of wall heating can be divided into two ways:

1. "wet" method (with coating of heating pipes with a layer of plaster);
2. "dry" method (coated with plasterboard).

"Wet" way

This method is used to install pipes in the outer walls. The pipes are laid in a meander, preferably horizontally, with a pipe spacing of 15, 20 or 25 cm. This solution allows for the most efficient heating and minimum pipe bending radii.

In cases where the distance between the pipes is from 5 to 10 cm, they should be arranged in a double meander.

It is also possible to lay pipes in a winding vertical shape or even in a volute shape, but such solutions can cause problems in operation in the form of air pockets.

The most commonly used for warm walls are X-PE / Al / PE-X multilayer pipes and pipes made of polyethylene PE-X or PE-RT with a diameter of 14 mm, the length of the coil with the approach to the distributor should not exceed 80 m.

The distance from the pipe to adjacent walls, window and door openings, floor and ceiling must be at least 10 cm. The distance between the mounting profiles must be no more than 50 cm.

In the wet installation system, gypsum plaster with low thermal expansion is most often used, which is characterized by high thermal conductivity and resistance to temperature. The plaster is applied in layers. The first layer should cover the heating elements and be about 20 mm thick. Then a mesh of plastic or fiberglass with cells of at least 7 x 7 mm is pressed into the plaster. The mesh should be wrapped onto the adjacent wall. The canvas is then covered with another layer of plaster having a thickness of 10-15 mm. The total plaster layer with pipes is about 40 mm.

A complete wet wall heating system is shown in the figure.

"Dry" method

The simplest version of the installation of the heating system "warm walls" is in a dry way, when the pipes are mounted between the profiles of the plasterboard wall. In addition, you can lay heating pipes on the slopes of the attic roof. This method causes certain difficulties in implementation - for example, the need to cut grooves in the installation profile to allow the passage of vertical pipes. In addition, the calculation should take into account the low thermal conductivity of such a wall, since there is a layer of air between the pipes and the drywall plate.

Electric heating system in the walls

Although this system is more expensive to operate than water, it is often used. This is dictated primarily by the small size of the electrical cables and, therefore, the possibility of avoiding excessive thickening of the walls. Other advantages are the speed and ease of laying the cable, as well as the easy control of the resulting heating system.

However, such a system has many disadvantages. This is, first of all, an increase in electricity bills, which are now quite expensive. The accident rate of the system should also be noted, since the electric cable can burn out when the outflow of heat from the walls is blocked, for example, by a large furniture set located close to the wall. It is also worth considering the electromagnetic field that arises in this case, which can adversely affect our mood.

Electric wall heating is created from two-wire wires connected on one side, or from single-core wires connected from two sides. The wires are laid in loops of a certain wavelength. After installing the system, the walls are covered with drywall slabs and finished in any way - for painting, for wallpaper, or for laying ceramic tiles.

Heating "warm wall" - the pros and cons

Interest in the wall heating system is growing from year to year, but the so-called heated floors still have absolute superiority. At the same time, electric wall heating or warm water walls are very similar in principle to underfloor heating and are not yet very popular due to the fact that they are little known.

The benefits of warm walls

• Environmental friendliness.
• High aesthetics (lack of visible radiators, which often limit the possibilities of interior design).
• More hygienic than traditional heating and underfloor heating because indoor air is cleaner (not polluted by dust from convection currents from the floor and less dry).
• In addition, contrary to popular belief, a "warm wall" heating system can be economical, as it makes it possible to lower the temperature by one to two degrees without sacrificing thermal comfort. While using traditional radiators and heating the room with them to a temperature of 18-20 degrees Celsius, we will feel cold, warm walls will help us feel absolutely comfortable, due to the transfer of a significant part of the thermal energy in the form of infrared radiation.

The most serious disadvantages of warm walls were mentioned at the very beginning of the article, namely, their high cost. In addition, in this case, the problems associated with the thermal insulation of the building manifest themselves more negatively. If the walls have a heat transfer coefficient U greater than 0.3 W/m²K, the “warm walls” heating system will not be effective. In this case, there are two solutions. The first is the insulation of the walls from the outside. Another is the rejection of the system of warm walls.

Lavita LH-150 (film)

Heat Plus APN-510 Silver 220 W/m 0.4 mm (film)

Heat Plus SPN (film)

Warm Tiles (sets)

Q-Term KH-220 (film)

"Warm Wall" As a way to heat an apartment, everyday life has become firmly established, the principle of such heating is identical to the operation of a warm floor, only the heating cable is attached to the wall, and not under the floor covering.

Wall heating has many advantages.

• Warm walls consume less electricity than heaters, radiators, heat guns.
• If it is not possible to raise the floor in the room to install the cable, electric heating on the wall is a saving way out of such difficult cases.
• Installation of infrared films does not require major repairs.

The most common material that is attached to the wall is a film underfloor heating. Inexpensive infrared film works equally well on horizontal and vertical surfaces. The heat that the film floor heating emits on the wall is perceived by the human body as natural solar. The heating film warms both the walls and objects in the room, including furniture, household appliances and the floor under your feet. Reflecting from objects, the heat spreads evenly throughout the room, warming the room temperature to a comfortable level.

The film heating system from the Avarit store is delivered to the buyer within 0-3 days. Infrared film is not the only way to heat walls. A reliable and economical option for an apartment is heating with a cable or sections of heating mats. Recommended for wall mounting:

• Nelson EasyHeat WarmTiles (supplied with cable installation accessories);
• Devimat mats (used for wall heating, to prevent fogging of mirrors in bathrooms and showers)

Modern cable heating systems are assistants in creating comfortable home heat, cold and damp now have no chance to enter the home. And cable warm walls are one of the brightest proofs of this.

Installation of an electric warm wall is quite simple, you can do it yourself. It is much more difficult to calculate the footage of a cable or film for heating. Managers of "Avarit" will help with the choice of product, with the calculation of the heating system, take orders for the supply and installation.

Warm walls: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Orenburg

Sale of cable for heating. See prices "Avarit" for warm walls in stores: St. Petersburg, st. Ruzovskaya, 16. Moscow, st. Trading, p.1. Orenburg, Sharlyk highway, 26.

Warm walls do it yourself

They began to make warm water walls in Europe, although we have already introduced this method of heating under the advice. The development and calculations were not carried out by anyone, but by entire research institutes (research institutes). You can still find houses where low-temperature heating systems are embedded in the walls. So the method is far from new.

Features of warm walls

Lateral heat radiation is most comfortable for people.

Warm walls are water and electric. For water pipes, pipes made of polyethylene metal-plastic with a degree of cross-linking from 70% are used. For electric heating, it is allowed to use a single-core or two-core thick cable (5 mm) or a thin cable (2.5 mm) glued to a fiberglass mesh. Last type of underfloor heating produced in rolls.

Warm walls are a great alternative when underfloor heating is not possible - in garages, workshops, warehouses, small double bedrooms, simply filled with furniture rooms, etc. It is possible to combine these two heating systems. Features of warm walls:

• the air does not overheat;
• you can save from 3 to 6% of energy;
• heating of the room occurs in a radiant way;
• no convection - no dust.

Thanks to the radiant heating method, the room temperature can be lowered by 2 degrees. This will not affect comfort in any way, respectively, you can save on energy.

You can not force the walls with furniture in order to make the most efficient use of thermal energy. Lateral radiation of heat is most comfortable for people, besides, there are no strong temperature drops from above and below the room.

Warm walls as heating are more efficient than underfloor heating in rooms with high humidity, since no energy is spent on evaporating water. For example, in the bathroom. Heating can be mounted both on external walls and on internal partitions. In the second case, one circuit can heat two rooms at once. Making water warm walls with your own hands is more difficult than electric ones. But, despite this, they almost never resort to installing an electric cable on walls under plaster, preferring a low-temperature water heating system.

Before insulating the pile foundation of a wooden house, it is necessary to make a basement.

Read about why to insulate the blind area in this article.

The need for insulation

In the bathroom, you can put electric heating mats directly under the tiles.

To make external warm water walls with your own hands, it is necessary to insulate. Thermal insulation is laid outside. Although this will lead to an overexpenditure of the energy carrier for heating the walls, the dew point will be shifted to the heater, and condensate will not settle. About how to insulate walls outside we have already discussed in one of the articles. Depending on the method of insulation (wet or ventilated facade), materials are selected:

It also needs to be correct calculate the thickness of the insulation. For the Moscow region, the thermal insulation layer should be 8-10 cm. In extreme cases, if external insulation is not possible, thermal insulation can be laid from the inside. To do this, it is convenient to use warm panels for walls with aluminum inserts, which, after laying out the contour, are sewn up with drywall.

One type of foundation is an insulated Swedish slab. The technology is quite complicated, there are many nuances of installation.

Many do not understand whether it is necessary to insulate the basement of the house. In principle, this is not necessary, but without waterproofing in any way. Details here.

Layout of the contour of warm walls

A horizontal snake is preferable to a vertical one.

The wiring of warm water walls is carried out by a horizontal or vertical snake. The snail laying method makes it difficult to remove air pockets, so it is not used. The coolant moves from the bottom up, from the floor to the ceiling. With vertical wiring, there is a problem of air removal in the upper half rings. With horizontal wiring, it is easier to expel air. Unlike underfloor heating, the pipe laying step is not limited, as temperature fluctuations are allowed. You can use a variable step to achieve a temperature distribution in the room close to ideal conditions:

• from the floor to a height of 120 cm, pipes are laid in increments of 10-15 cm;
• in the interval of 120-180 cm, the step is 20-25 cm;
• above 180 cm, the step can be 30-40 cm.

The contour is laid under the screed or drywall (wet and dry methods).

How to put a warm floor under the screed we have already told. With the walls, everything happens in the same way, so we will not repeat ourselves. During dry installation, a sheet of galvanized corrugated board is attached to the wall in order to increase the heat exchange area. A PEX pipe made by any of the stitching methods (a, b, c) is placed in the grooves. Drywall is screwed onto the corrugated board.

On warm water walls, according to reviews, it is necessary to put a separate electric pump. In the vertical low-temperature circuit, the coolant velocity must be at least 0.25 m/s. The water pressure must be strong enough to squeeze out any air that may have accumulated in the system. By the way, a warm floor is devoid of such a problem, although a pump is often also needed for it. Warm walls are connected to the main heating system through a collector unit, in which thermostats and an automatic air vent are installed.

Installation of warm walls in wooden houses is allowed. In this case, only the dry method of finishing is suitable. It is not necessary to use corrugated board. You can lay the contour between the crate, after laying the reflective insulation with foil inside the room. At the same time, Penofol is not enough for normal insulation, it is just a screen for IR rays.

Warm water and electric walls for wallpaper with your own hands

Warm walls are a method of heating a room when a water circuit or electric heating elements are laid on the building envelope from the inside.

Warm walls: water, electric, infrared - which is better?

The benefits of wall insulation

Types of warm walls

Water systems

• manifold cabinet;
• circular pump;
• temperature sensor;
• thermostat;
• automation.

Dry installation:

1. Reinforce the mounting rails.

Infrared systems

1. Prepare and clean the wall.
2. Install the heat reflector.
3. Check system operation.

1. Protective device.

Areas of application for warm walls

The choice of warm walls for the house: water or electric?

Which warm walls are better? Technology of installation of water, infrared and electric walls. Their advantages and disadvantages - read here!

Warm walls: water, electric, infrared - which are better?

Wall heating is considered today an innovation. The warm walls of the house and the floor are convenient, comfortable and economical. In this article, I will tell you about the benefits of warm walls, how water, infrared and electric differ, as well as give useful tips to help you make the right choice.

The benefits of wall insulation

We note several main advantages that usually play an important role and influence the choice of certain materials for insulating your home.

1. Sufficiently high efficiency. Wall heating provides high heat transfer. Radiators, for example, give 50-60 percent, but water walls are much higher - 85%. You will be able to maintain a comfortable temperature by significantly reducing the use of heat transfer fluids. Result: gas savings of 10% compared to radiator batteries.
2. The convective flow is significantly reduced. The heating system of warm walls has a unique scheme for the distribution of air flows in the room. In this regard, dust circulation disappears, which makes it possible to breathe freely, which is important indoors during the cold season.
3. It becomes possible to compensate for heat losses. Such walls can work for the concept of "smart home" by reducing heat losses by the method of temperature difference between the main and return heating lines. This is achieved with a thermal barrier.
4. Dryness, which will not allow mold to form.
5. The breadth of choice and the ability to create a new creative interior.

Ample opportunities are provided by the Knauf Warm Wall external insulation system.

Types of warm walls

The main types include walls:

What they are and how to mount them, I will tell further.

Water systems

The essence of the operation of such a system is as follows: the pipeline is placed and strengthened in the wall, then attached to the heat mixing unit. The water system is used in addition to the floor and radiator systems, so all its components are prepared and installed accordingly.

• pipes made of metal-plastic or cross-linked polyethylene;
• manifold cabinet;
• circular pump;
• temperature sensor;
• thermostat;
• automation.

The system is installed in two ways: dry and wet. The dry method allows the use of a coating (raised panels), and the wet method - the process itself takes place inside the layers of plaster.

If you are using a plaster coating (wet method), then you need to install water systems like this:

1. Clean, arrange wiring and electrical boxes.
2. Install the heat mixing unit.
3. Stick foam polystyrene boards on them with a vapor barrier (thin foil insulation is allowed).
4. Reinforce the mounting rails (or mounting clamps).
5. Place the piping in a zigzag pattern on the wall.
6. Connect the pipes to the node through manifolds.
7. Pressurize the pipes (the pressure should be one and a half times higher than the working one).
8. Attach fiberglass reinforcing mesh.
9. Apply a thin layer of gypsum plaster.
10. Fix a temperature sensor under the top layer of plaster.
11. After the wall dries, apply a lime-cement layer 2-3 cm thick.
12. Reinforce the fine mesh over the plaster. This will help avoid cracks.

Dry installation:

1. Attach polystyrene foam, vapor barrier and foam film to the cleaned wall.
2. Reinforce the mounting rails.
3. Install the pipeline on the wall, connect and check how it works.
4. Install a frame made of bars or metal.
5. Fasten the fiberboard boards (drywall, plastic, etc.) to the frame.

The water system in the hot season can be used as cooling air (as an air conditioner).

Infrared systems

Infrared warm walls are the most progressive way of heating the house, with a very good reputation among customers and manufacturers. You can easily and conveniently assemble carbon mats (rod and film) without spending any extra effort. Mats with special rods can be reinforced:

• under the plaster
• under the frame.

Film mats can be easily glued to thermal insulation using a special adhesive.

When working with film systems, it is not necessary to use vapor and thermal insulation, which have an aluminum coating. And do not apply glue and plaster to infrared canvases.

Proceed using the dry method and according to the instructions that were attached to the equipment. The installation process is extremely simple and consists of the following steps:

1. Prepare and clean the wall.
2. Install the heat reflector.
3. Install battens so that drywall, fiberboard, etc. can be attached to them.
4. Place and secure the mats with dowels or a construction stapler.
5. Isolate the cut lines with a special tape.
6. Install the temperature sensor and thermostat.
7. Check system operation.

Using an infrared heater, you can make not only a warm floor, but also a wall.

Electrical cable systems

This equipment is considered efficient and economical. Current passes through the cables and heats them up. The electrical system includes:

1. Heating cable (or thin mats with cable on them).
2. Apparatus for switching on, heating and switching off the entire system.
3. Corrugated tube, mounting rails (tapes).
4. Protective device.

When installing this system under plaster, we work similarly to water. When making a wall for a cable (or heating mats), it is better to take foamed foil polyethylene.

Cut the mats clearly according to the markup. Place the temperature sensor away from the floor or in a corrugated pipe.

The cable system must be turned off when you cover it with plaster. You can use the system itself 28 days after everything dries out.

The rest of the installation is carried out similarly to the installation of a water system.

1. When you insulate walls in this way, you can apply such a trick. Cover the walls with warm wallpaper made from polyethylene foam under any type of outdoor wallpaper. So you can much more efficiently use wall-mounted equipment.
2. If the heating loop is installed between two rooms, you can heat two rooms at once.

Areas of application for warm walls

Warm walls are used not only in residential areas, but are also suitable for swimming pools, baths, bathrooms and saunas. It is quite possible to place the heating systems described above in office premises, as well as even workshops and garages.

Detailed description of types of warm walls. Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of each type.

Warm walls: water, electric, infrared

Warm walls: water, electric, infrared - which are better? Wall heating is considered today an innovation. The warm walls of the house and the floor are convenient, comfortable and economical. In this

The desire to improve and modernize things that are already quite effective sometimes leads not only to the appearance of another blade on a razor or even smaller micro-bristles on a toothbrush, but also to real cost savings and higher thermal comfort. So, the technology of creating a warm wall, today is increasingly of interest to those who are trying to thoroughly study the features of each heating system.

Today, in addition to traditional radiator systems, floor, ceiling, and wall heating systems have been developed. All of them have taken root in the market in different ways. I must say that the popularity of one or another principle of heating largely depends on the awareness, first of all, of masters of heating engineers. It is no secret that very often people whose qualifications leave much to be desired are engaged in the installation of a heating system. Many of them are tolerably proficient in only one technology, and are not at all interested in its alternatives. However, when they receive some “exotic” order from a client, they boldly take on its implementation, not wanting to lose earnings. But before that, they will still try to dissuade the client from an unconventional undertaking in favor of their “native” technology.

All this was said to the fact that we all often become hostages of non-professionals, but no one forbids us to become more literate ourselves and make our housing comfortable, economical and environmentally friendly.

Why is wall heating good?

First of all, high thermal comfort. In "warm wall" systems, heat is distributed throughout the room most evenly and exclusively through thermal radiation. A warm wall acts as a source of this radiation, and since a person is an upright creature, he can absorb the heat coming from the side most of all. The work of a warm wall is very clearly shown by an example with a snow-covered slope in bright sunny weather. Despite the fact that the air temperature is well below zero, we are warm, because we are in a zone of intense diffuse radiation emanating not only from the sun itself, but also from white reflective surfaces. As soon as we go into the shade, the thermal effect instantly stops and thermal comfort disappears in the place with it.

If a warm wall is used in the room, then thermal comfort is achieved already at 17-18°C. This is several degrees lower than with traditional radiator heating, which cannot but affect the savings. By the way, with wall heating, there are no radiators in the room, which affects the aesthetics for the better. So, the "warm wall" system is a high thermal comfort, cost savings and the absence of protruding heating elements.

Varieties of wall heating

Warm wall systems differ in the way these walls are heated. The first type is the oldest air heating wall. Today, air heating looks a little different than in ancient Rome, but its essence remains the same. The heating element is located at the bottom, and between the finishing layer and the bearing part of the wall there is an air gap, the air in which, when heated, gives off heat to the wall.

This heating system is called hypocaustic. Ideally, the walls of the house should be built from hollow blocks, which, laid in a certain way, would form communicating air channels inside the wall. Directly above the floor, a niche is provided in which the heating element will be located (usually a laid copper pipe connected to a water heating circuit).

Air heated wall, in principle, can be created with any design of its supporting part and in the absence of a niche near the floor. For this, a plasterboard false wall is made, behind which there is an air space heated in a similar way. In both cases, the wall heats up and radiates heat into the room.

A warm wall with air heating can be open. In this case, warm air, rising through the air channels, enters the room through the holes near the ceiling. In closed systems, air circulates within the wall by means of convection.

Wall heating water surface type in principle, it is very similar to the system of underfloor heating. Copper, plastic or metal-plastic pipes are laid on the wall with a coil, through which the coolant is supplied. Pipes are securely fixed with special fasteners. The laying direction (horizontal or vertical) does not really matter, since the function of the pipes is to directly heat the wall. The pipes themselves are covered with a layer of plaster (by no means warm) or another finish with good heat transfer properties.

Warm wall with electric heating arranged in a manner similar to the previous one, with the only difference that in place of the water pipes are special electric heating elements. Electric heating films can also be used, which are quite convenient to install. However, experts recommend using films only from European manufacturers, since they have a longer service life. The weak point of Asian films is in the oxidation of contacts, which must be made of high-conductivity alloys manufactured using a special technology.

Quite rare is the method of heating the wall with the help of heat pipes, inside of which there is a volatile liquid. A system of such tubes is laid in the wall, and a collector with a coolant passes below. Easily evaporating liquid boils and in the vapor state rises through the tubes, giving off heat to the wall. It must be said that this method of heat transfer is one of the most efficient in terms of energy savings. The fact is that as a result of the use of heat pipes, the volume of coolant in the system is reduced by 5-8 times. This system is less inertial, i.e. more controllable and heats up faster in the event of a "cold start".

Where can a warm wall be installed?

Although a warm wall is an alternative to traditional radiators, it is still best to use it in conjunction with a floor heating system. To achieve high thermal comfort, the proportions of wall and floor heating must be adjusted. It is advisable to give priority to a warm wall in the living room, dining room and children's room. Bathrooms and kitchens will need more underfloor heating as these spaces are small and don't require a lot of energy to heat them. And, finally, the installation of a warm wall on glazed verandas and in winter gardens is not at all suitable, where the floor area is much larger than the wall area.

The "warm wall" system with a surface water or electric heater has several disadvantages, although not very significant. Firstly, it is advisable not to cover a warm wall with furniture, you can’t hang carpets on it, and in general it is necessary to block it as little as possible with various materials that have low thermal conductivity. Secondly, an attempt to drive a picture nail into it may result in damage to the heating pipe or electric heating element. To accurately determine the sections of the passage of thermal channels, a special map of the wall is drawn up, according to the coordinates of which free places are then found. Also, for this purpose, you can use special thermal films that change color depending on the surface temperature. With the help of such a film, it is easy to find a thermal channel located in the wall.

IMPORTANT: before creating a warm wall, it is necessary to think over the furnishing of the room. The greatest restrictions apply to built-in furniture: it is absolutely pointless to heat the contents of the closet!

Benefits of wall heating

The temperature of the coolant in a warm wall usually does not exceed 30-35°C, and this makes it compatible with solar collectors, heat pumps and other low-temperature sources.

The elements of the warm wall system are made so that they can be easily mounted even by yourself, however, the system design must be carried out by a specialist. Its effectiveness will largely depend on this.

A huge plus, thanks to which the same thermal comfort is achieved, is the absence of air drying and unfavorable air ionization, which occur with high-temperature heating methods.

By the way, about ionization, which for some reason is given so little attention when choosing a heating method. From the school physics course, we know that positively and negatively charged particles are respectively called cations and anions. So, it turns out that cations, being in the air, increase the movement of dust, viruses and various allergens present in every apartment. Beam monitors and kinescopes, as well as hot metal surfaces, such as radiators, contribute to positive air ionization. Numerous studies have established that the atmosphere in rooms where there is a high concentration of cations cannot be called healthy.

Anions - negatively charged particles, on the contrary, improve the well-being of a person. At the level of sensations, this manifests itself as freshness, ease of breathing, cheerfulness. In order to increase the amount of anions in the air, it is necessary to use special ionizers, but it is also possible to achieve the desired ratio of cations and anions by reducing positive ionization, i.e., by eliminating the cause of cations.

Warm wall systems exclude air contact with hot metal surfaces, and therefore, in a room with such heating, balance is maintained between positively and negatively charged particles.

For some reason, there is an opinion that the heating system is not sufficiently efficient. However, it is very popular in some European countries (for example, in Germany), where a large number of high-rise buildings are heated with warm walls. It is unlikely that this was done only to speed up the pace of construction ... In fact, the heating system with warm walls has many advantages.

Advantages of heating with warm water walls

Water warm walls provide the premises with high-quality, i.e., the most favorable heat for people (the word “quality” means radiant heat, which is precisely the most favorable for us).

It makes sense to talk about the merits of something only in comparison with something else. And since we have compared warm walls with a warm floor above, we will continue their comparison.

The vertical projection of the human body is 23 times smaller than our lateral unfolded surface. That is, in order for us to feel more comfortable standing and sitting even at low air temperatures, radiant heat should be emitted not by floors, but by walls! The heat that warm floors give, we feel only due to the direct contact of the foot (thermal conduction) and the movement of warm air (convection). And the most high-quality and healthy radiant heat - a little! I suppose it is easy to conclude in favor of heating with warm walls.

Another plus is the reduction to a minimum (or complete absence) of convective air flows in the room, hence the lack of dust circulation around the room.

Unlike underfloor heating, in warm walls you can use water at a higher temperature (up to 70 degrees), and the temperature difference in the supply and return can reach 15 degrees (in a warm floor 10 degrees maximum). What does it give us? The circulation pump can be used with smaller capacities, which means that it will consume less electricity, and the price of such a pump is also less.

The step of laying the wall pipeline is not limited by anything, since temperature differences are allowed between adjacent sections of the wall. And these differences are not felt by a person. That is, less pipes will go to the same area as the floor area.

As mentioned above, heating with warm walls saves on energy.

Where does the energy savings come from when heating with warm walls?

It turns out that with this type of heating, a person is comfortable even at a lower temperature than if the heating was radiator and the heat spread in the room convectively. That is, the air will need to be heated by 1.5 ... 2 degrees less (seemingly small numbers, but in the end the energy savings are noticeable: 8 ... 11% of fuel is saved). Well, I already talked about the pump ...

Scheme of the heating system with warm water walls

Warm walls schematically look like this:

As in the underfloor heating system, there is a collector (1), and pipeline loops (4) are separated from it along the walls. In diagram 2 - wall cladding, 3 - reflective plates, the task of which is to improve heat transfer and make it uniform.

The only subtlety here: since the loops are located vertically, you need to remove the air that can accumulate at the highest points (but more on that later).

Types of structures of water warm walls

Structurally warm walls can be made in two ways: with a horizontal arrangement of pipes:

And with vertical:

With horizontal pipes, it will be easier to remove air from the system.

Thanks to the variable pitch of the pipe, it is possible to achieve the most ideal distribution of heat in the room. So, at a height of 1.2 m from the floor, lay the pipes in increments of 10 ... 15 cm; from 1.2 to 1.8 m from the floor, increase the step to 20 ... 25 cm; above 1.8 m, the pipe pitch is allowed 30 ... 40 cm:

The direction of movement of the coolant is taken from the floor to the ceiling, so the warmest areas are located at the bottom of the wall.

Since warm walls are sources of radiant energy, they must be positioned so that they are not then covered by furniture.

Heating by one loop of two adjacent rooms is allowed. That is, a partition between rooms is made a warm wall.

When and where is heating with warm walls used?

When there is no free space in the room, because of which underfloor heating will be inefficient (in bathrooms, garages, swimming pools, workshops ... they say so, but I would doubt about workshops and garages - and what kind of master does not dream of full-wall racks Again, judging by myself, you may have other preferences).

When there is little furniture and equipment along the walls in the room (offices, corridors, auditoriums, bedrooms, halls, recreations, etc.).

Where the floor humidity is high (bathrooms, laundries, pools, sinks), which is why the warm floor will not be effective for heating, because a lot of its energy will be spent on evaporating water from the surface.

By the way, nothing prevents you from making a combined heating system from warm walls and underfloor heating so that they complement each other with insufficient power of one system. For example, there is not enough power for a warm floor - we make warm walls under the windows (and not radiators):

Or warm walls + radiators: most of the time the warm wall is on, and the radiators are turned on only to warm up the room quickly or during extreme frosts. Another option is a combination of all three water heating systems: warm walls + warm floors + radiators. This is if the walls are brick, not insulated, and there are large heat losses through them (to be honest, it’s not clear why bother with so many systems and then pay for their work when you can invest in warming a house once? But - everyone goes crazy for to his own).

Design features of the system of water warm walls

If the system of warm walls is mounted on an outer wall, then special attention should be paid to the calculation of temperature conditions, namely: where and how thick should the insulation be on the walls? With external wall insulation, the freezing point shifts into the thickness of the insulation, so non-frost-resistant materials can be used for such walls. The disadvantage of such insulation: in addition to energy costs for direct heating of the room, energy is spent on heating the wall.

Another option - the wall is insulated from the inside of the room. Then the freezing point of the wall also shifts inward. But no longer a heater, but the wall itself. In this case, frost-resistant wall materials must be used, otherwise the wall will freeze and condensation will appear (between the wall and the insulation and in the thickness of the wall itself). Operational control of the coolant temperature is also important.

If the walls are not insulated at all, miscalculations or delays in temperature control can lead to significant heat loss through the exterior walls. Large heat losses are obtained due to the large difference in temperature between indoor and outdoor air. And large heat losses lead to a large amount of moisture condensation from the steam that enters the outer wall from the room during diffusion (I suppose it is clear that this condensation occurs inside the wall? That is, in severe frost this moisture can freeze, when it freezes, the water expands - the wall collapses; do you need it?).

After calculating the heat gains, the following must be taken into account: the warm wall system can be made on internal walls, moreover, on the one hand:

Heat during this installation is distributed as shown in the figure: 70% to the room where the pipe is laid, 30% to the adjacent room (in the absence of thermal insulation between the rooms). This can be taken into account in the design and calculations.

Although structurally water-heated walls are very similar to water-heated floors, there are a number of features here and they must be taken into account when designing or installing. So, the speed of water in the pipes of warm walls should not be lower than 0.25 m / s (this is calculated in a special program, which we will talk about in other materials). Why? At such and high speeds, air pockets are “washed out”. If the coolant velocity is too low, airing of the system is very likely.

In the underfloor heating system, the removal of air from the system is achieved very simply: we put the air vent on the manifold and that's it.

In warm walls, the highest point of the contour is the upper loop, and here the accumulation of air is most likely. So the air vent on the manifold will not give anything, but this device is placed on the upper loop, which is described in detail in the article about installation.

In warm floors, the pipe can be laid in two ways: with a snail and a snake. The snail is not suitable for warm water walls, because air plugs will not be washed out in it. The conclusion is unequivocal: only a snake!

Here, it seems, is the whole theory about, and about practice - about installation - we will talk in the section on installation.

warm water walls