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Type of verb in Russian: formation and correct use. Category of verb aspect Types of verbs in Russian 4

Table of contents

Verbs- these are words denoting the action or state of an object (they answer questions what to do? what to do?) , For example: speak, read, bring, grow, save, melt, think. Every verb has an initial form called uncertain form (or infinitive). It ends with t, -ty‚ -ch. The indefinite form only names the action or state, not specifying either time, or number, or person.

In a sentence, the indefinite form is most often included in the compound verb predicate ( We started training. He couldn't participate in the tournament), but can also act as other members of the sentence, for example, the subject ( Study is our task), inconsistent definition ( He had a burning desire study ), circumstances ( He left study ), additions ( The teacher advised us more read ).

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs are transitional And intransitive. Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition, for example: read magazine, be in love opera, send telegram bring newspapers.
All other verbs are intransitive verbs, for example: grow in the forest, fly south, threaten the enemy.

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with special suffix -sya (sya) , are called recursive, for example: smoke (smoke), bathe (bath), build (build). Suffix -sya (sya) always stands at the end of the verb after other suffixes or endings, for example: bathes Xia bathe Xia bathed Xia bathe Xia .

All reflexive verbs are intransitive.

Verb types

Verbs have special forms that show how the action proceeds. These special forms are called types verb. Verbs are of two types − perfect And imperfect.

Perfect view

Perfective verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action, its beginning, for example: draw, throw, take away, sing, sing. They have two forms of time: past (What did you do? - drew, abandoned, faded, sang, sang) And the future is simple , consisting of one word (what will they do? - draw, draw, throw, fade, sing, sing). Perfective verbs do not have present tense forms.

Imperfect species

Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do? and when designating an action, do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning, for example: draw, throw, bloom, sing. They have three forms of time: past (what they were doing? - drew, threw, blossomed, sang), the present (What are they doing? draws, throws, blossoms, sings) And the future is difficult , consisting of two words - words will, you will etc. and the indefinite form of the given verb (what will they do? - they will draw, they will throw, they will bloom, they will sing).

Verb moods

Verbs have forms inclinations, which show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real or possible under any condition, or desirable. There are three moods in Russian:

1. indicative inclination showing. that the action is real, actually happening, happened or will happen, for example: We meet enemies simply: beat, beat and will beat . In the indicative mood, the verb changes in tense, has the forms of the present, past and future tenses (see the previous example);
2. subjunctive (conditional) inclination showing that an action is possible only under certain conditions, for example: Without you I don't would get to the city and amerz would on road. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense by adding a particle would . In the subjunctive mood, verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender (that is, in the same way as past tense verbs change), for example: to tell - to tell(m. R.), would tell(female), would tell(cf. p.), would tell(plural) (note the separate spelling of the particle would);
3. imperative inclination inclination denoting an action that is ordered, asked, advised to perform, for example: Whiskey her vinegar rub. Spray water. Bow, sir, weigh! ; With him do not argue you at random and these crazy ideas drop it! The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix -And to the stem of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix, for example: carry - bear - carry, bring - bring - bring; tell - tell - tell me; cook - prepare - cook . In the plural is added -those : carry those, bring those, tell those, cook those .

In the subjunctive and imperative moods, the verb does not change in tense.

In a sentence, verbs of the indicative, subjunctive, imperative moods are predicates (see examples above).

Conjugation of verbs

Changing verbs in the present and future tenses according to persons and numbers is called conjugation. Depending on the personal endings that are presented in the table, two verb conjugations are distinguished.

Number	Face	Endings of I conjugation	Endings of II conjugation
The only thing	1st 2nd 3rd	(I) -y (-y) (You) -eat (-eat) (he she it) -et (-et)	-y (-y) -ish -it
plural	1st 2nd 3rd	(We) -em (-em) (You) -ete (-ete) (They) -ut (-ut)	-them -ite -at(-yat)

Notes

1. Verbs want, run away refer to heterogeneous. In the singular, the verb to want is conjugated according to the first conjugation ( want, want, want), in the plural - according to the second ( want, want, want). The verb to run has the form in the 3rd person plural run(1 sp.), other forms - of the second conjugation: run, run, run, run.
2. Verbs give And There is(to eat) belong to a special conjugation and are conjugated as follows: in the singular: 1st l.- ladies, eat; 2nd l.- give, eat; 3rd l.- give, eat; in the plural: 1st l.- let's eat; 2nd l.- give, eat: 3rd l.- give, eat. The same endings are preserved in verbs with prefixes: serve, eat..., serve, eat...

Impersonal verbs

Among the verbs, a group stands out impersonal verbs that do not change either by number, or by person, or by gender. Impersonal verbs are used in two forms:

1. in a form that matches the 3rd person singular present (future) tense, for example: dawn, dawn, dawn; chill; it's getting dark;
2. in a form that matches the neuter form of the past tense, for example: dawned, dawned, dawned; chilled;
   it was getting dark.

In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, and with them there is no (and cannot be) a subject, for example: Buran calmed down. Only slightly veiled; To me unwell something; Can't sleep, nanny.

View is a grammatical category of a verb that represents a process as limited by its internal limit or as not characterized by its duration or repetition and expresses this meaning in opposition to the forms of the perfect and imperfect aspect. Yes, in the proposal I called you, but you didn't look back, / I shed tears, but you didn't come down(A. Blok) verb forms called And lil indicate the course of an action in time, but do not indicate whether these actions have been completed; on the contrary, verb forms looking back And descended indicate a completed action that has reached its limit.

The meaning "internal limit of the process" is, of course, abstract, but it is concretized by the lexical meaning of the verb, and also depends on other word forms related to the verb. The process itself, which has reached the "internal limit", can be both instantaneous ( Young woman shuddered ), and long-term, indicating not only the completion of the entire process, but also its individual stages: He built house(action completed completely); He sat out all day(action is brought to the limit for a certain time); Boy spoke (the initial stage of the action was brought to the limit); otshumeli spring thunderstorms(the final stage is brought to the limit). Verbs expressing the meaning of the process reaching its limit are called perfective verbs ( take, come running, say, get well, build): I decided its task, He caught up with comrades. Most often, perfective verbs denote;

• 1) action or state as a specific single fact: Unhappily faithful sister, / Hope in the dark dungeon / wake up cheerfulness and fun(A. Pushkin);
• 2) action or state as a holistic fact limited by a limit: The next day on the dog put on wide shiny collar(M. Bulgakov).

Verbs that do not express the meaning of the limitation of the process or its integrity, denoting the process in its course or repetition, are called imperfective verbs ( take, read, write, get sick, forgive): I long decided task; She wrote girlfriends; In their company, they became very different; Every week he called ,demanded ,warned. Usually imperfective verbs mean:

• 1) a specific process, not limited by a limit and presented during its implementation: shines Sun, water shine , /Everything has a smile, life in everything. / Trees joyfully tremble. / Swimming in the blue sky(F. Tyutchev);
• 2) a process that repeats an unlimited number of times: I loved I often, more often hated (M. Lermontov);
• 3) a process that occurs constantly and without interruption: oceans surround land; Angle of incidence equals reflection angle;
• 4) the process presented as a generalized fact: Everyone found, that young people have a very cozy corner(A. Chekhov).

Perfective and imperfective verbs differ in their paradigms. Perfective verbs in the indicative mood have past and future forms ( said, I will say), from verbs of the imperfect form forms of the past, present and future compound tense are formed ( took, I take, I will take). Imperfect verbs can be used to form participles of the real and passive voice of the present and past tenses ( reading, reading, readable, read), and from perfective verbs - real and passive participles of the past tense ( having read, read).

Perfective and imperfective verbs differ in the possibility or inability to combine with certain words. For example, perfective verbs cannot be combined with adverbs and phrases expressing the meaning of unlimited duration or repetition, inexpediency or undesirability, as well as with verbs denoting the beginning, end or continuation of the process ( for a long time, without end, often, constantly, daily, every day, useless, in vain, not worth it, I do not like, start off, continue, stop). On the contrary, imperfective verbs are easily combined with such words and phrases ( call for a long time, write daily, swim in the morning, don't like to sit, talk all the time, keep writing).

Special attention is required for two-spectrum verbs - verbs that, depending on the context or form, can express the meanings of both the perfect and the imperfect form ( command, use, research, execute, to say, marry, hurt, inherit, promise, capitulate, send, liquidate, organize, parry, regulate, promote, telephone, electrify). The specific meaning of such a verb can be determined

• 1) by context: Neighbors have a wedding, They marry son(non-native view). — without me me married (owl view);
• 2) by compatibility with verbs denoting the beginning, end or continuation of the process, with adverbs with the meaning of duration or repetition, as well as with other words that have the meaning of inexpediency or a negative attitude towards the process, when the value of the imperfective form is realized: start exploring, will continue to use, contribute daily, not to promise, don't get married, don't like to regulate;
• 3) in form: in the forms of the future complex, present participles, gerunds with a suffix -A (-I) such verbs are used as imperfective verbs: I will use, promising, examined, regulating; in the forms of passive past participles ( used, examined) and gerunds with suffixes -V, -lice, -shi (eliminating, getting married, shook) as perfective verbs.

All verbs of the Russian language have a species value. At the same time, many of them can be opposed to each other only in appearance, i.e. form a species pair. Thus, the aspect pair is a contrast of single-root verbs that are identical in their lexical meaning and differ from each other only in aspect meaning: rewrite — rewrite, do — do, give — give.

There are four types of species pairs:

• 1) aspect pair formed from imperfective verbs with the help of prefixes vz-, WHO-, You-, behind-, from-, on the-, O-, about-, from-, re-, By-, under-, at-, pro-, once-, With-,u-. For example: plow(non-Nov.) - plow(owl), grow up(non-Nov.) - mature(owl), treat(non-Nov.) - cure(owl), salt(non-Nov.) - salt(owl), bake(non-Nov.) - bake(owl), write(non-Nov.) - write(owl), dishonor(non-Nov.) - dishonor(owl), change(non-Nov.) - exchange(owl), build(non-Nov.) - build(owl), count(non-Nov.) - calculate(owl), prepare(non-Nov.) - cook(owl), wake up(non-Nov.) - to wake(owl), be silent(non-Nov.) - keep silent(owl), ram(non-Nov.) - tamp down(owl);
• 2) aspect pair formed from perfective verbs with the help of suffixes -yva, -willow, -va, -a: rewrite(owl) - rewrite(non-Nov.), consider(owl) - consider(non-Nov.), give(owl) - give(non-Nov.), decide(owl) - decide(non-Sov.); at the same time, alternation of vowels in the root and a change of stress are possible: offend(owl) - insult(non-Nov.), challenge(owl) - challenge(non-Nov.), cut off(owl) - cut off(non-Sov.);
• 3) an aspect pair formed from imperfective verbs by means of prefixes and suffixes: fall(non-Nov.) - fell(owl), plant(non-Nov.) - plant(owl);
• 4) an aspect pair formed by heterogeneous verbs with an identical lexical meaning: speak(non-Nov.) - say(owl), take(non-Nov.) - take(owl), put(non-Nov.) - put(owl).

But not all verbs of the Russian language can form an aspect pair, although the Russian linguistic consciousness requires "pairing", which is why they appear (even if they are considered non-literary) marry, marry, participate, greet, use, form and so on. Only those verbs that denote a process that has reached a certain limit have the ability to enter into a specific pair (for perfective verbs: cross, do, paint) or aimed at reaching the limit (for imperfective verbs: baptize, do, paint). Sometimes the same verb can be included in different aspect pairs. For example, the verb bathe included in species pairs bathe — redeem And bathe — bathe, verb sow- in species pairs sow — sow And sow — sow. At the same time, prefixed verbs are synonymous in the meaning of the perfect form redeem And bathe, and in the meaning of the imperfect form - verbs sow And sow, distinguished by their suffixes.

A specific pair is not formed by verbs denoting a process that does not reach the limit or is not aimed at achieving it ( lie, live, be sad, sleep). When attaching prefixes to such verbs, the perfect form expresses only the beginning, limited by any time limits, or the end of the process: make me sad, lie down, outlive. Thus, if single-root verbs differ not only in aspectual, but also in derivational meaning, then a specific pair is not formed. For example, the verb start talking different from verb speak not only the meaning of the perfect form, but also the meaning of the beginning of the action; verb blink different from verb blink not only the meaning of the perfect form, but also the meaning of the one-time action.

There are verbs that do not have a correlative paired verb of another kind; e.g. perfective verbs perk up, find yourself, gush do not have one-root imperfective verbs, and imperfective verbs be, need, wait, fear, contradict, shun- one-root verbs of the perfect form.

Some multi-valued verbs can form a specific pair only in some of their meanings. For example, the verb freeze freeze up in the meaning of "stiff, freeze from the cold", but not in the meaning of "turn into ice", the verb beat in meaning "hitting, hurting someone, beating" forms an aspect pair with the verb beat, verb promise forms an aspect pair with a verb promise in the meaning of "promise", but does not have an aspect pair in the meaning of "foretell, predict", the verb turn sour forms an aspect pair with a verb turn sour meaning "become sour by fermentation" ( milk turns sour, turn sour), but not in the figurative meaning of "to be lethargic, dull; to be unwell."

A selection of rules: verb (definition, signs, indefinite form of the verb, aspect, conjugation, transitive and non-transitive verbs, reflexivity of the verb, mood, tense, orthograms, morphological analysis).

Verb- this is an independent part of speech that denotes the action or state of an object and answers questions what to do? what to do? and others (go, take, praise, do).

signs

1. Permanent:

• view (perfect / imperfect);
• conjugation I or II ;
• transitivity (transitive/intransitive);
• recurrence (verbs without -SYA are not used).

2. Fickle

• mood(indicative, conditional, imperative);
• number(the only thing( I'm going, I'm going, I'm going), plural ( let's go, let's go, let's go);
• time(past, present, future);
• genus(male, female, middle);
• face(first, second, third);
• recurrence(verbs with reflexive and non-reflexive forms).

Infinitive

indefinite form is the initial form of the verb.

Verbs in an indefinite form answer the questions what to do? what to do?, ending in -TI, -TH or -CH, do not have signs of time, number, person and gender ( go, bake, cut).

Verb type

In Russian, verbs can be of two types: perfect and imperfect.

• perfect view what to do? and denote an already completed action or an action at the initial stage of execution ( solve, read, sing, sing);
• imperfect species- verbs answer questions what to do? (decide, read, sing, sing).

REMEMBER!

• Only the imperfectd: fawn, call to each other, exchange fire, glance, whistle, sow, cough, condemn, belong, roam, regret.
• Only perfect look: burst, interrogate, thunder, walk, make noise, find yourself, spoil, run, lie down, water, dream, need, hold back, think, sit, gush.

Conjugation of verbs

Verbs can be conjugated, that is, they can change in person and number.

There are 2 verb conjugations:

I conjugation -ET, -AT, -OT, -UT, -YAT, -YET -UT, -UT (sing, hide, prick, pull, winnow, wash);

II conjugation- verbs in the indefinite form end in -IT; in the 3rd person pl. hours end in -AT, -YAT (carry, saw, spend).

EXCEPTIONS!

• These verbs belong to the I conjugation: shave, lay, build up, swell.
• These verbs belong to the II conjugation: drive, breathe, hold, depend, hear, see, hate, endure, twirl, offend, look.

Way of determining verb conjugation

• If personal ending percussion, then we determine by the personal ending:
  1. If -U / -YU, -YOSH, -YOT, -YOM, -YOTE, -UT / -YUT, then this is the I conjugation.
  2. If -U / -YU, -ISH, -IT, -IM, -ITE, -AT / -YAT, then this is the II conjugation.
• If personal ending unstressed, then we define in indefinite form
  1. If the indefinite form ends in -IT(except to shave, lay), if it is one of the 7 verbs in -ET(look, see, depend, hate, endure, twirl, offend) if it is one of the 4 verbs in -AT(hear, drive, breathe, hold), then this is the II conjugation.
  2. All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to the I conjugation.

REMEMBER!

Verbs want to run are classified as heterogeneous.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs in Russian are transitive and intransitive.

• transitional- denote an action that passes to any object denoted by a noun, in the accusative case without a preposition (if the action passes to a part of the object, the accusative case is replaced by the genitive) - see off sister, chop birch, read a book, sew a suit, drink milk.

• intransitive- denote an action that does not transfer to other objects (verbs with the suffix -SYA- intransitive) - walk in the garden, rush to the train, play sports, swim in the sea.

Reflexive verbs

Reflexive verbs- This intransitive verbs with suffix -SYA.

Many verbs in Russian have reflexive and non-reflexive forms: wash(s), fight(s), roll(s), wash(s), knock(s), bend(s).

Some verbs without -SYA not used: laugh, hope, try, fear, be proud, doubt.

verb mood

There are three moods of the verb in Russian: indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative.

• indicative denotes an action that has happened, is happening, or will happen (I slept, I sleep, I will sleep).
• subjunctive (conditional) mood- denotes an action desired or possible, formed using the past tense of the verb and particle WOULD (I would write, you would come).
• imperative- denotes an impulse to action, an order, a request ( bring, stand, rise).

verb tense

Verbs change by tense (only in the indicative mood). Allocate the present, past and future (simple and compound) tenses of the verb.

• Past tense refers to actions that have already been completed by the time of speaking. Answer questions: what did you do? what did you do? what did it do? what they were doing?

Change by gender and number: I/he walked. (m. r., units); You/she walked. (female r., singular); It was going. (cf. rub., units); We/you/they were walking. (plural).

• present tense refers to actions that are taking place at the moment of speaking. Answer questions: what do i do? What are you doing? what is he doing? what do we do? what you are doing? what do they do?

(I am going. (1 lit., singular); You are going. (2 lit., singular); He / she is coming. (3 lit., singular); We are going. (1 l., pl.); You are going. (2 l., pl.); They are coming. (3 l., pl.)).

• Future refers to actions that will happen in the future. Answer questions: what will I do? what will you do? what will he do? What will we do? what will you do? what will they do?

Change in persons and numbers:(I will go. (1 l., singular); You will go. (2 l., singular); He / she / it will go. (3 l., singular); We will go. (1 lit., pl.); You will go. (2 lit., pl.); They will go. (3 lit., pl.)).

Forms of the future tense

• simple(from perfective verbs: see, see, see, see, see, see).
• complex(from imperfective verbs: I will read, I will read, I will read, I will read, I will read, I will read).

Spelling NOT with verbs

REMEMBER!

NOT always with verbs spelled separately (Don't sleep! He was not afraid to go into the forest.).

REMEMBER!

Verbs that do not NOT not used: to be indignant, to be perplexed, to hate, to be unhappy, to be unwell.

Spelling -TSYA and -TSYA

REMEMBER!

To find out, spelled by the verb -TSA or -THAT, you need to ask a question. For questions what to do? / what to do? spelled -THAT, and for questions what does it do? / what will it do? spelled -TSA.

• What to do? swim, laugh, mess around, be lazy, learn.
• What is he doing?bathes, laughs, fusses, is lazy, studies.

Soft sign b in verb forms

ь is written

• In the infinitive (indefinite form) ( wash, bake, write, want).
• In the endings of 2 liters. units h. present or simple future tense ( do, wash, wash).
• In the imperative mood ( fix, hide). Exception: lie down, lie down.

e is not written

• in the form of 3 l. units h. present or simple future tense ( washes, done).

Spelling of verb suffixes

• -T suffix of the indefinite form of the verb ( groin be, drinking be, build be, breathing be ).
• -L past tense suffix ( hear - hearing l, read - read l ).
• -NU-, -A-, -I-, -I- invariable verb suffixes (deaf Well th, works A th,ve I th, then I th,ka I tsya, la I th,lele I dark I tsya,hope I tsya, re I th,se I th, that I th, cha I th,chu I th, stro And th,one hundred And th, double And th, morning And th, glue And be).
• -OVA-/-EVA- are written in goals, which in 1 person unit. numbers end in-UYU, -YUU (commands wow – commands ova th, in yuyu - during Eve t).
• -YVA-/-IVA- are written in goals, which in 1 person unit. numbers ending in -IWAY, -WOW (late I am – late ywa th, crust ivayu – crust willow be).
• -E/TH in verbs withprefix OBES-/OBES — written in Neperwalking verbs withprefix OBES-/ OBES-, denoteaction, deputy whipped on the subject itself ( obes forces e be from fatigue obes shelter e be (to myself)).
• -I/T in verbs withprefix OBES-/O WITHOUT- written in pen walking verbs withprefix OBES-/ OBES-, denoted taking an action directed at someone else ( obes forces And be the enemy,obes shelter And th (someone another)).

View- this is the category of the verb, reflecting how the speaker sees the course of action in time: ended, lasting, repeating, one-time. In Russian, there are two types: perfect And imperfect.

Verbs imperfect form convey the meaning of the action, without indicating its completeness. Three types of words fall under this category:

Denoting long-term action. For example: "He looked into her eyes for a long time", "She walked down the street for an infinitely long time."

Conveying the meaning of a repetitive action. Example: "Every morning she gets on the bus", "He goes to school every day."

Describing permanent action. Consider the example: "The city is on a hill."

Imperfect verbs in many cases are accompanied by adverbs "long", "often", "usually", conveying the frequency with which the action is performed. Words of this type can be expressed in three tenses: present, past, future.

Verbs related to perfect look, pass the value of the completion of the action. Limit it to a time frame. Words of this type can express:

An action that ended with the achievement of some result. For example: "Nastya painted a beautiful picture", "Dad hammered a nail into the wall."

An action whose boundary is determined by its beginning. For example: “Wonderful music began to play in the hall”, “The girl sang a wonderful romance”.

A single action, provided that the word is formed using the suffix "nu": "He accidentally pushed me in the corridor", "Out of anger, he kicked the briefcase with his foot."

Perfective words appear only in past and future simple tenses.

Verbs of both types sometimes form species pairs. This category includes homonymous words that have the same meaning, but with different semantic shades. Consider examples:

Justify and justify. In the first case, we see a completed action, in the second - a long one.

Double and double. The first word conveys the meaning of the action that ended when the result was reached. The second shows the duration.

Most often, such verbs are formed from one stem. But there are exceptions, such as "take and take" or "catch and catch."

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The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action, state or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, desire, consist. All forms verb have morphological features of the species (there are perfect or imperfect species) and transitivity (they are transitional or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are conjugated(change in moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and non-conjugated(initial form verb, participles and participles).

In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predicate - mood and tense forms), non-conjugated verb forms can be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminated by the full moon ... (M. Lermontov); So thought young rake, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin).

Infinitive

The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from lat. infiniti - vus - "indefinite"). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, time, person, number, that is, without its connection with the agent (subject).

The infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / irreversibility, type of conjugation. (If in conjugated verb forms the ending is unstressed, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)

The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -ty, -ty(at school they are usually treated as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (follow, think, sing) A -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: oven, cherish, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive -ti and final root sound [G] or [To]: type forms "pekti", "protect" as a result of phonetic changes, they were transformed into "bake", "save" and so on.

In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - a heavy cross ... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders put on the captain!_ (B. Okudzhava).

Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, go etc.) or cessation of movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes in the sands he stopped(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).

Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object), not the one called the subject.

Verb stems

The verb has two basics: stem of the infinitive And basis of the present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out basis of past tense but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Part of the verb forms is formed from basics infinitive, and the other part - from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics many verbs are different.

To highlight the stem of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, piss- t, speak- th, read- uh, rice- th.

To highlight the basis of the present / simple future tense, it is necessary to separate the personal ending from the form of the present / simple future tense (usually the form of the 3rd person plural is taken): carried- ut, write- uh, talk- yat, chita j - ut, pucyj - ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to select basics): carried- l-a, piss- l-a, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice a- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics the infinitive and the present/simple future tense, and the basis of the past tense differs from them: id- ti, id- ut, sh- l-a. basics different: get wet- th, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- t, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match up: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the infinitive	Verb forms that are formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried-l-a, wrote-l-a, spoke, read, drew-a.	1. Forms of the present and the simple future tense of the indicative mood: I carry, write, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - read) pucyj- y(drawing).
2. Forms of the conditional mood: would carry, would write, would speak, would read, would draw.	2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), drawing) (draw).
3. Real past participles: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew.	3. Real participles of the present tense: carrier, write-ouch-th, speaking, chita j-ug-th (reading),pucyj-ug-th (drawing).
4. Passive past participles: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp.	4. Passive participles of the present tense: carried-ohm-th, talk-i.ch-th, chitauem-th (readable), pucyj-um-th (drawable).
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing.	5. Imperfect participles: nes-i, saying, read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing).

Verb type

Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.

Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) by achieving a result (learn, draw) an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing) single action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -Well).

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying

to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (learn, draw, play, shout).

Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair is imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.

Imperfect verbs formed from perfective verbs with suffixes:

1) -iva-, -iva-: consider- consider, ask- ask, subscribe- sign;

2) -wa: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;

3) -a-(-z): save- save, rise- grow up.

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

1) using view attachments on-, off-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, oven- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in the change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: read- reread, reread, reread etc.);

2) using a suffix -uh-: get used to- get used to, nod- nod, jump- jump.

Some verbs that make up the aspect pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- sprinkle, cut- slice.

Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.

Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect look (find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (predominate, be present, sit, be).

There are also two-species verbs that combine in one form the meaning with perfect and imperfect. Their appearance is set from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph etc. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).

Verb type influences the formation of its forms (first of all, the forms of time): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have a complex form) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; at perfective verbs there are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and participles of the present tense.

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Differ transitive and intransitive verbs.

transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question whom?"/What?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.

Instead of the accusative case, the object with a transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition:

1) if there is a negative particle Not before a transitive verb: understood the task- did not understand the task; read a novel- did not read the novel; Waste time- do not waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water(all the water in question) - drank some water(Part), fetch firewood- bring firewood.

When determining transitivity / intransitivity of verbs it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(vp with time value, not object) thundered(verb intransitive) the neighboring ravine, the stream, bubbling, ran to the stream (A. Fet).

Verbs that cannot carry a direct object are intransitive: engage(how?) sports, understanding(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.

Note. Transitivity / intransitivity closely related to the lexical meaning of the verb: in one meaning the verb can be transitive, and in the other intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling the truth“I say” is a transitive verb). The child is already talking- "talks" - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).

Reflexive verbs

TO reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -ss. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed as from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitive (knock- knock, blacken- blacken). From ordinary derivational suffixes -sya differs in that it is attached to verb forms after the endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -sya added after consonants -ss- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels is added -sya, and not -s: different - different.

Joining transitive verbs, suffix -sya turns them into intransitives: wears whom? / what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs -sya reinforces the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.

Suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.

Among verbs with the suffix -sya there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation - this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms, except for the infinitive, participles and participles, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on personal endings in Russian, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other in vowel sounds in the endings: carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent

I conjugation		II conjugation

If the ending is percussive, conjugation determined at the end: you call, you lead I conjugation, burn, sleep-II conjugation.

But most of the verbs conjugation has no accent on personal endings. In such cases conjugation determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).

Co II conjugation include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending, in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, cut, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based And be ruffled are used only in the form of 3 person units. and plural. numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-be (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.

It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones are of the same type conjugations, which is unprefixed (drive- catch up- overtake- expel etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-sya) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (s) (drive- chase-II conjugation).

There are also heterogeneous verbs in the Russian language, in which one form is formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) want- in the singular changes according to I conjugation (Want- Want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms, as in verbs of II conjugation (running- running- running- run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - run(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- changes according to II conjugation (revere- honors- honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (revere) although there is a form honor, which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (snaps-II conjugation) and plural (squeamish- I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.

Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, get bored, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, surrender, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

	eat eat	ladies give give give
	eat eat eat	give dad-they will give

Verb be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have survived from it in modern Russian. and plural. present tense numbers There is And essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common, accepted by almost all historians, general abstractions are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: will- you will- will- we will- you will- will.

It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tenses. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person).

verb mood

Verbs change according to moods. Form inclinations shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: doing(present tense) was engaged(past tense), I will study(Future tense).

Verbs in conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and, in the singular, gender) and particles would (b)(which can be before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).

IN conditional verbs change according to numbers and gender (in this mood there is no time and person): would pass, would pass, would pass, would pass.

Verbs in imperative mood denote an impulse to action (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense using the suffix -And- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, look, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest) -ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), get up (get up).

Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with ending -te: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ And etc.

Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed by particles let, let, yes + 3rd person forms or many indicative numbers: let it go, let it go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know the descendants of the Orthodox native land past fate (A. Pushkin).

Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is made up of particles. come on let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (Let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of the 1st person pl. indicative mood numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk complimenting each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); comrade life, Let's faster stomp, stomp the rest of the five-year period ... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) Do not be for that, God's will, they would not give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him Tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used as an imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's stand today for the mother empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave people and jurymen ”(A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: papa, you would talk to Alexandra, she behaves desperately (M. Gorky).

verb tense

In the indicative mood, verbs change in tense. Forms of time express the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of the verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two tense forms (they have no present tense), the future form is simple.

Form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: On full steam rushing train, wheels twirls locomotive ... (B. Pasternak); Oh how deadly we are love, How V violent blindness of passions, we are most likely destroy, what is dear to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).

Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the basis of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only time, but also person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.

Form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned little by little something and somehow ... (A. Pushkin).

Forms of the past tense are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the value of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.

Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.

Past verb tense go is formed from another stem, different from the stem of the indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.

Form future tense indicates that the action will take place after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the sheets will crumble- and will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).

Imperfective verbs and perfective verbs also have forms of the future tense, but they are formed in different ways.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs perfect form are formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the same endings as the forms of the present tenses of verbs imperfect form (such a form is called a form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs imperfect form are formed by joining forms will be, will be, will be, will be, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bear.

The forms of time can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, characteristic of the forms of other times.

Present tense forms can indicate an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called real historical): Just, you know, going out from the world, look- my horses stand quietly around Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).

Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (the value of the future tense): I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life (A. Chekhov).

Forms of the past tense can be used in the meaning of the future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I dead (K. Fedin).

Forms of the future tense can have the meaning of the past tense: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (I. Turgenev).

Person, number and gender of the verb

Forms faces of the verb express the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.

There are three faces of verbs: first, second and third.

Form first faces the only numbers denotes the action of the speaker: sing, I'll go.

Form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the speaker: let's go, let's go.

Form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: sing, go.

Form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.

Forms third faces singular and plural designate the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sing, come in, sing, come in.

Category faces And numbers Verbs have only in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood do not have a category faces, but change according to numbers And childbirth:(I, you, he) led \ \ - male genus, (I, you, she) led- female genus, (I, you, it) led-\o\- average genus, (we you they) led-\and\- plural number.

Not all Russian verbs have a complete set of personal forms.

In Russian there are so-called insufficient And redundant Verbs.

Insufficient verbs do not have a complete set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have the 1st form faces units numbers, as they are difficult to pronunciation:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the form of the 1st faces of these verbs resort to a descriptive method; I must win, I want to convince, I can find myself.

A number of verbs do not use the forms of the 1st and 2nd faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs refer to processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): to calve, to whelp, to rust, to glimmer, to turn white, to brighten, to be distributed(about sound) flare up and so on.

In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also takes place, when for some verbs the formation of forms faces present (or simple future) time goes in two different ways: splash- splatter / splatter, drip- drip / drip, splash- splash / splash, poke- poke / poke, wave- waving / waving and etc.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: shiver, vomit, be unwell, get light, dawn, get colder, evening, dusk etc. They denote the state of man or nature.

These verbs do not change by person and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates of impersonal sentences, and the subject with them is impossible.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (shine, shiver) 3rd person singular form (light, chill) and the neuter singular form (light, shivering).

Group impersonal verbs replenished with personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: can't read, can't sleep, can't believe, easily breathe, live etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o And smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over meadows (A. Maykov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something dark in the distance And It gets dark early in winter.

Morphological analysis of the verb includes the selection of four permanent features (kind, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-permanent ones (mood, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent features of the verb can be increased by including features such as the class of the verb, as well as the type of the stem.

Scheme of morphological parsing of the verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form (indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) recurrence; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) person (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. syntax function. Listen carefully, standing in a forest or among an awakened flowering field ... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

An example of the morphological analysis of the verb. I. Heed- verb, denotes an action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect look; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) imperative mood; 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence, it is a simple verbal predicate.