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The tobacco mosaic virus is infective. Mosaic: prevention and control measures. On fruit trees

mosaic virus

How to recognize the disease, its manifestations

Mosaic is a disease whose main characteristics are patches of green and white on leaves and fruits. They come in different sizes and shapes, cause damage to the leaves and change their contour.

Seedlings affected by the infection slow down development and growth, and adult plants gradually wither and die. Before the characteristic spots appear, entire fields can be completely infested.

History of appearance

As early as the end of the 19th century, the first symptoms were found on tobacco plantations. At first, one bush was infected, it became covered with bright marks, lost its shape and eventually died. Gradually, one by one, neighboring ones fell ill, and soon, entire plantations were unsuitable for further tobacco production.

The only way to fight at that time was the destruction of infected seedlings at the first manifestations in order to save the rest. The disease was called "tobacco mosaic". Only a century later, Dr. Ivanovsky D.I. A virus that causes mosaic disease in plants has been discovered.

What caused

Mosaic completely affects tissues at the cellular level. Occurs as a result of damage to chloroplasts and partial destruction of chlorophyll. There is a breakdown of plastids, as a result of which the level of carbohydrates decreases. The death of individual sections of tissue begins. Pathogens named Nicotina virus 1, Cummis virus 2, Solanum virus 1 and many others.

How does it manifest

There are many viruses that infect only certain varieties. On garden crops, the mosaic can be expressed in different ways. The first manifestations characteristic of it are:

• Spots of different colors and sizes: they can be light yellow, bright green or whitish. They have an irregular shape and deform the structure of the sheet plate.
• The development of the culture slows down, in comparison with the rest, the water exchange is disturbed, due to which the stems and leaves dry out. First of all, this applies to young shoots.
• Brown spots on vegetables and fruits. Due to damage, the process of decay begins, so they become partially or completely unsuitable for food.

How it spreads

Infection can occur through mechanical damage during processing or normal contact with infected crops. Often this happens when diving dense seedlings. But the disease can also be transmitted by touching foliage or stems with each other from the wind.

Trimming and breaking off infected leaves or stems is not recommended, as the juice remains on the blade and hands. With further work on the site, there is a possibility of multiple infection.

The disease can be spread by carriers. They can be insects such as: aphids, ticks, bugs, etc. Also, the mosaic is transmitted through fruits and seeds carried by birds and animals.

The soil below the root is a breeding ground for infection, as plant debris, such as leaf litter, can remain in it. High humidity and air temperature + 20-25 ° C contribute to the development of mosaic infection.

Spread can also occur through raindrops flowing down the infected plant with small particles of diseased plants.

Main affected crops

Unfortunately, the mosaic has many varieties and affects almost all agricultural and horticultural crops. It is possible to get rid of it or prevent its spread only at an early stage. It is necessary to identify diseased plants and destroy them in order to keep healthy ones.

On fruit trees

The causative agent is subcutaneous spotted mosaic. Most often, the pear suffers. Signs of damage to fruit trees:

• cracks in the bark and main branches;
• the foliage is covered with mosaic spots;
• hard clusters form in the fruits, the shape changes, the flesh darkens;
• yield drops sharply.

On flowers

The mosaic appears as follows:

• yellow arrows and lines appear on shoots and stems;
• flowers become small, lethargic, acquire a greenish tint, most of them fall off;
• the flowering period ends faster than usual.

The disease is easily transferred to neighboring rose bushes, destroying entire plantings and beds.

Berries

They are affected by vein mosaic. Character traits:

• chlorosis of the leaf veins (marks of different colors), folding of the edges, the leaves become as if scorched;
• the development of young shoots is reduced;
• affects the entire bush, covering with yellow spots of an angular shape.

Many varieties of raspberries and other fruit and berry crops, such as currants, grapes, gooseberries, etc.

Potato

Potato bushes are struck by such a type of mosaic as striped. The first characteristic manifestations:

• longitudinal stripes are clearly expressed on the upper tissues and stems;
• they become rough and decrease in size;
• affects the tubers, they become spindle-shaped.

As a result, potato fruits lose their taste, and the yield index decreases. The striped mosaic affects the entire plant and leads to its death.

tomatoes

Tomato mosaic is the most common disease of this species. It is also called burn. Characteristic signs:

• The leaves acquire a bright spotted color;
• light and dark green marks appear on the fruits;
• deformation and blackening of the pulp of tomatoes, followed by decay.

Because of the mosaic of tomatoes, you can lose up to 20% of the crop. That is why for planting it is necessary to use only high-quality and healthy seeds.

cucumbers

Cucumbers are most commonly infected with common mosaic. Symptoms:

• curvature of the stems and spotting of the leaves while still in seedlings;
• over time, they dry out and curl up;
• cracks in the stems;
• the number of flowers and their size decreases;
• cucumber fruits are often curled up and covered with yellow spots.

With a strong lesion, the flowers may dry out, and the stem becomes almost transparent or faded. The whole bush loses color and fades.

Cabbage

Manifestations of cabbage mosaic:

• the veins become lighter;
• dotted spots of necrosis appear;
• fabrics lose their shape and wrinkle;
• the stem becomes brittle and breaks easily.

It affects almost all types of cabbage.

Radish

Both radish and radish are exposed to viral damage. Symptoms:

• mosaic, change in shape, darkening of the veins;
• growth retardation;
• the appearance of black spots on vegetables, small fruit.

It can be expressed differently in different varieties.

Peas

It is more often affected by the deforming mosaic virus, occasionally by the common one. Appears in:

• bruising and curliness of fabrics;
• white and yellow markings on leaves;
• growth retardation;
• spotting of pods, their decay and blackening.

Peas in pods turn yellow.

Beans

It is affected, most often, by an ordinary mosaic. Symptoms:

• the foliage is covered with irregularly shaped spots, spinning and bubbling;
• the stem is affected, and a rosette of diseased leaves is formed below;
• seedlings remain dwarfed.

The roots are infected along with the soil underneath. The fruits have an unhealthy faded color.

Methods of prevention and protection

The very first and most effective remedy for any disease is prevention.

Prevention methods

To initially exclude the possibility of mosaic infection and get a good and healthy harvest, you should:

• use only healthy material for planting;
• fight insects that are carriers of the mosaic by performing spring garden processing;
• choose varieties that are more resistant to infection;
• destroy infected units along with the ground from under the bushes;
• plant sprouts as far apart as possible;
• clear plantings from weeds;
• disinfect the blades of garden tools (with a solution of vitriol - 4 tablespoons per liter of water or potassium permanganate - 2 tablespoons per liter of water).

Prevention for seeds

When buying seeds, it is quite difficult to determine their quality. Also, you cannot be sure that they are healthy. Before planting, seeds can be prevented by keeping them in hot water for half an hour, or disinfected in a 20% hydrochloric acid solution. Then the seeds should be washed and dried.

Treatment

There are no cures for mosaic, as such. The only effective treatment is the destruction of infected bushes and weeds, the fight against insect vectors.

To disinfect scissors or pruner blades, you can use alcohol (both medical and ordinary vodka is suitable) or a chlorhexidine solution. Carrying out the trimming procedure, after each use of the tool, wipe the cutting surface with a cotton swab or cloth soaked in a disinfectant liquid. Be very careful not to break the stems when tending or cultivating the lawn.

If the mosaic has just begun to develop, you can treat all the bushes with a solution of karbofos. To prepare it, dilute 75 g of the drug in 10 liters of water and spray the plantings. This will help protect healthy crops from infestation. Heavily damaged bushes should be removed immediately.

If the cultures in the greenhouse were affected by the mosaic, then after harvesting it is necessary to remove all the plants together with the top layer of the earth (up to 10 cm). Then carefully treat the entire greenhouse (including the walls) with a 0.5% solution of trisodium phosphate. Clothing that you disinfected should also be thoroughly boiled and cleaned, as the mosaic virus can remain on it for several more years.

Outcome:

Mosaic plant disease is quite common. The causative agents are viruses, for which there is no cure yet. The only way to fight is prevention.

To date, selectors are actively working on resolving the issue. Their main task is to develop mosaic-resistant varieties of crops, which will eradicate the infection and increase plant yields.

Having asked a competent botanist or biologist the question of what a leaf mosaic is, we will surely get an answer that will surprise: specify what phenomenon we are talking about. And really, what do we mean?

It turns out that leaf mosaic is an amazing phenomenon and property of plants that mother nature endowed them with. The leaves on the trees in relation to the light flux are arranged in such a way as to receive maximum solar energy, while distributing it evenly to everyone, without shading each other. Thus, leaf mosaic contributes to the maximum use of air, heat flow, space and light by the plant.

Another phenomenon is a complete opposite of the first.

Mosaic, mosaic disease or leaf mosaic. Whatever you call this viral phenomenon, this danger, the severity of the flow and the unenviable fate for the plant itself are unlikely to change for the better.

What is viral leaf mosaic of plants?

This is perhaps one of the most harmful plant diseases. Viruses are to blame for its occurrence and spread.

Moreover, each type of green crop has its own viral enemies:

1. For tobacco and tomato, this is Nicotina virus 1.
2. The emerald coloring of cucumbers is changed by Cummis virus 2.
3. Solanum virus 1 and S. virus 2 are involved in the appearance of speckled and wrinkled potato mosaic.
4. Beta virus 2 is responsible for the beet mosaic.
5. Cabbage, soybeans, peas, beans, ornamental plants, fruit trees and shrubs are “attacked” by Brassica virus 3.

The disease is called leaf mosaic because the leaves of the plant are the most vulnerable and suffer first.

If we do not take into account the severity of the disease and the lethal consequences for green culture, then the mosaic color of the leaf looks fun and funny, and in some way, even aesthetically pleasing and beautiful.

The variegated coloring of the affected leaves is striking - the alternation of spotty formations, different in shape, size and intensity of green.

Viruses, regardless of their type, kill the culture at the cellular level. The fundamental pathology manifests itself in chlorophyll-bearing tissues, which leads to a decrease in photosynthesis. The foliage does not receive the required amount of carbohydrates, cells and entire sections of leaf tissue die off.

Varieties and ways of spreading the disease

In the previous section, we discussed viruses that provoke mosaics in certain plants. According to the names of crops, varieties of garden misfortune were formed.

The greatest harm and danger are mosaics of fruit trees and shrubs, tomatoes, tobacco, beets, cabbages, soybeans, peas, white and green cucumber mosaics, speckled and wrinkled potatoes, as well as ornamental plants, especially.

Rose afflicted with mosaic disease

It should be noted with regret that the number of communication channels for the spread of garden infection is very large. And the big problem is to completely block them.

The pathogenic virus is easily introduced through planting material, seeds and infected seedlings, during picking through the sap of diseased plants, during pinching, with direct contact between infected and healthy individuals, as well as during banal injury.

All is well if gardeners were only concerned with these problems. However, viruses still have enough helpers, a kind of mobile vehicles - these are ticks, aphids, bedbugs. Moving around the site, they easily spread the mosaic pest.

It should be noted that a comfortable environment for the development of the virus is the density of plants, temperature drops at maximum readings of over 25 degrees.

How to recognize the disease?

It is easiest to notice the pest on young shoots.

Typical visual manifestations:

1. Mosaic leaf spot, which changes their structure.
2. Spots of irregular shape, different in size and color - from whitish to light yellow and bright green.
3. Pathology in development is noted, plant growth slows down.
4. The access of water is reduced - the culture becomes limp and withers. New shoots and stems that have just appeared begin to dry out.
5. The fruits are covered with brown spots, which turn into rot. They are not suitable for fodder even for livestock.

Depending on the type of green crop, mosaic disease has exclusive features.

Fruit trees - it has been noticed that the pear is the least protected genus of fruit crops from the virus.

Signs of defeat:

1. The bark and large branches are scarred.
2. Foliage, especially young ones, is covered with "camouflage" spots.
3. Rigid formations appear in the depth of the fruit, it changes shape, the core turns brown, rots, the yield is significantly reduced.

Pear leaf affected by disease

Mosaic on flowers:

1. The leaves are cut with yellow arrows and brown lines.
2. The buds are shrinking, not having time to bloom and complete flowering. The flower itself withers, drying up, fading and dying.
3. The flowering period is unusually short or does not start at all.

Mosaic on berry bushes - almost all varieties of raspberries suffer, most currants, gooseberries, grapes.

Visual symptoms:

1. Leaf chlorosis is clearly visible - violations in the formation of chlorophyll. The foliage is discolored, losing its characteristic green color.
2. In appearance, the plane of the sheet seems to be scorched. Edges and corners are curled.
3. Young shoots are significantly stunted.
4. Soon the virus completely disfigures the bush. It is decorated with yellow-brown spots of various sizes.

Potato mosaic disease:

1. Longitudinal stripes appear on the stem and upper crown.
2. The bush slows down growth. Leaves become rough and shrink.
3. The disease, tending down, strikes the roots. The tubers change shape, as if turning out. They lose their taste and are unsuitable for food.

Tomato mosaic is the most common misfortune for this culture. In the people it is called a burn of tomatoes.

External manifestation:

1. The foliage is torn with a spotted color.
2. Dark green and light formations appear on the fruits.
3. The tomato is deformed, the inside turns black and rots.

Mosaic tomato disease

Mosaic ordinary on cucumbers:

1. At an early stage of the disease, the stems of the seedlings are bent, the leaves are covered with mosaic spots.
2. As the disease progresses, they dry out and curl.
3. The number and size of flowers are significantly reduced.
4. With a strong defeat, the flowers dry up without completing the entire cycle.
5. The stem becomes faded or almost transparent, cracks appear on it.
6. The fruits are twisted, covered with yellow and brown spots.
7. The bush, drying up, fades before our eyes.

Cucumbers affected by mosaic disease

Virus on cabbage

1. The veins on the leaves lighten up.
2. Black spots are formed, characterizing necrosis.
3. The leaf loses its shape and wrinkles.
4. The stem rots, becomes brittle and unstable.

Black spots on a head of cabbage - a sign of a mosaic disease

It is worth noting that there are no such varieties of cabbage that would resist this natural ailment.

Disease on peas and beans:

1. The leaves take on a curly, crumpled shape.
2. Spots of whitish and yellow color are formed on the surface.
3. After the disease of the stem, rosettes of diseased leaves appear on the lower tier.
4. Plant growth slows down significantly.
5. Yellow and brown spots scatter on the pods. They blacken and rot.

Mosaic on radish and radish:

1. The sheet is covered with a mosaic scattering.
2. Its shape changes, the veins darken.
3. Growth slows down significantly.
4. Black spots appear on the root crop, which turn into rot.
5. The fruit is small and unsuitable for food.

Fighting methods

In the fight against the disease, the most unpleasant thing is that science has not yet been able to offer effective remedies. Each gardener or gardener uses his own experience or recommendations taken from various sources or communication with colleagues.

If the infection is local, then partial removal of diseased areas is used. To do this, cut off diseased parts (branches, shoots) with a disinfected knife. After such an operation, the entire plant is sanitized by making a solution of ten liters of water and 75 grams of Karbofos.

The cut points can be treated with a different composition - mix a weak solution of potassium permanganate with crushed charcoal.

But if we are talking about the defeat of a large area, then there is only a radical way - diseased plants are removed and burned.

After diseased plants are destroyed, remove and dispose of the soil to a depth of 10 centimeters.

If viruses have taken over the greenhouse, then after removing all the crops, carefully disinfect using a half-percent solution of trisodium phosphate for this.

It will not be superfluous to thoroughly process and boil the clothes in which you carried out the treatment, since the virus can be in a "sleeping" state for many more years.

Prevention

As it becomes clear from the previous section, in view of the fact that scientists have not yet proposed effective means of combating leaf mosaics, the main hopes are placed on preventive measures in order to minimize the reproduction of harmful viruses in your backyard.

1. Purchase planting material only in reliable specialized stores.
2. Carefully study the characteristics of planting material, trying to select varieties resistant to the virus.
3. Considering that different types of garden crops are susceptible to infection with different viruses, then alternate them between planting seasons in greenhouses and in open areas.
4. Carefully remove remaining plants from greenhouses and open ground. Especially when it comes to sick specimens.
5. Clean the soil in the greenhouse to a depth of ten centimeters, and in the spring replace it with new, cultivated soil.
6. Do not chase after saving the landing area. Dense beds are an ideal habitat for a garden enemy.
7. When caring for plants (garter), do not use last year's twine.
8. When removing diseased plants, treat the soil with bleach. With the same solution, rinse the garden tools that were used to remove infected crops.
9. Plan your garden beds carefully. Avoid close planting cucumbers with ornamental plants.
10. Remember that carriers of viruses are aphids, bedbugs,. Therefore, take preventive measures to destroy them.

Viruses that cause plant mosaic disease are a dangerous, hidden and insidious enemy. Dealing with them is difficult, but possible. Diligence and diligent implementation of all recommendations - this is the key to victory over garden enemies.

​Related Articles​

Varieties of cucumber disease

1. The disease can manifest itself not only on the leaves, but also on the fruits. They begin to deform and change color depending on the stage of development of the disease.

Fungal diseases of cucumbers

This is a fungal disease of cucumber that can occur from seeds or plant residues infected with mycelium of the fungus. Moreover, the disease may not appear immediately, but already during the period of a developed plant. All the time from the beginning of sowing, the disease develops inside the plant and moves up, right up to fruiting, and already at this time it can show visible symptoms of infection. This is the appearance of yellow pancake spots on the leaves, limited by veins. A little later, a grayish coating appears on the back of the sheet. Then the spots grow, darken and the leaf dries up. The fungus can destroy the entire plant in a fairly short time.

The first signs may appear even on seedlings of cucumbers, the leaves become covered with yellowish spots, both large leaves and young nascent ones begin to curl. With the further development of the disease, the stem of the plant cracks along its length. It is better to remove such seedlings, there will be little sense from planting them.

Bacterial diseases of cucumbers

• Disinfection of seeds before planting (soak for 12 hours in a dark solution of potassium permanganate).
• Watery shell of the fruit and oil stains on the leaves;
• To grow a rich crop of cucumbers, you need to know not only the features of the agricultural technology of this plant, but also diseases that can cause irreparable harm to the plant and destroy the entire crop.

• Reasons for the appearance of the mosaic
• Preventive actions should be as follows. Using clean or treated seeds. Planting or seeding in areas with well-prepared composted beds, the use of crop rotation.​
• Prevention and treatment of downy mildew or peronosporosis.
• If the disease develops on an adult plant, then in addition to damaging the leaves and stems, it also affects the fruits, especially at low temperatures. They are bent, mosaic yellow spots appear on the green body of the fetus, sometimes the fruits dry out, become wrinkled, and the flowers do not develop.
• ​
• Regular weeding and removal of their residues from the garden.
• Rapid loss of turgor at lunch;
• Diseases that affect cucumber vine at different stages of its vegetation can be divided into three groups.

Virus diseases of cucumbers

- an excessive increase in temperature outside (above 25 C, the risk of the virus increases) and at the same time its sharp fluctuations at night and daytime.

Biological product Fitosporin-M. can serve as both a preventive and a disease-stopping agent.

As preventive measures, it is necessary to observe crop rotation, warm up or pickle the seeds and use disease-resistant varieties of cucumbers.

Prevention and treatment of cucumber mosaic.

How to deal with fungal diseases of cucumbers?

Perhaps the most common disease not only of cucumbers, but also of many other crops. And as a result, infection can be transmitted not only from cucumbers.

• Pest control, which are carriers of infection.
• softening of the stems and browning of the vessels;
• Fungal diseases.

Ways to combat bacterioses in the disease of cucumbers

• Light areas form along the veins on the leaves of cucumbers and the leaves in these places wrinkle
• At the first signs of the disease, it is possible to spray with the preparations Ridomil Gold, MC, Kuprosat.
• As a precautionary measure, try to observe crop rotation, prevent weeds from appearing on the bed, plant cucumbers in composted soil, and shelter from possible cold snaps. Prevent the appearance of aphids as carriers of the disease.
• This fungal disease manifests itself on the leaves in the form of white spots, which are formed due to the surface mycelium of the fungus. For the germination of mycelium, a low temperature of up to 15-16g is required. and high humidity for 3-4 days. You may notice that the disease appears within 2-3 days after or during cold, prolonged rains.
• Proper watering of plants with warm, settled water: you need to pour water into the furrows, and not under the root of the plant.
• Brown mass inside the pulp of the cucumber.
• Bacterial diseases.

Fight against viral mosaic species

This viral disease, in comparison with the usual mosaic, can develop, and consequently only infect plants of the pumpkin family, and even then not all, this virus does not infect zucchini and pumpkins.

• Plants begin to grow and develop much more slowly
• Fungal disease of cucumber, which occurs due to sudden changes in temperature with high humidity, often manifests itself from irrigation by sprinkling with cold water.
• You can slow down the disease or stop it with the help of drugs such as Aktara, Aktelikt.
• In sunny weather, abundant sporulation and the spread of the disease occur. From individual spots, the leaves are covered with an almost continuous white bloom, later passing to the shoots, the leaves are deformed and dry.
• Spraying cucumbers from pests.
• Cucumber diseases spread very quickly in high humidity. Greenhouse plants suffer the most from this virus.

Viral diseases.

Video about cucumber diseases

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Diseases of cucumbers. Prevention and treatment | All about tomatoes (tomatoes) - video, photo, reviews

But for cucumbers, it is no less dangerous than ordinary mosaic, especially its more aggressive strain, which causes white mosaic symptoms.

Powdery mildew.

Fruits and leaves are covered with a mosaic color

Infection with a fungus occurs as a result of mycelium getting onto plants from affected plant residues.

This viral disease, in comparison with the usual mosaic, can develop, and consequently only infect plants of the pumpkin family, and even then not all, this virus does not infect zucchini and pumpkins. But for cucumbers, it is no less dangerous than ordinary mosaic, especially its more aggressive strain, which causes white mosaic symptoms.

Without taking preventive measures at the first stage of the development of the disease, the plant may die completely.

Compliance with crop rotation: return cucumbers to their place only four years after melons.

Angular leaf spot causes the death of cucumbers in a short time and is considered the most dangerous disease, as it is quickly transmitted from one plant to another. The infection is spread by wind, water droplets, pests and infected seeds. The disease is characterized by the appearance of brown spots on the leaves and fruits, which dry the tissue for several days. The bacterium multiplies most rapidly in warm, humid weather.

The most common fungal disease of cucumbers is powdery mildew. The reason for its appearance on the leaves is sudden changes in temperature, an excess of nitrogen in the soil or a lack of potassium. Sick plants are covered with white powder, lag behind in growth and gradually dry out.

As a preventive measure against the disease, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for plants, avoiding high humidity or, on the contrary, drying out of the soil. If possible, cover cucumbers at night and on rainy days. Watering is best done with warm water in moderation.

This disease spreads for the same reasons as the white cucumber mosaic.

​4,14​

This disease manifests itself first on the leaves and cuttings, and then affects the fruits, forming pancake spots on them, turning into sores that penetrate the cucumber and change its color to a pale color.

Signs of such a disease are the initial appearance of swollen tubercles on the leaves, and the appearance of white dry spots or entire areas already indicates the transition of the disease from green to white mosaic.

Cucumbers are susceptible to disease during periods of sudden changes in temperature and low light. A lack of calcium and an excess of nitrogen also makes plants not resistant to powdery mildew.

In the greenhouse, the appearance of bacterial diseases is directly related to the formation of condensate. To avoid a large amount of drip moisture, during the period of temperature fluctuations, it is necessary to use space heating at night.​

When affected by vascular bacteriosis, the fruits lose their taste and commercial qualities. They are unsuitable for food, as they become wooden. The infection spreads with the help of infected seeds and plant debris.

Downy mildew or peronosporiosis occurs as a result of high humidity, when watering with cold water, and a sharp temperature drop. First, brown spots appear on the leaves, which dry out after a few days. Fungal spores remain on the underside of the leaves. They are carried by wind and pests to neighboring areas. The disease occurs from plant residues or seeds infected with the mycelium of the fungus. The disease is provoked by high humidity and watering with cold water, as well as sharp changes in day and night temperatures. It appears during the fruiting period.

As preventive measures, they try to create favorable conditions, cover cucumbers during cold snaps and vice versa to ventilate in good weather. Sow cucumbers or seedlings in clean compost beds. Apply disease-resistant varieties.

But if the disease has already appeared, then you can try to stop it with old folk remedies, this is spraying plants with skim milk or whey left after making cottage cheese, diluted 1:10. Nettle infusions and decoctions with an admixture of silicate adhesive for adhesion also have a depressing effect on the fungus.

So, below are the main

Prevention and treatment of olive spot or cladosporiosis.

The virus is very resistant and is easily transmitted from plant to plant, persists in seeds, plant debris, and can even live on garden tools.

Prevention and treatment of cucumber powdery mildew.

And if it was not possible to protect the plants from infection? How to treat cucumbers from diseases in order to preserve the harvest? Copper-containing preparations will help: Kuproksat, Bordeaux mixture. Processing must be carried out twice, with an interval of 10-12 days. Viral diseases of cucumbers are characterized by a change in leaf color. Spots appear on it that resemble a mosaic, and the leaf blade itself curls and wrinkles. All viral diseases are seed-borne or carried by pests. Before planting, the seed is recommended to warm up at a temperature of +70 degrees for three days.

Dangerous fungal diseases of cucumbers should also include white rot, olive blotch, root rot.

Angular leaf spot.

Of the chemicals, these are the preparations "Kvadris", "Topaz", "Jet".

control measures Mosaic is very common

As preventive measures, they try to create favorable conditions, cover cucumbers during cold snaps and vice versa to ventilate in good weather. Sow cucumbers or seedlings in clean compost beds. Apply disease-resistant varieties.

The frolicking virus also infects the fruits, which are deformed and may become stained.

As a preventive measure against the disease, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for plants, avoiding high humidity or, on the contrary, drying out of the soil. If possible, cover cucumbers at night and on rainy days. Watering is best done with warm water in moderation.

​The best way to deal with viral mosaic is prevention.​

Cucumber mosaic appears 25-30 days after planting on young leaves. There is spotty yellowing on the sheet, it is deformed. If you do not start the fight against the disease, then in a few days the fruits will also become infected. The peddler of cucumber mosaic is aphid.

The main signs of bacterial wilt (causative agent - Erwinia tracheiphila) are:

Spraying is carried out both on the upper and lower parts of the leaves and shoots.

​with an ailment, adhering to which you will never stumble upon a mosaic!​

viral disease

When symptoms of the disease appear, spraying with a solution of Bordeaux mixture or copper oxychloride preparations is used up to 4 times during the season.

Prevention and treatment of green speckled and white cucumber mosaic.

But if the disease has already appeared, then you can try to stop it with old folk remedies, this is spraying plants with skim milk or whey left after making cottage cheese, diluted 1:10. Nettle infusions and decoctions with an admixture of silicate adhesive for adhesion also have a depressing effect on the fungus.

Soak the seeds before planting in disinfectants or warm up at a temperature of +70 degrees.

White mosaic on cucumbers appears as white and yellow star spots. Often the entire leaf turns white, and the fruits are painted in a white stripe. It is possible to infect a plant with a white mosaic virus only by contact and seeds. Sharp wilting of the plant;

Root rot of cucumber.

The beginning of the disease is the appearance of white fluffy mold on different parts of the plant, subsequently black dots form on it, the stem or other affected areas soften, and it is easier to rot and the higher part of the plant dies.

As preventive measures, planting seeds with a shelf life of more than two years, or their thermal disinfection at 70 degrees for three days, can be used.

Permanent removal of weeds, as they are the first carriers of infections!

which affects many plants. It can spread to them with the help of infected seeds and plant sap during a pick. Also, a vegetable can become infected with a disease if there is a carrier next to it.

A dangerous fungal disease that affects all parts of the plant. It occurs, like most diseases, due to non-compliance with climatic and agrotechnical conditions.

Of the chemicals, these are the preparations "Kvadris", "Topaz", "Jet". Spraying is carried out both on the upper and lower parts of the leaves and shoots. Destroy all plant debris in the garden after harvesting. The green mosaic can be confused with an ordinary type of fungal virus, but it only affects young leaves. Bubble-like growths, mosaic yellowing, wrinkling appear on them. Plants do not grow well, the ovary dries and crumbles. The appearance of a white sticky mass (similar to saliva) that is released from the stem;

SvoiTomaty.ru

Cucumber mosaic - causes of the disease and measures to combat it

You can slow down the spread of an already existing disease by spraying, skimmed 10% milk.

Seeds for sowing should only be from trusted sources, since the plant from which they are taken should not be diseased. After collecting the seeds, they must be stored for another three years.

Any virus will damage a diseased or damaged plant much more than a healthy one. They penetrate through damaged tissues and then penetrate deep into the roots. The beginning of the disease is the appearance of a white fluffy mold on different parts of the plant, subsequently black dots form on it, the stem or other affected areas soften, and it is easier to rot and the higher part of the plant dies . As a preventive measure, planting seeds with a shelf life of more than two years, or their thermal disinfection at 70 degrees for three days, can be used.

A very dangerous fungal disease of cucumbers that affects not only the leaves, but also the fruits.

Signs of the appearance of the disease - white cucumber mosaic

Fight aphids and other insect pests.

• The most successful fight against disease is the absence of disease. Preventive measures will help to achieve this result. What should be done?

• Leaf spot and wilting.

Another bacterial disease of cucumber, the main focus of infection are seeds obtained from diseased plants. The disease mainly spreads in film greenhouses at high humidity with the formation of droplets covering the leaves of plants. The cause of the disease is mainly infected seeds collected from diseased fruits, the fungus also persists on plant debris and in the upper soil layer.

Signs of the appearance of the disease - green speckled mosaic

• Plant varieties and hybrids must themselves be very resistant to mosaic.

• Lately it has been very common

• Prevention and treatment of white rot of cucumber or sclerotinia.

You can slow down the spread of an already existing disease by spraying, skimmed 10% milk.

Control measures

It begins with the formation of a different shade of brown uneven spots on the leaves of the plant, later the spots grow, become darker, up to black, dry out and fail, whether burnt. Later, the fungus infects the fruits, forming depressed brown spots on them, extending deep into the cucumber up to 3-5 mm. ​Disinfect consumable.​ Observe crop rotation.

• The virus persists on the remains of the stem until next year. If signs of bacterial wilt are noticed, then all dry stems must be burned. Planting gourds in this area is contraindicated for 5-6 years. Seeds collected from such plants are also carriers of the disease.

• As a suppression of the disease, the biological product Fitosporin-M is used.

• The disease manifests itself by the formation of angular gray spots on the lower leaves of plants. The spots have an oily patina, and on the underside of the leaf there is an accumulation of yellow drops in which bacteria accumulate. When these drops are washed away, the disease spreads to other leaves and conquers more and more space. If you reduce the humidity, then the drops dry up, and the spots turn black and fail. The ingress of bacteria on the fruit leads to the formation of small ulcers and curvature of cucumbers.

• Prevention and treatment of cucumber anthracnose.

• Be sure to destroy all plant debris from the garden in the fall!

• cucumber disease

• The main preventive measures are the observance of sanitary measures before planting and during the growing period. This is the use of crop rotation or soil replacement in the greenhouse, watering with warm water without spraying, timely removal of dried leaves and affected areas.

• Another bacterial disease of cucumber, the main focus of infection are seeds obtained from diseased plants. The disease mainly spreads in film greenhouses at high humidity with the formation of droplets covering the leaves of plants.

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Diseases of cucumbers. Prevention and treatment.

Diseases of cucumbers. Prevention and treatment

The cause of the disease is mainly infected seeds collected from diseased fruits, the fungus also persists on plant debris and in the upper soil layer.

Powdery mildew.

Pour warm water into the furrows.

Adhere to regular watering with warm water.

Soft rot is caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas burgeri Pot. The source of infection is untreated infected seeds. Often the disease proceeds slowly and begins to progress only with a decrease in air temperature. The owners complain about a bad variety or freshly harvested seeds, because the crop shortage for this disease can be 40%.

Do not thicken the landings!

that grow in a greenhouse - "mosaic". Treatment is most often carried out by transplanting or treating plants with fungicides, but most often such actions do not bring any result.

As a suppression of the disease, a biological product is used
The disease manifests itself by the formation of angular gray spots on the lower leaves of plants. The spots have an oily patina, and on the underside of the leaf there is an accumulation of yellow drops in which bacteria accumulate. When these drops are washed away, the disease spreads to other leaves and conquers more and more space. If you reduce the humidity, then the drops dry up, and the spots turn black and fail. The ingress of bacteria on the fruit leads to the formation of small ulcers and curvature of cucumbers.

Anthracnose or verdigris cucumber.

Prevention and treatment of cucumber anthracnose.

Tie plants to a support.

Loosen the soil.

The first signs of wet rot:

Cucumber mosaic or cucumber mosaic virus.

It is necessary to exclude watering with cold water to avoid a sharp temperature drop.

Aphids are another dangerous plant vector. She can easily attack plants and even flowers (for example, gladioli, dahlias, phlox).

Fitosporin-M.

Prevention and treatment of angular leaf spot.

Therefore, the prevention of this disease is seed dressing and mandatory crop rotation or replacement of the top fertile soil layer.

Monitor the quality of the soil.

Green speckled and white cucumber mosaic.

In the fight against fungal diseases, spraying cucumbers with an infusion of mullein and marigolds has proven itself well. When infected with powdery mildew, drugs such as Topaz, Kvdris are excellent. "Oxyhom".
slow growth of shoots;

Sick plants require immediate removal from the beds!

This type of infection is most dangerous for plants. It affects the quality and quantity of the crop, reducing it by half. If cucumbers are infected with a mosaic, then it is easy to determine by appearance:

Root rot can be both fungal and bacterial in origin. The source of infection can be affected seeds and soil containing pathogens.​

Angular leaf spot.

As a treatment, spraying is used at the initial stage, using sulfur preparations, Bordeaux mixture or the Quadris preparation.

Cull diseased plants.

If the first signs of downy mildew disease are noticed, then it is necessary to stop fertilizing with mineral fertilizers and spray the plants with a solution of potassium permanganate, whey tincture. In the acute phase, such drugs as "HOM", "Kuprosat", "Ridomil Gold", "Polycarbacin" help. These drugs have an excellent effect in the fight against root and white rot, olive blotch.

wilting and drying of the lower leaves;

Downy mildew, or downy mildew.

Prevention and treatment of cucumber root rot.
This is a fungal disease of cucumber that can occur from seeds or plant residues infected with mycelium of the fungus. Moreover, the disease may not appear immediately, but already during the period of a developed plant. All the time from the beginning of sowing, the disease develops inside the plant and moves up, right up to fruiting, and already at this time it can show visible symptoms of infection.
Infection of cucumbers with the virus can occur through transmission from other plants by aphid vectors or infected weeds such as bindweed, thistle or wood lice, on the roots of these weeds the virus can survive through the winter.

If the disease still appears, carry out a complete disinfection of healthy plants and all garden tools.

The growth of lashes is sharply reduced

​External factors that can weaken the resistance of plants are extremely low or high soil temperatures, and in conditions of hot, dry land, the disease develops faster. Soil salinity can also be a negative factor.​

Olive spot or cladosporiosis.

The main method of prevention is the use of clean or dressed seeds, crop rotation or renewal of the topsoil in the greenhouse.

This is a viral disease that can infect many other crops, such as those important to us such as tomatoes, peppers, cabbage, as well as a wide variety of other garden plants.

These rules will help to avoid infection with a viral mosaic, but if the plant is sick, then you should not immediately resort to chemicals. Tinctures from onion scales, dandelion, tobacco, garlic will help to cope with the problem.

Bacterial diseases are the most common and every gardener needs to know the main rules for protecting plants from viruses of this group. Preventive work allows you to save young plants at the initial stage of their growing season.​

A large number of empty flowers;

Preventive actions should be as follows. Using clean or treated seeds. Planting or seeding in areas with well-prepared composted beds, the use of crop rotation.​

White rot of cucumber or sclerotinia.

This is the appearance of yellow pancake spots on the leaves, limited by veins. A little later, a grayish coating appears on the back of the sheet. Then the spots grow, darken and the leaf dries up.

The first signs may appear even on seedlings of cucumbers, the leaves become covered with yellowish spots, both large leaves and young nascent ones begin to curl. With the further development of the disease, the stem of the plant cracks along its length. It is better to remove such seedlings, there will be little sense from planting them.

Small white or yellow spots appear on young leaves, which then merge into one large one and the leaf turns from green to white with green veins.

Signs of the disease are wilting of the leaves during hot hours. The root darkens to brown, it becomes rotten and unable to provide normal plant growth. Later, the root dies off completely and the plant dies.

Root rot of cucumber.

The disease itself can be stopped by spraying with a Bordeaux mixture in a 1% solution.

Infection of cucumbers with the virus can occur through transmission from other plants by aphid vectors or infected weeds such as bindweed, sow thistle or wood lice, on the roots of these weeds the virus can survive through the winter. Cucumber diseases in the greenhouse and treatment

Viral diseases of cucumbers (mosaic): signs and treatment

This is a viral disease, and its causative agent is the Cucumber green mottle mosaic tobamovirus. This virus can infect not only cucumber, but also melon, watermelon, but it was not observed on pumpkin and zucchini. On young plants, the symptoms of this disease appear approximately 20-30 days after planting seedlings in a permanent place. Usually the disease is activated after a sharp increase in ambient temperature to 29-30°C.

Cucumber green mottled mosaic disease can be detected by the development of wrinkled, reduced leaves on affected plants, with the number of female flowers, and then, respectively, the number of fruits on the diseased plant decreasing. The set fruits also develop poorly, which often acquire a mosaic color and become deformed, while their quality deteriorates significantly.

The same virus also causes a white mosaic symptom, the first signs of which appear already on young growing leaves. First, lighter areas are formed on them along the veins, as well as yellowish rings or star-shaped spots, which quickly grow, usually becoming white, and sometimes yellowish. A little more time will pass and the spots merge together, and then most of the leaf blade becomes white. A similar white mosaic pattern can develop on fruits.

Cucumber green mottled mosaic virus is highly contagious and extremely resistant to various environmental factors, tolerating heating up to 90°C, drying and freezing. Therefore, it can be stored for a year in dry cucumber leaves. Accordingly, the sources of infection are infected plant residues, soil, implements, workers' clothing, as well as seeds obtained from diseased testes, since viruses are stored in the seed coat and their embryo. Healthy plants can be infected from diseased plants during pinching, tying, and harvesting, as a result of infected sap on a healthy plant during care. Infection can also occur when infected and healthy plants come into contact. In nature, natural virus reservoirs are various plants from the Cucurbitaceae family.

In the crop rotation, cucumber must be alternated with tomato or pepper, which are not the hosts of the virus. Virus-free seeds should be used when planting. It should also be remembered that in seeds stored for more than 2 years, infection decreases, their thermal disinfection (heating at 70°C for 3 days or at 50-52°C for 3 days, followed by heating to 78-80°C within 24 hours. You can limit the spread of the disease among plants by spraying them with 10% skim milk.

The causative agent of the common cucumber mosaic is the cucumber mosaic virus (Cucumis mosaic cucumovirus). In nature, the common mosaic virus itself is widespread and can infect more than 700 plant species (tomato, pepper, lettuce, parsley, dill, cabbage, beans, tobacco, fruit, berry and citrus crops, grapes). The first signs of this disease may appear even on seedlings in the form of mosaic chloroticity, wrinkling and curvature of young leaves. Over time, with the development of infection, the leaves of the affected plant shrivel, while their edges are wrapped down, and they acquire a mosaic color of alternating shapeless light green and dark green areas.

The mosaic virus has a negative effect on the whole plant, the growth of which slows down, the internodes on the stem are shortened, and the number of flowers and the total area of ​​​​the leaves are reduced, which negatively affects the infected plant. The bases of the stems of affected plants often crack. The fruits that develop on diseased lashes of plants, especially at low air temperatures, also acquire a variegated, mosaic color, when dark green areas alternate with yellow ones, in addition, the fruits themselves often wrinkle and twist. With a sharp cold snap, diseased plants and flowers on them wither and dry out, and the stem acquires a glassy appearance.

The virus enters greenhouses mainly from open ground with vectors (and this is about 70 species of aphids) or with weeds. When infected plant residues are composted, the virus is inactivated within 2 months, since it is unstable in plant sap. During the winter period, the virus persists in the roots of perennial host plants (thistle, bindweed, wood lice, quinoa, etc.).

Preventive measures include the use of only composted or sterilized substrates. On the site, constant destruction of weeds is necessary, as possible reservoirs of infection, especially during the off-season. An irreconcilable struggle is necessary throughout the entire growing season of plants with aphids.

To limit the spread of cucumber common mosaic disease by spraying with 10% skim milk.

The virus is found everywhere in protected ground.
One of the strains of VZKMO is the causative agent of the white mosaic of cucumber - VOM - 2A. The defeat of cucumber plants VOM - 2A is observed, as a rule, in the summer, when the daytime temperature in greenhouses exceeds the WEGS.

The defeat of the cucumber by the green speckled mosaic virus under production conditions first manifests itself on young leaves - in the form of lightening of the tissue along the veins. Then a clear mosaic appears - an alternation of light green and yellowish leaf areas with dark green bubble-like swollen areas. With a white mosaic, white or yellow star-shaped spots form. The leaves of diseased plants are wrinkled and small. Plant growth is suppressed.

Fruit symptoms appear as bright mosaic coloring, usually without deformity.
The primary sources of the virus in greenhouses are seeds collected from diseased plants, contaminated soil or artificial substrate.

The percentage of spread of the virus with seeds varies considerably: from tenths of a percent to 15%. The degree of seed transmission depends on the strain of the virus that caused the damage to the plants, the age of the plants at the time of infection, the duration of storage of the seeds, the variety, the growing conditions of the plants in greenhouses, and other factors. The highest percentage of transmission is observed when sowing freshly harvested seeds. According to A. M. Vovk, the virus is not transmitted through the seeds of a two-year shelf life.

VZKMO has a very high infectivity, it is easily transmitted by juice from diseased plants during pinching, tying, fruit picking and other production operations.

VZKMO remains in the soil in plant residues, although over time they partially lose their infectivity. When planting plants 4-6 months after the removal of old ones, only individual plants become infected.

Unfortunately, many greenhouse farms in the country have switched to cucumber monoculture, and if earlier VZKMO was more often diagnosed at the end of the growing season, now it can be detected and isolated already in the seedling section.

When growing cucumbers on artificial substrates, HCMO appears earlier and develops more intensively than when grown in soil.

VZKMO can retain infectivity on the inner surface of the greenhouse, trellis with which diseased plants came into contact, as well as on containers, equipment and workers' clothing. White mosaic reduces yield by 50-90%. There are no cucumber hybrids resistant to the green mottled mosaic virus yet, so a set of preventive measures is needed to reduce its harmfulness and limit its spread.

Due to the fact that seeds are the primary source of TBMS on greenhouse cucumber culture, the main attention in the fight against this virus should be given to the use of healthy or disinfected seed material.

The most effective disinfection of seed material from VZKMO is a combined method that combines heat treatment according to the method of A. M. Vovk with pre-sowing treatment in a 15% solution of trisodium phosphate for 1 hour, followed by rinsing in running water. This allows you to disinfect not only the peel, but also the membranous shell of the seed, i.e., precisely those parts of it in which the virus is localized.

Another source of VZKMO is an infected soil or hydroponic substrate, where the infection enters with the secretions of the roots of diseased plants, as well as with plant residues. It should be borne in mind that fungicides that are effective against pathogens of cucumber fungal diseases such as spotting do not inactivate the virus.

In greenhouses with a high level of green speckled mosaic, it is necessary to thoroughly steam the soil for 1-2 hours at a temperature of 9 degrees Celsius or replace it with a new, virus-free one.

To prevent the transfer of the virus from the inner surface of the greenhouses, it is recommended to burn the trellises with gas burners.

It is necessary to carry out phytocleaning, starting from the seedling section, to disinfect hands, knives, gloves with a 1% solution of KMpOd, 5% trisodium phosphate (Na3P04 or 10% reverse. During the vegetation of plants, it is important to maintain optimal conditions for temperature and light, avoiding sudden changes in night and day temperatures It is recommended to limit the doses of nitrogen fertilizers, carry out foliar feeding with microelements 1-2 times a week, which increases the nonspecific resistance of plants to adverse environmental factors.

With a high background of IBDMO, monoculture is unacceptable.