home > Floor repair > The relationship between the state and the economy. Relationship between the state and the economy. Direct regulators are those regulators that strictly regulate the behavior of all economic entities. These are laws, decrees, orders, resolutions, orders, decisions

The relationship between the state and the economy. Relationship between the state and the economy. Direct regulators are those regulators that strictly regulate the behavior of all economic entities. These are laws, decrees, orders, resolutions, orders, decisions

If law affects the economy from within, being the optimal form of a market economy, then the state provides the external conditions for its functioning.

Firstly, the state performs the function of protecting the country from attack from outside and thereby protecting the economic space within the country.

Secondly, it ensures the unity of society and its relative stability in conditions when society breaks up into classes and social strata with different, sometimes opposing interests. The internal unity and stability of society is also a necessary prerequisite for the normal functioning and development of the economy.

Third, the state also acts as a subject of economic relations, taking on some economic functions, ensures the integrity of the country's economic system (for example, the state budget).

Fourth, with the complication in the course of the historical development of economic relations, the state intervenes more and more actively in economic life in order to prevent the negative trends that arise in a market economy.

When the impact of the state on the economy is excessive, it becomes negative, because it interferes with its free functioning and development. The extreme manifestation of such an impact is the nationalization of the economy, in which the state becomes the main owner of the means of production and takes over the management of the economy. The fallacy of such a system is as follows:

Firstly, the state “turns off” the operation of automatic mechanisms for coordinating the demand and supply of goods and services, i.e. interests of consumers and producers. In a market system, the entrepreneur produces what the consumer needs.

Secondly, the nationalization of the economy gives rise to the absence of economic responsibility of enterprises, plants, factories (no enterprise can go bankrupt, only the state). The state is an organization that only spends without producing anything.

Third, the excessive impact of the state on the economy is expressed in the excessive administrative regulation of economic relations. This infringes on economic freedom, leads to corruption of the state apparatus, to the emergence of a shadow economy.

The dominant position of the state in the economy gives it some advantages. The main one is the ability to very quickly and unhinderedly concentrate all the necessary resources to solve certain major problems: the production of weapons, the development of virgin lands ... But the shadow side of such “achievements” is the decline in the living standards of the population, the lack of democracy, the lack of rights of an individual ...

State signs.

The concept of the state, its characteristics are concretized when revealing the features that distinguish it both from the tribal system and from non-governmental organizations of society.

Prof. Korelsky identifies 4 main features:

1. Territorial organization of the population and the exercise of public authority within the territorial limits. In a state-organized society, the kinship principle (in a pre-state society) of organizing the population has lost its significance. Replaced by a territorial organization. The state has a strictly localized territory, on which its sovereign power is distributed, and the population living on it turns into subjects or citizens of the state. The state differs from non-state organizations (trade unions, political parties) in that it embodies the entire population of the country, extends its power to it. Trade unions and political parties unite in their ranks a part of the population, are created voluntarily for one or another interest.

2. Public (state) power. It is called public because it does not coincide with society, it speaks on its behalf, on behalf of the entire people. The fundamental feature of public authority is that it is embodied precisely in officials, i.e. in the professional composition of the rulers, of which the governing and coercive bodies are completed (the state apparatus). Embodied in state bodies and institutions, public authority becomes state authority, i.e. the real force that provides state coercion, violence.

3. state sovereignty. A country that does not have it is a colony or dominion. Sovereignty as a property (attribute) of state power lies in its supremacy, autonomy and independence.

The supremacy of state power within the country means: a) the universality of its powerful power, which is distributed to the entire population, all parties and public organizations; b) its prerogatives (state power can cancel any manifestation of any other public power if the latter violates the law); c) it has such means of influence that no other public authority has at its disposal (army, police, prisons).

The autonomy and independence of state power from any other power within the country and outside it is expressed in its exclusive, monopoly right to freely decide all its affairs.

4. The inextricable link between the state and law. Without law, the state cannot exist. Law legally formalizes the state and state power and thereby makes them legitimate, i.e. legal. The state performs its functions in legal forms. Law introduces the functioning of the state and state power within the framework of legality, subordinating them to a specific legal regime. With such subordination to law, a democratic legal state is formed.

The essence of the state.

The essence of the state- meaning, most importantly, deep in it, which determines its content, purpose and functioning. Such a main, fundamental in the state is power , its belonging, purpose and functioning in society. In other words, the question of the essence of the state is the question of who owns state power, who exercises it and in whose interests.

Elite theory - the masses of the people are not capable of exercising power, managing public affairs, state power must belong to the top of society - the elite until one ruling elite is replaced by another.

Technocratic theory - to dominate, govern can and must professional managers, managers. Only they are able to determine the real needs of society, to find the best ways of its development.

Democratic doctrine - the primary source and bearer of power is the people, state power by its nature and essence must be truly popular, exercised in the interests and under the control of the people.

Marxist theory - political power belongs to the economically dominant class and is used in its interests. Hence the class essence of the state as a machine (instrument), through which the economically dominant class becomes the politically dominant, exercises its dictatorship, i.e. power is not limited by law and relies on force, on coercion. Used this approach to characterize the various states is theoretically incorrect. The class character is the essential side of the state, its main principle. But the activity of the state, due to class contradictions, is dominant only in non-democratic, dictatorial states, where there is a harsh exploitation of one part of society by another. In developed democratic countries, the state is gradually becoming an effective mechanism for overcoming social contradictions through not violence, but the achievement of social compromise. In other words, in a democratic state, the second, but more significant than the first, is the general social aspect. Consequently, the analysis of the essence of the state requires taking into account both principles (class and general social). Ignoring any of them will make the characterization of this entity one-sided.

The essence of the state lies in the fact that it is such a form of organization of public authority in a socially differentiated (heterogeneous) society, which provides social management on the basis of harmonization, coordination of the interests of various groups and strata of the population. But its essence as a means of consent and social compromise was not always so clear and bold.

The state provides external conditions for the functioning of the economy.

The state protects the economic space within the country (from external intrusion).

The state ensures social stability in the country (the economy depends on it).

The state is also the subject of economic relations.

The state influences the economy through public law (the fight against monopoly).

When the state intervenes excessively in the economy, then:

The mechanism of supply and demand is turned off (since the state takes upon itself the definition of needs).

The economic responsibility of the entrepreneur is eliminated (the entrepreneur is not interested in the production of the product, since he will not "get" anything from the surplus, and will not lose anything if he does not fulfill the norm).

From the point of view of Marxism, the economy determines the state, and determines its type.

Law as a social institution arises together with the state, because in many respects they are designed to ensure the effectiveness of each other's actions. Just as the existence of a state is impossible without law (the latter organizes political power, often acts as a means of implementing the policy of a particular state), so is law without a state (which establishes, applies and guarantees legal norms). It is the state bodies that become the main structures that control the implementation of legal regulations and implement appropriate legal sanctions in case of their violation.

States cannot be embodied in any form that clearly contradicts their content and does not correspond to their economic basis. It is impossible to imagine a slave state in the form of a limited monarchy or a democratic republic with nationwide representative institutions.

The specific form of the state is predetermined by the historical type of the state. In addition, it also depends on other factors, the determining one of which is the level of economic development of society.

If the law affects the economy as if from within, being the optimal form of the economy and the only possible form of a market economy, then the state provides the external conditions for its functioning. This is shown in the following.

First, the state performs the function of protecting the country from attack from outside and thereby protecting the economic space within the country.

Secondly, it ensures the unity of society and its relative stability in conditions when society breaks up into classes and social strata with different, sometimes opposing interests. The internal unity and stability of society is also a necessary prerequisite for the normal functioning and development of the economy.

Thirdly, the state also acts as a subject of economic relations, taking on some economic functions that ensure the integrity of the country's economic system. The state takes care of money circulation, has a budget, finances education, culture, etc. Using the example of Russia, one can observe what happens when the state ceases to perform these functions. law economic liberal policy

With the complication in the course of the historical development of economic relations, the state intervenes more and more actively in economic life in order to prevent negative trends that arise in the economy. In Western countries, state regulation in the economic sphere is recognized as useful and necessary.

To realize the need for state regulation of the economy, mankind had to go through a series of severe economic crises. The largest of them is, in particular, the global crisis of the US economy in 1933, which brought losses amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars. Crises of the 20s - 30s. 20th century fully outlined the need for social control of society over the economy, shed light on the inconsistency of the principle of non-intervention of the state in the economy and aimed at various measures of demonopolization of the economy through state regulation of the economy.

It is not just about the state, but about the state-legal impact on the economy using public law. The directions of such influence are diverse: the fight against monopoly; product quality control in terms of its safety for the life and health of consumers; compliance with environmental requirements in the production process, etc.

First, the state "turns off" the operation of automatic mechanisms for coordinating the demand and supply of goods and services, i.e. interests of consumers and producers. In a market system, the entrepreneur produces what the consumer needs. Otherwise, he will be ruined. In other words, the consumer dictates what and how much to produce. The state-owner takes this function for itself, carrying out production planning. The opinion of government officials about what society needs, the consumer, becomes decisive for the manufacturer. The collective mind of officials of the state apparatus, which does not correspond to the collective desire of consumers, generates disproportions in the public economy, i.e. the production of unnecessary products and the shortage of what is needed.

Secondly, the nationalization of the economy gives rise to a lack of economic responsibility of enterprises, plants, and factories. Economic results are not of particular importance to them, because the state takes profits from profitable enterprises, and provides the necessary financing to unprofitable ones. No company can go bankrupt. Only the state as a whole can go bankrupt. However, if the country is rich in natural resources, it is not so easy to reach this line.

The state is an organization that performs useful functions that society cannot do without. Their costs are the normal cost of public services. But the state, using its power, can impose an excessive tribute on society, and then the costs become a heavy burden on the economy and hinder its development. The most typical excessive costs are the militarization of the economy, the maintenance of a huge army, a large apparatus of officials, and so on.

Indicators of exorbitant government spending are direct and indirect taxes that rob the population and stifle the economy, rapid inflation and other negative phenomena. In today's Russia, taxes are often confiscatory in nature. In order to survive in these conditions, manufacturers are forced to look for legal and illegal ways to avoid taxes.

Realizing this, in 2006 the Russian legislation planned the creation of 10 special economic zones of two types with a validity period of 20 years: industrial production (with an area of no more than 20 square kilometers for assembly plants) and technical innovation (with an area of no more than 2 km sq. for the creation and commercialization of scientific developments). For these zones, the unified social tax has been reduced to 14%. Customs privileges are provided.

The purpose of special economic zones is to create favorable conditions for business development. It should be noted that in the mid-90s of the XX century, 11 free economic zones were already created on the territory of Russia. In practice, they were turned into offshores, where, thanks to preferential taxation, money was "laundered".

Creation of a special economic zone (industrial and production zone "Kazinka") on the territory of the Lipetsk region in terms of significance and scale of its governor Korolev O.P. compared with the historic decision to build the Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works, which was paramount in the 30s of the 20th century for the whole country. The successful implementation of this project will make it possible to place production facilities worth at least 200 billion rubles in it. From 15 to 20 large factories will be able to operate on this territory. More than 50 residents are expected to participate, including the largest companies in the USA, Germany, France, Canada and Austria. 12-13 thousand new jobs will be created. The implementation of this project will attract more than 21.5 billion rubles. investment in the region's economy. Issues of socio-economic development of the region will be solved more effectively.

Thirdly, the excessive influence of the state on the economy is expressed in the excessive administrative regulation of economic relations. This infringes on economic freedom, leads to corruption of the state apparatus, to the emergence of a shadow economy.

The dominant position of the state in the economy gives it some advantages. The main one is the ability to very quickly and freely concentrate all the necessary resources (material, financial, labor) to solve certain major problems: the production of weapons, the development of virgin lands, the construction of new cities, the maintenance of giant industrial construction projects, the implementation of space projects, etc. But the shadow side of such "achievements" is the decline in the living standards of the population, the lack of democracy, the lack of rights of the individual, the neglect of the environment, etc.

One of the central and most constant debatable problems of economic theory and economic policy continues to be the question of the role of the state in stimulating economic relations. Dominant views on this problem, which is of great practical importance for the development of any society, have repeatedly changed. Accordingly, the strategy of the developing countries was subjected to radical changes.

For example, researchers of the Japanese economic miracle distinguish four phases of Japanese industrial policy: the restoration of domestic production (50s); a rapid increase in export products (60s); development of high-tech industries (70s); development of innovative processes (80s). Other countries followed a similar scenario: South Korea, Taiwan, Spain, and France.

The successful solution of sequentially arranged tasks made it possible to increase the Japanese per capita GDP from 20% (1950) in relation to the American indicator to 66% by the mid-1980s of the XX century. Today's Russian per capita GDP in relation to the US is about 25%.

The results of the researchers' economic calculations based on data on more than 100 countries over a period of 25 years indicate the following. To ensure the rapid growth of the economy, the state must follow a very complex strategy, constantly choosing a policy that is adequate to the stage of modernization. Timely change it when moving from one stage to another.

Not all states managed to successfully solve the set tasks. For developing countries, the most typical errors were: the error of inertia and the error of premature transition to the next stage. Russia, according to experts, also makes mistakes. Having not fully solved the tasks of the first and second stages, it is already striving to pursue an economic policy characteristic of the third and fourth stages.

Cluster policy is becoming a very common instrument of the state to increase its competitiveness in various industries. Its author is Michael Porter, professor at Harvard Business School. The cluster is a group of geographically localized interconnected companies - suppliers of equipment, components, specialized services, infrastructure, research institutes, universities and other structures designed to complement each other and enhance the competitive advantages of both individual companies and the cluster as a whole. For example, in the US economy, 32% of employment is provided by clusters, and in Sweden - 39%.

Cluster policy in a single country depends on the specifics of the economic policy pursued by the state. Liberal cluster policy is typical for countries pursuing a liberal economic policy, giving preference to the market (USA, UK, Australia, Canada). The dirigiste cluster policy is typical for countries where public authorities play an active role in regulating economic processes (France, Korea, Singapore, Japan, Sweden, Finland, Slovenia). Clusters can also develop at the initiative of regional authorities. This is already observed in the examples of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The principal differences between liberal and dirigiste cluster policies are as follows:

1. In setting priorities, conductors at the state level choose sectoral and regional priorities and those clusters that they intend to develop. Liberal ones are limited to the development of those clusters that are formed by the market.
2. Conductors deliberately create infrastructure for priority clusters, while liberals rarely participate in this process.
3. Conductors independently choose a region to create a cluster, and also determine the amount of its funding. The liberals are creating a system of incentives for the interest of the regional authorities, who are fully responsible for the effectiveness of the cluster being created.

Features of the development of clusters in the economy of modern Russia are the limited financial resources of the regions; administrative restrictions on the part of federal government authorities; geographic scope of the country.

State and economy: interaction in the light of the system

economic theory*

The interaction between the state and the economy is considered in the article from the standpoint of a new theory of socio-economic systems. The representation of society as a set of four interacting socio-economic systems - the state, society, economy and business - allows us to apply the basic concepts of the system paradigm to build a rational model for the distribution of basic functions that ensure the life and development of the country between these subsystems.

Keywords: state; economy; society; business; state regulation; system socio-economic theory.

The interaction between the state and economy is discussed in the article from the standpoint of a new theory of social and economic systems. The society is presented as a set of four interacting social and economic subsystems: state, social medium, economy and business. This approach allows to apply basic concepts of the systemic paradigm to build a rational model of allocation of basic functions between the subsystems which ensure the functioning and development of the country.

Keywords: state; economy; social media; business; government regulation; systemic social and economic theory.

J \ Kleiner Georgy Borisovich

Doctor of Economics sciences, professor, member - corr. RAS, Deputy director of CEMI RAS, head. Department of "System Analysis in Economics" of the Financial University

Email: [email protected]

Introduction

The relationship between the state and the economy is a topic of ongoing debate. Usually, discussions are held around the relationship between administrative and market methods of regulating the economy, state intervention in the economy and economic impact on public administration. Often

the state and the market are considered as mutually substituting mechanisms: in the conditions of a "market failure" there are grounds for state intervention, and in the conditions of a "state failure" market expansion is necessary. The development of a new theory of socio-economic systems makes it possible to build a stronger foundation for the development of the theory of state regulation of the economy and, accordingly, the economic impact on the state. In this case, the state and the economy are considered from the outset as relatively independent systems within society, which have rights and obligations that are different in composition, but not in level. Each of these systems is a monopoly in a certain area, which shares this monopoly with two other subsystems of society - business and society. In this concept, the main interaction between the state and the economy is carried out not directly, but through the impact on business and society. This

* The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 14-18-02294).

the model differs significantly from the traditional model, where the country is considered as a combination of the state, economy and society (society) and each subsystem has the ability to directly interact with any other subsystem. Such a system concept, together with the results of the new theory of socio-economic systems and system economics as a research platform, makes it possible to formulate requirements for each subsystem that ensure the functioning of the entire structure as a whole.

1. systemic structure of society

As a rule, the main subsystems operating at the macro level (the level of the country as a whole) are called the state, society (society1), and the economy. Such a three-link design was considered in detail, in particular, in the works and is shown in Fig. 1.

However, the trends that have manifested themselves particularly clearly in Russia over the past three decades have led to the need to revise this scheme. The features of two different subsystems began to appear in the economic subsystem. On the one hand, the economy develops as an economy - a subsystem that provides the vital activity of society with the necessary material benefits. On the other hand, it functions as a business subsystem that primarily provides for itself and, at the same time, uses the state, society, and the economy.

It cannot be said that this trend is absent in other countries and other times, but in Russia in the 1990s-2000s. business behavior contrasted with the behavior of the economy itself. Russia is characterized by the polarization of the trajectories of movement of both social groups and populations of economic entities.

A similar process has taken place in other countries, but recently the reverse process of rapprochement, and in many aspects the integration of the economy and business, has become noticeable. This is precisely the aim of such conceptual attitudes, which are actively disseminated in Western countries, as social responsibility.

1 The terms "society" and "society" are often used interchangeably, although the spectrum of their possible interpretations does not coincide. In the future, the term "society" will be used in the article in the broadest possible sense, close to the concept of "country".

Rice. 1. traditional three-component representation of society

business, relationship marketing, humanitarian economics, etc. In Russia, the process of delimitation of the economy and business is in the ascending phase of development. Russian business pursues its own goals, has its own range of values, interests and opportunities that do not coincide with the goals, values, interests and opportunities of the national economy as a whole. So, making a profit by satisfying effective demand - the generally recognized goal of business - is far from the same as satisfying effective demand and making a profit for the development of production - the goal of economic activity proper. In the first case, making a profit acts as an end, and the creation of goods - as a means, and in the second - vice versa.

Note that at the micro level, the separation between business and the economy itself is confirmed by the existence of two different terms for designating an economic entity: “enterprise” and “firm”. According to O.V. In-shakova, “an enterprise characterizes the content of the activity of an economic entity in specific productive and process aspects. A firm is a transactional form of an enterprise in conditions of social division and cooperation of labor or a system of its external and internal relations, through which it functions in a market environment.

At the conceptual level, the fundamental difference between business and economics was noted by ancient Greek thinkers. So,

Aristotle introduced the concept of chrematistics - the science of enrichment, and Xenophon developed the concept of economics as the science of creating goods - things that are directly useful to humans.

Thus, not three, but four relatively independent subsystems should be considered as macro-level subsystems in the national social system of Russia:

the state is a political organization that has the power to regulate society on the territory of the country in the long term. His typical social representative is an official, and his organizational representative is a state body (organization);

society - a population structured with the help of various non-state political and public organizations. Its social representative is a citizen, an individual residing on the territory of a given state, and its organizational representative is a political party, a non-profit political organization;

economy - the national economy, the sphere of implementation of the processes of production, consumption, distribution and exchange. Its social representative is a “specialist of the national economy”, and its organizational representative is an enterprise;

business - the sphere of commercial initiatives, investments and projects secured with financial capital and aimed at creating, reorganizing, liquidating, acquiring, owning and transferring ownership of business entities and other benefits in order to make a profit. A typical social representative is a businessman, and an organizational representative is a firm (legal commercial entity in the appropriate organizational and legal form).

It should be noted that the structure of "commissioners for rights" (ombudsmen) - representatives of the interests and rights of various social groups, which has recently been formed in Russia, includes a commissioner for human rights; Commissioner for Children's Rights; business ombudsman. In a similar way, in our opinion, the positions of authorized representatives of two other subsystems should be established - the state (the authorized representative for the rights of civil servants) and the economy (the authorized

on the rights of workers and specialists of the national economy who are not civil servants2). In this case, it is possible not only to increase the level of protection of the right to justice in society, part of which is the protection of property rights and human rights, but also to improve the coordination of four social subsystems - the state, society, economy and business.

From the above description it follows that the four macrosubsystems are structurally and functionally different, their typical representatives belong to different social strata and socio-psychological types. In territorial terms, these subsystems are not separated from each other, each of them covers almost the entire territorial and socio-economic space of the country. However, their roles in ensuring the life and development of the country are fundamentally different. A general description of the functions of each subsystem can be formulated as follows: the state in socio-economic life is the organizing principle; society - a reproducing principle; economy - economic beginning; business is an activating beginning.

In a stable socio-economic situation, these areas are characterized by certain general strategic attitudes or principles of behavior (slogans):

State - "sustainable unlimited development on a territory limited by state borders";

Society - "well-being for us, our families and descendants, regardless of where we live";

Economy - "satisfaction of emerging economic needs, regardless of the place of origin";

Business - "financial result (profit) here and now."

We see that the spheres of interest of these subsystems are different and have different configurations in the space-time aspect. The spatial sphere of the vital interests of the state is limited by its borders, and the time period covered by

2 Usually this function is performed by trade unions, but in this case the division into professions seems to be insignificant. A single representative is needed to represent the interests of those employed in the national economy.

interests of the state, has no definite boundaries. The sphere of interests of society as a population is not limited either in space or in time. The interests of the economy as an economy focused on meeting existing needs do not have immanent boundaries in space and are limited in time due to the limited solvent needs. The scope of business interests extends only to its jurisdiction and, as a rule, is limited by the requirements of the fastest and maximum profit.

It should be noted that the development of the economy and business over long periods of time, as you know, is cyclical, and the development of the state and society, as a rule, is progressive, evolutionary. From the point of view of the spatial aspect, the spheres of social and economic life, unlike the state and business, have the property of relative homogeneity.

The development of the economy and business over long periods of time is cyclical, and the development of the state and society, as a rule, is progressive, evolutionary

Excessive levels of social inequality and economic well-being are viewed as a negative phenomenon and cause public concern. We are talking about a uniform distribution of the social qualities of the population and the economic conditions of management throughout the territory. Thus, one of the four spheres (society) is homogeneous in terms of distribution both over the territory and along the time axis; the other (business) can be considered as heterogeneous, because it breaks up into many separate business projects; the two remaining spheres (the state and the economy) can be considered "semi-homogeneous" - the state must ensure inter-period continuity, i.e. homogeneity in time, and the economy - the unity of economic conditions throughout the territory covered by economic activity.

It can be concluded that the nature of these four spheres of social life is fundamentally

is different, and their choice as components of the national country system is justified. Since we consider the four listed areas as subsystems of the country's social system, in order to confirm this thesis, we need to interpret and characterize them from the point of view of modern system analysis. It is also necessary to determine the most significant types and structure of relationships between the state, society, economy and business as subsystems of society. For these purposes, we will use the tools and results of the new theory of socio-economic systems.

2. the main provisions of the system economy

The systemic economy is the implementation and development of the systemic paradigm of Y. Kornai, according to which the socio-economic space of the country is considered as a set (more precisely, a population) of interacting and transforming systems. This perspective allows us to identify both the systemic factors of economic processes and the behavior of economic entities, and the systemic results of these processes and acts. The system economy acts in this context as a result of the natural movement of economic paradigms in the chain "neoclassical economics - institutional economics - evolutionary economics - system economy". Within the framework of this direction, a basic typology of socio-economic systems has been developed, a classification of economic processes, benefits, types of management and forms of system transformation agreed with it.

The definitions and results of the system economy necessary for the analysis of the relationship between the state and the economy as part of the country-wide macrostructure are given below in a brief summary.

1. The concept of socio-economic system. Under the socio-economic system (hereinafter referred to as the system), we will understand in this work a relatively isolated and stable part or a certain aspect of the country's socio-economic space, which are characterized by external integrity and internal diversity. This definition is a modification of the general definition of a system used in the new theory of socio-economic systems.

Rice. 2. Symbolic representations of four types of systems

In accordance with the spatio-temporal approach used in this theory, each system is considered simultaneously in space and time, has one or another duration of the life cycle and the length of the area in space. At the same time, the same area and the same life cycle can have different systems. Therefore, spatio-temporal localization does not uniquely define a system. The layout of the system (even in full size) is not identical to the system itself.

Socio-economic systems naturally include each component of the macrostructure (state, society, economy and business) and such local formations as an enterprise, region, industry, etc. As socio-economic systems, it is advisable to consider socio-economic processes, programs, plans, projects, etc. (with the inclusion in these systems of individuals participating in their activities). The economic activity of individuals can be carried out both through participation in the activities (or in the creation) of an enterprise, and through participation in the implementation of economic projects, the functioning of environments or inclusion in economic processes.

2. Typology of socio-economic systems. All socio-economic systems can be conventionally divided into four groups (types): objects, environments, processes, and projects/events. The basis for such a division is the presence / absence of accurate information (or the fundamental possibility / impossibility of obtaining them) about the system's own (immanent) spatio-temporal boundaries. If temporal boundaries are known, spatial boundaries are unknown or absent, the system belongs to the process type. If both spatial and temporal boundaries exist and can be identified, the system is classified as a design one; if neither one nor the other exists or cannot

be defined, the system belongs to the environmental type. The presence and identifiability of boundaries does not mean that they are immutable, however, at each moment, the analyst within the framework of this concept believes that the corresponding spatial or temporal boundaries for object, process and environmental systems are identifiable in the foreseeable future.

3. Structural properties of systems of different types. Each type of system has an internal structure, which includes smaller systems belonging to the same type. The object system contains a set of object systems, and the environment system can be represented as a connection of environments, the process system - as a connection of subprocesses, and the design system - as a set of subprojects. On the contrary, the connection of a finite number of systems of the same type gives a unifying system of the same type.

The symbolic image of the four basic types of systems in the conditional coordinates "space-time" is shown in fig. 2. The thickened horizontal or vertical parts of the borders of the rectangles corresponding to the process, project and object systems symbolize the limitations of the respective systems in terms of the period of operation or placement in space.

The systems are shaded in Figs. 2 differently. A rectangle “open” from above and below, denoting an object system not localized in time, has a vertical shading dividing it into similar rectangles “closed” from above and below, i.e. without time limits. This means that an object system can be thought of as an amalgamation of other systems of the same type. Similarly, a process system is an articulation of processes (horizontal hatching of a rectangle corresponding to a process system). A rectangle “closed” on all sides, symbolizing the design system,

Table 1

Resources, potential and results of functioning of systems of different types

Type of system Access to the resource Potential (ability) to use the resource efficiently Increasing the homogeneity of the area

space t) time (7) space (I) time (A) space time

Object (8) Limited Not limited Available Missing Yes No

Medium (a) Unlimited Unlimited None None Yes Yes

Process (c) Unrestricted Restricted Absent Yes Yes No

Project(s) Limited Limited Available Available No No

divided into the same kind of "closed" rectangles - symbols of projects included in the project system. The rectangle, symbolizing an unlimited environmental system, has a pointillistic content corresponding to the content of the environment as a system striving for the homogeneity of the internal space.

The four types of systems are designated by the first four letters of the Greek alphabet, which corresponds to the "system-forming" role of these systems among all economic formations and phenomena. We also note that for systems of object and design types, spatial boundaries are important and acutely felt factors of functioning. For process and project type systems, these perceived factors are time limits. Systems of the environmental type do not have clearly defined temporal and spatial boundaries, and therefore the factors of their functioning are distributed throughout the entire space-time area of the system.

4. Resources, capabilities and functionality of systems of different types. Systems of different types, due to their immanent properties, have different access to the resources of space and time, as well as different possibilities (abilities) for their use. In addition, they perform various system-wide functions aimed at maintaining a general balance between the diversity and homogeneity of the socio-economic space that plays the role of the system's habitat. In table. 1 presents the characteristics of systems of different types, which determine the features of systems in terms of the resources they use, internal capabilities and results of their

functioning. In fact, Tab. 1 gives a "qualitative" description of the production function of the system: factors, its properties and results.

Socio-economic systems of each type are distributed across all levels and sectors of the country's socio-economic space - from the enterprise and household level to the macro level. Each class of systems has its own systemic mission in society, due to their nature:

Object systems provide stability and stability within their range;

Project systems bring local change and innovation;

Process systems implement the tasks of distribution of flows of benefits;

Environmental systems contribute to the consolidation, homogeneity of the socio-economic space.

In reality, a particular socio-economic system combines in varying proportions the features of all four types, although, as a rule, one dominates. Similarly, the country as a whole as a socio-economic system manifests itself in four ways: as object, environment, process and project.

5. Grouping of systems and formation of system clusters. Table data. 1 allow us to conclude that there are prerequisites for the formation of relatively stable relationships between systems of different types. Systems with limited access to space resources enter into permanent relationships with systems in which access to this type of resource is not limited. Accordingly, systems that have the ability to efficiently use resources,

Rice. 3. Complex of four interacting systems of different types (tetrad)

transfer these abilities to systems that do not have such abilities. This leads to the formation of stable complexes of four types of systems of different types, called tetrads.

According to the concept of the new theory of socio-economic systems, the primary force that determines the fundamental structure of interactions is the processes of intersystem exchange of space-time resources. Space and time should be considered as the primary (basic) resources of the economy. The return of these resources depends on the capabilities of the productive forces (activity and intensity) that make it possible to use these resources. These capabilities can also be subject to intersystem exchange. Thus, when analyzing the interaction of economic systems, one should take into account the balance of intersystem exchange of these resources. Homeostasis in the economy is possible if the economic system, which has one of the types of resources in abundance, transfers it to systems for which it is scarce.

For the normal functioning of the socio-economic system, access to both the resources of space and the resources of time is necessary. Table data. 2 provide prerequisites for the formation of relatively stable relationships between systems of different types. Systems with limited access to space resources enter into permanent relationships with systems in which access to this type of resource is not limited.

For the normal functioning of the socio-economic system, it is necessary to have opportunities (in modern economic literature they are called

"ability") to use these resources effectively. The ability to use space resources is called intensity, the ability to use time resources is called system activity. Thus, the ability to effectively use space-time resources can be considered as dual in relation to the provision of systems with basic economic resources. The distribution of these abilities by types of systems is presented in Table. 1. The structure of the circulation of goods, represented by the basic resources and abilities of systems of different types, is shown in fig. 3.

The economy implements the processes of production and consumption, ensures the economic unity of the country's territory and the social environment. The economy belongs to environmental systems and supports the process qualities of the country as a socio-economic system, represents the process hypostasis of the macrosystem

A system tetrad can be considered as a cluster, since territorially all the systems included in it are located close to each other, and if such a complex is considered at the macro level, then simply in one territory delineated by the borders of the state.

table 2

Provision of systems of different types with basic economic resources

Type of economic system Access to a spatial resource £) Access to a temporary resource (T)

Object (5) Limited Unlimited

Medium (a) Unlimited Unlimited

Process (c) Unrestricted Restricted

Project(s) Limited Limited

Table 3

The ability of systems to effectively use available resources

Type of economic system Intensity resource (use of available space) (I) Activity resource (use of available time) (A)

Object (5) Present Missing

Medium (a) None None

Process (c) Absent Present

Project(s) Present Present

Since projects and processes have a limited duration, projects should be replaced as they expire and processes should be restarted. This ensures, on the one hand, innovative, and on the other hand, sustainable development of the economy. The tetrad is the main stable configuration within the system economy.

In table. 2 and 3 show the results of the analysis of the availability of basic economic resources for various types of systems.

3. State, society, economy and business as socio-economic systems

As it was established earlier, the state, society, economy, business are a stable configuration of society's subsystems. Based on the results of the new theory of socio-economic systems, presented in section 2 of the article, it can be assumed that these four subsystems form a tetrad - a four-link complex of systems of different types. As we shall see, this is indeed the case, even though we are considering these systems in relation to a fixed country; the nature of these subsystems is different.

The state is unequivocally connected with the concept of "state borders of the country", since

it regulates the functioning of the country as a single whole, ensures its unity, security, territorial integrity within the state territorial and spatial boundaries. The duration of the life cycle of the state is not limited a priori, so we have every reason to consider the state an object system. More precisely, it represents the object hypostasis of the country system as a whole.

The society forms a social environment for the citizens of the country. The spatial boundaries of society do not have an unambiguous demarcation, similar to the one that takes place for the border of the state. We are talking not only about the diaspora, but also about individuals who do not define their citizenship, migrants, and so on. In general, society supports the environmental hypostasis of the country system.

The economy implements the processes of production and consumption, ensures the economic unity of the country's territory and the social environment. The economy belongs to environmental systems and supports the process qualities of the country as a socio-economic system, it represents the process hypostasis of the macrosystem.

Business, being the owner of private capital, initiates and stimulates various entrepreneurial projects, and implements a creative entrepreneurial function. Supports

STATE

Society

Rice. 4. The structure of cooperation relations between subsystems of the macrolevel

project component of the socio-economic system of the country3.

The belonging of the state as a social subsystem to the number of object systems looks indisputable due to the presence of immanent and definite (“state”) borders and, obviously, an indefinite period of its existence. An additional argument is that the basis for the formation and implementation of state policy, the key components of the state are state bodies - object systems. As we have shown earlier, the union of systems of the same type belongs to the same type. For the same reasons, society, which is a combination of various social microenvironments (family, labor collective, public organizations, etc.), is itself an environmental system. The basis of the economy is formed by economic processes, and the economy itself can be represented as their interweaving (association). Similarly, a business is treated as an amalgamation of business projects and therefore can be considered as a single unified project.

Note that all four considered macrosubsystems are built as a kind of hierarchical closure of the socioeconomic subsystems of the same type included in them. The operation of such a closure resembles

3 The given understanding of business is close to the interpretation of entrepreneurship given by J. Schumpeter.

under the roof of a building under construction. This does not mean that the construction of a state, society, economy or business is necessarily carried out from the bottom up, but suggests the possibility of their analytical representation in the form of a structure, the main elements of which are subsystems of the same type.

As a result, we see that four macro-subsystems - the state, society, economy, business - are equally necessary for a balanced sustainable functioning and socio-economic, political and technological development of the country.

Four macro-subsystems - the state, society, economy, business - are equally necessary for a balanced sustainable functioning and socio-economic, political and technological development of the country

This allows us to conclude that the totality of four social subsystems is a tetrad - a stable complex consisting of four socio-economic systems interacting on an ongoing basis, representing the entire spectrum of their types (see Section 2). The key relationships of the members of the tetrad are of a rather definite nature, ensuring their mutual support and its stability as a complex. As it was indicated in section 2 of the article, the prerequisites for cooperation arise between the following pairs of systems included in the tetrad: “object system - environment system”; "environmental system - process system"; "process system - project system"; "project system - object system". The four "symbiotic" pairs listed above differ from the other two, "non-symbiotic", in that the distance between the systems included in the pairs of the first group is 1, and the distance between the systems included in the two remaining pairs "object system - process system" and "environmental system - project system”, - 72 > 1. This is due to the fact that the members of these pairs have both features different. So the tendency

to cooperation arises between "close" systems, while "remote" from each other systems are oriented more towards rivalry.

Thus, the willingness to cooperate arises between systems that have one common feature and one different, seems justified. The relationship of systems belonging to the "polar" types, in which both features are different, are characterized by either indifference or confrontation.

4. Configuration "state - society - economy - business": the main types of structural relationships

The vital activity and development of the country are determined by the possibilities of coordination and interaction of the four macro-level subsystems. We can distinguish two types of structural interconnections of different-quality subsystems of any socio-economic system:

Status relationships, i.e., connections due to the natural, immanent features of the subsystems and reflecting the inclination (readiness, predisposition) of these subsystems for cooperation and coordination;

Functional interactions, i.e. coordinated actions of two or more systems during the implementation of their functions, in particular, the transfer of certain values (benefits) from one system to another.

In Russian reality, relations between society and business are, if not confrontational, then at least wary in nature and are distinguished by mutual distrust. The relationship between the state machine and the economy is also far from ideal. As noted above, the relationships between the members of the system tetrad are divided into two groups: cooperation and rivalry. The relationship between the state and the economy is also a serious problem. As in other types of system tetrads, cooperation relations cover four pairs of elements, and rivalry - two. The structure of relations between the state, society, economy and business, corresponding to the readiness for constructive strategic cooperation, can be depicted as a square, the perimeter of which consists of relations of propensity to cooperate (Fig. 4).

Security - life support

Rice. 5. Main types of functional interactions of macrosubsystems

Let's call this structure and the concept of interconnections of subsystems corresponding to it perimetric, bearing in mind that the most significant interconnections are located along the perimeter of the square formed by the four considered subsystems. This perimetric design should become the basis for other types of interconnections.

It is this structure that will be used as the base for the analysis of the requirements imposed on each other by the elements of this configuration.

The heterodox approach proposed here involves a revision of the conditions and consequences of the occurrence of “market failures” and “state failures”. We believe that each such situation is associated with "failures of business", "failures of society" or a violation of the ties "business - economy" or "society - economy". Accordingly, this scheme can also be used to prevent and mitigate “failed” situations in general.

Let's move on to functional interactions in the basic configuration of society's subsystems, which make up the main content of the connections between subsystems. Let us first note that, within the framework of the perimetric structure, neighboring subsystems can partially and temporarily replace each other. Thus, the state can in certain situations replace business, and business can replace the state. At the same time, the economy cannot replace the state, and it cannot replace the economy...

State and Society b

Business with Economy

Rice. 6. Matrix of interaction of macrosubsystems

countries (state dominance variant)

Society cannot replace business, and business cannot replace society.

The role of the state is realized primarily in creating conditions for the life and development of society and business (including conditions for the impartiality and fairness of the court), ensuring their security, protecting the borders and territorial integrity of the country. To fulfill these tasks, the state makes decisions that are institutional or situational in nature. In turn, the society delegates power to the state, and business pays taxes to the state and (in the conditions of Russia) plays the role of an off-budget source of state revenues.

Business also interacts with the economy, carrying out various investment and short-term business projects, including the creation of start-ups. To this end, he directs resources into the economy, primarily capital, receiving in return dividends and an increase in the value of securities. The sphere of economy generates demand for business projects and creates jobs for the population and (relatively speaking) for productive capital. The society provides the economy with labor resources and receives consumer benefits from it. Thus, in this concept, society and its members are considered from the point of view of not only consumer hedonism, but also production activism (T. Veblen pointed out the need for such a binary approach 115 years ago in his famous article “Why the economy is not an evolutionary science”) . From the same binary point of view, business is considered in its relationship with the economy.

On fig. 5 shows the content of the most frequently considered types of interaction

macro subsystems. It is possible to reflect the relative quantitative characteristics of its intensity by comparing each pair of interacting systems with a certain indicator that characterizes the total volume of "commodity turnover" between them. The interaction of four social subsystems will be described by four independent parameters a, b, c, d (a - for the pair "state - society", b - for the pair "society - economy", c - for the pair "economy - business", d - for pairs "business - state"), characterizing the intensity of connections on each side of the square in Fig. 4. It would be possible to use the length of the arrows as an indicator of the intensity of the connections, then the square would turn into a quadrilateral with unequal sides.

However, a more elegant visualization can be obtained by using and developing the methodology of T. Parsons (Fig. 6). The outer contour of the figure forms a rectangle, the length of the vertical sides of which is equal to the sum of the "turnover" between the state and society and between business and the economy, and the horizontal - the sum of the "turnover" between the state and business and between society and the economy. The inner rectangles are the four main social subsystems4.

The best option to ensure the sustainable evolutionary development of the country, in the general case, is the equal constructive interaction of the state, society, economy and business in the form of a harmonious public-private and socio-economic partnership

Neighboring and having a long border horizontally or vertically here will be elements of the pairs "state - society",

4 It should be noted that the indicator of the total "commodity turnover" between the economy and society, in combination with a similar indicator of the volume of interactions between the economy and business, can be considered as a characteristic of the "need" of the economy for society as a whole. The higher it is, the more tightly the economy is inscribed in the systemic structure of the country, the higher the activity of this subsystem.

"society - economy", "economics - business", "business - state". The economy and the state, as well as society and business, do not have long boundaries between them. The length of the common sides of the two rectangles reflects the intensity of interaction between the respective spheres (a - between the state and society, b - between society and the economy, c - between the economy and business, d - between business and the state).

The best option that ensures the sustainable evolutionary development of the country, in the general case, is the equal constructive interaction of the state, society, economy and business (a = b = c = d) in the form of a harmonious public-private and socio-economic partnership focused on the development of the country as a single whole. However, the actual configuration of the matrix in Fig. 6 for each country differs from the equilibrium one, and the internal figures on it are not of equal size. The ratio of the areas occupied by each internal rectangle in fig. 6 indicates the presence (absence) of the dominance of one or two subsystems over the others. In the case shown in Fig. 6, the dominant role belongs to the state.

Depending on which of the four spheres dominates in a given country, we can talk about four variants of its socio-economic structure:

Bureaucratic (dominated by the state and its structures);

Social (dominated by society and social structures);

State

Rice. 7. Matrix of interaction of macro-subsystems of the country (taking into account areas of common jurisdiction)

Economic (the economy dominates as a sphere of providing the material needs of society);

Business-oriented (business and its interests dominate).

On fig. 6 shows the proportions of macro-subsystems corresponding to the bureaucratic structure. In reality, in a particular country in a given period, two different types of socio-economic structure can be combined; but only neighboring in fig. 6 spheres. This is how they arise:

Democratic way of life (state-public dominance);

Socialist way of life (dominated by society and the economy);

State capitalism (public-private partnership, i.e. joint dominance of the state and business).

As for the joint dominance of business and the economy, two options are possible:

a) a society of socially responsible business, i.e. socio-economic structure, in which the interests of business are subordinated to general economic interests;

b) an oligarchic society, where the interests of business are closed on itself (it is precisely such a society that has developed, in our opinion, at present in Russia).

Graphically, the dominance of two of the four macrosubsystems can also be reflected in a diagram similar to Fig. 6 by shifting the vertical or horizontal lines passing inside the square.

The division of the entire public sphere into four conjugated parts, shown in fig. 4-6, of course, conditionally. There are "border zones" belonging simultaneously

state and society, society and economy, economy and business, business and the state (Fig. 7).

The border zone of relations between the state and society (number 1 in Fig. 7) includes political organizations that represent the interests of certain strata or groups of the population and are (formally or informally) part of state authorities or actively influence them. The general part of the sphere of society and the economy (number 2) covers not only the social aspects of the intra-company and market policy of enterprises, but also the stock market in terms of individual investors (the stock market of institutional investors refers to the intersection of the spheres of economics and business). In addition to the institutional part of the stock market, the sphere of general conduct of the economy and business (number 3) includes the business sector, consisting of enterprises owned and managed by the same persons, as well as the so-called collective self-managed enterprises (in Russian legislation - closed joint stock companies). workers' associations). The sphere of intersection of the state and business (number 4) includes such organizations close to the authorities and representing the interests of business as the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Delovaya Rossiya, Opora Rossii, etc. Today, the Upper House of the Russian Parliament also actually belongs to the general sphere of state and business .

Finally, in the center of Fig. 7 at number 5 shows a common area for all four considered subsystems. Its core is the public sector of the economy - a set of enterprises and organizations related to all four areas under consideration. The apparent main task of this sector is to provide solutions to problems that cannot be solved within one or two of these areas. A less noticeable, but more important task is to expand the possibilities and practice of coordinating and consolidating the joint efforts of the state, society, economy and business. All independent units that are part of sector 5 must simultaneously meet the criteria for each of the four macro-subsystems. They should be:

Investment attractive (business);

Economically active and efficient, taking into account both resource and target efficiency (economics);

Socially responsible and socially loyal (society);

Receptive to signals coming from the state and reflecting national interests (the state).

Society, in turn, needs the state as the subject of rights delegated by society. Close relations between the state and society serve as a guarantee of the stability of the future. Finally, the relationship between business and the state must be constructive, otherwise there is a threat to public well-being.

The strategic role of the public sector is to coordinate and harmonize all spheres of the country's public life. The consequence of this role is the mission of the public sector as a stimulator and stabilizer of social development. This view of the public sector differs significantly from the traditional liberal concept, according to which the public sector is seen as a "necessary evil" and should be minimized while possible.

5. Target orientation of state regulation of the economy

In relation to business, the economy should, on the one hand, provide a platform for the implementation of entrepreneurial initiatives, allocate resources for innovative business projects, and, on the other hand, demonstrate receptivity to innovations and manifestations of innovative undertakings. In turn, business should actively respond to the needs of the economy, ensure that problematic niches and bottlenecks in the functioning of the national economy are identified throughout the country and overcome and eliminate them.

Relations between the economy and society should also be mutually cooperative.

The economy provides society with consumer goods, distributes them fairly and creates incentives for their equivalent exchange. It also provides jobs to society. As a process system, the economy ensures the unity of the conditions for the processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods throughout the country, the possibility of interregional flow of resources. In turn, the society supplies the economy with labor resources, which in it turn into human capital, ensures the selection and consolidation of the socio-economic institutions necessary for the functioning of the economy.

The duty of the state as the bearer and guarantor of the interests of the country's prospective development is to ensure the optimal balance between accumulation and consumption in all macro-subsystems and, first of all, in the business community and the social environment

The scheme of functioning of society, using the perimetric model, can be represented as the transfer (clockwise) of the flows of benefits, information and management impulses from one subsystem to another across their common border. Thus, attitudes formulated in the sphere of state jurisdiction enter the sphere of society and cause corresponding changes in the public consciousness. When an idea "takes hold of the masses", it becomes a material force and materializes in the economic process. If an idea looks attractive from a commercial point of view, it is included in the business area, adapted and transformed into a series of business projects. After the implementation of these projects, their results are summed up at the level of the state subsystem, approved or criticized, and the cycle repeats again.

The economy should, in relation to its direct systemic counterparties:

To provide the society with jobs in accordance with its potential and the needs of the economy;

Provide for the needs of society in economic benefits;

To ensure the possibility of moving labor resources and products, to harmonize the living conditions of all individuals and social groups throughout the country;

Provide business with conditions and resources for the implementation of entrepreneurial initiatives;

Be receptive to innovations coming from business, select them for possible dissemination and consolidation in the form of routines;

Harmonize successful business initiatives within the framework of economic processes;

Coordinate interaction and harmonize the relationship between society and business;

Ensure movement towards general and local economic equilibrium.

The above methodological approach to the analysis of the composition and structure of national macro-subsystems makes it possible to substantiate the following measures that must be taken to implement the functions of the economy as a social subsystem.

A. Deep, multi-dimensional and multi-dimensional diversification. In this case, we are talking about three main components: diversification of jobs; product diversification; diversification of "project niches".

The topic of economic diversification has been widely discussed in the press for many years, but it is mainly about product diversification. In fact, we need to talk about the diversification of jobs. The degree of diversification of the economy should correspond to the degree of diversity of labor resources and organizational and financial resources of the business. More precisely, the diversity of jobs in the economy should be comparable to the diversity of abilities, inclinations, skills and abilities of able-bodied members of society. Only if there is a high correlation between the structure of jobs and the structure of potential and actual personnel can one expect to achieve a level

labor productivity comparable to that of developed countries. Thus, the diversification of jobs in the economy is a necessary condition for economic growth.

The diversification of the "project niches" offered by the economy for business is analogous to the diversification of jobs in relation to capital. For the sustainable operation of the economy, the range of projects available for investment, both in terms of investment volumes and in terms of payback, profitability and risk, must correspond to the variety of opportunities, claims and inclinations of potential investors.

In our opinion, the transfer of the economy to the path of diversification is a more important and more difficult task than increasing the degree of its innovativeness. Diversification of the economy is impossible without increasing the share of the innovative economy in the total volume of production, consumption, exchange and distribution of goods. At the same time, the growth of this share is also possible outside the framework of diversification, including in the form of innovations in the raw material complex of Russia.

B. Social loyalty. According to the proposed concept, we should not talk about the social orientation of the economy (this is usually understood as providing the population with consumer goods), but about its partnership with society. The relationship between social consumption and economic accumulation is dynamic and should support both current life activity and the long-term development of the entire configuration "state - society - economy - business". In our opinion, the requirement of social responsibility of business in this configuration is inadequate. One can talk about the “civil responsibility” of business to the state and the economic responsibility of business to the national economy, but the requirement of direct responsibility of business to society is hardly appropriate, since they do not directly interact with each other.

B. Tolerance towards business. The economy must demonstrate readiness for a strategic partnership with business. The economy and business should not enter into strategic competition. This concerns the payment of dividends to investors, the conditions for the functioning of the stock market. Note that the “merging” of the state with business in any variant (with

dominance of business or under the rule of the state), in principle undesirable, but nevertheless acceptable if the state really functions as a social one (shows loyalty to society). Then the entire configuration shown in Fig. 1 will be balanced.

Thus, an important mission of the economy is the coordination and synchronization of the interests of society and business.

D. Extensiveness of the economy. It is usually believed that the economy should increase the intensity of the use of almost all types of resources, including space (territory). In relation to macroeconomics, this thesis, in our opinion, has no convincing justification and leads to the spatial fragmentation of the national economy. A weak connection between the economies of individual regions hinders the spread of innovations, hinders the optimization of the distribution of resources, exacerbates the socio-economic differentiation of regions, reduces the potential of the economy as a whole and threatens to lose the economic independence of the country.

Conclusion

The foregoing allows us to draw the following conclusions about the interaction between the state and the economy.

1. Direct interaction between the state and the economy (in the narrow sense of both concepts) should be limited. On the one hand, state regulation of the economy should be carried out mainly through the influence of the state on business and society. On the other hand, the economic situation of the country should not be the main factor in the adoption of political decisions by the state. The state should not become a hostage of the economy, and the latter should not become a hostage of the state.

2. The state is obliged to encourage business to focus on achieving national economic interests. The state should also regulate (if necessary, weaken or strengthen) business activity based on the priorities of sustainable and crisis-free innovative development of the country, ensuring the safety of all strata and all subjects of society.

3. The duty of the state as the bearer and guarantor of the interests of the country's prospective development is to ensure the optimal balance

between accumulation and consumption in all macro-subsystems and, first of all, in the business community and the social environment.

4. The central element of interaction between the state and the economy, society and business is the public sector of the economy. Using the example of public sector management by the state, the economy, business and society, institutions should be formed to coordinate the interests, rights and obligations of the four macrosystems.

The state and business must maintain independent interests, maintain cooperative relations, without slipping into either total confrontation or total subordination.

5. As part of the socio-economic policy of the country as a whole, measures should be provided to support the independent development of each of the four macro-level subsystems. This means that each of them should cover ("fill") the entire territory of the country. On the one hand, no part of the territory should be a permanently backward territory, neither in terms of state leadership, nor in terms of social or economic development, nor in terms of business activity. On the other hand, the blurring of the boundaries of the subsystems under consideration and the "merging" of different subsystems with each other or absorption by one system of others should be prevented. Thus, the state and business must preserve independent interests, maintain cooperative relations, without slipping into either total confrontation or total subjugation. The same can be said about the interaction of the state and society, as well as the economy with society and business. In fact, the art of governing a country consists in finding and maintaining in each new situation a thin “cooperative” line between the merging and confrontation of elements of four pairs of macro-level systems: state and society, society and economy, economy and business, business and state.

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Human society in the course of its historical development has brought to life two extremely interesting phenomena - the state and the market. Acting as a product of different causes, initially influencing different spheres of life, over time, the paths of their movement intersected more and more often, the goals and tasks to be solved became closer, and the results became more and more dependent on joint efforts and actions. And the level of development of modern society is entirely determined by the possibilities of coordinating the activities of state and market forces, the ability to combine and complement each other's actions. At the same time, there is no doubt that these are relatively independent structures that have their own mechanisms for influencing the development of society, having different spheres of influence, specific functions, goals and objectives.

The state arose as a product of the development of society itself at a certain stage of its movement. Its appearance meant that irreconcilable political, social, and then economic contradictions had matured in society, which it was unable to resolve on its own. A force was needed that would rise above society, pacifying the clashes of the warring parties, keeping everyone within the boundaries of a certain order. It was the state that was entrusted with the function of ensuring the general conditions for the development of society, determining the "rules of the game", using a variety of methods, up to coercion and suppression. And now, as Paul Heine notes: "The state has a generally recognized and exclusive right to coercion."

Initially, the role of the state in society was rather modest, it was limited to the need to protect law and order and the rule of law, the observance of normative relations with other states, the organization of national defense, etc. In the field of economics, it was reduced to ensuring financial control over the identification and accounting of state revenues. In a word, according to the figurative expression of the Austrian economist Hayks, the state had to act as a "night watchman", not interfering in economic processes. True, despite this modest role assigned, the state at all times exerted a significant influence on the economic life of the nation. The laws of feudal law protected landed property, determined the obligations of peasants, medieval workshops and everyone else in relation to the central government, or "bloody legislation" in England in the 15th century against expropriated peasants and others. The emerging economic situation, life itself in all its manifestations, more and more drew the state into the economic sphere, changed its traditional functions, brought to life new ones, for the implementation of which not only power, but also economic levers and methods were used. Over time, with the strengthening and development of the market, the processes requiring state intervention became more and more. We are talking about the need to maintain competition for the efficient distribution of limited resources, the social protection of a significant part of society, and many other processes. And now world practice has shown that there is not and cannot be an effective market economy without an active regulatory role of the state. Apparently, it was precisely this understanding of the place and role of the state in the economic life of the nation that made the well-known economist Louis Mulkern say: "In my opinion, for any leading country there can be nothing worse than incorrectly defining the role of the state in the economy."

In turn, the development of the market and the market system also went through different historical stages: from the period of the birth of the simplest forms of market exchange, the formation of a market economy as an integral system within national-state boundaries, to the era of maturation of the most complex international cooperative forms. In this process, the market, as the main organizing force of the economy, its core, showed its powerful capabilities for self-development and self-regulation. Having such perfect tools as price, supply-demand, competition, the market moved the economy along the path of greatest efficiency, determining for all subjects of the market economy the main parameters of their activities: what, how and how much to produce and at the same time observe their private interests, dictating to each subject a rational economic behavior. However, in the course of formation, development and improvement, the market system showed not only its powerful economic advantages, but also its shortcomings, the inability to solve a number of complex socio-economic problems. Moreover, in its movement, the market system began to show certain tendencies towards self-destruction: by generating monopolies, it destroyed competition, by setting monopoly prices and control over them, it reduced the volume of aggregate demand, thereby causing a decline in production and an imbalance in the economy and others. In a word, effective economic development became more and more impossible without external interference, without the involvement of the guiding and regulating power of the state.

Thus, in the course of the progressive movement of society, the original essence of both the state itself and the market and the market system developed and changed, their traditional functions were improved, an organic combination and close interweaving of state and market forces took place. However, the obviousness of such a conclusion is the result of centuries-old disputes and discussions, in which all new aspects of this problem were highlighted, different approaches to it, different proofs of substantiation, and arguments were given. And even now, these disputes have not completely subsided. The main question of the dispute is how to find this measure of a reasonable combination of the market and the state, when state intervention in the economy provides the greatest efficiency. At the same time, the difficulty lies in the fact that this measure itself, if it is understood as "the unity of quantity and quality" (Hegel), is mobile, changeable, dependent on many factors: socio-economic, environmental, regional, political and even national. Moreover, this measure can be different not only for different national economies with different levels of socialization and integration of production, different share of the public sector in the economy, etc., but even within them - different in different periods of the economic development of a particular country in depending on the tasks to be solved. All this determines and modifies not only the main macroeconomic goals, but also the functions of both the state and the market, as well as the measures and methods for their implementation, and causes the exceptional complexity of state regulation of the economy.

Due to the fact that the attitude towards the participation of the state in the functioning of the market economy was different at different stages of its formation and development, with a certain degree of conditionality, five models of relations between the state and the economy can be distinguished, due to the specific state of society, the level of development of its productive forces. The main representatives of classical economic theory were Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Jean-Baptiste Say, John Stuart Mill and others. The essence of this model was the notion that the economic system functions in accordance with the rules dictated by the market, and, consequently, by the consumer.

The market system is able to self-regulate and ensure the full and efficient use of the available limited resources of society. This is carried out with the help of such levers of market regulation as fluctuations in the interest rate, on the one hand, and the elasticity of the ratio of prices and wages, on the other. Working together, these two mechanisms of regulation make full employment and the full use of limited resources an objective inevitability. The economy is thus able to develop "by itself", without outside interference. So, Adam Smith believed that the price system is a mechanism that imposes strict rules on the participants in the economic process, determines one or another of their behavior. Moreover, this is done automatically, without central leadership or collective decision. It is the price system that is able to combine the pursuit of private interest with the achievement of public goals. Selfish private interest can indeed be harmoniously combined with the interests of society. The market economy, not controlled by any collective will, not subject to a single plan, nevertheless follows strict rules of conduct. The influence on the market situation of the actions of an individual, one of many, can be imperceptible: he pays the prices that are asked of him, chooses the quantity of goods that he needs, proceeds from his greatest benefit. However, the totality of all these actions establishes equilibrium prices, and each buyer is subject to these prices, and the prices themselves are subject to the totality of all individual reactions. Thus, the "invisible hand" of the market provides a result that does not depend on the will and intentions of a particular individual. The same "invisible hand", market automatism is able to optimize the distribution of other resources. In short, the market itself is capable of realizing the idea of "an obvious and simple system of natural freedom." Hence the conclusion: no intervention in the economy, because it is harmful, because the natural order is broken; "Let it go as it goes." State intervention is undesirable, because it takes the economy astray from the path of greatest efficiency.

Jean-Baptiste Say, in order to reveal the mechanism of self-regulation, put forward the idea: The very process of producing goods and services creates income exactly equal to the value of the goods produced. This means that production automatically provides the income necessary to purchase all the goods and services created. "Supply creates its own demand" is Say's slogan, which has received the status of Say's Law. Social proportions are regulated by market mechanisms, such as the interest rate, price, wages, competition. Deviating up and down, these mechanisms dictate the appropriate behavior of market entities and lead the economy along the path of balanced development and full employment. Competition in the labor market eliminates involuntary unemployment. D.S. Mill concludes "that the general practical principle should be laissez faire, and any departure from it, except for some higher order considerations, is an undoubted evil." Therefore, the state was assigned the role of a "night watchman", whose main economic functions were the protection of property and the collection of taxes. The ideas of the classics, in particular Say's idea that production itself creates sufficient demand for itself, were considered the ultimate truth in economic theory for more than 100 years.

As an object of state-legal influence, the economy is a complex and developing phenomenon. In the VII-III centuries. BC. in the life of mankind there has been a transition from an appropriating to a producing economy. For appropriating economy (hunting, fishing, collecting fruits of wild plants) is characterized by the fact that the producer is nature itself. Human consumption products are not produced, but mined. producing the economy meant a qualitative leap: with the advent of agriculture, cattle breeding, crafts, a person, or rather, his labor, is increasingly becoming a producer of consumer products, which gradually acquires the features of a defining element of the production process. Productive labor brought to life a new type of social relations - economic. In a productive economy, human labor is organically combined with the action of natural forces. The economy is a system of relations for the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. The cycle of economic relations begins with the production of material goods and ends with their consumption. Relations associated with the distribution and exchange of manufactured products are of an intermediate nature. The formation of economic relations gave rise to new institutional forms of their consolidation, stabilization, development. The state and law are socio-political institutions brought to life by the economy, the needs of its development and regulation. Law affects the economy, so to speak, from the inside, being the optimal form of the economy and the only possible form of a market economy, and the state provides external conditions its functioning. First, the state performs the function of protecting the country from attack from outside and thereby protecting the economic space within the country. Secondly, it ensures the unity of society and its relative stability in conditions when society breaks up into classes and social strata with different, sometimes opposing interests. The internal unity and stability of society is also a necessary prerequisite for the normal functioning and development of the economy. Thirdly, the state also acts as a subject of economic relations, taking on some economic functions that ensure the integrity of the country's economic system. For example, from time immemorial, the state takes care of money circulation, has a budget, finances education, culture, etc. Fourth, with the complication in the course of the historical development of economic ties, the state is increasingly actively intervening in economic life in order to prevent negative trends emerging in a market economy. Thus, in the developed countries of the West, state regulation in the sphere of the economy is recognized as useful and necessary. In this case, we are talking not just about the state, but about the state-legal impact on the economy using public law. The directions of such influence are diverse: the fight against monopoly; product quality control in terms of its safety for the life and health of consumers; compliance with environmental requirements in the production process, etc. When the impact of the state on the economy is excessive, it becomes negative, because it interferes with its free functioning and development. The extreme manifestation of such an impact is the nationalization of the economy, in which the state becomes the main owner of the means of production and takes over the management of the economy, the state “turns off” the operation of automatic mechanisms for coordinating the demand and supply of goods and services, the nationalization of the economy creates a lack of economic responsibility of enterprises, plants, factories , the excessive impact of the state on the economy is expressed in the excessive administrative regulation of economic relations. This infringes on economic freedom, leads to corruption of the state apparatus, to the emergence of a shadow economy.

The dominant position of the state in the economy gives it some advantages. The main one is the ability to very quickly and freely concentrate all the necessary resources (material, financial, labor) to solve certain major problems: the production of weapons, the development of virgin lands, the construction of new cities, the maintenance of giant industrial construction projects, the implementation of space projects, etc. But the shadow side of such “achievements” is the decline in the living standards of the population, the lack of democracy, the lack of rights of the individual, the neglect of the environment, etc.

At the end of the 20th century, humanity faces the problem of how to organically combine the market economy, social policy and ecology. In a civilized society, the economy must be social and environmentally friendly. Such a transformation of the economy is possible only with the positive impact of the state and law on it in conditions where the highest value in society is the dignity and rights of a person and the rule of law is functioning.

State signs.

The concept of the state, its characteristics are concretized when revealing the features that distinguish it both from the tribal system and from non-governmental organizations of society. In other words, the analysis of the features of the state deepens knowledge about it, emphasizes its uniqueness as an irreplaceable form of organization of society and the most important socio-political institution.

1. Territorial organization of the population and the exercise of public authority within the territorial limits. In a pre-state society, the belonging of an individual to one or another genus was determined by blood or supposed kinship. Moreover, the clan often did not have a strictly defined territory, moved from one place to another. In a state-organized society, the kinship principle of organizing the population has lost its significance. It was replaced by the principle of its territorial organization. The state has a strictly localized territory, to which its sovereign power extends, and the population living on it turns into subjects or citizens of the state. Thus, the spatial limits of the state arise, in which a new legal institution appears - citizenship or citizenship.

The territorial organization of the population is associated not only with the emergence of the state, but also with the beginning of the formation of individual countries. Therefore, from these positions, the concepts of “state” and “country” largely coincide.

The state differs from non-governmental organizations (trade unions, political parties, etc.) in that it represents the entire population of the country, extends its power to it. Trade unions and political parties unite in their ranks a part of the population, are created voluntarily for one or another interest.

2. Public (state) power. It is called public because, not coinciding with society, it speaks on its behalf, on behalf of the entire people.

Power also existed in pre-state society, but it was directly public power, which came from the whole family and was used by them for self-government. She did not need any officials or any apparatus. The fundamental feature of public (state) power is that it is embodied precisely in officials, i.e., in the professional class (rank) of managers, from which the governing and coercive bodies (the state apparatus) are completed. Without this physical embodiment, state power is only a shadow, an imagination, an empty abstraction.

Embodied in state bodies and institutions, public power becomes state power, that is, the real force that ensures state coercion, violence. The decisive role in the implementation of coercion belongs to groups of armed people and special institutions (army, police, prisons, etc.).

3. state sovereignty. The concept of "state sovereignty" appeared at the end of the Middle Ages, when it was necessary to separate the state power from the church and give it an exclusive, monopoly value. Today sovereignty is an obligatory feature of the state. A country that does not have it is a colony or a dominion.

Sovereignty as a property (attribute) of state power lies in its supremacy, autonomy and independence.

The supremacy of state power within a country means: a) the universality of its power, which extends to the entire population, all parties and public organizations of a given country; 6) its prerogatives (state power can cancel, recognize as null and void any manifestation of any other public power, if the latter violates the law); c) it has such means of influence that no other public authority has at its disposal (army, police or militia, prisons, etc.).

The autonomy and independence of state power from any other power within the country and outside it is expressed in its exclusive, monopoly right to freely decide all its affairs.

In the Soviet Union it was neither supreme, nor independent, nor independent, because above it was the power of the party. The state carried out party directives and was the executive instrument of the ruling party.

4. The inextricable link between the state and law. Without law, the state cannot exist. Law legally formalizes the state and state power and thereby makes them legitimate, i.e. legal. The state performs its functions in legal forms. Law introduces the functioning of the state and state power within the framework of legality, subordinates them to a specific legal regime. With such subordination of the state to law, a democratic legal state is formed.

The essence of the state.

The essence of the state is the meaning, the main thing, deep in it, which determines its content, purpose and functioning. So the main, fundamental in the state are power, its belonging, purpose and functioning in society. In other words, the question of the essence of the state is the question of who owns state power, who exercises it and in whose interests. That is why this issue is highly controversial.

Yes, supporters elite theory, which became widespread in the 20th century, they believe that the masses are not able to exercise power, manage public affairs, that state power should belong uncontrollably to the top of society - the elite until one ruling elite is replaced by another.

Adjacent to the theory of elites and in many respects consonant with it technocratic theory. According to representatives of this theory, professional managers and managers can and should rule and manage. Only they are able to determine the real needs of society, to find the best ways for its development.

The aforementioned theories are not without certain merits, but both of them suffer from anti-democratism and tear power away from the people.

Numerous adherents of various varieties democratic doctrine they proceed from the fact that the primary source and bearer of power is the people, that state power, by its nature and essence, must be truly popular, exercised in the interests and under the control of the people.

Marxist theory proves that political power belongs to the economically dominant class and is used in its interests. Hence, the class essence of the state is seen as a machine (instrument), through which the economically dominant class becomes politically dominant, exercising its dictatorship, that is, power not limited by law and based on force, on coercion.

The class approach in revealing the essence of the state is a major achievement of scientific social science. It was discovered and widely used by many scientists in different countries long before K. Marx. However, it is at least theoretically wrong to use this approach unconditionally to characterize all and every state.

Yes, the class character, the class orientation of the state's activity is its essential side, its main principle. But the activity of the state, due to class contradictions, is dominant only in non-democratic, dictatorial states, where there is a harsh exploitation of one part of society by another. But even in those cases when acute class conflicts arise, the state keeps classes from mutual destruction in a fruitless struggle, and society from destruction, thereby preserving its integrity. And under these conditions, it performs certain functions in the interests of the whole society.

In developed democratic countries, the state is gradually becoming an effective mechanism for overcoming social contradictions through not violence and suppression, but through the achievement of social compromise. The very existence of the state in our time is connected not so much with classes and the class struggle, but with general social needs and interests, which presupposes the reasonable cooperation of various, including conflicting forces. The foregoing does not mean that the modern state has completely lost its class character, no, it simply faded into the background, ceased to dominate, and the general social side came to the fore. Such a state focuses its activities on ensuring social compromise, on managing the affairs of society.

In other words, in a democratic state, the second, but more significant than the first, is its general social side. Therefore, the analysis of the essence of the state requires taking into account both principles. Ignoring any of them will make the characterization of this entity one-sided.

The state and its essence, along with general social and class principles, are often strongly influenced by national and even nationalistic factors. Sometimes state power is in the hands of a narrow group, clan or individuals, expresses their interests, but such power usually camouflages its interests, passes them off as general social and national.

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