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What can cause urolithiasis. How can urolithiasis be cured. Symptoms of manifestation in patients with KSD of extrarenal localization

A metabolic disease caused by various causes, often of a hereditary nature, characterized by the formation of stones in the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra). Stones can form at any level of the urinary tract, ranging from the renal parenchyma, in the ureters, in the bladder to the urethra.

The disease can be asymptomatic, manifested by pain of varying intensity in the lumbar region or renal colic.

The history of the names of urinary stones is very fascinating. For example, struvite (or tripyelophosphate) is named after the Russian diplomat and naturalist G. H. von Struve (1772-1851). Previously, these stones were called guanites, because they were often found on bats.

Calcium oxalate dihydrate (oxalate) stones are often referred to as weddelites because the same stones are found in rock samples taken from the bottom of the Weddell Sea in Antarctica.

The prevalence of urolithiasis

Urolithiasis is widespread, and in many countries of the world there is an upward trend in the incidence.

In the CIS countries, there are areas where this disease occurs especially often:

Ural;
the Volga region;
Don and Kama basins;
Transcaucasia.

Among foreign regions, it is more common in such areas as:

Asia Minor;
Northern Australia;
North East Africa;
Southern regions of North America.

In Europe, urolithiasis is widespread in:

Scandinavian countries;
England;
the Netherlands;
South East of France;
South of Spain;
Italy;
Southern regions of Germany and Austria;
Hungary;
Throughout Southeast Europe.

In many countries of the world, including Russia, urolithiasis is diagnosed in 32-40% of cases of all urological diseases, and ranks second after infectious and inflammatory diseases.

Urolithiasis is detected at any age, most often in working age (20-55 years). In childhood and old age, cases of primary detection are very rare. Men get sick 3 times more often than women, but staghorn stones are most often found in women (up to 70%). In most cases, stones form in one of the kidneys, but in 9-17% of cases, urolithiasis is bilateral.

Kidney stones are single and multiple (up to 5000 stones). The size of the stones is very different - from 1 mm to giant ones - more than 10 cm and weighing up to 1000 g.

Causes of urolithiasis

Currently, there is no unified theory of the causes of urolithiasis. Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease, has complex diverse mechanisms of development and various chemical forms.

The main mechanism of the disease is considered to be congenital - a slight metabolic disorder, which leads to the formation of insoluble salts that form into stones. According to the chemical structure, different stones are distinguished - urates, phosphates, oxalates, etc. However, even if there is an innate predisposition to urolithiasis, it will not develop if there are no predisposing factors.

The basis of the formation of urinary stones are the following metabolic disorders:

hyperuricemia (increased levels of uric acid in the blood);
hyperuricuria (increased levels of uric acid in the urine);
hyperoxaluria (increased levels of oxalate salts in the urine);
hypercalciuria (increased levels of calcium salts in the urine);
hyperphosphaturia (increased levels of phosphate salts in the urine);
change in the acidity of urine.

In the occurrence of these metabolic shifts, some authors prefer the effects of the external environment (exogenous factors), others prefer endogenous causes, although their interaction is often observed.

Exogenous causes of urolithiasis:

climate;
geological structure of the soil;
chemical composition of water and flora;
food and drinking regimen;
living conditions (monotonous, sedentary lifestyle and recreation);
working conditions (harmful production, hot shops, heavy physical labor, etc.).

The food and drinking regimes of the population - the total calorie content of food, the abuse of animal protein, salt, foods containing large amounts of calcium, oxalic and ascorbic acids, the lack of vitamins A and group B in the body - play a significant role in the development of KSD.

Endogenous causes of urolithiasis:

infections of both the urinary tract and outside the urinary system (tonsillitis, furunculosis, osteomyelitis, salpingo-oophoritis);
metabolic diseases (gout, hyperparathyroidism);
deficiency, absence or hyperactivity of a number of enzymes;
severe injuries or diseases associated with prolonged immobilization of the patient;
diseases of the digestive tract, liver and biliary tract;
hereditary predisposition to urolithiasis.

A certain role in the genesis of urolithiasis is played by such factors as gender and age: men get sick 3 times more often than women.

Along with the general causes of endogenous and exogenous nature in the formation of urinary stones, local changes in the urinary tract (developmental anomalies, additional vessels, narrowing, etc.) that cause a violation of their function are of undeniable importance.

Symptoms of urolithiasis

The most characteristic symptoms of urolithiasis are:

pain in the lumbar region- can be constant or intermittent, dull or acute. The intensity, localization and irradiation of pain depend on the location and size of the stone, the degree and severity of the obstruction, as well as the individual structural features of the urinary tract.

Large pelvic stones and staghorn kidney stones are inactive and cause dull pain, often permanent, in the lumbar region. For urolithiasis, pain is associated with movement, shaking, driving, and heavy physical exertion.

For small stones, attacks of renal colic are most characteristic, which is associated with their migration and a sharp violation of the outflow of urine from the calyx or pelvis. Pain in the lumbar region often radiates along the ureter, into the iliac region. When the stones move into the lower third of the ureter, the irradiation of pain changes, they begin to spread lower to the inguinal region, to the testicle, the glans penis in men and the labia in women. There are imperative urge to urinate, frequent urination, dysuria.

renal colic- paroxysmal pain caused by a stone, occurs suddenly after driving, shaking, drinking plenty of fluids, alcohol. Patients constantly change position, do not find a place for themselves, often groan and even scream. This characteristic behavior of the patient often makes it possible to establish a diagnosis "at a distance". Pain sometimes lasts for several hours and even days, periodically subsiding. The cause of renal colic is a sudden obstruction of the outflow of urine from the calyces or pelvis, caused by occlusion (of the upper urinary tract) by a stone. Quite often, an attack of renal colic can be accompanied by chills, fever, leukocytosis.
nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal muscle tension, hematuria, pyuria, dysuria- symptoms often associated with renal colic.
independent stone passage
rarely - obstructive anuria(with a single kidney and bilateral ureteral stones)

In children, none of these symptoms are typical for urolithiasis.

Stones of the renal calyx

Calyx stones can be the cause of obstruction and renal colic.

With small stones, pain usually occurs intermittently at the time of transient obstruction. The pain is dull in nature, of varying intensity, and is felt deep in the lower back. It can be aggravated after heavy drinking. In addition to obstruction, the cause of pain may be inflammation of the renal calyx due to infection or the accumulation of tiny crystals of calcium salts.

Calyx stones are usually multiple, but small, so they should pass spontaneously. If the stone remains in the calyx despite the flow of urine, then the likelihood of obstruction is very high.

Pain caused by small calyx stones usually disappears after extracorporeal lithotripsy.

Stones of the renal pelvis

Stones of the renal pelvis with a diameter of more than 10 mm. usually cause obstruction of the ureteropelvic segment. In this case, there is severe pain in the costovertebral angle below the XII rib. The nature of the pain is different from dull to excruciatingly acute, its intensity is usually constant. The pain often radiates to the side of the abdomen and hypochondrium. It is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

A staghorn stone occupying all or part of the renal pelvis does not always cause urinary tract obstruction. Clinical manifestations are often poor. Only mild back pain is possible. In this regard, staghorn stones are a finding when examining recurrent urinary tract infections. Left untreated, they can lead to serious complications.

Upper and middle ureteral stones

Stones in the upper or middle third of the ureter often cause severe, sharp pain in the lower back.

If the stone moves along the ureter, periodically causing obstruction, the pain is intermittent, but more intense.

If the stone is immobile, the pain is less intense, especially with partial obstruction. With immobile stones that cause severe obstruction, compensatory mechanisms are activated that reduce pressure on the kidney, thereby reducing pain.

With a stone in the upper third of the ureter, pain radiates to the lateral parts of the abdomen, with a stone in the middle third - in the iliac region, in the direction from the lower edge of the ribs to the inguinal ligament.

Stones in the lower ureter

Pain with a stone in the lower third of the ureter often radiates to the scrotum or vulva. The clinical picture may resemble testicular torsion or acute epididymitis.

A stone located in the intramural ureter (at the level of the entrance to the bladder) in clinical manifestations resembles acute cystitis, acute urethritis or acute prostatitis, since it can cause pain in the suprapubic region, frequent, painful and difficult urination, imperative urges, gross hematuria, and in men - pain in the area of the external opening of the urethra.

Bladder stones

Bladder stones are mainly manifested by pain in the lower abdomen and suprapubic region, which can radiate to the perineum, genitals. Pain occurs when moving and when urinating.

Another manifestation of bladder stones is frequent urination. Sharp causeless urges appear when walking, shaking, physical activity. During urination, the so-called "stuffing" symptom may be noted - suddenly the urine stream is interrupted, although the patient feels that the bladder is not completely emptied, and urination resumes only after a change in body position.

In severe cases, with very large stones, patients can only urinate while lying down.

Signs of urolithiasis

Manifestations of urolithiasis may resemble symptoms of other diseases of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space. That is why the urologist first of all needs to exclude such manifestations of an acute abdomen as acute appendicitis, uterine and ectopic pregnancy, cholelithiasis, peptic ulcer, etc., which sometimes needs to be done together with doctors of other specialties. Based on this, determining the diagnosis of KSD can be both difficult and lengthy, and includes the following procedures:

1. Examination by a urologist clarification of a detailed anamnesis in order to maximize the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of the disease and the correction of metabolic and other disorders for the prevention of the disease and metaphylaxis of relapses. The important points of this stage are clarification:

type of activity;
time of onset and nature of the course of urolithiasis;
previous treatment;
family history;
food style;
a history of Crohn's disease, bowel surgery, or metabolic disorders;
drug history;
the presence of sarcoidosis;
the presence and nature of the course of urinary infection;
the presence of anomalies of the genitourinary organs and operations on the urinary tract;
history of trauma and immobilization.

2. Stone visualization:

performance of survey and excretory urography or spiral computed tomography.

3. Clinical Analysis blood, urine, urine pH. Biochemical study of blood and urine.
4. Urine culture on microflora and determination of its sensitivity to antibiotics.
5. If necessary, performed calcium stress test(differential diagnosis of hypercalciuria) and ammonium chloride (diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis), study of parathyroid hormone.
6. Stone analysis(if available).
7. Biochemical and radioisotope renal function tests.
8. Retrograde ureteropyelography, ureteropyeloscopy, pneumopyelography.
9. Examination of stones by tomographic density(used to predict the effectiveness of lithotripsy and prevent possible complications).

Treatment of urolithiasis

How to get rid of stones

Due to the fact that the causes of urolithiasis have not been fully elucidated, the removal of a stone from the kidney by surgery does not yet mean the patient's recovery.

Treatment of persons suffering from urolithiasis can be both conservative and operative.

General principles for the treatment of urolithiasis include 2 main areas: the destruction and / or elimination of the calculus and the correction of metabolic disorders. Additional methods of treatment include: improvement of microcirculation in the kidneys, adequate drinking regimen, sanitation of the urinary tract from an existing infection and residual stones, diet therapy, physiotherapy and spa treatment.

After establishing the diagnosis, determining the size of the calculus, its localization, assessing the state of urinary tract patency and kidney function, as well as taking into account concomitant diseases and previous treatment, you can begin to choose the optimal treatment method to rid the patient of the existing stone.

Calculus elimination methods:

various conservative methods of treatment that promote stone expulsion with small stones;
symptomatic treatment, which is most often used for renal colic;
surgical removal of a stone or removal of a kidney with a stone;
medicinal litholysis;
"local" litholysis;
instrumental removal of stones descending into the ureter;
percutaneous removal of kidney stones by extraction (litholapoxia) or contact lithotripsy;
ureterolitholapoxia, contact ureterolithotripsy;
remote lithotripsy (DLT);

All of the above methods of treating urolithiasis are not competitive and do not exclude each other, and in some cases are complementary. However, it can be said that the development and implementation of external lithotripsy (ESL), the creation of high-quality endoscopic equipment and equipment were revolutionary events in urology at the end of the 20th century. It was thanks to these epoch-making events that the beginning of minimally invasive and less traumatic urology was laid, which today is developing with great success in all areas of medicine and has reached its peak associated with the creation and widespread introduction of robotics and telecommunication systems.

The emerging minimally invasive and less traumatic methods of treating urolithiasis have radically changed the mentality of a whole generation of urologists, a distinctive feature of the current essence of which is that, regardless of the size and location of the stone, as well as its “behavior”, the patient should and can be rid of it! And this is correct, since even small, asymptomatic stones located in the cups must be eliminated, since there is always a risk of their growth and the development of chronic pyelonephritis.

Currently, for the treatment of urolithiasis, the most widely used is extracorporeal lithotripsy (ESL), percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (-lapaxia) (PNL), ureterorenoscopy (URS), due to which the number of open operations is reduced to a minimum, and in most clinics in Western Europe - to zero.

Diet for urolithiasis

The diet of patients with urolithiasis includes:

drinking at least 2 liters of fluid per day;
depending on the identified metabolic disorders and the chemical composition of the stone, it is recommended to limit the intake of animal protein, table salt, products containing large amounts of calcium, purine bases, oxalic acid;
The consumption of foods rich in fiber has a positive effect on the state of metabolism.

Physiotherapy for urolithiasis

The complex conservative treatment of patients with urolithiasis includes the appointment of various physiotherapeutic methods:

sinusoidal modulated currents;
dynamic amplipulse therapy;
ultrasound;
laser therapy;
inductothermy.

In the case of the use of physiotherapy in patients with urolithiasis complicated by urinary tract infection, it is necessary to take into account the phases of the inflammatory process (shown in the latent course and in remission).

Sanatorium-resort treatment for urolithiasis

Sanatorium-resort treatment is indicated for urolithiasis both in the period of the absence of a stone (after its removal or independent discharge), and in the presence of a calculus. It is effective for kidney stones, the size and shape of which, as well as the condition of the urinary tract, allow us to hope for their independent discharge under the influence of the diuretic action of mineral waters.

Patients with uric acid and calcium oxalate urolithiasis are treated at resorts with low-mineralized alkaline mineral waters:

Zheleznovodsk (Slavyanovskaya, Smirnovskaya);
Essentuki (Essentuki No. 4, 17);
Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk (Narzan).

With calcium-oxalate urolithiasis, treatment can also be indicated at the Truskavets (Naftusya) resort, where mineral water is slightly acidic and low-mineralized.

Treatment at the resorts is possible at any time of the year. The use of similar bottled mineral waters does not replace a spa stay.

Reception of the above mineral waters, as well as mineral water "Tib-2" (North Ossetia) for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes is possible in an amount of not more than 0.5 l / day under strict laboratory control of indicators of the exchange of stone-forming substances.

Treatment of uric acid stones

dissolution of stones (litholysis).

In the treatment of uric acid stones, the following drugs are used:

Allopurinol (Allupol, Purinol) - up to 1 month;
Blemaren - 1-3 months.

Treatment of calcium oxalate stones

With the medical treatment of urolithiasis, the doctor sets himself the following goals:

prevention of recurrence of stone formation;
prevention of the growth of the calculus itself (if it already exists);
dissolution of stones (litholysis).

With urolithiasis, stepwise treatment is possible: if diet therapy is ineffective, it is necessary to additionally prescribe medications.

One course of treatment is usually 1 month. Depending on the results of the examination, treatment may be resumed.

The following drugs are used in the treatment of calcium oxalate stones:

Pyridoxine (vitamin B 6) - up to 1 month;
Hypothiazid - up to 1 month;
Blemaren - up to 1 month.

Treatment of calcium phosphate stones

With the medical treatment of urolithiasis, the doctor sets himself the following goals:

prevention of recurrence of stone formation;
prevention of the growth of the calculus itself (if it already exists);
dissolution of stones (litholysis).

With urolithiasis, stepwise treatment is possible: if diet therapy is ineffective, it is necessary to additionally prescribe medications.

One course of treatment is usually 1 month. Depending on the results of the examination, treatment may be resumed.

In the treatment of calcium phosphate stones, the following drugs are used:

Antibacterial treatment - if there is an infection;
Magnesium oxide or asparaginate - up to 1 month;
Hypothiazid - up to 1 month;
Phytopreparations (plant extracts) - up to 1 month;
Boric acid - up to 1 month;
Methionine - up to 1 month.

Treatment of cystine stones

With the medical treatment of urolithiasis, the doctor sets himself the following goals:

prevention of recurrence of stone formation;
prevention of the growth of the calculus itself (if it already exists);
dissolution of stones (litholysis).

With urolithiasis, stepwise treatment is possible: if diet therapy is ineffective, it is necessary to additionally prescribe medications.

One course of treatment is usually 1 month. Depending on the results of the examination, treatment may be resumed.

In the treatment of cystine stones, the following drugs are used:

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) - up to 6 months;
Penicillamine - up to 6 months;
Blemaren - up to 6 months.

Complications of urolithiasis

Prolonged standing of a stone without a tendency to self-discharge leads to progressive inhibition of the function of the urinary tract and the kidney itself, up to its (kidney) death.

The most common complications of urolithiasis are:

Chronic inflammatory process at the location of the stone and the kidney itself (pyelonephritis, cystitis), which, under adverse conditions (hypothermia, acute respiratory infections), can become aggravated (acute pyelonephritis, acute cystitis).
In turn, acute pyelonephritis can be complicated by paranephritis, the formation of pustules in the kidney (apostematous pyelonephritis), carbuncle or kidney abscess, necrosis of the renal papillae and, as a result, sepsis (fever), which is an indication for surgical intervention.
Pyonephrosis - represents the terminal stage of purulent-destructive pyelonephritis. The pyonephrotic kidney is an organ that has undergone purulent fusion, consisting of separate cavities filled with pus, urine and tissue decay products.
Chronic pyelonephritis leads to rapidly progressive chronic renal failure and eventually to nephrosclerosis.
Acute renal failure is extremely rare due to obstructive anuria with a single kidney or bilateral ureteral stones.
Anemia due to chronic blood loss (hematuria) and impaired hematopoietic function of the kidneys.

Prevention of urolithiasis

Preventive therapy aimed at correcting metabolic disorders is prescribed according to indications based on the patient's examination data. The number of courses of treatment during the year is set individually under medical and laboratory control.

Without prophylaxis for 5 years, half of the patients who got rid of stones with one of the methods of treatment, urinary stones form again. It is best to start patient education and proper prevention immediately after spontaneous passage or surgical removal of the stone.

Lifestyle:

fitness and sports (especially for professions with low physical activity), however, excessive exercise in untrained people should be avoided
avoid drinking alcohol
avoid emotional stress
urolithiasis is often found in obese patients. Weight loss by reducing the intake of high-calorie foods reduces the risk of disease.

Increasing fluid intake:

It is shown to all patients with urolithiasis. In patients with urine density less than 1.015 g/l. stones are formed much less frequently. Active diuresis promotes the discharge of small fragments and sand. Optimal diuresis is considered in the presence of 1.5 liters. urine per day, but in patients with urolithiasis, it should be more than 2 liters per day.

Calcium intake.

Higher calcium intake reduces oxalate excretion.

The use of fiber.

Indications: Calcium oxalate stones.
You should eat vegetables, fruits, avoiding those that are rich in oxalate.

Oxalate retention.

Low dietary calcium levels increase oxalate absorption. When dietary calcium levels increased to 15–20 mmol per day, urinary oxalate levels decreased. Ascorbic acid and vitamin D may contribute to increased oxalate excretion.
Indications: hyperoxaluria (urine oxalate concentration more than 0.45 mmol/day).
Reducing oxalate intake may be beneficial in patients with hyperoxaluria, but in these patients, oxalate retention should be combined with other treatments.
Limiting the intake of oxalate-rich foods for calcium oxalate stones.

Foods rich in oxalates:

Rhubarb 530 mg/100 g;
Sorrel, spinach 570 mg/100 g;
Cocoa 625 mg / 100 g;
Tea leaves 375-1450 mg/100 g;
Nuts.

Vitamin C intake:

Vitamin C intake up to 4 g per day may occur without the risk of stone formation. Higher doses promote endogenous metabolism of ascorbic acid to oxalic acid. This increases the excretion of oxalic acid by the kidneys.

Reduced protein intake:

Animal protein is considered one of the important risk factors for stone formation. Excessive intake may increase calcium and oxalate excretion and decrease citrate excretion and urinary pH.
Indications: Calcium oxalate stones.
It is recommended to take approximately 1g/kg. protein weight per day.

Thiazides:

The indication for the appointment of thiazides is hypercalciuria.
Drugs: hypothiazide, trichlorothiazide, indopamide.
Side effects:

mask normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism;
development of diabetes and gout;
erectile disfunction.

Orthophosphates:

There are two types of orthophosphates: acidic and neutral. They reduce calcium absorption and calcium excretion as well as reduce bone reabsorption. In addition to this, they increase the excretion of pyrophosphate and citrate, which increases the inhibitory activity of urine. Indications: hypercalciuria.
Complications:

diarrhea;
cramps in the abdomen;
nausea and vomiting.

Orthophosphates can be used as an alternative to thiazides. Used for treatment in selected cases, but cannot be recommended as a first line remedy. They should not be prescribed for stones associated with urinary tract infection.

Alkaline citrate:

Mechanism of action:

reduces supersaturation of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate;
inhibits the process of crystallization, growth and aggregation of the stone;
reduces supersaturation of uric acid.

Indications: calcium stones, hypocitraturia.

Magnesium:

Indications: Calcium oxalate stones with or without hypomagniuria.
Side effects:

diarrhea;
CNS disorders;
fatigue;
drowsiness;

You can not use magnesium salts without the use of citrate.

Glycosaminoglycans:

The mechanism of action is calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibitors.
Indications: calcium oxalate stones.

Urolithiasis (urolithiasis) is a disease resulting from a metabolic disorder in which an insoluble precipitate forms in the urine in the form of sand (up to 1 mm in diameter) or stones (from 1 mm to 25 mm and more). Stones settle in the urinary tract, which disrupts the normal outflow of urine and causes renal colic and inflammation.

What is the cause of urolithiasis, what are the first signs and symptoms in adults, and what is prescribed as a treatment, we will consider further.

What is urolithiasis?

Urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the appearance in the urinary organs (kidneys, ureters, bladder) of solid stone-like formations. At their core, urinary stones are crystals formed from salts dissolved in the urine.

Calculi in urolithiasis can be localized both in the right and in the left kidney. Bilateral stones are observed in 15-30% of patients. The clinic of urolithiasis is determined by the presence or absence of urodynamic disorders, changes in renal functions and an associated infectious process in the urinary tract.

Types of urinary stones:

Urates - stones consisting of salts of uric acid, yellow-brown, sometimes brick in color with a smooth or slightly rough surface, quite dense. Formed when urine is acidic.
Phosphates - calculi, consisting of salts of phosphoric acid, grayish or white, fragile, easily broken, often combined with infection. Formed in alkaline urine.
Oxalates - consist of calcium salts of oxalic acid, usually dark in color, almost black with a spiky surface, very dense. Formed in alkaline urine.
Rarely there are cystine, xanthine, cholesterol calculi.
Mixed stones are the most common type of stones.

Causes

This disease is polyetiological, that is, several factors lead to its development. Most often, urolithiasis develops in people aged 20-45 years, and men suffer from it 2.5-3 times more often than women.

Urolithiasis develops, most often, due to metabolic disorders. But here one should take into account the fact that urolithiasis will not develop if there are no predisposing factors for this.

The causes of urolithiasis are the following:

diseases of the kidneys and urinary system;
metabolic disorders and related diseases;
pathological processes of bone tissue;
dehydration of the body;
chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
malnutrition, excessive consumption of junk food - spicy, salty, sour, fast food;
acute lack of vitamins and minerals.

Stones in urolithiasis can form in any part of the urinary tract. Depending on where they are located, the following forms of the disease are distinguished:

Nephrolithiasis - in the kidneys;
Ureterolithiasis - in the ureters;
Cystolithiasis - in the bladder.

Symptoms of urolithiasis

The first signs of urolithiasis are detected either by chance, during the examination, or with a sudden onset of renal colic. Renal colic - a severe pain attack, often the main symptom of urolithiasis, and sometimes the only one, occurs as a result of a spasm of the urinary duct, or its obstruction by a stone.

Leading symptoms of urolithiasis, or what patients complain about:

burning and cutting over the pubis and in the urethra during urination - due to the spontaneous release of small pebbles, the so-called "sand";
lower back pain associated with a sudden change in body position, a sharp shake, heavy drinking (especially after drinking liquids such as beer and pickles). Pain occurs due to a slight displacement of stones;
hyperthermia (high temperature) - indicates a pronounced inflammatory reaction to the stone at the site of its contact with the mucous membranes, as well as the addition of infectious complications;
Renal colic . When the ureter is blocked by a stone, the pressure in the renal pelvis rises sharply. Stretching the pelvis, in the wall of which there are a large number of pain receptors, causes severe pain. Stones smaller than 0.6 cm usually pass on their own. With narrowing of the urinary tract and large stones, the obstruction does not spontaneously resolve and can cause damage and death of the kidney.
Hematuria. In 92% of patients with urolithiasis after renal colic, microhematuria is noted, which occurs as a result of damage to the veins of the fornic plexuses and is detected during laboratory tests.

Moreover, the size of the calculus is not always comparable with the severity of complaints: the largest calculi (coral stone) may not bother a person for a long time, while a relatively small calculus in the ureter leads to renal colic with severe pain manifestations.

Clinical manifestations depend primarily on from the localization of the stone and the presence or absence of an inflammatory process.

Signs of urolithiasis with localization in different departments

As the pathological process develops, the following signs of urolithiasis can be observed:

unstable blood pressure;
elevated body temperature, sometimes up to 40 degrees;
symptoms of renal colic;
frequent urge to urinate that does not bring relief;
pain in the lumbar region, sometimes on both sides;
blood in the urine;
pain when urinating.

Complications

Common complications of urolithiasis:

Chronic inflammation in the area of the calculus, expressed by pyelonephritis, or cystitis, which, against the background of negative influences (viral diseases, hypothermia), turn into an acute form.
Chronic pyelonephritis, which rapidly progresses to renal failure.
Acute inflammation of the kidneys can be aggravated by paranephritis with the appearance of pustular lesions of the tissues of the organ. In the future, an abscess and blood poisoning are likely, which is a direct indication for surgical intervention.
Ischuria, or acute retention of urine.
Pyonephrosis is a severe complication of purulent pyelonephritis, characterized by destruction and melting of the kidney tissue.
Anemia occurs as a result of constant blood loss from hematuria.

Diagnostics

If you suspect urolithiasis, you must first contact a therapist who will conduct an initial examination of the patient. If stones are found in the kidneys, the patient will be referred to a nephrologist, if in the bladder - to a urologist. A dietitian is involved in the treatment, and surgical intervention is often required.

Diagnosis of urolithiasis is based on the following data:

Characteristic complaints of the patient on recurrent pain in the lower back, attacks of renal colic, urination disorders.
General and biochemical analyzes of urine and blood.
Excretory urography (introduction of a contrast agent into the blood, which is excreted unchanged in the urine).
Retrograde pyelography (injection of contrast in the direction opposite to the flow of urine through the urethra). Rarely produced and under strict indications.
Special blood tests for the level of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, calcium and magnesium salts, determination of blood pH.
CT scan.

The selection of treatment will depend on which stones are formed in the kidneys with urolithiasis. In order to determine the type of stone, it is enough to pass tests:

blood test for calcium (ionized and total), phosphorus, magnesium, uric acid;
general urine analysis;
biochemical analysis of daily urine for urates, oxalates, calcium and phosphorus;
spectral analysis of the stone - gives the most accurate information about its composition.

Based on the results of the research, the doctor will determine which type of salt prevails and what the stone consists of.

Treatment

Both surgical methods of treatment and conservative therapy are used. The tactics of treatment is determined by the urologist depending on the age and general condition of the patient, the location and size of the stone, the clinical course of urolithiasis, the presence of anatomical or physiological changes and the stage of renal failure.

General principles of treatment of urolithiasis:

Plentiful drink. Whatever the cause of KSD, concentrated urine promotes the formation of new stones or the “growth” of existing ones. In case of nephrolithiasis, at least 2 liters of fluid is recommended during the day.
Diet. Depending on the nature of the pH and the prevailing salts, a diet is prescribed that promotes the dissolution of small stones. The diet can either accelerate their dissolution, or promote their formation and recurrence of KSD even after the stone has passed.
Physical activity. Inactivity, a sedentary lifestyle provoke the appearance of stones, and walking, running, jumping - the removal of microliths.
Phytotherapy: diuretic, anti-inflammatory herbs.
Stone removal (surgical and conservative methods).

Medications for urolithiasis:

Anti-inflammatory: indomethacin, ibuprofen, acetomenophen, ketorolac;
Antibacterial: cilastatin, gentamicin, amikacin, ceftriaxone, gatifloxacin;
Antispasmodics: drotaverine, mebeverine, otiponium bromide;
Analgesics: Voltaren, Revodin, Diclomax;
Diuretic: furosemide, aldactone, veroshpiron
Vitamins: group B.

Operation

Indications for surgery for urolithiasis:

large stones when they cannot be crushed and removed without surgery;
significant impairment of kidney function, despite the fact that other methods of treatment in this case are contraindicated;
the position of the stone: if it is inside the kidney, then it is very difficult to crush it and bring it out;
complication in the form of a purulent process in the kidneys (purulent pyelonephritis).

Types of surgery:

Endoscopic removal of stones from the bladder and final ureter.
Laparoscopic surgery on the kidney or ureter.
Extended open surgery on the kidney (performed in the presence of a large one, when its resection or removal is required).
Lithotripsy. Destruction of a stone by a focused electro-hydraulic wave. The destroyed calculus is excreted in the urine in the form of sand.

Diet

Depending on the type of urinary formations and the identified metabolic disorders, the doctor prescribes nutrition for urolithiasis. In general, the diet for urolithiasis includes:

increased fluid intake (at least 2 liters per day);
reduction in portion size;
increase in the diet of foods rich in fiber;
limiting the intake of salt, spices;
restriction of the use of food and drinks with stone-forming properties (animal protein, purines, oxalic acid, etc.).

What can not be eaten with different types of urolithiasis?

Nutrition for nephrolithiasis will depend on the composition of the stones, and therefore may include mutually exclusive foods. Calcium is the basis of most urinary stones. The highest prevalence of calcium stones (including calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate), urate, consisting of salts of uric acid and magnesium containing, is noted. The oversaturation of urine with calcium and oxalate plays a major role in the formation of calcium oxalate.

Therapeutic diet with the deposition of oxalate stones provides exclusion from food:

lettuce, spinach, sorrel, rhubarb, beets, celery, parsley;
chocolate, cocoa;
jelly and jelly;
figs and purslane;
vitamin C in the form of a food supplement, as well as products where the vitamin is a preservative;
smoked meats, salinity and marinades;
broths and spices;
offal.

Prohibited Products with the deposition of urate stones:

canned food, marinades;
fish and meat of adult animals (you can eat non-fat varieties boiled three times a week), veal and lamb are excluded;
sausages and various smoked meats;
offal (brains, liver, lungs);
salted cheese;
animal fats (pork, beef or cooking);
fish;
jellies;
sorrel and spinach, cauliflower, rhubarb and figs;
rich broths, including mushroom;
mushrooms;
legumes;
alcoholic beverages (especially beer and red wine);
tea and coffee (sometimes not strong), cocoa and chocolate, cranberry juice.

With phosphate stones temporarily excluded from the diet:

foods rich in calcium: dairy products, eggs, cocoa;
salty and spicy foods (limiting salt to 8 g per day);
garden greens (lettuce, green onions, dill, parsley, celery leaves and cilantro);
potato;
nuts, cocoa;
sweet confectionery (biscuits, pastries, cakes);
fruit juices;
yeast.

Before using any folk remedies, you need to consult your doctor. Because in the presence of large stones, possible serious consequences.

Basically, various herbal preparations are used, the type of which is selected depending on the chemical composition, size and location of the stones. The composition of medicinal fees may include the following medicinal plants:

corn silk;
burdock root;
rose hip;
tricolor violet;
dandelion roots;
grape leaves;
currant leaves, etc.

Prevention

Preventive methods of urolithiasis consist of the following recommendations:

sufficient physical activity;
weight loss to optimal levels;
limiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages;
prevention of stressful situations;
expansion of the drinking regime to 2.5-3 liters during the day;
restriction of the use of proteins of animal origin, their replacement with vegetable ones.

If you have been diagnosed with urolithiasis, be sure to start treatment only after the consent of the doctor. Self-medication can lead to serious complications for the whole organism.

This is all about urolithiasis for both women and men: what are its main symptoms and signs, how to eat right and whether you need to follow a diet, about the features of treatment and prevention of the disease. Be healthy!

Urolithiasis (ICD-10 code N20-N23) is common among women and men. Other names for pathology are nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis. If a person has urolithiasis, this means that there are stones (stones) in the pyelocaliceal system of the kidneys. The size and number of such stones depend on the type of pathology.

Nephrolithiasis is divided into 3 types depending on how many stones are present in the urinary tract.

Distinguish:

single;
multiple;
coral stones.

According to the number of relapses, nephrolithiasis happens:

primary;
recurrent;
residual.

By its nature, the pathology can be:

infectious;
non-infectious.

Stones can form in:

calyces of the kidneys;
ureter;
bladder;
urethra.

Causes

There are many reasons that lead to urolithiasis:

Inactive lifestyle.
If you eat too salty foods, the metabolism will be difficult: the problem will contribute to the development of this pathology. You can not abuse food with a lot of protein.
Ecology.
The disease often develops against the background of a deficiency of vitamins and nutrients. It can manifest itself with a lack of calcium, potassium.
The predisposing factor is excess weight.
Bad habits.
Hereditary.
If you abuse ascorbic acid or calcium preparations, then sand will accumulate in the kidneys and urinary tract.
Anomaly associated with the kidneys.
Sometimes the pathology under consideration occurs against the background of Crohn's disease.
The cause of nephrolithiasis may be resection of the ileum.
Hyperthyroidism.

Symptoms

If the disease progresses, the person manifests distinct pain syndromes. They have different frequency and intensity. Urolithiasis can become chronic: in parallel with this disease, it will occur. If both kidneys are affected, chronic renal failure develops. In order to detect the disease in time, you should pay attention to:

Renal colic paroxysmal character. A person feels pain from the affected kidneys, and discomfort is given to the genital area.
With nephrolithiasis, nausea is manifested, in the future it can lead to vomiting.
Increased gas formation (flatulence) is another symptom of nephrolithiasis.
With such a pathology, chills can be felt.
The temperature rises to subfebrial marks.
In some patients, breathing quickens, the mouth dries.
Hematuria (blood clots in urine) is another sign of kidney stones.

Pathology often leads to obstructive pyelonephritis, acute. If unilateral nephrolithiasis is diagnosed, atrophy of the renal parenchyma is possible.

The manifestation of the disease depends on whether there is an infection in the body. A large stone may be present in the renal parenchyma, but urodynamics will be normal and the doctor will not detect secondary infection during diagnosis. In this case, the disease may not show symptoms.

With nephrolithiasis, most patients experience pain in the right side: uncomfortable sensations are associated with inflammation of the fibrous capsule. If there is a stone in the pelvis, the outflow of urine is disturbed.

Diagnostics

The doctor listens to the patient's complaints, without fail determines the risk factors. The following are the procedures:

Physical examination is a palpation of the hypochondrium and the entire surface of the abdomen. This examination helps to identify pain syndrome.
The doctor also conducts differential diagnosis. It makes it possible to distinguish renal colic from cholecystitis, acute appendicitis.
A complete blood and urine test is required.
If nephrolithiasis proceeds without complications, it is worth performing a chemical analysis of the stone and identifying what trace elements it consists of.

Traditional treatment

To eliminate the pain syndrome, the doctor prescribes:

Ibuprofen, Tramadol or Indomethacin.
Diclofenac is effective: the drug eliminates pain and reduces the likelihood of their recurrence. Diclofenac helps to get rid of swelling of the ureter.
The doctor may prescribe thiazides: these drugs are taken in order to increase the reabsorption of trace elements.
Citrate medicines can be used for treatment, however, but they are not effective in every case.
Antibacterial therapy is mandatory.

Abundant fluid intake. It is important to consume 1 - 2 liters of water per day. If nephrolithiasis is diagnosed, the patient is registered with the dispensary. The average duration of therapy is 5 years. In the course of treatment, correction of metabolic failures is necessary.

The size of the calculus may not affect the nature of the treatment. When choosing a therapeutic tactic, the doctor must take into account the location of the stones, their composition, and the presence of an inflammatory process. Surgical treatment is prescribed in the event that drug therapy has not yielded results.

Alternative treatment

Alternative medicine offers many effective remedies:

For the treatment of the pathology in question, an extract of the plant Marena dyer is used. It is necessary to take 3 tablets of this and dissolve in 100 ml of water. The medicine is taken 2 times a day, 100 ml. The course of treatment is 25 days.
Herbal decoctions have an antiseptic effect. The first healing mixture includes 40 g of parsley, the same amount of juniper berries and bearberry leaves. 20 g of dandelion is added to the mixture. The medicine is boiled, infused for 5 minutes. You need to take 2 times a day, 150 ml.
Carrot juice is effective in the fight against nephrolithiasis. To prepare it, you need to take carrots in the amount of 70 g and grate. You should get gruel: it is poured with 2 tbsp. water. carrot juice should be infused for 10 hours. Before taking it, it should be warmed up.

Find out even more recipes and methods for removing stones at home.

Diet

So that the disease does not give exacerbations, you need to eat right. With urolithiasis, the following are allowed:

berries, fruits, watermelon is especially useful;
boiled potatoes, rice, oatmeal are allowed;
cabbage salads, cucumbers, greens;
from drinks, decoctions of berries, herbs are shown;
clarified juices.

So that the pathology does not give relapses and does not cause painful symptoms, it is worth giving up spicy, very salty, peppery foods. If stones are formed from uric acid, a diet is a must! It is worth eating less meat. Foods that are difficult to digest are also prohibited: chips, snacks, fast food, canned food, buns, chocolate.

Not an optional, but a mandatory item in a full recovery.

Prevention

To reduce the chance of this disease you need:

To avoid this disease, you need to lead an active lifestyle.
Ascorbic acid and medicines that contain calcium should not be abused.
It is important to ensure the prevention of vitamin deficiency.
You can't overexert yourself physically.
From time to time you need to massage: massage the entire abdomen, legs, back, buttocks.
The diet should include wholesome plant foods. It is important to give up fast food, drinks with dyes.

You can learn more about urolithiasis and how to avoid it by watching this video.

Urolithiasis in women, as well as in men, is a fairly common disease, which is manifested by the formation of stones, different salt content in them, in the kidneys, bladder, ureters. This disease affects more often the male part of the population, but the female does not remain without attention to this pathology. In the international classification, acute urolithiasis microbial 10 is also divided into N20 and N23 depending on the location of stones (stone-like formations).

Causes of urolithiasis

The occurrence of urolithiasis is associated with the influence of many factors. In modern society, this disease is quite common, as a sedentary lifestyle prevails, leading to stagnation and impaired microcirculation. Also, these are frequent errors in nutrition. The main reasons for the development of urolithiasis are:

genetic predisposition. That is, the presence of such violations of metabolic processes in close relatives;
Anomalies in the development of the organs of the urinary system (doubling of the kidney, a single kidney, etc.);
Violation of the drinking regime (drinking a small amount of water, or drinking water rich in mineral salts);
Systematic errors in nutrition. This occurs with frequent eating of fatty, salty, spicy foods, a large amount of protein, an increased concentration of canned food in the diet;
Violations of metabolic processes in the body;
Hypodynamia;
Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Each of the reasons, as a rule, is combined with a number of others. It is also important to ignore any problems for a long time on the part of the patient, because the formation of calculi (stones) occurs over a certain rather long period of time. With the timely elimination of predisposing factors, it is possible to avoid the appearance of such a diagnosis as a disease of urolithiasis, the reviews of patients about which are very sad.

Symptoms

Not always urolithiasis in men, as well as women, is accompanied by vivid symptoms. There are cases when the disease does not manifest itself in any way and is detected by chance, during a preventive examination. But, as a rule, there are the following clinical manifestations:

Pain when urinating. The pain is located in the area above the pubis and disappears upon completion of the process of excretion of urine.
Pain along the ureters when changing the position of the body, lifting weights, physical impact on the abdominal organs.
The occurrence of pain during an objective examination by a doctor (a symptom of tapping in the lumbar region in the region of the kidneys).
Changing the color of urine, its transparency, possibly the appearance of blood.

These clinical manifestations are practically initial, that is, characteristic of those stages of the disease when there are no pronounced disorders in the tissues of the kidneys or ureters. Also, the manifestations of the disease depend on the size of the formed stone and its composition, that is, from what type of salts it is formed.

In the event that a stone with urine flow begins to move as a result of a spasm of the urinary tract, stagnation of urine develops, which causes severe unbearable pain - renal colic. Such pain usually radiates to the groin, thigh, pain can spread over the abdomen. In such a situation, when stones come out during urolithiasis, vomiting, nausea, chills, fever, and of course, a violation of the act of urination, it becomes sharply painful, or even impossible.

As mentioned above, urolithiasis of the kidneys (in women and men), or rather, the clinic of the disease depends on the size of the stones and the salts from which it is formed. There are salts that are often found in the composition of such formations - oxalates. They have the appearance of uneven gray stones with spiny processes, which, in the process of passing through the urinary tract, can significantly injure the mucous membrane. Phosphates are less common than the previous ones, and have the appearance of smooth stones that are easily destroyed. And stones formed by urate salts are the least common, and look like a smooth piece of brick color.

The size of such a stone up to one centimeter has every chance of independent passage through the urinary tract and exit from the body. If the size is more than one centimeter there is a need for intervention.

Treatment Methods

After a thorough collection of data and a clinical and laboratory examination, the doctor decides on the necessary method of treatment in each case. There are the following treatments:

Conservative management, both in the case of small calculi and in the case of renal colic;
Surgical treatment by removing the stone;
Destruction of small stones;
Crushing of large stones and further management is conservative.

As a result, the cipher of the disease urolithiasis, code μb 10, is set according to the location of the pathological process itself.

Prevention of recurrence after urolithiasis

This disease, if it occurs, even after successful treatment, is prone to resuming the process. Therefore, in order to prevent the appearance of urolithiasis in principle, or repeatedly, the following measures are necessary:

Introduce adequate physical activity into the daily routine.
Adhere to a balanced diet, exclude products that lead to metabolic disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
To carry out timely treatment of diseases of the urinary system.
Visit sanatoriums, urolithiasis (ICB code 10), while it rarely recurs and gives a very positive effect.

On the topic of sanatoriums, there is a common question: is it possible to have spa treatment for urolithiasis? During the period of exacerbation of the disease, the presence of stones and other acute conditions, sanatoriums are contraindicated. But in case of a successful cure, according to the doctor's indication, this prevention and recovery is recommended, the main thing is to establish the causes of the development of the disease and eliminate them. About which we will tell further.

Causes

The path of development of this disease is diverse and depends on many factors. The main reason for the formation of stones are congestion in the kidney parenchyma. But this process is driven by many other common factors.

Urolithiasis disease causes

External factors

In modern society, types of work that do not require physical effort are inherent, which leads to physical inactivity and prolonged stagnant processes in the body. This is one of the first reasons that leads to the development of urolithiasis. But none of the causes of the disease is not single, as a rule, it is a combination of several.

Also in a number of factors contributing to urolithiasis is poor nutrition, which can also be associated with the modern rhythm of work and the social standard of living. So, eating smoked, spicy, spicy, fatty and fried foods systematically, as well as excessively salty foods and canned food, a large amount of meat and vegetable protein, can easily lead to disruption of metabolic processes in the body. With this diet, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract occur, which entail metabolic disorders. What subsequently is the cause of urolithiasis in women and men.

In addition to a violation of the diet, a risk factor for the development of this disease is a violation of the drinking regimen, as well as the qualitative composition of the fluid consumed. We are talking about the fact that it is not recommended to abuse the waters, which are rich in various mineral salts. It also contributes to the development of the disease by reducing the amount of water consumed per day. This leads to the same stagnant processes and the accumulation of salts in the urinary system.

Internal factors

One of the important risk factors are congenital anomalies in the development of the urinary system (doubling of the kidney, a single kidney, doubling of the ureter or bladder, or the absence of any of the ureters).

The presence of diseases associated with metabolic disorders, such as gout, hyperparathyroidism.

Infectious diseases of the urinary tract, especially often recurrent. In this case, the pathogen itself does not really matter. Although, pathogens that cause sexually transmitted infections can also affect the urinary system, causing more harm than other infections.

Also, as mentioned above, the reason why urolithiasis occurs is the development of severe chronic diseases such as hepatitis, gastritis, pancreatitis and others.

Most often, risk factors and causes of urolithiasis are combined with each other, which leads to a faster development of the disease.

The pathogenesis of the development of the disease

The root of the whole problem lies in the development of stagnation in the urinary system. These processes are usually combined with damage to buffer systems in which filtration processes occur in order to release free crystals. This occurs at the time of the formation of urine itself in the tubules of the nephron, followed by its removal from the body. As a result, there is a risk of converting the salt solution into crystals, which are called calculi or stones, as they have a characteristic appearance similar to natural minerals. Thus, urolithiasis is formed, the causes of which we have considered.

When the stone has already formed, but is small, it may not give any symptoms, that is, there will be no manifestations. Meanwhile, the stone increases in size, grows. At the moment when the formed stone begins to move through the urinary system down the ureter into the bladder is called nephrolithiasis. It is this condition that often causes vivid manifestations in the form of pain - renal colic.

Men are most susceptible to developing this disease. The causes of urolithiasis in men arise as a result of their anatomical features of the structure of the urinary system. According to statistics, women suffer from urolithiasis much less often than men, but in general, the causes of urolithiasis in women are the same as in men.

Urolithiasis: causes, treatment

It should be noted that the causes of the development of urolithiasis are the starting point in the treatment of this disease. That is, depending on the cause of the disease, the method of treatment and further management of the patient, a number of preventive methods to prevent relapses depend. In order to provide adequate assistance, a full-fledged diagnosis is necessary, the methods of which will be discussed in the next article.

Symptoms and features of the treatment of urolithiasis

One of the most common urological diseases is urolithiasis. Men are more likely to suffer from it, but it can also develop in women due to certain circumstances. The risk group includes people aged 30 to 50 years. Therefore, it is necessary to always remember the features of this disease and its main symptoms.

What is urolithiasis?

Urolithiasis is the process of formation of stones in the urinary tract, kidneys and bladder. Such deposits are formed from the substances that make up the urine. The disease is chronic.

For young people, the formation of stones in the bladder is typical. In the older generation, the problem is more often diagnosed in the ureters and kidneys. Experts have not been able to fully elucidate the mechanism of the development of the disease. It is known that the likelihood of the disease increases for people living in regions with unfavorable environmental conditions.

Varieties of urolithiasis

The problem can be classified in several ways. The main one is the composition of the deposits. The following varieties are distinguished:

Phosphates. The stones are composed of salts of phosphoric acid.
Oxalates. Formations are formed from oxalic acid.
Urate. Stones are formed from uric acid salts.
Protein. Proteins play a key role in stone formation.

Most often, a mixed type of formations is diagnosed. Based on the characteristics of the stones, a therapy technique is being developed.

If we consider the problem from the point of view of the characteristics of the course of the disease, then the following forms are distinguished:

Primary. In this case, the formation of stones is not associated with internal factors of the body, for example, prostate adenoma or impaired blood supply to the kidneys.
Secondary. The formation of stones occurs under the influence of internal factors. This leads to a violation of the outflow of urine from the kidneys.

Successful treatment of the disease is possible only if the provoking factor is identified. The problem needs to be identified as early as possible.

Symptoms

The following symptoms will help to identify the disease in a timely manner:

Pain in the lumbar region, scrotum, hypochondrium or perineum, which are paroxysmal in nature. Their cause is a problem with the outflow of urine associated with blockage of the urinary tract. Pain may occur after excessive fluid intake or strong shaking. They are accompanied by bouts of nausea and vomiting, frequent urge to urinate. In this case, the person becomes irritable. Such an attack can last from several hours to days.
There are traces of blood in the urine. This phenomenon is called hematuria. It is found in 92% of cases. The ingress of blood into the urine is caused by damage to the veins of the fecal plexus.
development of the infectious process. It can manifest itself in the form of chronic pyelonephritis. The situation can be aggravated by the active reproduction of streptococcus, E. coli or staphylococcus aureus. In the absence of proper treatment, bacteriological shock may develop.
In some cases, spontaneous discharge of small stones is possible.

Such signs indicate the development of urolithiasis. If they are found, it is necessary to immediately undergo a medical examination. Only a specialist can develop an adequate treatment program.

The main causes of the development of the disease

Several factors can influence the development of urolithiasis. They can be divided into three main groups: exogenous, endogenous and local.

Among the exogenous, that is, external causes, the following can be distinguished:

Wrong nutrition. Excessive consumption of sour and spicy foods, which increases the acidity of urine, affects.
Difficult working conditions. Often urolithiasis affects people employed in hazardous industries, as well as those whose activities are associated with heavy physical labor.
Climatic conditions. The negative impact is exerted by the impact of ultraviolet radiation, elevated air temperature.
Sedentary lifestyle.
Poor quality drinking water. The formation of stones contributes to the use of water with a high concentration of calcium salts.

Endogenous causes develop within the body. Among them are:

Increased activity of the thyroid gland.
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which are chronic.
Deviations in the work of the liver.
Insufficient production of enzymes.
Injuries of the musculoskeletal system.

There are a number of local factors that contribute to the development of urolithiasis:

An increase in the size of the kidney due to a violation of the passage of urine.
Prostate adenoma.
Pyelonephritis or other inflammatory processes in the kidneys.
Violation of the blood supply to the kidneys due to their injury.

Only by determining the cause of the disease, the specialist will be able to develop the right treatment program. Therefore, the sooner you seek help, the more chances for a quick cure.

Accurate diagnosis

A specialist can make an accurate diagnosis only when conducting a comprehensive examination of the patient. It includes the following activities:

Collection and analysis of symptoms and patterns of the course of the disease. The doctor pays attention to the prescription of the onset of pain, the presence of blood in the urine, as well as associated symptoms.
The study of the characteristics of the patient's lifestyle. The specialist needs to find out in what ecological environment a person lives, who he works with, the diet, and so on.
Tactile inspection. The doctor performs palpation and light tapping in the kidney area. The patient's response to such exposure is determined.
General blood analysis. It is prescribed to determine the ESR, as well as the presence of a shift in the leukocyte formula.
Analysis of urine. During the study, the presence of red blood cells and salts in the urine is determined.
Cystoscopy - examination of the bladder using a specialized device.
ultrasound. Examination of the condition of the kidneys and bladder is carried out. This allows you to determine their size, structure, and also to identify the presence of deposits. In addition, it is possible to consider an increase in the urinary tract.
Radiography of the entire abdominal cavity.
excretory urography. Examination of the kidneys and ureters using X-ray treatment. For greater information content, a contrast agent is injected into the human blood.
Dynamic scintigraphy. Radioactive substances are introduced into the human body. Then a series of pictures is taken. This helps to identify a violation of the outflow of urine.
CT scan. The study is carried out after the introduction of a contrast agent. Such a study allows you to take pictures in various projections, which helps to study in detail the condition of the organs.

Such studies will reveal the exact cause of the problem and the degree of damage. Only after that it will be possible to develop a method of therapy.

Basic principles of therapy

Conservative treatment of urolithiasis involves the use of the following methods:

Taking drugs designed to reduce the concentration of uric acid in the blood, as well as changing the environment of urine. Additionally, a course of B vitamins is prescribed, as well as various diuretic drugs. The use of uroantiseptics helps fight germs in the kidneys.
Dietary diet. It is necessary to reduce the consumption of fatty and salty foods, as well as completely abandon alcoholic beverages.
Drinking enough liquid. At least 2.5 liters of clean water should be drunk per day.
Physiotherapy.
Physiotherapy.

An important part of the treatment is the cleansing of the body from the formed stones. For this, the following methods are used:

The use of drugs that normalize the physico-chemical parameters of urine. Due to this, small stones are removed.
Hollow operation. Removal of large stones as a result of abdominal surgery.
Laparoscopy. This is a procedure for removing stones through small incisions.
Lithotripsy. Crushing of stones is carried out by exposure to ultrasonic or x-ray waves.
transurethral method. A special tube is inserted through the urethra, at the end of which a camera is installed.
Ureterolithotripsy. Destruction of stones with a laser.
Percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy. In the area of the pyelocaliceal system of the kidney, a passage is created with a diameter of not more than 1 cm. Stones are removed through it.

The choice of a specific technique is carried out by a specialist, based on the state of health of the patient and the individual characteristics of his body.

Possible Complications

Often, urolithiasis provokes the development of complications. Among them are:

Hypertrophic cystitis in a chronic form. Appears in cases where a large stone has been in the bladder for a long time.
Pyelonephritis in a chronic form. Inflammation of the kidneys caused by a bacterial infection.
Acute pyelonephritis. Sudden inflammation of the kidneys. In severe cases, pyonephrosis can form - a purulent formation on the kidney.
Renal failure. Violation of the functionality of the kidneys.

In order to prevent the development of such complications, it is necessary to identify the problem as early as possible and begin treatment.

Preventive actions

In order to prevent the occurrence of urolithiasis, it is necessary to adhere to the following recommendations:

Drink more clean drinking water.
Move more.
Control body weight and eliminate harmful foods from the diet.
Timely detect and treat all diseases of the kidneys and bladder.
To refuse from bad habits.

Diagnostics

Urolithiasis is a rather complex and serious disease that poses a threat to the health and full life of a person. And sometimes it can even threaten life, in the case of a single kidney lesion, or a running bilateral process. In order to determine the degree of damage to the urinary system, or even to differentiate this pathology from any other, a thorough diagnosis is necessary in order to make a diagnosis and provide adequate care and treatment for the patient.

Any diagnostic measures are based on the collection of complaints, data from an objective examination of a doctor, instrumental and laboratory research methods. So urolithiasis diagnostic methods include the same.

Patient Complaints

Complaints of patients form the base, on which other diagnostic data, indicative of urolithiasis, are layered one by one. The most common complaint in urolithiasis is pain. Severe pain when the stone is displaced along the urinary tract, which is located in the abdominal cavity along the ureters and spreads to the thigh from the side of the lesion, to the lumbar region, to the groin. With a bilateral process, the pain spreads symmetrically. The pain syndrome causes the patient to rush from corner to corner in search of a body position in which relief can be felt. Such attacks of pain may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever, chills. Also, one of the manifestations characteristic of urolithiasis is a violation of urination: the presence of frequent false urges, a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder, frequent and painful urination. Such symptoms are already suggestive of the manifestation of the pathology of urolithiasis, the diagnosis, the treatment of which is just beginning.

Objective examination

As a rule, such symptoms make the patient seek medical help, and here the matter is already in the hands of specialists. The doctor assesses the general condition of the patient, the color of the skin, his forced position. Carries out a palpation of the abdominal cavity, a symptom of tapping of the lumbar region and reveals a presumable lesion. This is followed by laboratory and instrumental diagnostics.

Urolithiasis: what tests to take

First of all, a clinical blood test is performed for urolithiasis, in which signs of an inflammatory process are detected in the form of an increase in ESR and the occurrence of leukocytosis, that is, an increase in the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood. Then, in the pathology of urolithiasis, blood biochemistry indicates the immediate focus of the disease. If the study overestimated the levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid, such data indicate the process of obstruction of the urinary system. Also, in a biochemical study, it is possible that the protein in urolithiasis will be underestimated.

In the blood serum, which is taken from a vein, the composition of electrolytes is determined. There is an increase in the amount of calcium and phosphorus ions, and a decrease in magnesium ions.

A mandatory study is a urinalysis for urolithiasis, the indicators of which will have the following form. Protein appears in the urine in its increased content, an increase in the number of leukocytes, the appearance of erythrocytes, salts of increased concentration, bacteria. It is also necessary to investigate additional indicators of urine in urolithiasis. For this purpose, a test is carried out according to Nechiporenko or Amburge to determine the content of leukocytes in 1 ml of urine.

Instrumental diagnostics

Until a certain point, cystography was widely used for the purpose of diagnosing, but at the moment it has lost its diagnostic positions.

Instrumental diagnostics includes a series of examinations. In the first place in terms of accessibility and speed of the method is the ultrasound of the urinary system. But more diagnostically significant in determining urolithiasis is an X-ray examination. Not in all cases, a simple x-ray image can be informative, since such types of stones as urate, xanthine and cystine are not visible in the image. Although these types of stones are quite rare, but like all other similar conditions, they need to be diagnosed. Therefore, excretory urography is used in which the functional state of the kidneys and their structural changes are determined by the contrast agent detected on the x-ray image, which moves along the urinary tract. And also, if the patient has a filling defect with a contrast agent in the image, but no stone is detected, therefore, in this case, there is an X-ray negative stone.

If the above methods did not give accurate results, or differential diagnosis of urolithiasis is necessary, the next step in the table of a number of instrumental methods is radionuclide diagnosis and computed tomography.

Radionuclide diagnosis is based on the recognition of urolithiasis. At the same time, this type of study allows you to determine the functionality of the kidneys, namely the tubules and glomeruli of the kidney apparatus. A particularly important point in the radionuclide method in patients with urolithiasis in terms of frequent recurrence of the disease is to determine the amount of parathyroid hormone produced by the parathyroid gland. This analysis is obtained from the veins of this gland.

If, in order to apply treatment to a patient in the form of lithotripsy, it is necessary to clarify the structure, the exact location and density of the stone, computed tomography is used. The density of the stone depends on the chemical composition and physical structure.

And so, in order to find out what tests for urolithiasis in women, and in men, you need to contact a specialist who will make all the necessary appointments.

Treatment

Today, there are many methods that form a complex treatment of urolithiasis in men and women. Each specific case is considered individually and, accordingly, adequate treatment is selected.

Basic principles of treatment of urolithiasis

As a rule, when a patient is diagnosed with urolithiasis, he has complaints of severe pain, based on this, first of all, analgesic and antispasmodic therapy is carried out. This treatment is carried out in order to alleviate the patient's condition and relax the spasmodic muscular layer of the urinary system.

And so, the main principles by which the treatment of patients suffering from this disease are:

The process of destruction or grinding of a calculus (stone);
Extraction of stones from the urinary system (operatively or naturally along the urinary tract);
Prevent stone formation in the future by eliminating the causes of this pathology;
The use of a variety of drug treatment in order to sanitize the urinary system and eliminate the bacterial source of inflammation.

Treatment of urolithiasis in women and men: methods

It is also possible to divide the treatment into the following methods used today, which modern medicine offers in relation to urolithiasis:

The first method is conservative. It is based on drug treatment and is used when the size of the calculus is up to one centimeter, and also taking into account the natural removal of the stone from the body;
The method of symptomatic treatment is used for renal colic, when the primary task is to alleviate the suffering of the patient and improve his general condition;
The most common is the surgical method. Apply in cases of presence of multiple calculi and large sizes. At the same time, both the stone itself and the stone containing the kidney can be removed;
More gentle methods of treatment include medicinal litholysis, local litholysis;
A percutaneous nephrostomy is performed;
Removal of stones that have descended into the ureter by the instrumental method;
Aspiration (suction) removal of a stone that was previously destroyed;
Destruction of stones by contact ureteroscopy;
And the most modern and minimally invasive method is remote lithotripsy (lithotripsy). In this case, a shock wave focus is used, which is created by an apparatus outside the body and is directed directly at the formed stone.

Let us consider in more detail some of the modern methods of treating urolithiasis.

Surgical method

The main method of treating this problem, despite modern methods, still remains surgical. This is the leading direction on how to treat urolithiasis in humans. Indications for this type of treatment are complications that have arisen as a result of the overlap of the urinary tract, as a result of which anuria develops - the absence of urine. Also, a direct indication for surgical treatment in an urgent manner is renal bleeding, obstructive pyelonephritis.

There are also relative indications that can lead the patient to the operating table. Such indications include frequent episodes of renal colic, even in the case of preserved kidney function, and chronic calculous pyelonephritis with an ever-growing spasm of the “cavity” of the kidney. When performing surgery, which is otherwise called pyelolithotomy, anterior, and lower, posterior and upper access in relation to the poles of the kidney and the location of the calculus. The most commonly used posterior pyelolithotomy. But, unfortunately, there are complications of this type of treatment. There is a high risk of relapse. In case of repeated development of the disease, significant difficulties arise, and repeated surgical intervention has a high risk of death.

Conservative means of treatment of urolithiasis

Conservative treatment has a number of advantages, since it has nothing to do with surgical incisions of the occurrences. But there is no completely developed methodology for its implementation, and its effects, in fact, are only aimed at eliminating pain and relieving spasm. Although, the main idea of this treatment is to remove the stone in a natural way only with the help of medicines. But, this treatment option has the right to life, because urolithiasis is eliminated, assistance is provided not only aimed at removing the stone, but also at pain relief, which together, in a certain clinical situation, gives a positive effect. In this case, drugs are used for urolithiasis of the kidneys, antispasmodic and analgesic.

Modern treatment options

Endoscopy in modern medicine occupies a leading place. And, of course, this method has not bypassed in the treatment of urolithiasis. There are such methods of endoscopic treatment that have gained their popularity due to low invasiveness:

A method of ureteroscopy, with the help of which a special device called a ureteroscope, through the urethra, rising up, penetrates into the kidney. After that, the stone is crushed into smaller ones and its subsequent removal;
Nephroscopy. Access is carried out through the skin, the renal pelvis is expanded, where a specialized device (nephroscope) is inserted, and, as in the first case, the stone is destroyed and removed;
And the most sparing and popular method is the method of remote lithotripsy by means of shock wave exposure.

Injections for urolithiasis, medicines at home

Often, patients are interested in whether it is possible to treat urolithiasis at home? Treatment at home is strictly contraindicated. There is a possibility of an acute condition, when the patient himself is not able to assess the severity of the situation, unlike specialized medical staff, and seeking medical help may be untimely. But most often, patients still conduct their own home treatment of urolithiasis in women, looking for drugs via the Internet or on the advice of a neighbor. Do not pay attention to what others take for urolithiasis, and do not risk your health, but rather seek medical help, where, among painkillers and antispasmodics, corrective directed herbal medicine, for example, phytolysin, will be carried out. Read about its properties and effects on the body in this pathology in the following article.

Phytolysin

Treatment of urolithiasis is multifaceted, and is aimed at eliminating pain, spasm, the stone itself, restoring a satisfactory general condition and normal life. Often the main line is antispasmodics (spazmalgon, spazgan, no-shpa and others), painkillers (dexalgin, ketanov, ketorol and others), antibiotics of different groups. But also a significant contribution to the treatment and in order to prevent the recurrence of the disease, phytotherapy is used. Consider one of the most popular and effective herbal remedies as phytolysin.

Phytolysin preparation

One of the effective means for the prevention of KSD and for a full-fledged complex treatment is the modern herbal phytolysin. It has a number of certain effects and effects: it reduces the inflammatory process, has analgesic properties and relieves spasm of the smooth muscles of the entire urinary system, and also has an antimicrobial focus. It affects the removal of small stones and the so-called sand from the kidneys, ureters, or even the bladder.

Phytolysin, in its composition, contains many herbs, such as: onion peel, parsley fruit, bird knotweed, wheatgrass root, horsetail, birch leaves, pozhitnik seeds, goldenrod, parsley leaves, lovage. Each herb has its own effect.

For example, parsley herb is able to increase the tone of the muscle component of the bladder walls, has a disinfectant effect, and also affects general sedation, and, of course, it does not do without a diuretic effect. Grass wheatgrass and onion peel are aimed at antimicrobial action and the resumption of metabolic processes.

Essential oils are an important component of many drugs of pharmaceutical companies in the fight against kidney diseases, and naturally they are also added in the production of phytolysin. They are able to influence the process of removing stones, relieve inflammation.

The drug (phytolysin), due to its components, is more convenient to release in the form of a pasty mixture, which is taken orally (regardless of food intake) one teaspoon, diluting one hundred milliliters of water three to four times a day. The course of taking phytolysin ranges from two weeks to one and a half months. Many experts note the positive effect of phytolysin treatment.

But, like all herbal remedies, phytolysin has its own contraindications. If the patient has kidney phosphate stones, acute renal and / or liver failure, cholelithiasis, heart failure, the drug is contraindicated for use.

After phytolysin was used for urolithiasis, the reviews of patients are the most positive. Usually, patients describe that after weeks of taking the pain symptom decreases, which until then violates the general condition, the process of urination is facilitated, and the quality of life increases. So, herbal medicine for urolithiasis, after the use of phytolysin, patients even note an independent exit of stones.

The use of other drugs

Phytolysin is not the drug of choice in the treatment of urolithiasis, that is, one cannot do without the use of other drugs. The basis of any treatment for urolithiasis includes drugs with antibacterial properties, since bacterial inflammation is present in this pathology. It is also possible to spread the infectious process in a descending manner, that is, the risk of a disease such as cystitis, with urolithiasis, is quite high.

The most popular of them in urological practice are furagin, furadonin and furamag. All these antibiotics belong to the group of nitrofurans. Furagin and Furamag contain the same active ingredient - furazidin. Accordingly, they are similar in their pharmacological action. In view of this, furagin in urolithiasis is easily replaced by the drug furamag in urolithiasis and other urological infectious pathologies.

They destroy and kill the bacteria in the urinary tract without destroying their capsule, which does not lead to an increase in the intoxication of the patient's body, and the therapeutic and visible effect in the form of an improvement in the general condition occurs immediately.

Furadonin, in turn, contains the active substance nitrofurantoin, but also belongs to the group of nitrofurans. This drug affects protein synthesis in bacteria, causing a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect. Furadonin is widespread in urolithiasis, so it rarely causes a number of side effects and reactions of the body, and is highly effective.

Also, as one of the components of therapy, diuretics are used, for example, furosemide for urolithiasis. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that produces a diuretic effect that is rapidly onset but of short duration. Such a therapeutic effect is based on the rapid excretion of a small stone (up to 1 cm) with a urine stream in a physiological way. Of course, one should not forget about vitamin therapy, especially vitamin B9, or folic acid for urolithiasis.

Based on the foregoing, it should be summarized that all components are important in the treatment of urolithiasis, and antibiotic therapy and the use of herbal remedies, such as phytolysin, or cystone, information about which we will analyze in the next article.

cystone

Phytotherapy is one of the components of the entire complex treatment, but is of no small importance for achieving the full therapeutic effect. For this purpose, the phytopreparation cystone is used, which, among others, is widely used.

Effects of the drug cystone in urolithiasis

Cyston is a phytopreparation, which consists of many components of herbal origin. It consists of many extracts of rhizomes and stems of plants that perform antimicrobial and nephrolitholytic effects in the body. The latter is carried out by influencing the formed stone, by dissolving it, as well as by providing contributing factors for the removal of stones and salts that contribute to their formation. Antimicrobial action is carried out due to the influence on the pathogenic flora, by reducing the growth and reproduction of pathogens.

Indications for use are urolithiasis, infections of the urinary system, preventive measures in urological practice, with gout.

Cyston: instructions, reviews for urolithiasis

This drug is taken orally. Assign two tablets, regardless of the meal, twice a day. The course of treatment is set by the attending physician, usually it is about four months, and can last up to six months. But if there was a discharge of stones earlier, the phytopreparation can be canceled.

After using this drug, cystone, reviews, with urolithiasis in women and men sound very positive. In their reviews of the drug, people describe that after undergoing a course of treatment for urolithiasis, they managed to avoid surgical intervention, constantly disturbing pains disappeared, and the process of urination improved. Some used cystone on their own, reviews, for urolithiasis in men, while they sound about a positive effect, the action of which was aimed at preventing relapses.

As a result, we have a fairly effective drug with a good therapeutic effect. But given the characteristics of each organism and a specific clinical case, cystone should be included in complex therapy, however, like the banal spasmalgon, which will be discussed later. And for appointments, you should contact a specialist.

Spazmalgon

Spasmalgon is a widely used drug in all medical areas, including urology. Its use in urolithiasis, especially during an attack of renal colic is more than justified.

Spasmalgon contains in its composition an analgesic of non-narcotic origin, which contributes to the elimination of pain syndrome, thereby improving the general condition of the patient. And its other property exerts its effect in such a way that, as a result, the smooth muscles of the organ to which the impact is directed relax, which shows its antispasmodic effect. That is why spasmalgon, the use of urolithiasis is widespread.

Spazmalgon is the leading drug and, as a rule, is used in the form of a solution for urolithiasis, but it is also possible to use a tablet form.

Dosing regimens are set in each case. If renal colic is present, then the frequency of administration can be up to five times a day.

Of course, there are also other antispasmodics used in urology for urolithiasis, as well as painkillers. But you should not pin all your hopes only on this type of drugs, since all therapy should be in the complex. So the prevention of urolithiasis, which we will discuss in more detail in the next article, needs an integrated approach.

Prevention

Any prevention of occurrence, any diseases or their recurrence is important. Because the best medicine is preventive. But it is worth noting that more than half of the success of any prevention depends on self-control and the implementation of all recommendations by the patient himself.

Prevention is divided into primary and secondary.

Primary prevention in urolithiasis

Primary prevention implies measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of this disease in the event that a person has deviations from the norm and there is a predisposition to its development. In the case of urolithiasis, the same scheme works, and, based on the reasons leading to its development, primary prevention will also be developed.

First of all, regular medical examinations are included in the prevention of urolithiasis. This is what makes it possible to identify deviations in the state of the body, for example, a chronic disease of the urinary system in a sluggish version, not noticeable to the patient. This examination includes clinical studies of blood, urine, ultrasound examination of the urinary system. And in case of detection of any pathology, in the future, which can lead to stone formation, carry out treatment. Only in this case, perhaps, provides for the primary prevention of urolithiasis drugs in order to sanitize the foci of infection.

Also the basis for the prevention of diseases such as urolithiasis, (prevention), diet is an integral part. It is necessary to strictly observe the diet, food should be fractional. Be sure to refrain from eating fatty, fried, salty, smoked, spicy foods, try not to eat canned food. Do not load the body only with protein foods, including vegetable proteins, but introduce a rational balanced diet rich in both proteins, fats and carbohydrates and other things.

It is necessary to adhere to the drinking regimen. You need to drink as much purified water as possible, and do not abuse carbonated drinks, alcohol, and even mineral waters rich in various elements and minerals.

Introduce time for physical activity into your daily routine, especially for those people whose daily routine is associated with sedentary work.

Secondary prevention of urolithiasis

This type of prophylaxis is aimed at preventing the occurrence of relapses in the event of a cure, or at maintaining the state of the body after surgery in order to prevent further development of the disease and aggravate the situation.

Secondary prevention of urolithiasis as well as primary includes all the same points. Depending on the type of stones that have already formed, further preventive therapy can be corrected. Thus, stones formed from oxalate salts require the exclusion of such foods as sorrel, vitamin C, chocolate, coffee, muffins, spinach.

In the case of the predominance of urates in the urine, it is necessary to exclude fatty foods: broths, oily fish, sauces, vegetable proteins.

Calculi of phosphate origin require a sharp restriction of food containing calcium in large quantities, meat, spicy dishes.

But there are nuances. For example, in this case, a preventive examination is carried out much more often and according to the recommendations of the attending physician. There is a certain program of examination - the prevention of urolithiasis.

In this section, in the pathology of urolithiasis, prevention and treatment go hand in hand. The main direction is the periodic rehabilitation of the urinary system with medication, as well as the use of long-term drugs to maintain balance in metabolic processes. Such drugs for the prevention of urolithiasis are widespread. An example is allopurinol, which reduces the level of uric acid in the urine.

Phytopreparations are considered popular and effective. They contain only herbs that can have a good therapeutic effect without harm to the general condition of the body. Thus, the prevention of urolithiasis in women does not provide medication, in this case, just like men. In this variant of preventive measures, drugs such as phytolysin, cystone and their other analogues act.

It is expedient to avoid recurrence after successful treatment of prevention of urolithiasis in humans in the form of spa treatment. This method will be effective after surgery, and during the formation of stones. The type of resort is selected by the attending physician, since different types of stones require exposure to different climates and waters. Contraindications to this type of prevention are inflammatory diseases of the urinary system and acute conditions.

conclusions

It should be noted that the risk of urolithiasis is approximately equal for everyone. The only exception is gender. Thus, the prevention of urolithiasis in men, especially those with a burdened history, should be carried out more often. But in total, in order to avoid this ailment, one should adhere to the daily regimen with the presence of physical activity, rational nutrition, and drinking regimen. And also regularly undergo preventive examinations, especially in more detail, in case of suspicion of the presence of a pathology of the urinary system. By following all the above recommendations, you can prevent undesirable consequences, or identify and stop the disease in the early stages of the process. Perhaps, even with a preventive purpose, antibacterial drugs are prescribed by specialists in order to sanitize the chronic inflammatory process and prevent further progression of the pathology. Which antibiotics are prescribed, and which ones have features, we will describe further.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics for urolithiasis in women, as well as men, are used in case of development of calculous pyelonephritis against the background of this disease, acute or chronic course.

In urology, a number of antibacterial drugs are used that act directly in the urinary tract. The main groups of antibiotics and representatives of these groups are:

Fluoroquinolones and their action is based on blocking the genetic information of microorganisms and, as a result, has a bactericidal effect. These include ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, ciprofloxacin and others.
Nitrofurans act on bacterial proteins and cause bacteria to stop multiplying and die. Such drugs are furamag, furagin, furadonin.
Further, in the case of resistance of microorganisms, a group of cephalosporins are used, which act on the bacterial cell wall. The following agents are used here: ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefepime, and so on.
Also, if there is no effect from previous remedies, carbapenems (meropenem) are used.

When asked what antibiotics are used for urolithiasis in men and women, you should consult a specialist. But if antibiotic therapy is not needed, for treatment during the recovery period, you can turn to traditional medicine, the methods of which will be discussed further.

ethnoscience

Urolithiasis (UCD) is a multifactorial disease and therefore requires an integrated approach to treatment. In addition to traditional therapy in specialized medical institutions, the treatment of urolithiasis with folk remedies for women and men is widespread. As a rule, this type of therapy takes place at home, without the control of specialized personnel over the patient's condition. Due to the fact that any treatment, including folk remedies, should be prescribed by a doctor. Before starting therapy, you should undergo a thorough medical examination, without self-diagnosis, and consult a doctor.

Even in traditional medicine, the treatment is multidirectional, and depends on the type of stones formed, so the composition of the stones is important in providing adequate therapy.

Treatment for oxalate stones

Stones consisting of oxalate salts are the most common in this pathology. Their occurrence is facilitated by the excessive accumulation of salts formed from oxalic acid and its esters. Such calculi are hard and have spiny processes, which puts at risk more trauma to the urinary tract with nephrolithiasis. In the case of treatment through traditional medicine, such stones should not exceed a size of 0.5 cm. In order to remove the stone from the body and alleviate the patient's condition, the following are used:

Drinking mode. It is necessary to consume large amounts of water throughout the day in small portions;
The use of watermelon-bread diet. It is only necessary to eat watermelons in large quantities and black bread. But the diet has drawbacks, as excessive consumption of watermelons can aggravate the condition;
The next treatment option is the use of infusion from grape branches. To do this, crush the branches of grapes and pour only boiled water. Then the resulting broth should be left to infuse for about an hour. It should be taken orally three times a day for ¼ cup;
We also apply the most effective recipe. It consists of equal proportions of bearberry, mountaineer bird, corn stigmas, hernia. Then, the resulting mixture in the amount of 1 tablespoon is poured with one glass of boiling water, as a result of which it is infused. After, take orally 1/3 cup 3 times a day. This composition is very close in composition to herbal remedies that are used for urolithiasis;

Traditional medicine in the fight against phosphate stones

Stones formed from phosphate salts have a soft texture, easily crumble and dissolve, their surface is smooth. Based on this, we can conclude that for treatment it is necessary to increase the level of acidity of urine. For this purpose, grape juice, various infusions from branches and seeds are used. Also practice the use of lemon in the fight against the disease. Combinations of honey, parsley and lemon are possible, while urolithiasis stops its turnover and improves the prognosis.

It is necessary to make a decoction for urolithiasis from the collection of the following plants: for this, corn stigmas and birch leaves are taken in equal parts and proportions along with harrow and burdock root. Next, grind and pour boiling water, let it brew. The decoction is prepared in a ratio of 1: 1, equal parts of water and herbs. Take one tablespoon after meals.

Also, the collection of herbs, which includes rose hips for urolithiasis, increases the acidity of urine, and it is possible to take sour fruits, barberry, St. John's wort and other similar plants. A decoction is made from these ingredients. Rosehip can also be used separately. To do this, it is necessary to pour the root of this plant with one liter of freshly boiled water and heat it on the stove for about fifteen minutes. After, the broth is diluted with the same amount of more chilled water and taken in half a glass every eight hours.

You can also take acidic juices with urolithiasis. At the same time, it is important to observe the measure.

Urolithiasis: folk treatment of urate stones

This type of calculus is formed from potassium and sodium salts, as well as uric acid. Here, attention should be focused on the fact that alternative treatment of urolithiasis in men is used to a greater extent, since it is men who are more prone to the formation of urate stones.

For this purpose, oat grains are used without cleaning them, they are washed, and then insisted by the same method for 12 hours. The resulting infusion is crushed and taken in the form of porridge for food.

They also use highlander grass in the amount of one part, and two parts of currants and strawberries. From this, a decoction is prepared and taken 3 r / d, thirty milliliters each.

General principles of traditional medicine

In addition to specific cases of treatment, there are treatment options applicable to all cases of stone formation. For example, a urological collection for urolithiasis, which includes dill seeds, eleutherococcus, mint, calendula and bearberry. This composition provides an antimicrobial effect, disinfectant, reduces inflammation and increases the overall tone and resistance of the body. This collection contains such herbs, which herbs are most often used for urolithiasis and give high efficiency. And changes in their combinations also play a big role in rendering this or that effect.

Also of no small importance are the consumed products for urolithiasis. In addition to special cases of the development of a certain type of stones, there is a single diet therapy for this disease. Fatty, fried, spicy, smoked, spicy foods should be excluded, do not eat canned food, fast food. Observe the drinking regimen, at least two to three liters of ordinary clean water per day. At the same time, the use of alcohol, carbonated drinks, mineral waters rich in trace elements in a systematic mode is strictly prohibited. Diet is the basis of any treatment and any disease, especially such as urolithiasis, which is associated with metabolic disorders. Indeed, in the case of the use of even the most effective medicines and decoctions, if the diet is not observed, the disease will progress or resume again. Specifically, which products are allowed and which are not, we will describe in the next article.

Diet

Many believe that diet plays no role in treatment, but in fact it is quite the opposite. Diet is fundamental in treatment, and only one of its adjustments can improve the general condition of the body, the prognosis of this disease and avoid relapses.

Nutrition for urolithiasis in men and women, general principles

In order to start eating right, it is enough to adhere to some basic principles. It is also very important to lead a healthy lifestyle, to engage in general strengthening gymnastics.

But, given the fact that during the disease in question, multiple violations of metabolic processes occur, as a result of which stones are formed in the kidneys and other departments, the composition of which differs significantly from each other. Either oxalate salts are found in the urine, then urates, there may be phosphates and others. So, the type of nutrition of the patient may vary and will depend on what kind of stone the patient has appeared in composition.

It should also take into account the general principles by which a sick KSD, or an already cured patient, should eat. With any pathology of the kidneys, fried foods should be excluded, no matter how tasty they are. Spicy is also strictly prohibited, this includes not only hot spices, but also all possible spices. Canned and pickled foods, even if they are homemade, are best removed from the diet. Such food should not be used even occasionally, "on holidays."

It is forbidden to eat various kinds of food that was smoked, especially if it is a smoked flavor used in food industry plants (sausages, meat, especially fish). Among other things, with urolithiasis, it is strictly forbidden to drink carbonated drinks, coffee. As for alcohol, this is a separate topic that requires close attention. Alcohol, when consumed, carries a very large burden on the body, especially the products of its metabolism have a detrimental effect on the liver and kidneys. This is what you can not eat with urolithiasis of the kidneys.

Mineral waters are very important, which, in turn, are selected according to their composition depending on the type of stones formed. On the labels of manufacturers, you can read the composition, which should include: hydrocarbonas (HCO3-), hloridis (Cl-), sulfatis (SO4 2-), natrium (Na +), kalium (K +), calcium (Ca 2+), magnium ( Mg 2+), and other components.

Almost all foods can be attributed to what you can eat with kidney stones, but not in all types of processing. In the case of diagnosing KSD, steam processing of most food products that are not included in the list of prohibited items is allowed, and it is also possible to cook boiled and stewed dishes. Strengthen your drinking regimen with purified water. Food should not be too hot or cold, and should not contain easily digestible ingredients. The mode of eating should be fractional. That is, frequent meals in small portions, enough to start energy metabolism.

Diet for urolithiasis (in women and men)

In view of the fact that during the formation of kidney stones there may be a predominance of certain salts that may consist of calculi in the urinary system, nutrition must be selected on an individual basis. Such a diet will be prescribed by a specialist separately, and depends on the type of stones formed and their composition. Due to this, through diet therapy, it is possible to influence the conditions that will contribute to the destruction of the stone in each case.

It is important to understand that self-treatment in such cases is inappropriate, as this can result in even more complex and serious consequences, and further surgical intervention.

Diet for urolithiasis (in men) - urates

According to statistics, men are more likely to form urate stones. Of course, the diet that will be discussed is also suitable for women.

Urate stones are formed as a result of an excess of uric acid. The goal of nutrition is to prevent alkalinization of urine and to reduce the rate of stone growth. So, what needs to be followed in order to get a tangible therapeutic effect as a result:

Products of meat origin and most of the options for fish dishes are removed from the diet. Food must undergo thorough steam treatment and be served on the table in the form of boiled dishes, food processing by means of an oven at a temperature not exceeding one hundred and eighty degrees, as well as in a stew, is acceptable.
It is important to remember those food products that include the meat of young animals, especially fatty varieties, sausages, sausages, sausages, factory-made semi-finished products.
From vegetables - exclude all types of legumes, spinach, and most importantly sorrel, cauliflower, mushrooms. Do not take cranberry juice, cocoa.
In your diet, you should include low-fat varieties of hard cheeses, possibly home-made. This also includes cottage cheese with a low percentage of fat, wholemeal cereals due to their high content of B vitamins (riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, cyanocobalamin, niacin equivalent or vitamin PP and many others). Soups are allowed to eat cooked on a vegetable broth, adding greens (parsley, dill).
You should limit the intake of pasta, bakery, jams, berries, honey, dried fruits.
Potatoes, bell peppers, tomatoes, beets are allowed.

By following these simple rules, in conjunction with the prescribed medications, you can feel a positive result in a few weeks.

Diet therapy for oxalate stones

These are dense formations, which for the most part include calcium and ammonium oxalate. Accordingly, in the case of the formation of kidney stones of this type, it is first of all important to exclude products containing oxalic acid. Therefore, a diet for urolithiasis is recommended, the menu for which will not be difficult to make:

The patient's diet should include dairy and sour-milk products, whole grains, as well as various types of cereals. The vegetable basis of the diet is all kinds of legumes, eggplant, pumpkin, cauliflower, peas, and potatoes. You can introduce pears, apples, watermelons, bananas, apricots, grapes and dried fruits into the diet.

Limit foods containing vitamin C (acidum ascorbinicum), tomatoes, parsley, dill and other herbs, berries (sour), strong tea for urolithiasis, chicken meat and beef meat.

It is forbidden to use sorrel, lettuce, figs, spinach, chocolate in your diet. In the acute stage, patients with this type of stones are excluded from dairy dishes.

All of the above products are also balanced in terms of their content of vitamins (Thiaminum, Riboflavinum, Pyridoxinum, acidum nicotinicum) and many others necessary for normal functioning.

Diet for kidney stones (in women and men) - phosphates

In this case, the concentration of alkalis in the urine increases, so diet therapy is aimed at oxidizing it. This, in turn, allows you to restore the acid - alkali balance. To do this, you will need to change your diet and include the following foods in it:

Gradually, you can eat flour products, including muffins.
As a source of many useful substances necessary for the body, and especially proteins, meat and fish should not be abandoned.
You also need to eat vegetables and herbs. Fruits that can be introduced into the diet include apples, pears.
Porridges included in the diet should have a more mucous and boiled consistency, in order to eliminate the occurrence of difficulties in digestion and splitting.
Soups without rich broths are practically a panacea for all types of body diseases.
But it is necessary to sharply limit the use of butter in food, especially fatty, sunflower, as well as olive and others, are also included here and can only be used in small quantities for the purpose of cooking.
Coffee, cocoa and chocolate lovers should give them up.

All diets are developed and proposed for therapeutic practice by nutritionist Pevzner. The diet table for urolithiasis has serial number 14, and it allows you to eat almost everything. But in the future, the above-described diets were developed in accordance with the origin of the calculi, which give a positive therapeutic effect.

Based on the proposed diet tables, you can offer an approximate menu for urolithiasis in men and women on an equal footing.

Breakfast can consist of any kind of porridge, preferably green tea, milk can be replaced. After a while, eat an apple.

For a second breakfast, a little bit of cottage cheese or yogurt is suitable, you can drink it with rosehip broth.

Lunch provides a more extensive menu of any first course, such as soup. For the second, the patient can be offered steamed meatballs, meatballs and vegetables. From drinking, compote, tea to the taste of the patient is suitable.

Dinner, both the first and the second, should be light, and based on fermented milk products (kefir, cottage cheese), or light pastries with tea.

There are many menu options. The main thing is to follow the basic principles of cooking methods, especially the drinking regimen. About how to observe it, and what water should be consumed and which should not - we will tell further.

Water for kidney stones

Urolithiasis requires close attention to your health. With this disease, not only drug treatment, surgery and diet are necessary. A mandatory item in the treatment is the drinking regimen. What it includes, we will analyze further.

Drinking regimen, what does it include

The concept of drinking regimen includes the intake of fluid every day in the amount necessary for the body. For this purpose, the patient should take about two liters of fluid per day, but not less. This volume includes drinks allowed by the diet (tea, cocoa), juices, mineral waters. This is necessary in order to increase the daily excretion of urine, and small calculi can also be excreted in the urine, and this amount of liquid helps to reduce the accumulation of salts in the urine. This reduces the precipitation of salts and, consequently, the formation of stones.

Any water must be drunk at a temperature equal to room temperature, the intake of water in cold and hot form is excluded. Also, you can not take water from the central water supply.

In addition to ordinary boiled or filtered water, the use of bottled mineral waters is allowed. But it is necessary to approach the choice of mineral water of spring origin as responsibly as to a specialized diet, since not any water can be useful for this disease.

What water to drink with urolithiasis

Only after a diagnosis is made for an ICD patient and a reliable determination of the type of calculus formed, one can proceed to the choice of one of the varieties of mineral waters. It is worth remembering and being aware that not every carbonated clear water in a plastic or glass bottle is mineral, and even more so useful and healing.

At the same time, if we talk about useful properties, then mineral water in its composition should contain a number of chemical elements, as well as compounds necessary for the body, especially with a particular disease. But, in view of the fact that the counters of pharmacy chains are full of various brands of manufacturers and the numbering of mineral waters, it becomes difficult to choose the right drink. Consider some of the properties that water from a spring source should have in order to have a beneficial effect on the course of urolithiasis. Mineral water should cause a slight diuretic effect, have antiseptic properties, reduce the symptoms of general intoxication in the body, have an appropriate composition of minerals and trace elements that have a beneficial effect and contribute to the dissolution of stones.

Such waters, which are not only allowed, but also indicated for use in urolithiasis, include:

"Essentuki 4" for urolithiasis containing carbon dioxide;
mineral water "Naftusya", which includes bicarbonate, a sufficient amount of magnesium and calcium;
No. 20 and No. 17 "Essentuki" for urolithiasis are also used;
Water "Berezovskaya", one of the components of which is iron;
And other mineral waters are successfully used for urolithiasis of the kidneys. It should be noted that the content of mineral substances in them is slightly higher than in the previous ones (Narzan, Borjomi).

The above brands can be used for this pathology. About what mineral water for urolithiasis, names, list, shown in a particular case, it is better to check with your urologist. As a result, if a patient is shown alkaline mineral water for urolithiasis, which one to drink, then the choice of the type and brand of mineral water remains with the patient. But only from the list proposed by the doctor or in our article.

How does mine water affect the body with urolithiasis

This kind of drink affects the body in such a way that it contributes to the rapid dissolution of calculi formed in the kidneys, due to the reduction of salt settling. Since mineral waters differ in composition, depending on the presence of one or another component, water has a different effect on the course of the disease and on the body.

Water can contribute to the breakdown of stones of phosphate origin, as well as oxalates, if it contains iron, tungsten and silicon. Therefore, the choice of mineral water should be approached with all responsibility, given the composition of the liquid. But it is best to seek advice from a therapist or urologist.

Alkaline mineral water for gout and urolithiasis is shown due to a decrease in the concentration of uric acid, due to the regular intake of a sufficient amount of liquid.

When oxalate stones are formed and detected by a doctor, which mainly include calcium, a liquid with calcium included in it is contraindicated. Therefore, you should carefully read the composition before buying a mineral water.

A bactericidal effect and a decrease in the inflammatory process can be exerted by water with low mineralization.

Contraindications to taking mineral waters

Mineral waters, like any medicines, are a medicinal product and have a number of indications and, importantly, contraindications to their use. Contraindications for the use of such waters include:

The presence of acute or chronic renal failure;
The presence in the patient of a chronic bacterial long-term process in the kidneys;
In case of any complications of kidney disease, including urolithiasis;
The final diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in the patient.

How much water to drink with urolithiasis

In each case, only a doctor can accurately indicate the number and frequency of taking therapeutic mineral water, as well as the duration of its treatment. However, if the patient is not given special recommendations, then to prevent relapses, any of the mineral waters should be taken up to half a liter per day. In the case of direct treatment of KSD with the presence of calculi, one glass of water is taken every two hours. The duration of such therapy is one month, in some cases two. Also, do not forget that mineral water must be consumed warm, as the liquid is better absorbed when warm. In addition, it is recommended to preliminarily degas the liquid by opening the container.

It is not recommended to independently extend the duration of mineral water consumption due to the increased risk of metabolic disorders in the body and leaching of nutrients.

In view of the foregoing, we can conclude that alkaline water for urolithiasis is one of the methods that is part of complex treatment and requires strict adherence to all prescriptions for its use and duration of treatment.

But, before starting to maintain a drinking regimen through mineralized spring waters, you should consult your doctor and clarify the further tactics of his treatment. Since with the planned surgical intervention in the near future there are a number of features in which this product can be excluded. And about what kind of surgical treatment can be shown for urolithiasis, we will talk in the next article.

Surgical treatment

In the treatment of urolithiasis, a variety of methods are used, including surgery. This treatment option, at the moment, is used more often than others as a result of late treatment of patients and the lack of prevention.

Surgery

This method of treatment is carried out by direct access to the location of the calculus by cutting with sharp instruments and entering the retroperitoneal space. Such an operation is indicated in the event of a number of complications of urolithiasis, namely, an acute violation of the outflow of urine due to blockage of the urinary tract with a stone, or in the presence of bleeding, renal genesis. These indications are direct to the operation, or otherwise urgent. More "indirect", or relative, include frequent attacks of renal colic, which are not stopped by medication, chronic calculous pyelonephritis with increasing dilatation of the renal pelvis.

This type of treatment has its own adverse effects. Urolithiasis after surgery may recur, resulting in obstacles to re-operative intervention due to high risks of mortality.

Urolithiasis laser surgery

There is a progressive modern method for the treatment of urolithiasis - this is the method of remote shock wave lithotripsy, otherwise called the "laser" method. This technology allows, without incisions and penetration into the body, by means of the influence of a powerful concentrated beam of waves under the control of X-ray or ultrasound, to destroy large stones of the urinary system, turning them into stones of a much smaller size, and in some cases even into sand. Therefore, the crushed calculus will be able to pass naturally through the urine stream.

At the same time, there is a good effect in the treatment of urolithiasis, the cost of the operation, which will not be cheap, since not every medical center or clinic can afford such equipment.

Other methods of surgical treatment

At present, the most optimal method of surgical treatment in terms of its effectiveness and cost is endoscopic surgery, which is also widely used in urology. Cystoscopy is a representative of this method. In this case, a special device, a cystoscope, is inserted into the urethra after preliminary use of antispasmodics. Then, rising to the location of the calculus, the stone is crushed with a cystoscope and removed.

As well as nephroscopy, it is an endoscopic method, in which access is made by small skin incisions, and with the help of a nephroscope, the stone is removed, having previously crushed it. This kind of operation for urolithiasis in men and women is performed the same way.

Urolithiasis in pregnant women, the operation performed in these situations is pyelolithotomy or ureterolithotomy. But only under strict conditions. Of course, in the case of a combination of this pathology and pregnancy, it is better to carry out prevention and conservative therapy and not allow an acute condition to develop. And in this one of the assistants is exercise therapy. More details, which will be discussed in the next article.

exercise therapy

Urolithiasis requires an integrated approach to treatment and prevention. It is necessary not only to apply medical or surgical treatment, but also diet therapy and physiotherapy exercises. ITS effects cannot be underestimated. If there are stones of small size and a smooth surface, if this is established as a result of a thorough diagnosis, with the help of therapeutic exercises, you can remove the stone naturally with urine flow.

What is exercise therapy for urolithiasis

Like any method of treatment, physical therapy also has its indications and contraindications.

The indication is the presence of a stone in the urinary tract up to one millimeter, which has a smooth surface.

Contraindications include an attack of renal colic, renal failure, pathology of the cardiovascular system, the location of the calculus in the renal pelvis.

The task of such physical education is to normalize and improve the outflow of urine, improve blood circulation in the pelvic area, reduce pain symptoms and reduce edematous syndrome, provide conditions for expelling a stone from the body, and stabilize the clinical situation.

There are sets of exercises aimed at strengthening the muscles of the back, abdomen. All classes are held at a slow pace and do not carry an intense load and tension of muscle tissue during and after exercise. Also, exercises exist on the muscles of the legs in the exercise therapy program. Each time, starting a series of exercises, you should start first of all with measured walking. This method of starting the complex contributes to increased blood circulation and increased respiratory movements, which tones the body as a whole.

Gymnastics with urolithiasis

There are a number of exercises that must be performed slowly and gradually, while others are aimed at a sharp change in body position in order to abruptly move the internal organs, contributing to the displacement of the stone. Before starting exercise, it is recommended to take an antispasmodic.

Start the exercise with a simple walk in place at an average pace.

After that, slowly move on to the next exercise. Hands should be along the body. You need to raise your arms up and at the same time take one leg as sharply as possible to the side. Then another.

4 method of exercise therapy for urolithiasis includes sharp turns of the body with arms spread apart.

Then you need to move to the slopes of the whole body as close to one knee as possible, straighten up, and repeat the slope to the other knee.

As usual, any exercise ends by stretching the arms and torso up while inhaling, and then bending down and exhaling.

And finally, kneeling, raise the pelvic part up, while the knees should be aligned. Breathing is even.

As a result, the evaluation of the effectiveness of exercise therapy for urolithiasis occurs through an objective examination and some studies, which are confirmed by the release of a stone from the urinary tract, or by improving the general condition of the patient.

Regardless of gender, physical exercises for urolithiasis in women and men are carried out the same way.

Physiotherapy for urolithiasis

In addition to exercise therapy during the period of remission of the disease and in order to prevent relapses, physiotherapy is carried out. For this purpose, a variety of physiotherapy procedures for urolithiasis are used: magnetotherapy, reflexology, mud therapy, massage, and massage through the shower - hydrotherapy, galvanization, ultrasound, the use of ozocerite. All these procedures improve blood circulation throughout the body, and electrical impulses, when exposed to galvanization, improve metabolic processes through a number of transformations. As a result, the risk of developing such a pathology as urolithiasis is reduced.

But the use of all methods of treatment is completely incompatible with the use of alcohol. We will talk about its effect on the body in this situation in the next article.

Alcohol for kidney stones

Pathology urolithiasis develops as a result of multiple factors, the main of which is a violation of metabolic processes in the body that occur as a result of a violation of the diet. Alcohol intake in this case can also be attributed to a violation of the diet. Consider the effect of alcohol on the kidneys in principle and in case of urolithiasis and find the answer to the question of whether it is possible to drink with urolithiasis.

Alcohol and its effect on the kidneys

It is not uncommon to find people taking alcoholic beverages. And it's not just the abuse of this product. Often banquets, holidays, meetings are not complete without these drinks. But even drinking alcohol in small amounts can lead to negative consequences.

Alcohol, getting into the body, goes through many departments and various chemical transformations take place in them. One of the most toxic substances that is formed from ethanol in the human body is acetaldehyde. This chemical compound has a destructive effect not only on the brain and liver, but also on the kidneys, since it is they who remove all toxins from the body. This compound acts destructively on the renal tissue.

Also one of the common effects after drinking alcoholic beverages is water imbalance. There is an erroneous opinion that you can drink beer with urolithiasis, since supposedly it is a diuretic and helps to remove stones from the urinary system. This is absolutely not true. Any alcoholic drink, regardless of whether it is beer, or vodka, wine, low-alcohol drinks, etc., has the same effect on the body as a whole and on the kidneys. Once in the body, alcohol retains water in it, as a result we have pronounced hyperhydration, not only external edema, which are visible to the eye, but also internal ones, including swelling of the kidney parenchyma and other tissues at the cellular level. Then, when the excretion of ethanol products from the body begins, they drag along most of the liquid, thereby causing dehydration of the body, bringing it back into a state of stress, which is manifested by intense thirst.

Is it possible to drink alcohol with urolithiasis

We will understand the situation of the interaction of alcohol with the disease urolithiasis. With urolithiasis, the kidneys are already compromised, their function suffers due to the presence of stones in them or complications caused by the disease. And given that alcohol reduces the ability of the body and kidneys to remove uric acid from the body, this aggravates the process of the disease.

Also, it is worth noting that after fluid retention in the body after drinking alcohol, its abundant excretion begins with the help of those suffering from urolithiasis by the kidneys. As a result, an increased volume of urine can dislodge a stone located in the urinary system and cause an attack of renal colic, and, consequently, a deterioration in the condition, and possibly lead to surgical intervention.

It is also necessary to take into account the fact that alcoholic beverages disrupt metabolic processes in the body, leading to their disorders. In view of this, there should not even be a question of what kind of alcohol is possible with urolithiasis.

In conditions of intoxication due to alcohol, a kidney with urolithiasis, which is already in an increased load mode, may experience even greater difficulties in excreting urine and excreting toxins - ethanol breakdown products. As a result, the outflow of urine slows down, the breakdown products of alcohol are retained in the body, which, in turn, further increase intoxication and the burden on the kidneys. Further, along with toxins, fluid is retained, and edema of all organs and tissues develops already of renal origin.

So the question of whether alcohol is possible with urolithiasis in men and women is very controversial. On the one hand, alcohol is a diuretic, but, on the other hand, this effect turns into a triple burden for the kidneys (edema, increased diuresis, intoxication). Therefore, you should weigh all the pros and cons.

Beer with urolithiasis in women and men

Often the question is whether it is possible to drink beer with urolithiasis. In view of the above, it becomes clear that it is absolutely impossible to drink beer with this pathology.

The information that beer dissolves stones is just a myth. And the question is whether it is possible to drink beer with urolithiasis in men, urologists are asked quite often. This drink does not contain any substances that could somehow influence this process. Like other drinks containing ethanol, beer has a toxic effect on kidney tissue, causing first swelling and overhydration, and then dehydration and stress on the kidney parenchyma. Plus, the “beer” that is sold on store shelves does not have the classic composition, as in home breweries, and consists of many chemicals that also have a toxic effect on the kidney parenchyma.

Therefore, it is up to the patient to decide what kind of alcohol to drink with urolithiasis, since all drinks of this kind cause a lot of complications, sooner or later. And to drink alcohol with this disease or not is a personal matter for everyone.

We will describe the complications of urolithiasis below.

Complications of urolithiasis

Urolithiasis has a number of complications that can occur if the pathology is not treated or if the patient seeks medical help late.

Complications of urolithiasis

With urolithiasis, the following complications may occur:

The development of a urinary tract infection against the background of blockage and impaired outflow of urine. As a result, pyelonephritis, urethritis or cystitis develops. They can be combined.
An increase in blood pressure, which is called nephrogenic hypertension.
Sclerotic changes in the parenchyma of the kidneys and its replacement with connective tissue due to prolonged compression of the kidney tissues.
Complications in the form of purulent foci in the structure of the kidney (kidney abscess, kidney carbuncle, pyonephrosis, etc.).
Blockage of the kidney and further accumulation of fluid in it, which compresses the kidney tissue, as a result of which it becomes thinner and hydronephrosis develops.

Urolithiasis risk factors for complications

All of the above complications develop when risk factors for urolithiasis appear. These include the presence of large stones that can obstruct the urinary tract and cause sclerotic changes and hydronephrosis; the presence of a focus of chronic infection without appropriate treatment can also cause the development of pyelonephritis and other infectious complications; also, prolonged self-treatment or failure to follow the recommendations and prescriptions of a doctor can lead to serious complications. Non-compliance with the diet and alcohol abuse can also be attributed to factors predisposing to the development of serious complications of urolithiasis. Therefore, in the presence of this pathology, you should not start the process and contact a specialist.

Urolithiasis disease (other names are nephrolithiasis , nephrolithiasis , urolithiasis ) is a disease in the development of which a person develops stones in the kidneys or in other organs of the urinary system. Symptoms of urolithiasis can first appear in a person at almost any age. As evidenced by the diagnosis, the disease can develop in newborns and in the elderly. But depending on the age of the sick person, the type of stone differs. For example, older patients are more likely to develop uric acid stones . At the same time, protein stones are found in patients who require treatment for urolithiasis much less frequently. Most often, with urolithiasis, stones with a mixed composition are formed. The size of the stones may vary. So, if we are talking about stones up to 3 mm in diameter, then not stones are determined, but sand in the kidneys. Sometimes large stones can reach up to 15 cm. There are also descriptions of cases when stones weighed more than 1 kg.

Causes of urolithiasis

Before prescribing a therapy for a disease or practicing treatment with folk remedies, if possible, it is necessary to determine the alleged causes due to which a person has signs of urolithiasis. The main reason for the appearance of kidney stones is serious metabolic disorders, in particular changes in the chemical and water-salt balance of the blood. But at the same time, the presence of some factors that predispose to the formation of stones plays an important role in the development of the disease. First of all, this is the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in humans, as well as ailments of the genitourinary system, bone diseases, dysfunction of the parathyroid glands. Vitamin deficiency can also provoke the appearance of stones. It is especially important to fill the gap group D vitamins , therefore, even the prevention of the disease provides for their reception.

Nutrition is an equally important factor. Stones are more likely to appear in those people who consume foods that can significantly increase the acidity of urine. That is why, with urolithiasis, it turns off salty, sour and too spicy dishes. Another important point is the water that a person systematically uses. If it is too hard and contains more salts in its composition, then the likelihood of stones increases. More often, stones are found in people who constantly live in a very hot climate. But the lack of exposure to ultraviolet rays can provoke urolithiasis. In the process of conducting a diagnosis, the doctor not only prescribes the necessary research methods, but also finds out what exactly could provoke the onset of the disease. Both medical and alternative treatment should be carried out taking into account these reasons.

Symptoms

In most cases, kidney stone disease is manifested by signs that a person cannot help but notice. But sometimes the disease is hidden, and it is possible to identify kidney stones only by chance, when diagnostics and treatment of other diseases are carried out.

The main symptoms of urolithiasis are a manifestation of pain in the lumbar region. A person can be bothered by pain on one side or both. Pain sensations are dull, but exhausting, they increase with physical exertion or at the moment when the patient tries to change the position of the body. If a kidney stone is in the ureter, then the pain becomes more intense and covers the lower abdomen, groin, and genitals. Sometimes she gives in the leg. A very strong pain attack often ends with the passage of stones in the urine.

Patients with urolithiasis periodically suffer from. This is a condition in which incredibly severe pain develops in the lumbar region. Colic can even last for several days, while the pain subsides a little, then resumes again with renewed vigor. The attack stops when the stone changes position or goes into the bladder.

If you have kidney stones, a person may feel pain when urinating, and urination can be too frequent. In this case, it can be assumed that the stones are in the ureter or bladder. In the process of urination, the urine stream is sometimes interrupted, and the patient does not feel the complete emptying of the bladder. Doctors define such a symptom as the syndrome of "laying". If a person changes the position of the body, then urination continues.

After a painful attack or physical exertion, blood may be detected in the patient's urine. Also, urolithiasis is characterized by turbidity of urine, periodically occurring high blood pressure. If pyelonephritis joins the disease, then the patient's body temperature can increase to 38-40 degrees.

Sometimes stones or sand in the kidneys are present in a person throughout life, and no symptoms appear. Consequently, the patient may not even know about his illness. In general, the symptoms directly depend on the size and type of stone in the patient, where exactly the stone is located, and what disturbances are observed in the genitourinary system. Treatment of sand in the kidneys and stones in the organs of the genitourinary system is also carried out taking into account these factors.

Thus, the main objective symptom of urolithiasis are kidney stones. Symptoms of kidney stones are, first of all, turbidity of urine, the presence of sediment in it, a change in character (dark and thick urine appears at the beginning of the urination process).

What kind of stones formed in a person in the kidneys can be determined by an additional study. They may have different composition. Allocate phosphate, calcium And oxalate stones in the kidneys. But nevertheless, the diagnosis shows that most often in the kidneys of patients, stones are formed that have mixed type.

Removal of kidney stones - the main point of treatment. But initially the doctor must determine all the features of the disease and only then decide what to do. It is important to consider that at the very beginning of the disease, stones may not manifest themselves at all. In this case, we are talking about the so-called stone carrier. But even in this case, it is important to identify the disease and determine how to remove the stones, since at any time they can provoke. The reasons that affect the manifestation of symptoms are varied: this is severe stress, and a disturbed diet, and intense physical activity. By the way, in most cases, renal colic is caused by small stones. But the presence of large stones in the kidneys, the photo of which is especially impressive, is no less dangerous, since this is a direct path to development. kidney failure and kidney death. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct a high-quality diagnosis with all the studies, from where the doctor can learn about the features of the course of the disease, and subsequent treatment. Special attention should be paid to the prevention of the disease in those who are prone to the formation of stones.

Diagnostics

There are a number of diagnostic methods by which diseases of the urinary system are detected by specialists in the early stages. But patient awareness is also important here. Each person, with the manifestation of the first symptoms of pathologies of the genitourinary system, should consult a doctor, since on his own he will not be able to understand if he has stones in the kidneys, ureter or bladder.

After questioning the patient, the urologist prescribes the necessary examination. First of all, a laboratory analysis of urine is carried out, which allows to determine the presence of microbial infection, the presence, and also learn about the nature of salt impurities. With the help of a general blood test, inflammatory processes are detected. In addition, it is carried out. One of the most important tests for suspected kidney stones is an ultrasound of the kidneys. However, in some cases, ultrasound still does not make it possible to determine the presence of stones in the ureter, since they can be located deep behind the peritoneum.

In order to detect stones, the patient is often prescribed excretory urography. To do this, a contrast agent is injected into the vein, after which x-rays are taken. The study of a general overview picture of the urinary system allows the doctor to identify exactly where the stones are located, to find out what shape and size they have. But at the same time, the specialist takes into account that some stones are capable of transmitting X-rays. As a result, they are not visible in the pictures.

Another research method is radioisotope nephroscintigraphy . The procedure begins with the introduction of a special radiopharmaceutical into the vein. It accumulates in the kidneys and then excreted through them. At this time, the kidneys are scanned, which allows you to determine the violation of their functions. The study is informative for the specialist.

Treatment

Renal nephrolithiasis must be treated in several stages. In patients with acute pain, it is necessary, first of all, to relieve an attack of acute colic. Further treatment includes removal of the stone, therapy of the infectious process and prevention of the development of stones in the future.

Kidney stones are treated conservative And operational methods. The conservative method of therapy includes drug treatment, as well as a strict diet and a certain drinking regimen. However, pill therapy, as well as some folk remedies, can be effective if the patient has only very small stones or sand in the kidneys. The drugs prescribed by the doctor in such cases contribute to the dissolution of kidney stones and sand. However, in no case should such drugs be used without the supervision of a specialist. It is he who must decide how to treat urolithiasis and how to dissolve the stones. When practicing alternative treatment, the patient should also first consult with a doctor, since any alternative drug can adversely affect the patient's health.

If, in the presence of kidney stones, an inflammatory process has begun in a person, then antibacterial treatment is mandatory. After that, the doctor decides how to remove the stones.

In modern medicine, crushing stones with a laser is practiced. Laser treatment involves a combination of endoscopy and the use of the laser itself.

The endoscope is inserted into the urethral canal, after which the laser nozzle is crushed. The method is not painful and sometimes allows you to remove stones in just one procedure. In addition, it can be used to get rid of stones of various shapes and sizes.

The crushing of kidney stones is also carried out using the capabilities of ultrasound. In this case, the shock-wave principle of crushing is used, which is provided by a special apparatus. Crushing by ultrasound allows you to remove stones whose diameter does not exceed 2 cm. The patient is carried out, and the stones are crushed to such an extent that they can easily pass through the ureter. When crushing large stones, several such procedures are required. Ultrasound does not have a negative effect on the body as a whole.

If a person has large stones and there are certain complications, then surgical treatment is practiced by performing an abdominal operation. This is the most traumatic method.

The doctors

Medications

Prevention

As a preventive measure for urolithiasis, it is necessary to balance the diet to make it as healthy as possible. You should drink at least two liters of fluid per day and in no case allow hypothermia of the lumbar zone. It is also worth taking care to get rid of. If a person feels that discomfort or pain has appeared in the lumbar region, then a visit to the urologist should not be delayed in any case.

Diet, nutrition for urolithiasis of the kidneys

For patients diagnosed with urolithiasis, it is very important to constantly adhere to a special diet. The diet of the patient is developed depending on the composition of the stones, and what reasons provoked the development of urolithiasis. Nutrition is organized so that the diet contains a minimum of foods that contribute to the formation and growth of stones.

If a person is diagnosed phosphate urolithiasis , then an alkaline reaction of urine is noted. Therefore, it must be acidified. Such patients are not recommended to eat a lot of vegetables and fruits, dairy products should not be included in the diet. Recommended meat, fish, vegetable oil, flour. You need to drink a little less than when detecting oxalate and urate stones.

If found carbonate stones , then it is important for the patient to limit the use of foods that are rich in calcium. The acidity of urine is increased by eating fish, meat, eggs, butter, flour.

In the presence of urate stones you should eat as little as possible foods that provoke the formation of uric acid. These are kidneys, liver, meat broths. Fish, meat, vegetable fats are also limited. Such patients need to drink fresh lemon juice, but grapefruit juice is not recommended.

When identifying oxalate stones you need to remove from the diet those foods that contain oxalic acid and calcium. These are sorrel, potatoes, spinach, oranges, dairy products.

There are also a number of general recommendations for patients with urolithiasis. Every day you need to drink at least two liters of fluid, and in the hot season you need to drink so much fluid that you never experience. The intake of infusions and decoctions of diuretic herbs has a positive effect on the body. It is important to limit sour, spicy, salty foods and avoid overeating. You should not drink alcoholic beverages. Also, doctors recommend that patients with stones lead an active life, but at the same time avoid heavy loads. You can not allow severe stress, supercool.

If renal colic began suddenly in a person, then a warm bath or a heating pad, which must be applied to the lumbar region, can alleviate the pain attack.

Complications

If the treatment of urolithiasis was not carried out in a timely manner, then both acute and chronic may soon develop as complications. If the patient does not seek help, then purulent fusion of the kidney is possible as a result. In this case, the patient loses a kidney.

If there are stones in the bladder, then the person may suffer from persistent and very painful acute attacks. Also, complications of nephrolithiasis often become, chronic renal failure .

List of sources

Alyaev Yu.G. Urolithiasis disease. Modern methods of diagnostics and treatment. - 2012;
Olefir Yu.V. Minimally invasive methods of treatment of complex forms of nephrolithiasis: Dis. M.; 2008;
Dzeranov N.K., Lopatkin N.A. Urolithiasis: clinical guidelines. - M.: Overlay, 2007;
Reznik M.I., Novik E.K. Secrets of urology. - Per. from English. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Binom, 2003;
Tiktinsky, O.L. Urolithiasis / O.L. Tiktinsky, V.P. Alexandrov. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000.

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Protection of flora and fauna in international treaties AND human health The solution of environmental problems, and, consequently, the prospects for the sustainable development of civilization are largely associated with the competent use of renewable resources and various functions of ecosystems, and their management. This direction is the most important way to get	Minimum wage (minimum wage) The minimum wage is the minimum wage (SMIC), which is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation annually on the basis of the Federal Law "On the Minimum Wage". The minimum wage is calculated for the fully completed monthly work rate.

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