A selection of winter-hardy, non-covering grape varieties for the Moscow region. Frost-resistant grape varieties will grow even in Siberia Grape varieties that do not need to be covered
Not only amateurs, but also professional gardeners grow grapes on their personal plots. This plant is quite capricious and thermophilic. For the northern regions, frost-resistant grape varieties have been bred that will satisfy the tastes of the most demanding summer resident.
The most important advantage of the frost resistance of this plant is that there is no need to create a shelter for it for the winter. At the same time, you can choose table and dessert, dark and light varieties.
If you properly care for the bush at a young age, then, having strengthened, it will be strong enough to endure frosts down to -33 ° C. Gradual hardening will benefit the plant. To do this, it is enough to annually reduce the period of being in the shelter of the bush.
For your information! In autumn, the bush should be covered a little later than last year, and opened a little earlier in spring.
Early frost-resistant varieties
In total, there are more than 50 frost-resistant grape varieties. Every year, breeders bring out new species that can survive in difficult climatic conditions. But many lovers of these berries have long identified their favorites and continue to improve their quality characteristics.
Transfiguration
Delicious and sweet pink grapes, its elongated berries can reach a weight of 15 g. They have a classic taste, without additional extraneous aromas. Withstands frosts down to -21 ° С. Harvest in Central Russia is harvested already in early August, but if you let the bunches hang a little on the bush, then the same pink shade and unusual appearance appear.
The bush of the Transfiguration is quite strong, the vine is strong, which is formed well, ripens by winter. The species is resistant to diseases, but requires treatment for prevention. The plant will tolerate a mild winter well, in the northern regions you can use a small shelter.
Victor
One of the earliest, a relative of the hybrid Transformation, but very similar to it. The breeder A. Krainov, who bred them, did not just separate them into different types.
Victor's berry first gains sugar, only then the color appears. At the same time, the difference is obvious: Victor has a more saturated color of the shell, the shape is elongated, and the berry reaches 5 cm in length.
The bushes are strong, the vine ripens well. The variety is resistant to many diseases, with the exception of oidium, so processing is indispensable. Withstands frosts down to -23 °C. The vine branches look brighter and more attractive.
Laura
White berries of medium ripening. The weight of one bunch can reach 1 kg, and up to 40 cm in length. The bunches are dense, ripen quite amicably and are approximately the same size.
Note! Juicy oval berries have a light nutmeg taste, crunch on the teeth, there are quite large seeds inside.
Self-pollinated grapes can withstand frost down to -23 ° C. Well stored, easy to transport. This species is often grown for sale.
Grapes of increased frost resistance
Varieties have been bred that can withstand lower temperatures. Their frost resistance is surprising, but it helps gardeners living in the Urals, the Far East and Siberia to also grow their fruits in home gardens.
Lydia
Pleasant in taste with the aroma of Isabella, it has rather small clusters, weighing 110 g, and one berry is only about 4 g. The color is dark, red, slightly tinged with a pinkish tint, and in the aroma, many catch the light taste of strawberries.
This species is considered mid-season, the berries ripen for about 5 months. Lydia is resistant to many diseases, the only weakness may be chlorosis. But the most important advantage is that it is able to withstand frosts down to -26 ° C without shelter.
For your information! It has been forbidden to produce wine from Lydia since 1999. During fermentation, the berries release methinol, the use of which can be fatal.
High yields and the ability to tolerate excess moisture have made it popular, the clusters will decorate any gazebo, and the aroma will appeal to many.
Tukay
Frost resistance allows you to grow a plant even in Siberia, getting a high yield. Early ripe Tukay is able to withstand temperatures down to -25 °C. If the region of growth is colder, then shelter is indispensable.
If the storage conditions are observed, then Tukay's bunches are able to lie until spring, they tolerate transportation well. The berries of this species are round, the color can be from green to amber, depending on the number of sunny days. The average size of a bunch is 0.8 kg, but the berries themselves are quite small, about 4 g.
Popular non-covering varieties
A large and sweet fruit is the key to the success of a grower, but in a cold winter, one should also take into account the ability of the species to tolerate frost. By planting uncovered grapes, you can avoid many problems and reduce the amount of work on the site. The main thing is to know the varieties that will best tolerate frost.
Jupiter
If there is a desire to grow non-covering wine grapes, then Jupiter will be the best variety, capable of withstanding frosts down to -27 ° С. It is early dark, ripens in 3.5 months, and the berries on bunches are up to 0.5 kg. The taste is pleasant nutmeg, has no seeds. Meaty and sweet, well pollinated and pleases with a rich harvest.
Alpha
The uncovered grape variety Alpha belongs to the isabelle species. His brushes are not large, about 200 g. At the same time, the bush is quite strong, it develops well, the vine is formed early. The bush has large leaves, so it is perfect for a gazebo. The berries are round dark blue, becoming almost black when overripe.
The ability to endure extremely low temperatures down to -35 ° C is officially registered. Unpretentious, resistant to diseases, has a high attractiveness.
Important! Alpha produces delicious juice and wine.
Of the shortcomings note:
- susceptibility to chlorosis;
- a large number of stepsons;
- love of birds;
- the need for regular watering;
- exactingness to the ground;
- inability to endure transportation.
It is Alpha that does not tolerate drought at all; watering should be carried out regularly and in large quantities.
Platovsky
One of the most impressive grape varieties is the uncovered Platovsky, which tolerates frost well, is not susceptible to disease, has a bright taste, and the wine from it exceeds all expectations. The weight of the bunch is only 250 g, the color of the berries is greenish-yellow, with a lot of sun it becomes orange-brown.
The frost resistance of Platovsky is also amazing, the shrub is able to withstand frost down to -29 ° C without shelter. For this reason, in the northern regions it is used to form beautiful gazebos and arches.
Table frost-resistant varieties
Winter-hardy grapes are grown in most of Russia. The fragrant southern berry has not only adapted well to difficult conditions, but also impresses with a high sugar content with a rather small amount of sun.
Don agate
An early ripe grape variety, forms large round berries weighing up to 5 g, and bunches of 0.5 kg, tolerates frosts down to -26 0С. It gives a consistently high yield, which should be removed as late as possible, then the berries will accumulate as much sugar as possible.
Delight
Another vigorous species is the frost-resistant Rapture grape, which can endure frosts down to -25 ° C. Its bunches reach 1.5 kg. It has a high resistance to disease. The peculiarity is that even if the clusters hang on the bush for a very long time, the taste of the species will not be lost, and the wasps are rather indifferent to the species.
Muromets
A rather old variety that has won its fans and, despite the emergence of more and more new names, the species does not lose its popularity. The color of the berries is dark purple, weight up to 5 g, bunch weight about 0.5 kg. The taste of grapes is compared with black cherries, it is harmonious and pleasant. Frost tolerates up to -26 ° С.
Taiga emerald
This species has high winter hardiness, is able to withstand frosts down to -30 ° C, and ripens early. This is a white grape, the skin of which is translucent, has a light strawberry flavor. Able to gain a lot of sugar in berries even with a small amount of sunlight during the ripening period.
Features of growing frost-resistant varieties
When breeders develop the next frost-resistant variety, they pay attention to disease resistance. Fungal spores often damage grape bushes. At the same time, before purchasing a seedling, you should study the characteristics of the variety and take into account all possible factors.
Although resistant to cold, seedlings of any kind should be covered for the first few years. The plant will not tolerate hard frosts if the vine is still too thin and weak. The roots also need help in warming and heating in winter, and the shelter of the near-stem circle also helps with this.
In order for a young seedling to endure wintering favorably, when planting, you should:
- add organic fertilizer to the hole;
- add sand;
- follow the acidity, it should be moderate.
Important! Choose a place for planting grapes should be on the south side of the plot.
Which variety to plant on their site, each grower decides independently. All varieties differ in terms of ripening, the color of berries, the presence of seeds. But it is necessary to take into account the features of frost-resistant varieties, which will help to get a large amount of crop, even in a small area.
Any gardener, even non-professional viticulture, knows that this culture is very thermophilic, does not tolerate frost. If the one-year-old recruits are affected by the fall in temperature, they will die. Perennials are somewhat more tolerant, but low temperatures can impair fruiting and longevity.
Based on temperature norms, growers subdivide varieties into covering and non-covering varieties. For greater certainty, some gardeners immediately purchase winter-hardy non-covering grape varieties in order to protect themselves from unforeseen circumstances. There is no question here that they can survive extreme frosts, but in a moderate winter climate they will quite survive until spring without much damage.
general information
There are a little more than 20 frost-resistant grape varieties. At the same time, it is customary in viticulture to base the choice on the level of sweetness, the degree of frost resistance, and ease of care. Considering that the majority of gardeners live in the Middle lane, many choose wine uncovered best grape varieties.
At the same time, the older the grapes, the later you need to cover it, and remove the oilcloth as soon as possible. The plant will harden and in the future will do without shelter.
Winter in the garden
Professionals set the maximum frost resistance up to -33 ° С, but the maximum mark is up to -28 ° С. Even so, it is highly undesirable to let the plants supercool to such frosts. Therefore, in the area where winter behaves unpredictably, it is recommended to remove the vines from the trellis and place them on the earth's surface. This is useful because the buds will not have the opportunity to wake up prematurely, which will keep the grapes uncovered from freezing.
Important! The same winter-hardy grapes can manifest themselves differently in different climatic zones. For example, in the Kuban, he may show himself differently than in Siberia.
Among the varieties most preferred by winegrowers of Central Russia, the Urals, Siberia, the Moscow Region or the Moscow Region are the so-called Isabella varieties. They differ and attract gardeners in that the fruits are sweet. Another reason for choosing them is that they do not require special care. Only at some moments you can water them in the summer, and in the spring - lightly fertilize with compost or top dressing containing saltpeter.
Important! Covering frost-resistant grapes require more care. For the season, he needs at least 3 top dressing, weekly watering and frequent pruning, as well as treatment for pests and diseases.
Winter-hardy varieties have the ability to regenerate. The most favorable areas for their planting are the southern part of the garden.
Uncovered grape varieties most preferred by gardeners:
- Ontario is originally from the USA and was first bred by crossing Diamond and Winchel varieties. The mass of bunches can reach 300 g. The grapes are round, yellowish in color, the taste is characterized as sweet, with sourness.
- The Amethyst variety is an equally good choice, since it is immune to many diseases, and the maximum tolerated temperature is -34 ° C. The plant has powerful vines, which begin to produce fruits as quickly as possible, reaching a mass of 800 g. The grapes are characterized as juicy, dark blue in color, and have a sweetish taste.
- Variety Isabella - the most famous and favored by winegrowers. The vine can form up to 4 brushes during the season. The plant tolerates transportation without much difficulty. Grapes with a size of 2 cm, a weight of 4 g and a blue tint are used mainly for making wine. Some gourmets preserve compotes from them for the winter.
- The Lydia variety first appeared in the USA. The harvest comes in autumn. Large, almost translucent berries, slightly pinkish in color, with dense skin are removed from the bush.
- Variety Valiant stands out from this list in that it can tolerate temperature drops down to -46 ° C. Grows fast, medium sized clusters. The grapes are small, blue in color, there are seeds inside. Strawberry flavor and medium sugar content are also noteworthy. Gardeners prefer to make jelly or wine from it.
- The Mure Earli variety is characterized as a variety that can withstand temperatures as low as -35°C. Berries taste similar to Isabella. But here it is worth remembering that in early autumn he needs pruning.
- Kay Gray matures early. Clusters of small size. Bushes can withstand temperatures as low as -41°C. Golden grapes. Most often goes to the production of wines.
Variety Amethyst
The best non-covering frost-resistant grapes
Variety Isabella - the best non-covering grapes for arbors. It began to be actively grown in the 50s of the last century. The main characteristics of the Isabella variety:
- the vine can reach a length of 4 m, tolerates temperature drops to -28 ° C, is immune to fungal diseases;
- fruits ripen on average within 165 days;
- small bunches weighing 140 g, but if properly cared for, brushes increase in size;
- grapes are round in shape, the flesh inside is slightly slimy, reaches a weight of 4 g, a sour-sweet taste and aroma of strawberries are noteworthy, the outer shell is strong, black.
Variety Isabella
Important! Variety Isabella is inappropriate for regions where the air temperature drops lower than in Central Russia.
The Lydia variety is very popular among winegrowers, which is characterized as:
- mid-season variety, resistant to frost;
- ripening period - 155 days on average, harvest time - late summer - early autumn;
- bushes are small, leaves are not thick, flowers of both sexes;
- brushes are wide in the shape of a cone, medium in size, reach 150 g;
- Lydia gives small, round fruits: the pulp is slimy, the taste of strawberries, the skin is dense, dark red.
The Ontario variety, which is the result of crossing the Diamond and Unchel varieties, reaches a medium size in adulthood. Its other characteristics:
Interesting! The description of the Ontario grape states that the variety is most resistant to dangerous diseases, in particular, to mildew.
There are many advantages of uncovered grape varieties: an increased level of frost resistance, a sweet and sour taste. Among the minuses are the small sizes of clusters and berries.
But which of the grape varieties to choose, each gardener decides for himself. If he does not want to bother with a covering look (often water, process, cut, prepare for winter), then the advice is obvious - it is better to buy frost-resistant grapes and not worry about frosts that can ruin the crop!
The heat-loving grape culture comes from countries with a lot of hot days. However, thanks to the efforts of breeders, amateur vine growers can grow a sweet, sun-filled berry in Siberia and the middle zone of the country.
Non-covering grape varieties withstand winter thaws and frost strikes without compromising product quality and plant health. The number of crop varieties that do not need to be covered for the winter is large and allows you to make a choice according to individual preferences (taste, sweetness, aroma, color) and agrotechnical characteristics (disease resistance, transportability, keeping quality).
History of creation and features of selection of non-covering varieties
Selective work on the development of frost-resistant grapes dates back to the beginnings of the 20th century, when, under the guidance of the Russian breeder biologist I. V. Michurin, a group of scientists created samples of grape culture that endured frosts without damage, return frosts. Varieties Metallic, Russian Concord, Northern White are now referred to as representatives of the Michurin selection.
These works were developed in the middle of the century with the works of biologists-breeders Ya. I. Potapenko and R. F. Sharov, and other scientists. As a result of their labors, today, even in regions with problematic horticulture, uncovered grapes are grown on an industrial scale. The names of varieties reflect the fact that hybrids that are not afraid of severe frosts were bred on the basis of local wild species: early Bashkir, Khasan and Amur sweet. Created in combination with selected European, American species, they not only easily tolerate wintering with low temperatures, but even need it. Warm winters with sharp thaws are more difficult for them than thirty-degree frosts.
It should be noted that the concept of uncovered grapes is rather arbitrary and depends on the geographical location of the place of its cultivation. In particular, in the Russian southern regions, almost all grapes are not covered in winter. In the middle part of the country, the same varieties in different localities may require shelter or do without it. Although, of course, the declared frost resistance is an important factor in choosing.
In parallel, non-covering grape varieties have many additional advantages: they are unpretentious in care, resist diseases, and calmly “tolerate” inept pruning. That is why experienced winegrowers advise beginners or those who just want to shade a gazebo or pergola to start their horticultural activities, along the way collecting a “self-grown” crop of grape brushes, when there is no time to care for the vine.
Assessment of the degree of frost resistance
At the heart of the difficulties in breeding frost-resistant grapes is the fact that the very sign of frost resistance is not genetically laid down, as is the case with many others, but is determined in general by the genotype of the plant. To what extent the parental pair will pass on the required trait depends not only on the genotypes of both parents, but also on the strength of their heritability. To search for grape plant donors of frost resistance, breeders use various methods to assess this property:
- field - today continues to be the main one. Its essence is the collection of material, on the basis of which one can judge the degree of damage to wood, eyes, bast from severe frosts or provocations in the form of winter thaws. The intensity of its use depends entirely on weather conditions;
- laboratory - in which the required conditions are artificially created in low-temperature chambers. This method allows you to simulate various temperature situations, but does not allow you to take into account some climatic nuances - the direction of the winds, sunlight in winter;
- indirect - allow you to establish the relationship between the various states of certain substances in the tissues of grape plants, the intensity of metabolic processes in them and their frost resistance. Low molecular weight sugars in tissues, the ratio of free and bound water forms, enzyme activity, the rate of release of electrolytes from disturbed tissues and other factors are taken into account. These methods are auxiliary, but they help in additional preliminary evaluation of the created breeding forms.
The most reliable are the first two of the above methods.
Geography of cultivation
As already noted, the unambiguous division of varieties into non-covering or covering ones is incorrect. In different regions, the same ones are cultivated in different ways. For example, 300 km north of Moscow, the grapes of Ontario, Amethyst, Kay Gray, Valiant feel good without shelters. Varieties Kristall, Levokumsky, stable in areas south of Tula, Kaluga withstand temperatures down to -28 ° C, are considered non-covering and are cultivated accordingly. At the latitude of Moscow, the Moscow region, and other regions of the middle zone, due to unstable weather - thaws are replaced by frosts even in winter - many growers often remove even uncovered frost-resistant grapes and lay them on the ground or boards to give it the opportunity to spend the winter under snow.
The complicated climate of the Ural region as a whole is constantly wet and cold, however, the amount of snow cover and temperature tend to vary greatly in different years. In these places, the uncovered Baltic species of Yadwig Gailiunas and Zilga, the domestic selection of Moscow Steady, Northern Early, Aleshenkin, Anniversary of Novgorod, have proven themselves excellently.
From the Ural mountains to the Far East, winter-hardy hybrids based on wild Amur grapes perfectly tolerate severe frosts. They are characterized by the small size of berries, but they are not inferior in taste and aroma to well-known European species.
In any case, even the best uncovered varieties should be accustomed to frost gradually. A young vine in the first couple of years needs shelter in the traditional way, in the third year only one sleeve is left open.
Varietal diversity
Some frost-resistant grape varieties are universal: tasty fresh and suitable for industrial and amateur production of a variety of drinks. Many of them are divided into:
- canteens - they are consumed fresh, unprocessed. They stand out for their pleasant taste, aroma and appearance;
- technical - for the manufacture of juices, including for children, wines, other drinks with and without alcohol.
As with any culture, grape varieties are early, medium ripening and late ripening.
table varieties
Their taste and consumer qualities are excellent, so they are mostly used in unprocessed form.
Early ripe Muromets- one of the most delicious domestic table varieties. Pink clusters weigh up to a kilogram. Taste with a slight hint of nutmeg, sweet. The bush brings up to 7 kg of fruit. It tolerates frosts down to -26 ° C "excellent".
pink pearl- high-yielding, versatile. Up to 8 kg of sweet brushes are collected from the bush. There are few seeds in the fruit. Winters on a trellis at -30 °C. It is not affected by fungal infections and perfectly resists pests. The percentage of ripened - not less than 95%. The sugar content is 20-25%. The only weakness of the Pink Pearl is that it is damaged during transportation.
Feature of Kishmish grapes- sweet taste and lack of stones. The weight of clusters sometimes exceeds a kilogram of weight. The berries are small but juicy. Keeping quality is long compared to other grape varieties. It is considered a table species, although sweet wine can be prepared from the fruits. In addition, the berries are dried. The birthplace of Kishmish is hot Central Asian and Middle Eastern countries, but breeders have bred its frost-resistant varieties. The most requested of them are:
- Aksai - early ripe, with pinkish berries, sweet. Withstands frosts down to -25 ° C, resists diseases;
- Hungarian - early ripening. The fruits are green with a golden sheen, sweet. Without damage, it tolerates a drop in temperature to -26 ° C;
- Zaporozhye - high-yielding with purple berries with a beautiful red tint, fleshy and full of juice. Frosts and diseases do not frighten him;
- Red - the color of the fruit corresponds to the name. Pleasant, sweet, slightly nutmeg. Not affected by mildew and severe frosts;
- Century - easily grafted onto other varieties. Pests, diseases do not give in;
- Niagara - super early. Large, weighing 3-4 grams, berries of a yellowish-green color are particularly sweet. Resistant to mildew, frost down to -25 °C.
Technical grades
"Isabelle" grape varieties make up a large share in the list of non-covering technical ones - these are American grape varieties characterized by exceptional winter hardiness (named after one of the brightest representatives - the Isabella variety). Having taken root in the middle lane, they bear fruit with smaller brushes than European varieties. Not all consumers like the special “strawberry” taste of berries, but many varieties - Buffalo, Early Pineapple, Seneca, Ontario - practically do not have it.
The production of wine from isabelle varieties has been banned in the United States and most European countries in recent years: the threat is methyl alcohol formed during fermentation. Its oxidation during digestion creates compounds that are dangerous for the nervous system and human vision. But juices from them are useful: in addition to a wonderful aroma and concentrated taste, they have antibacterial and volatile properties. In cultivation, these grape varieties are unpretentious: they are not susceptible to major diseases and withstand temperatures down to -32 ° C.
Promising winter-hardy varieties of technical grapes also include:
- Noah, or Fraga Albe- bred in the USA, with small light green berries. The taste is sweet. It crumbles quickly after maturation. Brings high yields in the European part of the country, resistant to disease, frost;
- - does not freeze at -40 °C. Clusters on a powerful vine are dense, purple-raspberry in color. Does not give in to rot, pests, diseases;
- - a variety bred for the long Siberian winters, but gradually took root in the western Russian regions. In the 7-8th year of growth, it gives up to 100 kg of fruit with proper care. Berries, remaining on the vine for up to two months, do not rot in the rain. The taste of purple-blue berries is sour.
- - red wine variety of US selection. Ripens medium-late. Begins to bear fruit early. Clusters with small black berries can stay on the vine for a long time, accumulating sugar, but acidity makes itself felt. Shows resistance to gray decay and cracking. Abundantly harvested, frost resistance - up to -34 ° C. Wine from Frontignac gives the aroma of cherries with hints of plums;
- - was named after the wife of his orignator. The variety appeared less than 20 years ago, but its yield and stability attracted the attention of many growers. Clusters are dense, but medium-sized. Berries are light green in color. Sugar gains up to 20% with moderate acidity. The risk of damage by late return frosts is reduced due to later bud break than other varieties. In addition to anthracnose, it is not predisposed to diseases. Frost resistance up to -35 ... -40 ° C, but does not tolerate drought well.
- - grapes, combining several table-technical subspecies. This means that it is good both for making wine and for general consumption.
Wines from Muscat are especially fragrant, with a bright, powerful taste. Clusters are on average 10 cm long. The fruits are round, about 1.5 cm in diameter. The pulp is juicy, the aroma is nutmeg. The variety was originally cultivated in warm sunny France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, but its frost-resistant technical varieties were bred:
- Noble - early ripe, with large juicy berries;
- Blau - especially good for the production of Muscat red wines;
- Donskoy - easily takes root in any soil;
- Red - tolerates transportation well, but is susceptible to diseases - oidium and mildew;
- Summer - transportable, successfully resists diseases;
- Novoshakhtinsky - purple-red saturated color hybrid, high-yielding, with strong immunity to diseases, withstands long transportation;
- Crystal - early, fruitful. The fruits are sweet, amber in color. Good as a technical and table variety.
Uncovered frost-resistant grape varieties are a real gift to gardeners, winemakers and consumers in countries with frosty winters. Their correct choice is the key to obtaining a vitamin harvest, delicious juices and sweet wine. Due to the fact that frosty winters are the norm in most of the country, they are in demand both in industrial and amateur viticulture.
» Grape varieties
Many residents of Russia grow or want to grow grapes in their backyard. But the climate of most of our country is not very suitable for this culture. By the forces of breeders around the world, now there are quite a few varieties that can withstand such difficult conditions. In this article we will talk about frost-resistant varieties.
The first and main advantage of frost-resistant varieties is clear from the name - these representatives relatively easily endure our harsh winters without shelter. Also, the berries are denser and, accordingly, transportable. Winter-hardy varieties are well suited for making wines. What varieties can withstand adverse conditions?
The most frost-resistant for arbors and arches
Lydia
The most beloved and common is. It was bred by Williams Prince, a breeder from the USA from a variety and received the name Isabella Pink there. Tolerates frost very well. Clusters are small. The berries are mostly pink. They have an unusual, very pleasant taste. Suitable for gazebos and arches.
Great for wine. But you must strictly follow the recipe. Otherwise, Lydia has the peculiarity of releasing harmful substances if the technology is not followed.
Advantages:
- excellent frost resistance;
- self-pollination;
- resistant to powdery mildew and mildew;
- transportability.
The only significant disadvantage is instability to phylloxera.
Aleshenkin
- early dessert grapes, non-covering. It is also called Alyosha or No. 328. Has a great taste and a beautiful look - large bunches up to two kilograms, the berries are cone-shaped, yellow-green in color.
Advantages:
- very early;
- does not require special care and special agricultural technology;
- cuttings are well rooted;
- good yield without top dressing;
- few seeds in berries;
- excellent taste;
- the berries stay on the vine in frosts down to -25°C.
Flaws:
- the underground part is unstable to frost;
- berries need a growth stimulator, otherwise peas are likely.
Lady fingers
It has a unique shape of berries that look like female fingers. Hence the name. Official name - . Large sweet berries arranged in large clusters. The taste is excellent, sweet, with hints of sourness. Most often used for making raisins, as they do not have seeds.
This grape variety comes from Central Asia. Very picky about the sun and heat. It has a long ripening period, so it is not suitable for central Russia. Few growers grow it. With good care and favorable weather, as well as periodic feeding, you can still get a good harvest.
Advantages:
- high yield;
- strong growth;
- excellent taste qualities;
- lack of bones.
Flaws:
- long ripening period - 130-160 days;
- the instability of the harvest by season;
- long period of engraftment of cuttings;
- low frost resistance - up to -11 ° С;
- this grape is very fond of wasps and birds;
- extremely susceptible to various diseases - fungus, oidium, powdery mildew.
If all these shortcomings did not scare away from landing, then you should carefully approach the choice of a place. It should be protected from drafts, there was a lot of sun. The soil should be light. Groundwater should be deep - more than 2.5 meters. Also for ladies' fingers you need a lot of free space - at least 2-2.5 meters in each direction. If the year turned out to be rainy, then spoiled berries should be removed in time. Otherwise they will suffer healthy fruits.-
Tukay
The table grape Tukay was created at the Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking Ya.I. Potapenko in Novocherkassk. The variety turned out to be unpretentious and frost-resistant. Tukay is loved for a rich harvest and a long shelf life of berries, which are very tasty.
Advantages:
- early, in July it is already beginning to ripen;
- large clusters - up to 1.5 kilograms;
- berries are fragrant and tasty;
- has female and male flowers, hence self-pollinating;
- fruits can be stored until spring, if the temperature regime is observed (from +1 to +8 ° C).
Flaws:
- needs proper pruning, otherwise the clusters will be small;
- may be affected by felt mites.
When pruning in the spring, 30-40 eyes are left, and the rest of the shoots break off manually. Felt mites are hard to get rid of.
The variety was obtained by crossing the grapes of the Queen of Vineyards and Alphonse Lavalle. The brushes are large: length 18-30 cm, width - 12-20 cm. Weight - 350-500 g. The berries are large. Their weight reaches nine grams. The color of the peel is purple-red, with a waxy coating.
Refers to early varieties. Ripening time - 105-110 days. Self-pollinated.
The best propagation method for this variety is grafting onto a stock.
Advantages:
- excellent taste and attractive appearance;
- large berries;
- suitable for long-term storage;
- good transportability.
Flaws:
- low resistance to diseases and pests;
- shedding of flowers and peas at high humidity;
- the need for meticulous care;
- poor frost resistance.
Isabel
This variety was bred in the USA by Isabella Gibbs. Hence the name. , like some other American "gifts" (Colorado potato beetle, ash-leaved maple), turned out to be very tenacious. He does not care for the Epiphany frosts of central Russia. It is also practically not affected by any diseases characteristic of grapes.
At one time there was information that Isabella is harmful, since a lot of methyl alcohol is released during the preparation of wine, but later this information was refuted.
Advantages:
- taste qualities;
- low calorie;
- high yield;
- unpretentiousness.
disadvantage for some winegrowers, one can name a late harvest period - October-November.
Relines Pink Seedlis
Of all the varieties described in this article, Rilines Pink Seedlis differs in that it has no seeds. The berries are spherical small, pink in color with strawberry flavor. Clusters are compact. Harvest is in mid-September.
Advantages:
- lack of bones;
- high frost resistance;
- rapid growth of the vine;
- very early maturation;
- resistance to fungal diseases;
- increased content of useful trace elements (vitamin A, B vitamins, iron and iodine).
Flaws:
- in rainy weather in the ripening phase, the berries are prone to cracking;
- small fruits.
Literally 200 years ago, grapes in Russia were grown only in the southern regions and a little in the center of the country. Now it is grown in the Urals, and in the middle lane it is ubiquitous. But breeders do not stop in their research. And, be sure, many excellent frost-resistant varieties adapted for our country will soon see the light.
Grapes are considered to be "solar berries". It is customary to think of him as a heat-loving species that requires care and painstaking work. Growing vines in regions with cold winters is fraught with many difficulties, as evidenced by the experience of many growers. But thanks to the work of modern breeders, it became possible to get crops even in the northern regions. The most famous varieties include, for example, Novocherkassk Anniversary.
Moscow is on the list of world capitals with the most severe climate. So how to determine the best grape varieties for the Moscow region, a region that also does not differ in gentle weather conditions?
Frost-resistant varieties
Vines with increased resistance to adverse weather conditions are gaining more and more popularity. This is due to the fact that northern grapes are able to withstand a significant drop in temperature without special shelter. This characteristic helps to reduce the cost of maintaining the vineyard and requires much less effort and time from its owner. By reducing labor intensity, they are favorites among beginner winegrowers. Often, these grape varieties have not only increased frost resistance, but also good immunity. Thanks to the efforts of breeders, we have a lot of northern varieties that not only do not lag behind their southern counterparts in yield, but also surpass them, which makes it possible to grow grapes in the Moscow region. Varieties of uncovered grapes for the Moscow region are very diverse, and the choice of the right one must be approached comprehensively, one must also choose disease-resistant varieties.
"Anniversary of Novocherkassk"
Novocherkassk Anniversary is ideal for cultivation in the Moscow region. He rightfully occupies a place in the top ten table varieties. It has frost resistance up to -25 0 C and early ripening. Its greatest advantage is the clusters, reaching 1.5 -3 kg. The fruits have a harmonious, moderately sweet taste, juicy and crispy. The peel is not felt when used. The color is light pink with purple hues. The shape of the berries is oval. "Anniversary of Novocherkassk" has a good level of resistance to the main pathogens of grape diseases. It does not have special care requirements, it is able to successfully take root and bear fruit on almost any soil. Due to the fact that "Yubiley Novocherkassk" does not have a tendency to pea, it gives consistently high and high-quality yields. Propagation of this species is quite simple. It takes root perfectly both in the case of grafting on other bushes, and in its own root culture. requires additional care and shelter only in the first 1-3 years of life, while the root system is not sufficiently developed.
"Kishmish Radiant"
"Kishmish Radiant" is one of the most famous table varieties in the world. Although it cannot boast of significant frost resistance, "Radiant" is able to thrive even in the northern regions. This is achieved by winter shelter. During the ripening period, this raisin variety is covered with many pink brushes with a delicate purple hue. Thanks to its amazing taste and yield, it has become a breeding basis for many other vines. The ripening period is early or medium (120-130 days), depending on climatic conditions. Harvesting begins in mid-August - early September. The average weight of one bone is 0.6 kg, although with proper care and attention it can reach 1 kg. Grapes have parameters 24x22 mm and weight 4-6 g. The level of fruiting shoots is high and amounts to 70%. Fruiting coefficient 1.9. The crop is able to endure transportation and storage.
Minuses
- Able to withstand frosts down to -15 0 C without shelter;
- Extremely sensitive to spring frosts - do not rush to open;
- Needs regular crop rationing and pruning;
- Without regular feeding and with waterlogging of the soil, it quickly loses some of its taste properties.
"Tason"
This vigorous grape, with the right care, can produce record yields. - one of the most famous representatives of table species. It refers to the early or super-early vines. From the moment of swelling of the kidneys to the ripening of the clusters, 100-110 days pass. Even in cool areas, you can get the first harvest before mid-April. The number of fruitful shoots is 55%, and the fruiting rate is 1.1, which are good indicators. The weight of bunches can reach 0.5-0.6 kg, and sometimes 1.2 kg. The berries are very large, oval. Their dimensions are 25x18 mm. They have an uneven white color with redness, imitating a blush. The taste is distinguished by bright nutmeg notes and a high level of sugar accumulation (21%). Fruits have a good trade dress. At a decent level, they carry storage and transportation. Frost resistance is an indisputable advantage. The threshold of this plant is -23 0 C. Resistance to pathogens extends to gray rot, mildew, powdery mildew, but it is sensitive to other pathogens. Fungi can infect the current crop and the future, depleting the plant for a year ahead.
"Crystal"
This grape variety belongs to the technical. Despite the small size of brushes (170-210 g) and berries (1-2.5 g), he deserved the warmest reviews from winemakers. Grapes have an oval shape and the same size. As maturity progresses, the green color of the berries takes on a warmer yellow hue. The taste is harmonious, the sugar content is 18%, which is ideal for wine.
Popularity is due to the high level of productivity with an average strength of growth. This plant is able to withstand a load of 50-60 eyes. The fecundity of the shoots is 90%, and the yield factor is 1.3. This variety does not take the size of the fruit, but their number, which is not a drawback for the wine variety. It is rightfully considered one of the most popular grapes in the Moscow region for making dry wines.
It is classified as an early or super-early variety. The growing season takes 110-125 days, depending on weather conditions. Even among frost-resistant grape varieties, "Crystal" stands out favorably. It can withstand temperatures as low as -290C without protection.
Flaws
- The need for regular pruning of shoots and leaves. Neglect of this measure can lead to shedding of the crop;
- Low resistance to fungal diseases (with the exception of gray rot), which dictates the need for preventive treatments;
- Unfavorable weather conditions can lead to a decrease in taste. This leads to a decrease in its suitability for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages.
"Christina"
Kristina occupies a leading position among the winegrowers of the Moscow region. It gained its popularity due to its tasty, sweet fruits. It does not require increased attention of the owner and shows good frost resistance (up to -23 0 С). "Christina" has a very spectacular appearance. Clusters are medium or large, cylindrical in shape. Berries are oval, bright pink, plain. The disadvantages include the uneven size of the grapes and the possibility of peas.
"Pearl Saba"
"Pearl Saba" came to us from Hungary and quickly gained recognition among both professional and inexperienced gardeners. The reason for this was the phenomenal unpretentiousness, frost resistance (-27 0 C) and resistance to pests. Berries have high sweetness, juiciness and pleasant aroma. Clusters have a rich green-yellow color, which gives the plant showiness.
"Isabel"
Excellent for the Moscow region suitable grape variety "Lydia" ("Isabella"). Its uniqueness lies in the fact that along with excellent taste, it has a sufficient amount of tannins. This makes it suitable for making white wines. During the ripening of the crop, it acquires a large number of small dark blue-red clusters. They have a weight of 200-250 g, but there is an opinion that with proper care, you can get fruits weighing up to 2.5 kg. The weight of one berry is about 3 g. The berries have an unusual taste, in which notes of raspberries and strawberries clearly appear.
In the Moscow region, it is becoming more widespread due to its frost resistance. It can survive temperatures as low as -27 0 C.
It has sufficient resistance to oidium, phylloxera and mildew - the most common pests.
"Transformation"
It is relatively new, but already well established. The bush is vigorous, has good rooting rates. It has an early ripening period (110-120 days). Clusters have a weight of 0.7-1.5 kg, but with good luck, they can reach 2%. The average weight of a grape is 14 g. The fruits have a uniform light pink color and look very impressive, as can be seen from the many photos of this species. Grapes "Transfiguration" has a pleasant, harmonious taste. Along with high sugar content (18%), there is a pronounced sourness (6%). The yield is high. From one bush you can collect about 20 kg of fruit. Gore is uncharacteristic for him. It has an average resistance to fungi, which requires the gardener to periodically preventive spraying. Due to the high sweetness and thinness of the skin, it is prone to attack by wasps. The strengths include frost resistance (-23 0 C).
Flaws
- With an excess of moisture and congestion of the bush, the taste characteristics deteriorate sharply.
Landing
Growing winter-hardy varieties, you need to consider a number of features:
- The landing site should be well lit. The grapes grown in the northern regions especially strongly need to implement this recommendation. Sun deficiency can lead to lengthening of the ripening period, loss of crop weight and deterioration in taste characteristics.
- The site for the bed should not be below the main ground level. Waterlogging of the soil is the cause of fungal infections and root rot.
- A pit for landing should be prepared in advance. Its parameters should be 60x60x60 cm. A drainage consisting of 20 cm of gravel or broken brick should be placed at the bottom. A layer of soil is tightly laid on top of it, mixed with organic fertilizers, sand and gravel in equal parts.
- Between individual bushes you need to keep a distance. Vigorous species require a distance of 2 m, average growth force - 1.5 m, undersized - 1 m.
- Many growers recommend placing a 50 cm long hollow plastic work near the plant root before backfilling the soil. They are very convenient to use for fertilizing and watering.
- Most experts recommend covering plants for the first 3 years of life, regardless of their frost resistance.
