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Which plants have a tap root system examples. Plant with a shallow root system Modified shoots underground

birch drooping. It is widely distributed in the European part of our country from the southern regions to the borders of the forest tundra.

It usually participates as an admixture to broad-leaved or coniferous species in various combinations in various types of forest conditions. Despite its wide distribution, the morphology of the birch root system has not been well studied until recently.

In the conditions of a fresh dry forest on medium-soddy medium podzolic soils in pine-birch plantations of class I of bonitet, with a density of 0.8, birch roots have 10-15 well-developed horizontal roots of the first order, forming a dense network of skeletal, semi-skeletal and suction roots in the upper soil horizons . At the age of 27, the length of the horizontal roots of the first order reaches 8.05 m, the diameter is 13.6 cm. The taproots are poorly developed, they penetrate deep into the soil by 95-115 cm. , some of them penetrate the soil to a greater depth than taproots. However, some trees show a complete absence of vertical branches. The length of the skeletal roots of horizontal orientation and their branches depends on the growth group of the tree.

Compared to other species, birch has the highest branching coefficient - 17.2 (pine 3.0, oak 1.5, spruce 5.6, maple 1.8). The projection area of ​​the root systems is 33.1-46 m 2 , the volume of soil occupied by the roots is 11.0-43.7 m 3 depending on the tree growth group.

The intensity of the root population of the occupied volume of soil in different trees is different - from 19.1 to 111.1 m / m 3, i.e., compared with pine, it is 1.8-2.6 times more. The average annual increase in the volume of soil occupied by the roots reaches 4.1 m 3 , along the total length of the roots 15.4 m 3 , along the surface of the suction space of the roots 9.1 dm 3 .

common hornbeam. Usually, under natural conditions, the hornbeam does not form pure stands, but its importance as a companion species is great. Widely distributed in broad-leaved forests of the southwest of the European part of the USSR. It is characterized as a breed with a powerful superficial root system.

In the root system of the hornbeam in 15-year-old oak-hornbeam cultures in the conditions of the Vinnitsa region on gray forest soils (the type of forest conditions is fresh oak forest), horizontal roots predominate.

However, at the same age, well-developed taproots are often found, having a high degree of branching and penetrating to a depth of 1.9 m. Horizontal roots of the first order reach a length of 5.9 m. The degree of branching is high, there are skeletal roots of the seventh-eighth branching orders. In the total length of the roots, the roots of the second order of branching prevail, in the total mass - the first, and in terms of the number of branches - the third order of branching.

Forest beech. On the territory of the USSR, beech naturally grows in the Kaliningrad region, in the Carpathians and Precarpathians, Kodry of Moldova and in the Crimea. The structure of the root system of the forest beech, as well as white fir, has not been studied enough.

As well as in spruce, the root system of beech in 11-22-year-old spruce-beech-fir cultures in the conditions of the Carpathians at an altitude of 750-1000 m above sea level. m. has a pronounced surface structure .. The tap root at the age of 11-22 years of trees is usually absent. It transforms into a short thickening, which is a continuation of the tree trunk.

The relative participation of horizontal roots in the total length of the skeletal ones is 99.2-99.96%, in the total mass of the root system 70.1-73.2%. Individual trees may have 3-4 vertical branches, some of which have intensive branching and penetrate deep into the soil through crevices up to 160 cm. rocks penetrates to a depth of 241 cm.

Beech roots of the first order are distinguished by strong tapering at the base. Then, at a distance of 0.1 length, their diameters decrease relative to the length more moderately, and the roots acquire a more pronounced cord-like shape. The nature of the taper of the root is expressed by the following shape coefficients in terms of relative lengths: 0.1-62.3; 0.2-50.4; 0.5-27.8; 0.7-16.5; 0.9-7.9%. The coefficients of the form and coefficient of the root volume (0.1800) indicate a relatively small taper of beech skeletal roots.

The projection area of ​​the root system in trees of the best growth at the age of 22 is 60.6 m 2 (for medium trees 21.2, for lagging trees 10.5 m 2). The volume of soil space occupied by root systems at this age in trees of the best growth is 36.4 m 3, average 12.7, lagging behind in growth 3.2 m 3. The coefficient of compactness of the root system, respectively, is 14.3; 16.6 and 20.6 m/m. These figures are slightly higher than European spruce.

Pedunculate oak. It grows within its natural range in the middle and southern zones of the European part of the USSR, in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Within such a wide range, the oak is found in various types of forest conditions and forest types. Being a species demanding on soil fertility, oak under natural conditions forms mixed plantations on soils that represent a relatively wide range both in terms of fertility and the nature of moisture. However, under certain edaphic conditions, it can have bonitet classes III-IV, forming a second tier in mixed forest stands on dry, poor sandy soils. In more favorable conditions, it enters the first tier, reaching the II or I class of bonitet, and on rich, well-moistened soils - I and Ia classes of bonitet.

The best conditions for the growth of English oak are fresh and moist gray forest loams, degraded chernozems, powerful brown mountain forest soils. Under the influence of soil conditions, structural features of the oak root system are formed. Possessing the ability to form a powerful taproot from the very first years, oak forms a surface root system on soils with excessive moisture, with relatively insufficient moisture gives well-developed vertical branches from horizontal roots, on soils with compacted horizons such as ortstein forms a second tier of roots above its surface .

In the root system of oak on ordinary low-humus chernozems with signs of southern chernozem in oak-ash cultures, vertically oriented roots predominate. Vertical branches begin to appear at the age of 10, but by the age of 18 they make up about 20% of the total length of the horizontal roots. Horizontal roots are slightly branched. The highest relative participation is made up of skeletal roots of the first order. The branching of the tap root is more intense compared to the horizontal roots.

The depth of penetration of the taproots of oak reaches 4.05 at the age of 10, and 4.86 at the age of 18. The development of vertical branches from horizontal roots is intensive. Some of them exceed the tap root in diameter and length, reaching a depth of 250-280 cm. The main number of roots is located in the upper soil horizons. In trees of the best growth, up to 83.8% of horizontal skeletal roots are located at a depth of up to 20 cm, 95% - in a 0-40 cm soil layer.

On degraded chernozems, a more superficial oak root system is formed. The relative contribution of roots of horizontal orientation is 13-20% more with a corresponding decrease in the number of vertical branches and taproots. At the same time, there is a significantly greater branching of horizontal and taproots, despite the fact that the greatest relative participation is retained by the roots of the first order of branching. The depth of penetration of the tap root into the soil is sharply reduced. It is 167 cm for trees of the best growth at 9 years of age, 183 at 16, 195 at 18. This is more than 2 times less than the depth of penetration of roots of English oak on ordinary chernozems with low humus in the southern steppe.

On gray forest soils in fresh types of forest growth conditions in the structure of the oak root system, the relative participation of vertical branches is 2–2.5 times greater than on degraded soils, and almost 3 times greater than on ordinary chernozems. The intensity of development of horizontal roots and taproot is much higher here than on degraded and ordinary chernozems. The total length of skeletal roots under these conditions already at the age of 10 is several times greater than in trees of 16-19 years of age under the previously considered conditions. The depth of penetration of the tap root on gray forest soils reaches 190 cm at the age of 10, and 555 cm at the age of 25, which is much greater compared to other soil varieties. Vertical branches are also intensively developed and reach a depth of 215 cm already at the age of 10 years. Therefore, fresh forest loamy soils are most favorable for the growth of English oak.

Some changes in the structure of root systems in comparison with the gray forest soils of the Right Bank of Ukraine and chernozems are observed in the conditions of soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils in the western part of the forest-steppe. The overall intensity of the development of root systems here is less than on the chernozems and gray forest soils of the Right Bank. The tap root develops much more weakly, the growth of which deep into the soil here is prevented by compacted soil horizons of an ortstein character with signs of gleying. The penetration depth of the taproot reaches 160 cm on soddy-podzolic soils at the age of 14, and 220 cm on gray forest soils.

The root systems of older trees are fully formed at the last stage of their development. Horizontal oak roots at the age of 90 (plantation class I of bonitet, medium soddy-weakly podzolic light loamy sandy soil on fluvioglacial deposits) are represented by powerful roots of the first order, located near the soil surface at a depth of up to 30 cm. From the tap root at a depth of 32-60 cm 11 roots of horizontal orientation depart.

The branching intensity of the roots is rather weak, the largest number of branches is of the third order. Horizontal roots form a network of cord-like roots located at the very surface of the soil. The length of the most developed root of the first order is 22.4 m. The total length of skeletal surface horizontal roots with branches up to the fifth order is 1995 m, deep 207.9 m. Surface horizontal roots have vertical branches up to 113 m long, which is about 5% of the total the extent of these roots. Deep roots of horizontal orientation are characterized by weak development. The greatest relative participation in this category of roots is the roots of the second order.

A feature of deep roots of horizontal orientation is their ability to form vertical branches, which can be directed not only deep into, but also up to the soil surface. Superficial horizontal roots have a well-pronounced plank-shaped, at the base of the root their vertical diameter can exceed the horizontal one by 5-8.5 times. The difference in the size of the vertical and horizontal diameters disappears at a distance of 60-140 cm from the base of the root, depending on its size. Deep horizontal roots do not have plank.

The taproot of a 90-year-old oak has many branches of large diameter, strongly intertwined with each other and almost completely fused in the upper part. Anchor roots, formed in close proximity to the tree trunk, intertwine and grow together with the tap root and its branches. The depth of penetration of the main root is 178 cm, anchor - up to 250 cm.

The length of the measurable elements of this intergrown system is 17.8 m. The total length of the core part of the root system and vertical branches from the taproots is approximately 130 m, or 5% of the total length of the skeletal roots.

In oak, as in other tree species, the roots of horizontal orientation mainly participate in the root system, most intensively developing the upper soil horizons within 0-60 cm. At the same time, oak has the ability to form a deep-reaching and a highly developed taproot. Its ability to form vertical branches from horizontal roots is somewhat less than that of many tree species (pine, walnut, chestnut, linden, spruce). The branching intensity of oak roots is weak, and no significant variation of this trait under the influence of soil conditions has been established.

The average branching coefficient of oak roots is expressed as 1.46, which is lower than its value obtained for other tree species. The intensity of taper of oak skeletal roots is determined by the coefficients of the root shape at relative lengths: 0.1 - 72.4±0.55; 0.2 — 56.2±0.63; 0.5 - 29.8±0.54; 0.7 - 16.7±0.4; 0.9-7.4+0.20. The coefficient of volume of the horizontal skeletal roots of oak is 0.1851, which indicates a large cord-like nature of its roots compared to other species.

The projection area of ​​oak root systems can reach 50 m 2 by the age of 19, more than 60 m 2 by the age of 25. The excess of the area of ​​projections of root systems over the area of ​​projections of crowns is from 5.4 to 8.4. The large depth of penetration of the roots into the soil provides the oak with the rapid development of significant volumes of soil space, which makes the indicator of compactness of its root system, which is in the range of 1.9-10.8, exceptional.

Large-leaved linden. Widespread in the forests of the European part of the USSR. Grows on a variety of soils, preferring richer, fresher forest growing conditions. It appears in natural plantations and is used in cultures as a companion species with oak, pine, larch, as a rule, forms the second tier, and in less favorable conditions - the third.

The root system is well developed. In its structure (in 12-year-old crops, on gray forest loamy soils), horizontal roots make up 78.6-93.6%. In a tree of better growth, a taproot is absent; in an average and stunted tree, it occupies 3.1 and 9.9% of the total length of skeletal roots. The branching of skeletal roots is limited to the formation of third-order roots. Vertical branches from horizontal roots are 3.6-11.2%.

The structure and structure of the linden root system testify to its superficial placement. The penetration depth of the roots is 40 cm in the tree of the best growth due to the deepening of the horizontal roots. This 40 cm layer of soil contains all 100% of the roots of the best growing tree. The tap roots of trees of medium height and lagging in growth reach a depth of 80 and 70 cm. The average annual growth of the largest horizontal root is 21.7, the average is 14.3 cm. 40.8 and 15.7, silver birch 35.4 and 27.1, Scotch pine 0.43 and 16.3, English oak 28.9 and 17.5 cm).

The branching intensity of linden roots is average. It is characterized by a branching coefficient of 2.1. This is somewhat higher than that of sycamore maple (1.8) and oak (1.5), but significantly less than that of other co-growing species (pine 2.5, birch 17.2).

Tapering of linden roots is determined by shape coefficients on relative lengths: 0.1 - 0.657±0.016; 0.2 - 0.472±0.017; 0.5 - 0.330±0.018; 0.7 - 0.220±0.012; 0.9 - 0.104±0.04. The root volume coefficient is 0.1701, which corresponds to the average value among other tree species.

The projection area of ​​the linden root system is smaller than that of other species: the tree of the best growth is 9.3 m 2, the average is 10.0, and the tree is lagging behind in growth of 1.3 m 2. The volume of soil space occupied by the root system, respectively, is 2.2; 2.7; 0.3 m 3. The coefficient of compactness of the root system is very high. For a tree of the best growth, it is 37.7, for an average tree it is 19.1.

Norway maple. Like oak, maple is widely distributed in the forests of the European part of the USSR. However, the biometric characteristic of the maple root system is poorly understood. When growing together in oak cultures, Norway maple has a well-developed root system, consisting of a tap root penetrating 3 m deep into the soil, and strong horizontally oriented roots. The intensity of the root population of the upper soil horizons in maple is almost not inferior to that in English oak.

Sycamore maple. It grows in the Carpathians as an admixture in spruce, beech and fir forests. At the same time, it is widely distributed in the lowland forests of the Carpathian region. The wood of this species is of great economic value.

Sycamore maple is distinguished by well-developed taproots and horizontal roots. Horizontal roots have branches of the third and fourth orders. The roots of vertical orientation are represented by the tap root and its branches of the second and third orders. The main mass of roots on brown mountain forest soils is located in a 0–30 cm layer, however, individual taproots penetrate to a depth of more than 1 m. In sycamore, as in other species, horizontal roots predominate in the total length of the roots (81.2 -99.2%), while the participation of the tap root in the total mass of roots in sycamore is much greater. The roots of the second or third order predominate in the total length of the sycamore roots.

The length of skeletal roots in sycamore is less than that of spruce, fir and beech, but in contrast to them, this breed has more intensively developed tap roots and vertical branches from horizontal roots.

The difference in soil conditions is reflected in the structure and structure of root systems. On deep gray forest soils, the relative share of the tap root in the total length is significantly greater than on brown mountain forest soils of medium thickness, and the length of the tap root with branches on gray forest soils is 2.5-8 times greater. Under these conditions, the vertical branches from the horizontal roots are also more intensively developed. The maximum penetration depth of the tap root on brown mountain forest soils is 120 cm, on gray forest soils at the age of 12 in trees of medium height - 123 cm, the best - 510 cm.

The taper of the horizontal roots of the sycamore maple is characterized by the following shape coefficients according to the relative lengths of the root: 0.1 - 67.3 ± 0.01; 0.2 - 46.0+0.01; 0.5 - 24.4±0.07; 0.7 - 16.2+0.01; 0.9 - 9.2±0.003. The volume factor for horizontal roots of the first order is 0.1444. According to the intensity of taper, sycamore roots occupy a middle position among the tree species presented in this textbook. The branching intensity of the sycamore maple roots is very low (the average branching coefficient is 1.8).

The maximum value of the average annual growth along the length of the horizontal root of the first order is 21.7 cm, the average growth is 14.8 cm, the average annual growth of the tap root is 6.7 cm. The ratio of the intensity of growth of the tap root and the average horizontal root is 0.47 on gray forest soils.

The area of ​​projections of the root system by the age of 18 on brown mountain forest soils reaches 20.4 m 2, on gray forest soils at the age of 12 11.2 m 2, which corresponds to the area of ​​projection of the roots of trees of 14 years of age (11, 5 m 2) on the brown soils of the Carpathians.

The root system of the sycamore maple on deep gray forest soils is characterized by low compactness. Thanks to the tap root, which intensively penetrates deep into, the root system relatively quickly occupies a vast amount of soil space. At the age of 12, under these conditions, the volume of soil occupied by root systems is 19.3 m 3 for a tree of the best growth, 18.9 for an average and 1.1 m 3 for a lagging one; coefficient of compactness of root systems, respectively, 2.6; 2.9 and 2.9 m/m 3 . However, this figure increases by 10 or more times on medium-thick brown mountain forest soils, where for trees of the best growth at the age of 8 it is 36.3, at 12 years old 26.3 and at 17 years old 23.2 m / m 3.

walnut. It grows in natural forests in the mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan. Widely cultivated in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Moldova and southern Belarus. Prefers fresh and moist rather rich soils (chernozems and gray forest soils). By the age of 6, on gray forest soils, the walnut has not only well-developed taproot and horizontal roots, but also a significant number of vertical branches. The penetration depth of the tap roots at this age is 273, 241 and 194 cm, depending on the tree growth group. Branches from the tap root are evenly spaced along its entire length. The total length of vertical branches from roots of horizontal orientation is 6.9-12.3% of the total length of skeletal roots. Each tree has 8-10 vertical branches. Their penetration depth also varies depending on the tree growth group. So, in trees that are lagging behind in growth, it is 49-67 cm, trees of medium height 82-124, the best 120-241 cm. 5 mm.

The branching of the roots is quite intense: 420-820 skeletal branches. The highest order of branching at this age is the fourth, but there are very few roots of this order (0.3-0.9%). The main relative participation in the total length of the skeletal roots is taken by the roots of the second order of branching (39.1-55.8%).

In the total length of the skeletal roots of the walnut, vertical branches from horizontal roots take a significant relative part. The compactness of root systems is insignificant.

The walnut is distinguished by a high intensity of root growth in diameter, reaching a horizontal orientation of 0.95 at the roots, and 1.05 cm at the taproots. crowns, respectively, at 2.9; 3.9 and 5.5 times.

Root taper is characterized by the following root shape coefficients at the respective relative lengths: 0.1 - 56.5; 0.2 - 35.1; 0.5 - 26.1; 0.7 - 18.7; 0.9 - 11.4. Root volume coefficient 0.1207.

common hazel. It is widely distributed in the European part of the USSR as an undergrowth species. Within its natural range, it occurs in fresh and moist hygrotopes on chernozem, burozem, gray forest, soddy-podzolic soils with high fertility.

The root system of hazel in the conditions of western Ukraine on soddy weakly podzolic light loamy soils in fresh hornbeam sudubrava in 90-year-old pine forests of Ia quality class is as follows: taproots are absent, horizontal ones have high branching. The total length of the skeletal roots of one bush reaches 256 m, of which the roots of the first order of branching are 8.7, the second 40.8 and the third 50.5%. The total number of branches in the most developed bushes is 850, including 1.1 of the first order, 21.9 of the second, and 77.1% of the third. The coefficient of branching of the roots is high - 7.8. The taper of the roots of the first order is characterized by the shape coefficients at relative lengths: 0.1-0.54; 0.2 - 0.38; 0.5 - 0.25; 0.7 - 0.174 and 0.9 - 0.14. The coefficient of volume of skeletal roots of the first order is 0.1224.

The main mass of hazel roots is located at a depth of 0-30 cm, however, individual roots penetrate deep into up to 60 cm. Despite this, the coefficient of compactness of the root system is 28.3%. Thus, the root system of hazel rather intensively inhabits the upper soil horizon in plantations.

Edible chestnut (sowing). Chestnut edible (sowing), European, or noble, naturally grows in the Caucasus, and is also widely distributed in the Carpathians, forming a highly productive valuable tree stand in cultures. Chestnut forms a deep root system due to large roots going obliquely into the depth of the soil. The tap root is missing. The root systems of 10-year-old trees in chestnut cultures with the participation of English oak on the Carpathian brown mountain forest soils consist of a tap root, horizontal roots and vertical branches from horizontal roots. Part of the horizontal roots go into the soil at a well-defined angle in a skew-vertical direction. There are few skeletal roots of the first order in trees of better growth, and in trees that are lagging behind in growth, there are much more of them. At the same time, trees that are lagging behind in growth lack second-order branches and vertical branches from horizontal roots, and taproots are much less developed. This indicates that weaker trees develop the vital soil space with younger horizontal roots of the first order.

In the structure of the root system of the sowing chestnut, the roots of horizontal orientation take the main relative part. However, attention is drawn to the very high relative proportion of roots of vertical orientation in trees of better and medium growth. Thus, the total length of tap roots and vertical branches is 25.7% for trees of the best growth, and 12.7% for the average.

In the structure of the root system of the sowing chestnut at the age of 10, roots of the second order of branching predominate. So, in a tree of the best growth, horizontal roots of the first order are 21.7%, second 46.7, third 10.9, vertical branches 15.8%, tap root with branches of the first and second orders 4.9% of the total length of skeletal roots.

The taproots of the chestnut tree penetrate to a depth of 3 m. At the same time, the depth of penetration of the taproots of the English oak when growing together with chestnut is 4.2 m.

Just like in other tree species, the area of ​​projections of chestnut root systems significantly exceeds the area of ​​projections of crowns. This position is characterized by the following indicators: for a tree of better growth, the crown projection area is 3.14 m 2, the root projection area is 22.04 m 2, i.e., 7 times more; in a tree of medium height, respectively, 1.76 and 12.6 m 2, i.e. 7.2 times more.

The intensity of the population of the soil space with skeletal roots in a tree of the best growth is 6.7, the average is 6.1, the lagging in growth is 13.9 m/m 3 .

The horizontal roots of the sowing chestnut are relatively slow-running. The diameter of the roots of the first order per 0.5 relative length is 34.9%, which is significantly higher than that of many tree species. Just like in other breeds, the horizontal roots of the second order in the sowing chestnut are less runaway than the roots of the first order.

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When planning the garden of your dreams, the most attractive and exciting process is the process of choosing plants. Planting should be in harmony with all elements of the garden. It is the vegetation that is remembered in the garden first of all. It must be borne in mind that each plant has its own characteristics and tendency to a certain type of soil. When all the issues with the preparation of the soil are carried out, we proceed to the selection of plants. This is done taking into account their requirements for light, moisture, soil nutrition and belonging to the climatic zone. It is possible, of course, to create collections and difficult-to-care gardens, but this requires a conscious, responsible decision. Only taking into account the above points, the plants will grow well and delight you with the splendor of greenery and a riot of colors. But, the most important rule is to start working with plants with love. Many experiments have been carried out, proving that plants react to your attitude towards them.

Having a wide range of plants (unless of course you collect a collection) does not mean that the garden is perfect. The main attention is paid to the appearance, texture, leaf shape, color, size, flowering time of plants. It will not be superfluous to get acquainted with the types of the root system. These data should be taken into account when preparing planting pits and determining the location of plants.

In garden centers, plants are now sold in containers (closed root system). It is easier to compose a composition from such plants and they can be planted almost all year round, with the exception of the period when the ground is frozen. It is easier to transport container plants and their survival rate is better. Checking a container plant or not is easy - just get the plant out of the container. The lump must be intertwined with roots and not fall apart. But, if the roots crawled out of the drainage holes, it means that the plant has not been transplanted for a long time and it will be in a depressed state (you need to pay attention to such things). Large specimens are often sold in "balots" - a prepared root ball in burlap, placed in a metal mesh. This is also a closed root system. Burlap in the ground rots in a season, and the mesh decomposes in 3-4 years. Therefore, such plants are planted in a grid, only the upper part is cut off - this is done to allow the trunk to grow. In spring and autumn, plants with an open root system are transplanted and divided - such planting material is cheaper, but planting time is reduced.

Typical root systems of woody plants:
1 - Rod unbranched root system, the main roots during normal development are very deep (fir, ginkgo biloba, larch, pseudohemlock, red maple, field maple, Norway maple, hornbeam, tree-like hazel (bearnut), small-leaved linden, elm, horse chestnut, black alder, birch, beech, lirodendron, yew berry) rice. 1
2 - Tap root system unbranched in youth, branched with age, deep on normal soils (European larch) fig. 2
3 - Deep, branched root system. With age, the taproot branches out due to the increase in the mass of lateral roots (pedunculate oak, mountain ash, pseudolarch, hawthorn, plum, pear, common ash) Fig. 3
4 - Tap root system unbranched in youth, branched with age. On normal soils it is deep, on heavy soils it is flat (Scots pine) rice. 4
5 - Superficial root system. Basically, the roots are very superficial, often located radially (warty birch, Griffith pine, red oak, maple, locust, willow, cypress, thuja, hemlock, spruce, turf, magnolia, sumac) fig. 5

You should be aware that not all plants tolerate the influence of the roots and crowns of other trees. There are a number of plants that are still quite unpretentious next to more powerful neighbors. These are: boxwood, sod, hazel, euonymus, ivy, holly, privet, honeysuckle, pyracantha, alpine currant, elderberry, snowberry, yew, mahonia, wolfberry, chaenomeles, lingonberry, periwinkle.

The territory of our sites, as a rule, is small. Therefore, you should be aware of the plants that are inappropriate to use in small areas (unless, of course, a decision has been made to plant one or two large-sized plants). Types of tall plants whose height in adulthood is from 4 to 20 meters: single-colored fir (15m), lawson cypress (5m), larch (18m), Serbian spruce (14m), prickly spruce (15m), Austrian black pine (15m), field maple (15m, crown diameter 12m), common maple (30m), silver maple (30m), horse chestnut (25m), forest or European beech (25m), ash (up to 35m), English oak (40m), red oak (up to 20m), Robinia (12m), white willow (crown diameter and height 20m), European linden (up to 40m), small-leaved linden (up to 20m).

But, at present, our market is very rich dwarf types and varieties of ornamental plants. With their help, you can decorate even very small rockeries and mixborders very beautifully, make a beautiful accent on an alpine hill, replenish a collection or make a single landing in front of a window or in a lawn. When choosing plants, it is very convenient to use Polish catalogs sold in garden centers. Here not only photographs of plants are placed, but also their shape and size relative to the human figure are indicated. Dwarf firs, spruces, thujas, junipers, birches, barberries, spireas, columnar oaks and mountain ash, a lot of standard forms of coniferous and deciduous plants can please the eye.

It would be nice to know that there are concepts of frost resistance and winter hardiness of plants. Frost resistance- this is the ability of plants to withstand low temperatures characteristic of a certain climatic zone. A winter hardiness- the endurance of plants with frequent changes in the environment (either a sharp cold snap with strong wind and frost, then warming, then snowfall, etc.). Each type of plant has its own distinctive characteristics, for example: Horse chestnut does not come from our places, it is frost-resistant and can grow in both sunny and shady places. Black alder requires moist soil and does not tolerate calcareous soils. Beech and hornbeam tolerate pruning well and require fresh soil. Birch tolerates pruning well, but you need to know what time to do it so that it does not dry out from loss of juice, but in general, this plant is unpretentious. Small-leaved linden does not tolerate soil compaction. And the pedunculate oak is thermophilic and grows very slowly.

Exists plant classification in relation to lighting, soil acidity, relation to environmental influences and industrial emissions, soil compaction at the roots, wind-resistant and wind-resistant plants. It is necessary to identify groups of plants that tolerate short-term flooding: field maple, ash-leaved, pseudoplane tree, alder, chokeberry, birch, hornbeam, white turf, holly, magnolia, plum, rhododendron, black elderberry, snowberry, linden, elm, mountain ash, viburnum, aristolochia , clematis, honeysuckle, larch, spruce, Scotch pine, Weymouth, thuja, cypress. But there are very few plants that will endure a constantly elevated water level: the deren will give a weak increase, and the metosequoia will take a long time to rebuild, and this is not our plant.

Heavy clay soils for Belarus is not uncommon. You can completely replace the soil on the site, carry out drainage work, make the necessary slope for water drainage and add a sand cushion, but in this case, we are talking about a 60 cm soil layer. from surface to depth. For annuals and herbaceous perennials, this is a solution to the problem, but for trees and tall shrubs, in which the root system goes several meters deep, this is help, but as long as the plant is young. Therefore, it is better to save yourself from disappointment in the future and study the list of plants suitable specifically for your conditions. Moreover, the list of plants is quite large: maple, alder, hornbeam, turf, hazel, cotoneaster, hawthorn, euonymus, beech, forsythia, ash, ivy, holly, oak, alpine currant, wild rose, blackberry, willow, clematis. From conifers: cypress, larch, microbiota, spruce, pseudo-hemlock. It should be remembered that some varieties of the above plants can be very whimsical, but an individual approach is important here. And species plants calmly tolerate these conditions.

A very important indicator soil acidity. In the past, we have already said that acidic soils prevail in Belarus, but conifers, rhododendrons, hydrangeas and some other plants need a special substrate. It must be added to the planting hole and mixed with the existing soil. Consider many beloved hydrangea- about the physiological origin of the change of colors in these plants. How to get blue hydrangeas? It is very important to choose the right variety. A pure blue color is possible only in a pink-flowered variety, whose flowers contain a sufficient amount of the coloring matter delphinidin. White flowers do not have this coloring matter, so they will never turn blue. Deep pink cultivars such as 'Hamburg' contain small amounts of delphinidin in their flower cells. They are dominated by red, they will give purple, which can also be interesting. Only with sufficient application of aluminum to the soil before flowering will it guarantee a pure blue color. Aluminum can be applied to plants in soil with a low pH value, because. it decomposes sufficiently only at a value less than 5.0 and can be absorbed by plants. Aluminum sulfate is applied from 1.5 to 5 per cubic meter. Hydrangea of ​​the delicate variety "Bouquet of Roses" easily changes color even with slightly acidic soil. But, it should be noted that plants with blue flowers are much lower than those with blue and pink flowers. Mixed-color specimens may be the largest.

Plants for acidic soils: Coniferous - fir, cypress, ginkgo, juniper, spruce, microbiota, low pine or dwarf pine, Weymouth pine, common, Griffith, pseudo-hemlock, yew, thuja, hemlock. Deciduous - broom, dabetia, action, sucker, erica, gorse, hydrangea, holly, willow, magnolia, pachysandra apical, types of cinquefoil, swamp oak, red, some varieties of currants, raspberries, blackberries, roses, red elderberry, blueberries. Mountain ash, viburnum, spirea, lilac, dogwood - withstand acidic soils.

If we are more or less clear with moisture and acidity, then “turn on” sunlight in shady corners and from the north side of the buildings will not work. But nature took care of that too. If such conditions exist, then there are plants for them. Green varieties of barberries feel good without bright sun, they endure shade: boxwood, hornbeam, derain, hazel, cotoneaster, hawthorn, euonymus, forest beech, holteria, witch hazel virginian, ivy, hydrangea, holly, kerria, privet, honeysuckle (flowering will not plentiful), some varieties of magnolia, pachysandra, vesicle, Japanese pieris (in our zone winters under cover), bird cherry, rhododendron, some varieties of gooseberries, dog rose, elder, mountain ash, varieties of viburnum, large-leaved linden, euonymus forchuna, clematis, aristolochia. From coniferous plants: fir, species and varieties of spruces, cypress trees, hemlock, microbiota, western thuja, folded, chisel-shaped thuja.

It is necessary to note one more very important point, which is usually not paid attention to - in nature there are poisonous plants and they are widely used in landscaping. If there are small children in the house, then their attention is often attracted by berries on ornamental plants, they often tear off the bark from branches or take plant parts in their mouths. In the wolf, all parts of the plant are poisonous, and 10-12 berries are a lethal dose for children. In the euonymus, all parts are poisonous, 36 berries are deadly for an adult. The holly has poisonous fruits and leaves, 30 berries are deadly for an adult. In the bean plant - all parts of the plant are very dangerous, 4 beans is a lethal dose for a child. In sumac, bark and milky juice are dangerous. In juniper, all parts of the plant are poisonous, 20 grams are deadly, the ends of the shoots are especially dangerous. Datura, lily of the valley, foxglove are also classified as poisonous plants, but they are not as dangerous as those listed above.

Allergy- an insidious disease and it is necessary to know the allergens of natural origin. The most numerous group of allergens that enter the body mainly from the air and through direct contact with the skin: plant pollen (most of the pollen is emitted by plants in the morning), mold spores, powdery mildew, the juice of some plants, which is released when they are damaged. There are two periods when pollen is constantly in the air - this is spring, when deciduous trees bloom and summer, the time of flowering grasses. You can leave for this period. I don’t want to create an image of enemy plants, each of the following has properties that are unique in beauty. Deciduous trees: goat willow, black and gray alder, poplar, aspen, hazel, birch, ash, jasmine. Lawn grasses should not be brought to flowering and mowed in time. Cereals and herbs: oats, rye, wheat, rice, wheatgrass, timothy, hedgehog, ragweed, bluegrass, chaff, chamomile, fescue, plantain, ryegrass, foxtail, ornamental cereals, yarrow, asters, chrysanthemums, helenium. Many herbs bloom during the flowering of poplars and it is the herbs that cause allergic reactions, and poplars are only a source of fluff. Plants that cause phytodermatosis: nettle, wolf's bast, dandelion, white gauze, quinoa, wormwood, nightshade, ivy leaves, primrose plants.

​Related Articles​

Fibrous root system:

• I also found the following information: It is difficult to uproot stumps with deep taproot and developed lateral roots (oak, pine, larch), it is easy to uproot trees with lateral, superficially creeping roots (aspen, alder, spruce).
• The easiest way to fill the space around trees and shrubs is to create a green carpet under them, which will close the bare areas not only under large trees, but also under low-growing shrubs without harm to them. They create it, of course, with the help of ground covers and shade-tolerant creeping perennials close to them with decorative leaves. In addition to the decorative effect, green spaces will suppress the spread and development of weeds, greatly simplify garden care, saving you a lot of time that is usually spent on weeding. Actually, a green carpet may not necessarily be only green: by combining plants with beautiful foliage with annuals, planted clearings and patches, you can create colorful, illuminating shady places from the inside, carpets that are more reminiscent of patchwork-style bedspreads.​
• Canadian hemlock
• Ash-leaved maple
• Oak red
• Pine (most species) - less deep in heavy soils
• Rough elm
• Apple tree (species and varieties) - not very deep
• Goof narrow-leaved - medium deep
• False maple
• Coming up with decorative compositions from plants, we must take into account their maximum sizes. After all, trees and shrubs tend to change - grow, gain mass and increase in size. It is equally important to know the details of the "underground" life of the root systems of large plants. Because under the ground there are, as it were, inverted branched crowns. Some are pyramidal (tap root system), while others are almost spherical (fibrous).
• Pine, spruce, palm, cypress
• When choosing plants for your green mat, pay attention to their decorative period: the longer your plants are attractive, the more stable and colorful your garden design will be. So, if ground covers are good only in the active garden season, then such evergreen beauties as hardy and unpretentious, and besides, rapidly growing ivy, periwinkle, pachysandra, waldsteinia will cover the soil not only in spring, summer or autumn, but also in winter period, without losing its appeal regardless of the season and weather, and decorative leafy stars such as hosta are so spectacular that the lack of winter attire is easy to forgive. The apical pachysandra pleases the eye with foliage of a juicy green color, a dense and lush carpet of carved leaves, under which no free soil is visible. But the hosta with its large heart-leaved leaves with colorful patterns fills shady places with charm and light. And even though it is more valued precisely for its decorative foliage, flowering, which lasts all summer, is also very attractive. Periwinkle is a plant, albeit a simple one, but so cute thanks to modest leaves and surprisingly bright flowers. It grows both in the shade and in the sun, is durable, blooms for a very long time and can easily settle even under shrubs. Fortune's euonymus with its powerful shoots will need much more space, but the bright foliage, changing yellow-green patterns to pink-green by winter, is worth it to push other crops. And shade-loving annuals - begonias, mimulyus, balsams, nasturtiums, some types of small-colored geraniums will help to dilute the green sea of ​​\u200b\u200bleaves and bring summer bright colors into it.
• Thuja western
• Robinia false locust (white locust) - in maturity
• Spruce (most species)
• Bird cherry magalebka
• Willow pear
• Hawthorn smooth
• Alder gray - not very deep

Tap root system:

• Norway maple - not very deep
• Hanging birch - shallow
• The deeper the roots, the better the grounding, therefore, the conductivity of electric charges. current - more, respectively, lightning will "prefer" this tree to another, provided that there are no taller trees nearby, since static charge accumulates more on taller trees.​
• If shrubs can only be “decorated” with a coverlet of ground cover and creeping plants with occasional interspersed with flowering annuals, then under the trees you can arrange a real mini-flower garden (unless, of course, we are talking about a pear, linden, oak, apple tree or cherry with a superficial root system ). The ideal combination for decorating areas under trees is a combination of perennials that are not afraid of competitors and develop well even in cramped conditions of swaying ornamental grasses and shade-loving ferns. They play on contrasts, create the effect of a motley sea and only emphasize the beauty of soloist trees.​
• Common bird cherry
• Walich's pine
• Willow (many species)
• Common ash
• Common pear
• Hawthorn round-leaved
• Black alder - often very deep
• Field maple - not very deep
• Fluffy birch
• ​I always thought that lightning hits the tallest trees.​
• Some of the best plants that can settle in the shade are the magnificent foxglove with its unique long inflorescences of fancy bells, the bright cuff, the imposing epimedium, the touching function. You definitely can’t call them inconspicuous “crumbs”! An original flowering rug can be made from ivy-leaved cyclamen, which produces pink flower heads at the end of summer. It will not be superfluous to the collection of shade-tolerant perennials and the imposing astilbe with its openwork filigree loose panicles or aquilegia with graceful flowers, which is rightfully considered a tramp plant. But sometimes even too bold colors for shade need to be balanced with the help of more restrained, but no less beautiful plants. Decorative sedge, shield plant will perfectly “calm” flowering perennials and create a landscape effect in the near-stem circle. But geraniums are best planted in a diffused shade along the edge of the crown as a kind of edging. By the way, geranium is the only plant that is suitable for creating a monocarpet of tall perennials. Its root system is so compact that you can even plant geraniums next to capricious beauties. Plant a few bushes around the trunk and in a few years you will have an amazingly hardy and colorful rug of geraniums.​
• Empty soil under trees and shrubs looks unattractive, and weeds spreading through free areas take a lot of time and effort. Finding a solution to this problem is quite difficult, because, on the one hand, the crown of large trees and shrubs is too dense and does not provide sufficient lighting for planting a lawn, and, on the other hand, planted plants can interfere with the development of the main characters of the garden. And the more dense, dense crown trees and shrubs have, the more superficial their root system, the more difficult the task of decorating the place around them. But this does not mean that there is no solution to such a problem. Among garden plants there are many very beautiful and unpretentious perennials, which with their roots will not interfere with the development of shrubs or trees themselves, as well as a great many “light” ground covers that not only feel good in the shade, but also create favorable conditions for the development of trees. The main thing is to choose the right lush accompaniment for specific types and varieties of trees.​
• Chinese poplar

Superficial root system:

• Irga canadian
• Ash narrow-leaved
• English oak
• Hawthorn single-petal
• Black alder "Imperialis"
• Common horse chestnut - more or less
• Birch black
• Maybe these trees are just taller?!
• In the shade of huge trees, you can even plant small flowering shrubs, such as low rhododendrons. They should be surrounded by only one plant, because the accumulation of motley rugs will look too flashy. To rhododendrons, for example, you can plant a clearing of Canadian deren, which will make a surprisingly elegant duet with flowering handsome men, or contrastingly dark weaving ivy.
• Not all trees "love" the neighborhood with other plants. The "peaceful" linden, apple tree, oak seem to be created so that their near-stem zone is decorated with lush plants and bright flowers. These trees have a compact, not too wide and deep root system, which allows you to plant a variety of plants in the shade of the crown, even perennials that actively use the moisture and nutrients of the soil. In full measure, pears with cherries can also be counted among them. Under such trees that do not refuse to be adjacent to other crops in the near-trunk circle, plants are planted quite densely to create the most beautiful carpet, placing up to 12 seedlings of ground covers per square meter, about 7 medium-sized or 3 large perennials.
• Balsamic poplar
• Pea cypress
• Japanese cranberry
• Gester laxative
• Plum hawthorn
• Fir (most species) - deep
• Liesuga menzies
• Ginkgo biloba
• Thick roots are better conductors than small ones - they have more moisture, they have a large area of ​​​​contact with the ground.
• There are two main types of root systems. In most oaks, some pines (for example, hard and swamp) and many other trees, this system is pivotal: the base of the trunk passes into a large vertical root, which gradually narrows and branches like the above-ground part of the tree. This main root is usually supplemented by adventitious ones that radiate horizontally from the base of the trunk. In the case of a fibrous root system, characteristic, for example, of elms, beeches and maples, the tree has only such horizontal roots, and the main one among them is not noticeable. Within each of these types, numerous variations are observed. In addition, trees of the same species can form a taproot system on powerful fertile soils and a fibrous root system on damp or rocky places.

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Ground cover plants to fill the space under trees and shrubs.

It is much more difficult to arrange a zone under such representatives of trees as Norway maple or birch, because their roots are very wide and develop horizontally, close to the soil surface. Herbaceous perennials in such trees are inappropriate, and groundcovers will need help: a palm-wide layer of compost should be poured on top of the loosened soil between the roots with the addition of an equal share of garden soil, planted, mulched with large sawdust or bark and wait until the plants take root and spread on their own . You should start with just a few plants. Planting birch and maple trunks is not a matter of one season, and the main thing in it is to be patient and allow the plants to gradually develop on their own. Twice a year, new compost should be laid out between plants and top dressing with organic fertilizers should be doubled, as well as additional watering in drought should be provided.

White poplar "Nivea"

river maple

Amur velvet

Rowan aria

Elm smooth

Robinia false locust (white locust) - in youth

Linden (most species)

Maple red - shallow

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Trees. Tall trees, with a minimal root system growing vertically?

UNESCO

Because a more developed root system contributes to the accumulation of a larger charge on the tree, which attracts lightning.
As for the diameter, as a rule, it is believed that the diameter of the root system is close to the diameter of the crown.
But among the trees there are also plants that create a very strong shadow in which only a few plants can take root, and they “scare away” these neighbors by releasing toxic substances. So, hazel and chestnut in the leaves contain poisons, which, after falling off, fall into the ground and inhibit the growth of plants in the near-stem zone. Robinia is even more insidious: poisons are secreted not only by leaves, but also by roots. You can’t create a lush carpet next to these plants.

A properly developing root system of a tree is the key to the successful completion of the entire life cycle by the plant. Since the normal development of the root is ensured by the quality of the soil, and its upper and lower layers into which the roots germinate, care for the roots of plants in practice consists in caring for the soil, which is the environment in which the growth and development of the root system takes place. It is very important for a gardener to know exactly how the underground part of each type of fruit tree is located in the soil - this information will allow you to properly care for the plants, observe the depth of soil cultivation, which would not lead to damage to the roots, especially suction ones. Knowing the area of ​​​​the periphery of the near-stem circle, the gardener will be able to rationally apply fertilizers - they will immediately be in the area where the most active roots of the tree are located and also properly root watering.

The structure of the root system

The root system of plants, in particular fruit trees, is their underground part, including the root neck, skeletal roots and overgrowing. The place of transition of the root to the stem is called the root neck, it has a transitional color, the color between the ground and underground parts of the plant changes smoothly. Only trees that have grown from seeds can have a real horse neck; plants propagated by cuttings or layering have a false root neck. When planting seedlings of fruit trees, it should be remembered that the root neck should be located above the soil surface.

The primary root and all branches extending from it take part in the formation of the skeletal structure of the root. The purpose of the skeletal roots is to supply the tree with nutrients in the warm season and store nutrient reserves in the winter. Skeletal roots also serve to strengthen the plant in the soil. The growth they give is a natural way for plants to propagate.

The root lobe of a tree is formed from overgrowing roots, it is the most active part of the system, it serves to absorb and absorb moisture and nutrients from the soil and transfer them to skeletal roots.

Types of tree root systems for placement in the ground can be:

• vertical
• horizontal.

The size of the root system - on what factors do they depend

If the growth conditions are satisfactory, then the size of the root system of the tree can be quite large. In fruit trees, roots can penetrate 3-4 m deep, they can branch out 5-8 m wide. But in most cases, the most active part of the root system is located at a shallow depth, about 0.2-0.8 m.

It should be noted that the growth of the root system of fruit trees is an uneven phenomenon; two waves of enhanced growth can be observed throughout the year: in autumn and spring. Interestingly, in the spring, the ground part of the tree comes to life earlier, in the fall, the growth of the shoots first stops, then the leaves fall off, the growth of the roots continues for some period after the leaf fall.

The rapidity of the increase in the size of the underground part of the tree depends on the temperature of the soil, its saturation with moisture and air, and nutrients. The soil temperature from +7 C to +20 C is considered optimal for growth; when the temperature drops below 0 or rises to +30 C, growth stops. The roots of shrubs and trees suffer from a strong drop in temperature to a greater extent than the crown. Therefore, in frosty winters, the root area should be covered with peat, snow, spruce branches.

The level of saturation of the soil with oxygen largely depends on the friability of the soil, and excessive moisture, especially stagnant water, does not affect it in the best way. Inhibition of root growth contributes to the lack or excess amount of nitrogenous compounds in the soil. Potassium and phosphorus are useful for the tree - they stimulate the branching of the roots, and calcium gives strength. The size of the root system of trees also depends on the type of rootstock. It is possible to promote an increase in the mass of roots below the arable horizon through certain agricultural practices, for example, plantation plowing.

Typically, the depth of the root system of fruit trees is from 20 to 60 - 75 cm. As for the horizontal direction, they far exceed the projection of the crown on the ground. The bark system of plums and cherries have a similar occurrence pattern.

Apple tree

The root system of the apple tree is somewhat different; For example, if the soil is damp and heavy, then the depth can be only 20-25 cm. But for the climatic zone of the North Caucasus, this figure will be about 7 m, if the crown radius of such an apple tree is 1.5 m, then the side roots can be spread horizontally in a radius of about 3.5 m.

The depth of the grid of small roots for such a tree will be in the range of 50-60 cm.

Pear root system - features

The pear tree has vertical and horizontal root systems, the roots of the first go to a considerable depth and have practically no branches, the roots of the second, parallel to the ground surface, are very strongly branched, but at the same time they have a compact arrangement and go slightly beyond the crown projection. The horizons of the root system of pear trees are in deeper horizons than the roots of apple trees. That is why the pear is not inclined to give shoots, this phenomenon is much more common in apple trees.

The largest number of pear roots lies at a depth of 20 cm to 160 cm, and skeletal roots can grow to a depth of 5 m. In a pear with a rounded crown, the root system is usually wider and denser than in pyramidal trees. The activity of growth and placement of the root system in space is influenced by:

• rootstock,
• characteristics of the grafted variety,
• environmental conditions
• tree age,
• climatic conditions,
• correct fit.

Of the features of the pear, it should also be remembered that during transplantation it reacts very painfully to pruning of the roots. The crown, sensitive to the state of the root system, begins to fully develop only in the second year after plant transplantation, and then only in the case of restoration of the root system. A tree with heavily damaged overgrown roots is practically doomed to death.

What species of fruit trees should be preferred

Numerous studies show that the size of the root system of fruit trees, from the second year onwards, is approximately 1.5 - 2 times larger than the projection of the crown diameter. Moreover, such a proportion is observed in trees of different species growing in different climatic conditions. At the same time, with the shift of the horticultural zone to the south, a deepening of the occurrence of the underground part is observed. But with a high level of groundwater or the presence of dense pebble layers in the soil, the trees of the southern regions can also have a superficial location of the root system.

When choosing a tree species, preference should be given to one that has a uniform circumference of the occurrence of roots, as deep and wide as possible, allowing you to get the maximum amount of moisture and nutrients from the soil. A plant that meets these requirements will be highly frost and drought resistant. In addition, the life of such plants will be longer, and their fruiting will be regular. Also, when planting a garden, one should take into account what kind of root system the trees planted nearby will have - even Darwin proved that there is intense competition between plants of the same species when growing together, but it is absent in plants of different species. Also, a more active spread of the roots will be observed in the direction of the growth of a weaker neighboring tree.

The root system of seedlings

Since the development of the root system of a tree determines the duration of its life and the quality of fruiting, when buying seedlings, you should pay close attention to the roots. When buying a tree with an open root system, you need to make sure that it is sufficiently developed and dense. The tips of the roots should have a whitish tint - such plants have been dug up recently and their roots continue to grow.

You should not buy trees:

• with blackened and withered roots,
• with growths on the roots,
• with twisted, deformed roots.

Caution should be taken with trees with sluggish or dry foliage - perhaps the plants were kept unburied and their survival rate could significantly decrease from this.