Where did skiing originate? "History of the development of skiing." New skiing
Originated in Scandinavian countries in the Middle Ages. Records dating back to 1700 tell of races on skis after making a bet. These were probably the first competitions.
Officially, the history of skiing began in the Norwegian military department. Skiing was encouraged among recruits of ski formations. In 1733, Hans Emahusen published the first manual for troops on ski training, with a sports focus. The first rules for skiing competitions appeared, which were held in 1767. different types, corresponding to today's slalom, biathlon, racing and downhill racing. The best athletes were awarded. To promote skiing among the country's civilians, a sports and military review was held in Oslo in 1814.
Rich story skiing, which began in Norway, has rapidly developed in all major world countries. After the first Norwegian ski sports society was organized in 1877, within 20 years similar sports clubs arose all over the world. Finland was the first to adopt the experience, in 1883 - Hungary, in 1891 - Austria and Switzerland, in 1803 - Germany and Italy, in 1895 - Sweden and Russia, in 1900 - the USA and Bulgaria, in 1902 - England, in 1912 - Japan.
Arctic explorers made a huge contribution to skiing: Adolf Nordenskiöld in 1883-1884, Fridtjof Nansen while skiing across Greenland in 1889, Roald Amundsen in 1910-1911, on an expedition to South Pole, whose participants covered more than 2,800 km on skis. IN late XIX- early 20th century competitions began to be held regularly in all large countries peace. However, the direction of development of species in different countries was different. Jumping, cross-country racing and combined events developed in Norway. In Finland, cross-country skiing has developed. Mountain species are popular in alpine countries. In the USA, the specialization of sports development was influenced by Scandinavian settlers. Alpine skiing, under the influence of trainers from Austria, received skiing in Japan.
The history of skiing received a new impetus after the international ski congress with the participation of 10 countries in 1910 in Oslo. The International Ski Commission created here, reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation (FIS), began to actively organize world skiing competitions, including all types. The first Winter Olympic Games took place in 1924, the World Championships in 1926, and the Universiade in 1928.
Development of skiing in Russia
Russian history skiing began at the end of the 19th century. Domestic athletes for a long time inferior to foreign ones, because development was slow, skiing exercises were more of an entertaining nature. The first competitions took place in 1894 in St. Petersburg. The Moscow Ski Club (MSK) appeared in 1894 and had only 36 members in the first year. Ski enthusiasts promoted their hobby in Moscow and other cities, attracting new active participants to their ranks. The Polar Star club in St. Petersburg was their next achievement.
Due to the high cost of sports equipment, entry into ski clubs was not available to the general public. Despite the creation of new ski clubs in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Smolensk, Tula and other cities, at the beginning of the 20th century. skiing could not become widespread in Russia. Only after the creation of the Moscow Ski League (MLL) in 1910, which united 10 clubs at once, and soon the establishment of the All-Russian Ski Union, the number of competitions increased, and it became possible to coordinate the country’s ski movement.
At the moment, the situation with skiing in Russia is radically different. It can easily be classified as a mass sport, especially in alpine skiing. Our athletes take an active part in all world competitions and compete for gold medals along with the leaders.
Characteristics of types of skiing
Skiing includes alpine skiing, cross-country skiing at various distances, combined events (race and jumping), and ski jumping. Conventionally, the types of competitions can be divided into northern types, alpine types, freestyle and snowboarding.
Nordic events consist of cross-country skiing, ski jumping, orienteering, or a Nordic combination. Alpine species- this is everything that makes up alpine skiing: slalom, giant slalom, downhill, super-giant slalom, alpine skiing combination. Freestyle is a descent from a slope using elements of acrobatic jumps and ballet on skis. Snowboarding is a descent on one special board.
There are also types of skiing such as biathlon, skitour, ski tourism, orienteering skiing, ski mountaineering. Skiing is incredibly diverse and rich various types. Anyone can choose a suitable direction that suits their needs and skills. In addition, it is a sport that improves health and brings a lot of pleasure.
Content
Introduction…………………………………………………………… …………...………… 3
- Origin, development and initial application
- skis………………………………………………………….… 4
- History of skiing……………………………………………………….… 6
Types of skiing ………………………….. 10
- 3.1. Cross-country skiing…………………………………………………………… 10
- Nordic combined…………………………………………….
12
Ski jumping……………………………………….
13
Alpine skiing……………………………………….. 14
Freestyle……………………………………………………. 16
- Snowboarding……………………………………………………………. .. 17
Conclusion…………………………………………………… ………. 20
INTRODUCTION Skiing is one of the most popular sports cultivated in the Russian Federation. The most popular, due to its accessibility and the nature of its impact on the body, is cross-country skiing at various distances. Practicing this sport is an important means of physical education and occupies one of the first places in terms of the nature of motor actions. In most areas of our country, where the winter is long and snowy, skiing is one of the most accessible and popular forms of physical education.
Exercise stress when skiing it is very easy to dose both in volume and intensity. This allows us to recommend skiing as a means of physical education for people of any age, gender, health status and level of physical fitness. Performing moderate muscular work with the involvement of all major muscle groups in the movement in conditions of low temperatures, in clean frosty air, significantly increases the body's resistance to a wide variety of diseases and has a positive effect on overall performance. Walking and skiing in beautiful wooded terrain with varied terrain provides
Over the past twenty years, sports science, including the theory and methodology of skiing, has begun to develop at a rapid pace. If previously it mainly occupied an explanatory function and did little to help practice, now its role has changed significantly. Sports competitions are no longer just individual fights and not only team competitions; they are, first of all, a demonstration of the strength and skill of the athlete, and the high tactical thinking of the teacher-coach.
Everyone who starts skiing sets a specific goal: one wants to become a champion, another wants to simply be stronger and more resilient, a third wants to lose weight by skiing, a fourth wants to strengthen his will. And all this is possible. You just need to train hard regularly, without making concessions or discounts.
Skiing includes several independent sports: cross-country skiing, biathlon, ski jumping, biathlon, alpine skiing. For these sports there are rules for conducting competitions and provision is made for the assignment of categories and titles in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Sports Classification. This stimulates systematic training and growth sporting achievements skiers. The named types of skiing are included in the programs of World Championships and Cups, and the Winter Olympic Games.
- The emergence, development and initial use of skis
Numerous studies by historians, archaeologists, Russian chronicles, Scandinavian epics and other sources speak of the use of skis by the peoples inhabiting Siberia, the Urals, Altai, northern Europe, and Scandinavia long before our era.
The latest data suggests that skis were invented at the end of the Upper Paleolithic - approximately 15-20 thousand years ago (and not 5 thousand, as previously thought). This period of human development (Upper Paleolithic) is characterized by a relatively high culture (sculptures made of tusks and stone, bone carvings, multi-colored images in caves). According to the level of development, ancient man was then quite capable of inventing skis. In the territory Russian Federation The world's northernmost Upper Paleolithic sites have been discovered ancient man- at the mouth of the Chusovaya River and on the Lena River (Yakutia).
It is most likely that at first the northern peoples used walking skis of various shapes - round, oval and rocket-shaped. Sliding skis appeared much later - during the Neolithic period. Rock art dating back to the 3rd millennium BC suggests that sliding skis were already in use at that time. Such drawings were found on the rocks of the White Sea coast, in areas called Zolovrug and Besovy Sledki. In these drawings, human figures are depicted on relatively narrow and long skis with curved toes and with one stick, which, obviously, was used both when moving on skis and as a spear in hunting.
Similar images were found in Scandinavia on the rocks of the Raday Peninsula, the island of Helleristina (Norway) and the city of Uppsala (Sweden); archaeologists attribute them to the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of our era (2-3 thousand years ago).
Philological studies indicate the similarity of ski names (word roots) in about 50 languages and dialects (mainly 3 groups of roots). This is mainly among northern peoples - people from the Altai and Baikal regions (Laplanders, Finns, Karelians, Tungus, Buryats, etc.). Such data suggests that skiing originated somewhere in these regions, and then spread north and to other places with the great migration of peoples. But, obviously, it should be assumed that skiing arose where there were appropriate climatic conditions, and ancient people needed to get their own food during a long winter and deep snow cover.
The ancient Greek historians Xenophon (IV century BC) and Strabo (1st century BC) mention that tribes in the Caucasus Mountains (Armenians and others) used walking skis. In Rus', the word “ski” was first used in the 12th century. in a letter from Metropolitan Nikifor to the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh. Since then, it has become widespread in the Russian language, and the more ancient name “yuti” began to be used less frequently and gradually lost circulation.
During archaeological excavations at ancient human sites and peat bogs on the territory of the Russian Federation and Scandinavian countries, skis or their individual parts were found. The most ancient finds of fossilized skis are about 5,000 years old. Skis dating back to the 2nd – 1st millennium BC were found in the Yekaterinburg area.
In the process of evolution, the shape of the skis was gradually improved. After stepping skis, sliding skis appeared. But there was a period when sliding skis of different lengths were used - one narrow and long for sliding, and the other, shorter and wider, for pushing off.
When traveling over rough terrain, hunting and in the forest, it is inconvenient to use skis of different lengths. Apparently, this is why skis appeared that were shorter and wider, but the same in length.
Later, skis began to be used, covered underneath with the skin of elk, deer or seal with a short pile located back, which made it possible to avoid slipping when climbing uphill. There is evidence that northern and eastern peoples glued skins to skis using glue made from the antlers, bones and blood of elk, deer or fish scales. It is known that a similar method of making skis was used by some nationalities of our country at the beginning of the 20th century.
The widespread use of skis in ancient times is confirmed by the folk epics of various tribes and nationalities that inhabited the northern regions of our country and Scandinavia. In ancient tales, legends, epics, and sagas, the ability to move quickly on skis was presented as the main dignity of a person. It is not surprising that all the heroes of the ancient folk epic have always been skilled skiers and brave warriors (among the Norwegians, Karelians, Mordvins, etc.)
Thus, the founder of Norway, Nor, according to ancient legend, came to Scandinavia “on a good ski track,” defeated the Laplanders and formed his own state.
In the ancient state sagas there was a special god - Ullr, the patron saint of skiers, and the goddess Skade is glorified as a skilled hunter on skis. Similar legends existed among the northern peoples of our country. Thus, the Ostyaks believed that the stellar Milky Way was a ski track laid by the patron god of hunters, the god Tunk-Pox, while chasing an elk on skis. In Ostyak epics, warrior heroes were always fast skiers and excellent archers with their bows. The hero of the Mordovian epic Kuturak “ran on skis faster than the wind.”
The first documentary mentions of the use of sliding skis appeared in the 6th-7th centuries. The Gothic monk Jordanes in 552 in his book mentions the “sliding Finns”. Similar data are given in the same period by the Byzantine writer Procopius, Greek historians Jornados (VI century), Deacon (770) and other ancient authors. They described in detail skis and their use by northern peoples in everyday life and hunting.
Among the northern peoples of our country (Nenets, Ostyaks, Voguls, etc.), skis were widely used in everyday life and in hunting. “The Sami (Lapps), Nenets, Ostyaks beat wild deer, wolves and other similar animals more with clubs, because they can easily catch up with them on skis. Animals cannot run quickly through deep, collapsing snow and, after a tiring and long chase, they become victims of a person who glides easily on skis,” writes Magnus.
Russian pre-revolutionary historians repeatedly mentioned in their works that in addition to hunting, skis in Rus' were often used during holidays and winter folk entertainment, where strength, agility, and endurance were demonstrated in “race” running and in descents from slopes. Along with other entertainment and exercises (fist fighting, horse riding, various games and fun) skiing played an important role in the physical development of the Russian people. Swedish diplomat Palm, who visited the 17th century. in Rus', testified to widespread skiing in the Moscow state. He described in detail the skis used by the locals and the ability of the Russians to move quickly on them.
- History of skiing
The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim in 1862-1863. In 1877 The first ski sports society was organized in Norway, and a sports club was soon opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries in Europe, Asia and America.
The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lahtin Games (since 1922), Sweden - the mass ski race "Vasa-loppet" (since 1922).
At the end of the 19th century. Skiing competitions began to be held in all countries of the world. Ski specialization varied from country to country. In Norway great development received cross-country racing, jumping and combined events. In Sweden - cross-country racing. In Finland and Russia there are races on flat terrain. In the United States, the development of skiing was facilitated by Scandinavian settlers. In Japan, skiing received an alpine skiing direction under the influence of Austrian coaches.
In 1910, an international ski congress was held in Oslo with the participation of 10 countries. It established the International Ski Commission, which was reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation.
In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. December 29, 1895 in Moscow on the territory of the current stadium Young Pioneers The grand opening of the country's first ski development organization - the Moscow Ski Club - took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Ski Club, the Society of Skiing Fans was created in 1901, and in 1910 the Sokolniki Ski Club. By analogy with Moscow in
1897 The Polar Star ski club is created in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs for other sports. In 1910 ski clubs
The city of Moscow united into the Moscow League of Skiers. The League carried out public leadership of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season of 1909-1910. A record number of competitions were held in Moscow - eighteen, in which 100 participants competed.
On February 7, 1910, 12 skiers from Moscow and St. Petersburg competed for the first individual national championship in the 30 km ski race. The title of the first skier in Russia was awarded to Pavel Bychkov. The first national championship among women was played in 1921; Natalya Kuznetsova won at a distance of 3 km.
The strongest Russian skiers, national champions Pavel Bychkov and Alexander Nemukhin first participated in international competitions in 1913. in Sweden at the Nordic Games. Skiers competed at three distances - 30, 60 and 90 km. We performed unsuccessfully, but learned many useful lessons on skiing techniques, ski lubrication, and equipment design.
Before the start of the First World War, 5 Russian championships were held.
In 1918, skiing was included among the academic disciplines of the first curriculum of higher physical education.
By the number of victories at the national championships 1910-1954. The highest rating is occupied by Zoya Bolotova, an eighteen-time champion. Among the men, Dmitry Vasiliev was the strongest - 16 victories, he is the first holder of the title “Honored Master of Sports”.
In total for the period 1910-1995. 76 national championships were held at distances from 10 to 70 km for men, and from 3 to 50 km for women. Since 1963, the national championship program has included an ultra-marathon distance for men - 70 km. For women, since 1972, the longest distance has been 30 km, and since 1994. – 50 km.
The record length 4-day men's race was held in 1938 - 232 km from Yaroslavl to Moscow. Dmitry Vasiliev won - 18 hours 41 minutes 02 seconds.
The record of the first ski century for the number of victories at the national championships was set by Galina Kulakova - 39 gold medals. The sporting achievements of Galina Kulakova were rewarded by the International Olympic Committee with the Olympic Silver Order. According to the proposal of the Russian Olympic Committee, the first international Coubertin prize among our compatriots was awarded to Raisa Smetanina, the leader of the world elite skiers. A participant in five Olympics and eight world championships, Raisa Smetanina set another unique record for sports longevity - at the 5th Olympics she was crowned with a gold medal at 40 (!) years old.
Currently known types and disciplines of skiing are differentiated into Olympic, non-Olympic and demonstration.
Olympic skiing sports are included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which have been held since 1924. These include: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding.
Non-Olympic events include those ski exercises that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a type of skiing.
Non-Olympic sports: orienteering, windsurfing, team race of four biathletes, ski ballet or figure skating, Nordic combined sprint, ski flying, speed skiing, parallel slalom. Official world championships, the World Cup, and other international competitions are held in these sports.
In skiing, new competitive exercises are constantly appearing, many of which, as they are introduced, can acquire the official status of a type of skiing, up to inclusion in the Olympic program - they are classified as demonstration exercises: towing a skier, ski flying on hang gliders, descent from mountain peaks, mini -skis; Ski stunts: ski jump from a cliff with a parachute, ski jump from an airplane without a parachute, descent at the speed of a skier and race car driver.
At the 1st Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix (France, 1924), skiing was represented by cross-country skiing at a distance of 18 and 50 km, ski jumping and Nordic combined (ski jumping and
cross-country skiing).
Norwegian skier Tarleef Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and Nordic combined. He took third place in ski jumping. Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of “King of Skis”. On
In the 16 subsequent games, not a single Olympian was able to repeat or even surpass the record of the world’s first “King of Skis.” For his victories on the track, Haug was awarded 10 Royal Cups. As a sign of his extraordinary sporting achievements, the stern and taciturn Norwegians, for the first time in the world, erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland. History of the Olympic Movement
60-70 knows only 2 cases when athletes were awarded such an honor. Both of them were heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics, Haug, and the hero of the Summer Olympics, Finn Paavo Nurmi.
The birth of the Russian “King of Skis” took place at the XX World Championships in Falun (Sweden, 1954). It was 24-year-old Vladimir Kuzin, who won the 30 and 50 km distances and the ski marathon. The champion was awarded a large silver “Royal Cup” and awarded the title “King of Skis.”
Soviet athletes first took part in the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in 1956. The first participation was crowned with victories for men in the 4x10 km relay and women in the 10 km relay. Vladimir Kuzin, Nikolai Anikin, Pavel Kolchin and Fedor Terentyev, as well as Lyubov Kozyreva are the first Olympic champions among our skiers.
Over the years of participation in the Olympic Games, ski racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams in the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) have demonstrated enviable leadership stability at the highest level.
Russian skiers achieved phenomenal success, unprecedented in Olympic history, at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, winning all five races on the most difficult tracks in Hakuba. Three gold medals - two for victories in individual races and one in the relay, as well as silver and bronze medals were brought from Japan by Larisa Lazutina. Winner of three gold medals at the 1998 Games, L. Lazutina was awarded the highest national state award - the Gold Star “Hero of Russia”. In 1994, the same award was awarded to the six-time Olympic champion in cross-country skiing Lyubov Egorova.
The real discovery of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano was Yulia Chepalova. At the first Olympics in her life she won the race
at 30 km.
The first gold medal for the Russian team was won by Olga Danilova at a 15 km distance.
“No victory has ever been as hard for me as this one,” says the most decorated Olympian among men’s racers, Norwegian Bjorn Daly, after winning his eighth Olympic gold medal in the 50km race in Nagano.
Miki Myllyla, the great skiing nation of Finland, waited 34 long years for this victory in the 30 km race. Since the time of Eero Mäntyranta, who made a victorious double at the 1964 Olympics in Innsbruck (then he won 15 and 30 km), not a single man has been able to climb to the highest step of the podium against the Finns. Finland gave the world outstanding skiers V. Hakulinen, Eero Mäntyuranta, Juha Mieto, Marje Matikainen, Marje Lyukkarinen and others.
In 1998, in Central Finland, in Vuokatti, in a village with a population of two and a half thousand people, the world's first ski tunnel was built. Opening the glass door, straight from the summer heat, you find yourself in the kingdom of cold. Speed, music, the incredibly loud sound of rustling snow. The feeling is indescribable. Five-time Olympic champion Larisa Lazutina has already held one of her summer training camps in Vuokatti. I was satisfied with the training on artificial “underground” snow.
The ski stunts are even more impressive. An extremely risky ski jump from an airplane without a parachute was made by Austrian Erik Felbermeier from a height of 3000 m. He landed on the slope of a steep mountain with precise timing.
Over time, several athletes who organize the first competitions begin to master the tricks of single craftsmen, some of them, from the beginning of tricks, reach the Olympic rating. That's how it was with freestyle.
Modern skiing includes 39 skiing disciplines at the Olympic Games in Nagano, 26 competitive skiing exercises awaiting Olympic registration, as well as more than 20 exercises being approved as a “sport”.
Athletics is rightly called the “queen of sports,” and the rapidly developing skiing among the Winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested “king of sports.”
- Types of skiing sports
- Ski race
Racing is the most widespread and popular type of skiing competition. The first competition in speed cross-country skiing took place in Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. National ski clubs have appeared in many countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was created. The USSR joined it in 1948. In 2000, FIS had 98 national federations.
The length of the races can be very different - from 1 km at competitions for junior schoolchildren to 50 km at national and world championships, at the Olympics and to “ultra marathons” of 70 km or more. The difficulty of the distance is determined not only by its length, but also by the difference in elevation, that is, the difference in elevations above sea level between the start and finish point and the highest point of the route.
Ski racing has been included in the programs of all Winter Olympics since 1924, and in 1925 world championships began to be held. Initially these were only men's competitions at distances of 18 and 50 km. But the program was constantly expanding. In 1952, women skiers took part for the first time at the VI Olympic Games in Oslo. At the end of the 1990s. skiers competed for Olympic awards in ten types of programs - five each for men and women.
At the First Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, along with the Olympic awards, the winners and prize-winners were awarded world championship medals, which later became a tradition for all Olympic skiing competitions. Initially, the World Championships were held annually, then (starting in 1950) the FIS established a four-year cycle (even “non-Olympic” years), and from 1985 a two-year cycle (odd years).
In Russia, the first “skiing” competitions took place in St. Petersburg in 1894, the track was laid directly along the snow-covered Neva. The first Russian championship was held in 1910, and the first USSR championship in 1924.
In the 1920-30s. Soviet riders repeatedly competed in international competitions. In 1954, they took part for the first time in the World Championships in Falun (Sweden), where Vladimir Kuzin won two gold medals in the 30 and 50 km races and Lyubov Kozyreva in the 10 km race and relay.
The greatest successes in cross-country skiing were achieved by athletes from the Scandinavian countries and the USSR (Russia). Among Russian skiers: two-time world champion (1970) and two-time Olympic champion (1972) Vyacheslav Vedenin, four-time Olympic champion (1972, 1976) and five-time world champion (1970, 1974) Galina Kulakova, four-time Olympic champion (1976, 1980, 1992) and four-time world champion (1974, 1982, 1985, 1991) Raisa Smetanina, Olympic champion (1976) and world champion (1978) Sergei Savelyev, four-time Olympic champion (1980, 1984) Nikolai Zimyatov, six-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994) and three-time world champion (1991, 1993) Lyubov Egorova, three-time Olympic champion in the relay (1992, 1994, 1998) and fourteen-time world champion (1989-1997) Elena Vyalbe, five-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994, 1998) and nine-time world champion ( 1993-1999) Larisa Lazutina.
Among foreign racers, the highest results were shown by: Finns Veikko Hakulinen (three-time Olympic champion, 1952, 1956), Ero Mäntyranta (three-time Olympic champion, 1960, 1964), his compatriot Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen-Kirvesniemi (three-time Olympic champion, 1984), Swede Gunde Svan (four-time Olympic champion, 1984, 1988), Norwegian Björn Daly (eight-time Olympic champion, 1992, 1994, 1998), in 1999 awarded the title “Best Skier of the 20th Century”.
Over the 75 years of its history, cross-country skiing competitions have undergone many changes. In the mid-1980s. In connection with the emergence of a new running technique (“skating” or “free style”), the method of covering each distance was regulated by the rules and program of the competition. In addition, “pursuit races” appeared in the program, the starting order in which is determined by the results of the competitions held the day before (according to the so-called “Gundersen system”, which came into practice in Nordic combined somewhat earlier).
According to the rules of the competition, if the first races (30 km, men, and 15 km, women) are held in the classical style, then the last ones (50 km, men, and 30 km, women) are held in the free style and vice versa. According to the “Gundersen system”, on the first day skiers run in a classic style (10 km for men and 5 km for women), and on the next day in a free style (15 km for men and 10 km for women). In relay races, the first two stages are completed in the classical style, the third and fourth in the free style.
So-called ultramarathons occupy a special place in cross-country skiing. It began with the 90-kilometer Vasa-loppet run carried out in 1922 between the Swedish cities of Selen and Moro, named after the Swedish king Gustav Vasa, who made this crossing at the beginning of the 16th century. during the war of liberation with the Danes.
Ultramarathons are held in many countries around the world (including in Russia under the name “Ski Track of Russia” since 1983). 14 of them are united in the permanent competition system “World Loppet” (“World Ultramarathon”), created in 1978.
- Nordic combined
70-meter) springboard. The competition is held over two days (jumping on the first day, racing on the second). Only men participate. Scoring is carried out according to the “Gundersen system” (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the jump is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants begin the race from a common start, but with the handicap earned the day before, the one who crosses the finish line first wins.
According to the “Gundersen system”, team competitions for double athletes are also held, which culminate in a 3x10 km relay race. In 1999 appeared the new kind program - biathlon-sprint, which is held during one competition day: literally an hour after the jump, participants go to the start of the 7.5 km race (also with a handicap). The “Gundersen system” was borrowed by racers and biathletes: the so-called “pursuit races” were included in the program of their competitions.
Nordic combined as a sport originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. (in Russia the first competitions took place in 1912 near St. Petersburg). In 1924, Nordic combined was included in the program of the Olympic Games and World Championships. In the USSR, biathlon began to develop in the late 1930s. The highest achievements in this event were achieved by the Norwegian athlete Johan Grettumsbroten (two-time Olympic champion in 1928 and 1932) and three-time Olympic champion from the GDR Ulrich Wehling (1972, 1976, 1980). Among the Russian Olympic medalists are Nikolai Kiselev (silver medal at the IX Olympiad in Innsbruck in 1964) and Nikolai Gusakov (bronze medal at the VIII Olympiad in Squaw Valley in 1960) and Valery Stolyarov (bronze at the XVIII Olympiad in Nagano in 1998) .
- Ski jumping
Ski jumping originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. In most Norwegian cities, they began to build first earthen springboards, then wooden ones and from metal structures. In 1897, the first official jumping competitions took place near Oslo (in Russia - in 1906 near St. Petersburg).
In parallel with jumping, biathlon also developed. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) created a technical committee for these disciplines, and at the same time jumping and biathlon were included in the program of the Winter Olympics and World Championships.
It was the time of all-round skiers. Among them, the most noticeable mark was left by the Norwegians Turleif Haug and Johan Grettumsbroten, who performed with great success both at racing distances and on the ski jump. They passed the winning baton to their fellow countryman, the jumper Birger Ruud, who dominated the sport for 18 years (1930-1948). He won two gold Olympic medals and three at the world championships. His achievement was surpassed in the 1980s. only Finnish athlete Matti Nykänen (four-time Olympic champion and four-time World Cup winner).
For a long time, jumping competitions were held on one medium-power springboard (70 m) and took place on one day. In 1962, jumping from a large springboard (90 m) was included in the program, and 20 years later, in 1982, team competitions were added to individual competitions - also on a large springboard. In the 1990s. The design capacities of the medium and large springboards reached 90 and 120 m, respectively.
In addition to these springboards, there are so-called “flight” springboards, which are structures of a special design that allow you to make jump-flights up to 200 m or more in length. The most famous among them are the ski jumps in Planica (Slovenia), Vikersund (Norway), Oberstdorf (Germany), and Kulm (Austria). Since 1972, under the auspices and according to the rules of FIS, the World Ski Flying Championships have been held and the World Cup has been played. In 2000, at one of the stages of the Cup, the Austrian jumper Andrea Goldberger set a world record - his flight was 225 m.
In Russia, ski jumping began to truly develop only in the late 1940s. The greatest successes in this type of skiing were achieved by Vladimir Belousov (Olympic gold medal at the Games in Grenoble, 1968) and Gariy Napalkov, who won two gold medals at the 1970 World Championships in Strbske Pleso (Czechoslovakia).
- Skiing
etc.................
Skis as devices that facilitate movement on snow were known to the peoples inhabiting Siberia, the Northern Urals, Altai and Scandinavia a very long time ago, about 3-4 thousand years ago. Such devices - “snowshoes” - in ancient times used mainly for hunting.
Skis found during archaeological excavations various designs, dating back to the 7th-8th centuries. n. e. In those days, apparently, they used different skis: one - short and wide - was used for repulsion, the other - long and narrow - for gliding. Skis were also made, lined underneath with elk or seal skin. Subsequently, the design of these skis was repeatedly changed and improved, gradually acquiring the appearance of the currently well-known wide hunting skis.
The first written evidence of the use of skis both in Rus' and Scandinavia dates back to the beginning of the 12th century.
Since the middle of the 15th century. skis are found wide application in military affairs. History has preserved documents about the use of skis by Russian troops in the fight against foreign invaders. Skis were used in Ermak's detachments and Pugachev's rebel detachments. Skis were successfully used in combat by regular Russian troops and partisans during the period Patriotic War 1812
From the history of the development of skiing in Russia
Sliding skis, as a means of facilitating movement on snow, have been used since Ancient Rus'(warriors, hunters, etc.). Before the advent of skiing, which happened relatively recently - at the end of the last century - in Russia people skied for fun and for health purposes.
The history of skiing began in Moscow. On January 28, 1896, on the Khodynskoe field, the first skiing competition in Russia was held at a distance of 3 miles with the participation of a small group of skiers from the only ski sports organization at that time - the Moscow Ski Club (MKL). The winner was K. Fogelman, who covered this distance in 18.25.
The Moscow Ski Club was organized in 1895 by a group of athletes, mainly cyclists. The first MKL ski station behind Tverskaya Zastava was opened in December 1895, and in January 1896 a branch of the MKL station in Sokolniki was opened. In 1901, in connection with the closure of the MKL ski station in Sokolniki, skiers organized the second sports and ski organization in Moscow - the Society of Ski Amateurs (OLLS).
On February 3, 1902, a competition was held in Moscow in a men's ski race for the title of the first skier in Moscow over a distance of about 25 versts along the route from the village of Pushkino (at the 30th verst of the Yaroslavl highway) to Sokolniki in Moscow. The total start was attended by only 6 skiers from two clubs - MKL and OLLS. Maximilian Remmert from MKL won with a time of 2:58.30. The organizer of the first and subsequent Moscow cross-country skiing championships of this period was OLLS.
The strongest skier of this initial period The formation of skiing in Moscow was the then famous athlete-cyclist Alexei Fedorov, who competed under the pseudonym Lebedev (b. 1879), three times champion of Moscow in the “skiing speed of 25 versts” (1907, 1908 and 1909).
Until 1917, the Moscow championship in the individual men's ski race was played annually, with the exception of 1903 and 1914. Beginning in 1912, the championship began to include a challenge team prize, established by OLLS to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the society and awarded to the strongest club based on the best sum of places of three participants.
At the beginning of the 1909/10 ski season in Moscow there were already 6 sports organizations promoting skiing. In order to coordinate their activities, a Joint Committee was created in January 1910, which established the days for all-Moscow and other so-called open ski competitions, developed general rules and was the organizer of the first Russian cross-country skiing championship. In April 1910, the Joint Committee was abolished and the Moscow Ski League (MLL) was created.
Moscow of this period was the center of all sports and skiing activities, and Moscow skiers were the strongest in the country.
Gradually, skiing began to spread in other cities of Russia: St. Petersburg, Samara, Vladimir, Tver, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Yekaterinburg, Tula, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Saratov, etc. In the capital city of St. Petersburg, a ski sports society was organized back in 1897 Polar Star”, and later the clubs “Union”, “Nadezhda”, “Alku”, Polytechnic Institute, etc.
On February 7, 1910, the first All-Russian championship in the 30 km cross-country ski race with a time trial on the Khodynskoe field took place in Moscow. 14 skiers took part. The first champion of Russia in cross-country skiing was Muscovite Pavel Bychkov (OLLS), who covered 30 km along a flat and partly hilly track in 2:26.47. The next four Russian championships (1911-1914) were also held in Moscow. There were no championships held during the First World War.
Among various all-Moscow skiing competitions of the period 1912-1917. We should highlight the so-called Great Race of 60-80 versts, in which Nikolai Vasiliev (SKL) was the winner 4 times. All all-Moscow skiing competitions were held only among men, and by the end of this period, individual clubs began to hold skiing competitions “for ladies.”
In 1913, two of the strongest Russian skiers at that time - Muscovites A. Nemukhin and P. Bychkov - took part for the first time in an international ski competition - the Nordic Games in Stockholm (Sweden). The competitions were held in unusual conditions for our skiers - on rough terrain, with the use of ski waxes, which our skiers were introduced to for the first time. Russian skiers, naturally, were unprepared for such competitions.
On February 22, 1913, the first international ski competitions in Russia were held in St. Petersburg with the participation of the strongest Finnish skiers. At two distances - 10 and 30 km - the winners were Finnish skiers: at 30 km - Jussi Niska, Santgri Tasa and Ettu Niska, and at 10 km - the Messel brothers. The strongest of the Russian skiers at a distance of 30 km was Muscovite N. Vasiliev, who took 4th place.
Cross-country skis of that time corresponded to the flat nature of the ski slopes: their length reached 10 feet (3 m), the rear part was elongated. Bamboo or wooden sticks, the height of a person's full height. Ski shoes - pieces.
Russian skiers used a rolling alternating move, and after sports meetings with the Finns, the so-called Finnish move with simultaneous pushing with sticks began to be introduced - stepless, one-step and two-step. The skiers prepared for the competition together under the guidance of their more experienced comrades.
Like other types, skiing in Tsarist Russia was the privilege of the propertied classes. Working youth, and especially peasant youth, did not have the opportunity to join him. Becoming a member of sports clubs was difficult due to significant financial contributions, high cost sports equipment. In addition, the social restrictions that existed in bourgeois society played a significant role. According to the “Rules of Skiing Competitions” (until 1911), only “amateurs” could participate in competitions. Persons engaged in manual labor were not recognized as amateurs. Only to those who have working profession managed to break into the ranks of athletes.
At the turn of the millennium, riding alpine skiing oh, and one of the most popular and expensive winter activities. Moreover, this sport, like mountain tourism, determines the level of the economy of a number of Central European countries.
How did alpine skiing come about?
It was old Europe that became the cradle of alpine skiing. It arose in the middle of the 18th century. in Scandinavia. If you set out to find perfect place For such skating, I can’t think of anything better: Scandinavian mountains low, not steep, and there are no problems with snow here.
Trees growing on the slopes of mountains, and those natural obstacles, around which, thrill-seekers mastered new maneuvers. Probably, at first they simply maneuvered between spruce trees and rocks, then they adapted a spear as a balance. Moreover, the best skiers in Scandinavia at that time were hunters. Later, the spear was replaced with a pole, which became the prototype of ski poles. The descent technique was very different from modern ones. The skier slid, putting first one or the other leg forward, and slowed down and “steered” with his pole, sticking it into the snow either to his right or to his left.
There, in Norway, the word “slalom” was born; it means “a footprint in the snow” left by a descending skier.
First skis
The oldest skis are in the Ski Museum in Oslo: their length is 110 cm, width 20 cm. Hunters had skis of approximately the same size for many centuries: such skis are still used by hunters and trappers of Greenland, Alaska, residents of the North, Siberia, and the Far East. East.
First starts
At the dawn of skiing, flat skiing was not much different from mountain skiing, and competitions often, in addition to running on the plain, included skiing from the slopes of the surrounding mountains and ski jumping. Historically, it is believed that the first ski competitions took place in the Norwegian city of Tromso in 1843.
This type of ski eventing has retained its rights in different countries for a long time. In 1879, residents of the town of Telemarken organized the first “Clean” ski competitions near the Norwegian capital on Mount Goosby. Known for their skiing skills, they challenged the skiers of Christiania (the name of the current capital of Norway, Oslo) to a competition.
Holmenkollen Games
The competition on the Holmenkollen Mountains attracted a huge number of spectators. According to eyewitnesses, the skiers were racing along a very steep slope, from which “it was almost impossible to go down.” The spectacle was so unusual and exciting that rumors about it spread throughout Europe. The capital's best skiers were put to shame. They “descended hunched over,” slowed down cautiously, throwing a stick from one side to the other, and did not jump from the springboards, but “fell in sacks.” But the athletes from Telemarken “drove, proudly straightened up, and instead of a stick, they demonstratively held right hand spruce branch,” they flew 25 meters from the springboard, and below, “raising fountains of snow, they made a spectacular turn without the help of a stick and stopped.”
It was after this confrontation between two Norwegian cities that the first imitators of cornering using a technique called “telemark” will appear. However, Christiania also left its mark on terminology: a turn performed on parallel skis in a deep squat was called “Christiania.”
So, alpine skiing originated in Norway, but the name of our sport contains the word “Alpine” for a reason.
The formation of alpine skiing 
And yet, not the Norwegians, but the Austrians are considered the founders of modern alpine skiing. The Austrian mountaineer and skier Matthias Zdarsky used a non-stop descent with turns in 1896; he invented the plow, and the thrust technique appeared. Tougher boots and stronger bindings were required to make turns in the plow. At the end of the nineteenth century, he published the first textbook on skiing technique, where he summarized all the achievements available at that time, proposed a more progressive form of skis and bindings (although Zdarsky’s technique also relied on one stick), and outlined the basics of group training.
Since 1905, skiers' competitions for... the number of turns began to be held in the Alps. The maximum number of turns in a given segment was taken into account, as well as the number of turns per unit of time (these rules are somewhat reminiscent of current water skiing and figure skating competitions).
6 years later, in the winter of 1911, in the Swiss Alps near Montana, downhill competitions were held for the first time: 10 skiers simultaneously raced from the headwaters of the glacier along the virgin soil to the common finish.
Recognition of alpine skiing
It took almost 20 years for fans of the new sport to convince the International Ski Federation (FIS) to “recognize” alpine skiing as an independent sport. Slalom and downhill for men and women were included in the program of the ski championship. 
ira only in 1931. The debut of alpine skiing at the Olympics will take place in 1936 in Garmisch-Parten-Kirchen, Germany, where 756 participants representing 28 countries competed for medals in slalom and downhill.
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Norway is the birthplace of skiing. Residents of this northern country have been skiing for more than four thousand years. It was here that the first modern skis were invented. And even English word ski comes from the Old Norse skid, meaning “split wood.”
It is not surprising that Norway is home to more than 200 ski resorts, and very high level. Most of them, in the Scandinavian style, are aimed at vacationing with the whole family, hence the low prices compared to European resorts.
With friends in Hemsedal in search of extreme sports Hemsedal is often called the “northern Chamonix” and the “Norwegian Alps”. Perhaps because the landscape around the three local peaks - Totten, Tinden and Rogyin - really strongly resembles the Alpine. Or perhaps because of the stormy nightlife, not typical of the reserved Scandinavian character. One way or another, the “alpine” Hemsedal is very popular among skiers and snowboarders around the world. Hemsedal is divided into two centers located several kilometers apart. On one side there is virgin snow, on the other there are cheerful discos. It is in Hemsedal that there is the most high-speed descent in all of Scandinavia (elevation difference - 810 m) and four dozen tracks of varying lengths and complexity, among which there are almost fantastic black and green ones, laid from the very top of the mountain. While you climb to the top on a four-seater chair, you have time to enjoy the fabulous rocky landscapes that change every minute. Then you descend for a long time, sliding along wide slopes. At Hemsedal Ski School you can learn telemark skiing. “Telemark skis” are funny wide skis, the heel on them is not fixed, and you have to go down the mountain by squatting on one leg, as if in a dance. It turns out very elegant. In addition, in Hemsedal you can take part in a snowmobile safari, risk driving a dog sled, or ride down a mountain on a sleigh. Those who lack adrenaline can climb frozen waterfalls or fly from the top of a mountain on a two-seater paraglider. And in the evening everyone goes to have fun - to discos, to Entertainment Center with bowling alley night club
or to one of the restaurants that serve both national Norwegian dishes and exotic delicacies. Children enjoy spending time in the Troll children's park. With children in Geilo, where everything is like home Geilo is an old (more than 100 years old!) and cozy mountain town with a special atmosphere. It is located between the two main cities of Norway - Oslo and Bergen, from here it is a stone's throw to the famous fjords of Western Norway, so Geilo is both mountains and fjords. The scenery here is breathtaking: dense forests, open mountain plateaus, ice-covered fjords and bright winter sun. There is snow here almost all year round.. The chalet is an old farmhouse and the Norwegian cottage is IKEA style - nice but predictable. Geilo differs from other ski resorts in its unusually quiet, almost home environment. The slopes here are wide and rolled, the chairs crawl up almost empty, and a dog named Balu lives at the rental point. In Geilo there are soft slopes, as if licked, covered with northern low-growing birches - for beginners, and there are also steep slopes with extreme descents - for experienced skiers. But all the trails are equally safe and well-groomed. The Norwegians themselves buy houses here and come for the weekend - by car or train. That’s why Geilo sometimes seems not like a resort at all, but like a cozy holiday village. But despite this, there is everything you need for relaxation: shops, a cinema, restaurants and bars. There are also many cute cafes where skiers like to relax after skiing. A Norwegian cafe is wooden house somewhere at an altitude of 1078 meters. Outside, the house is open to all winds, but inside it is quiet and warm. They stand long wooden tables
, benches, coffee machine, kettle with boiling water. You can order potatoes, a giant hamburger or thick pancakes with jam. Actually, this particular set is a typical Norwegian lunch. Regardless of the level of the resort or the size of the restaurant, they bring you a hamburger and fries. However, salad as an appetizer and waffles as dessert are also possible. While you are relaxing and enjoying lunch, the cafe door opens and first lets in a gust of solar wind, and then flushed preschoolers led by an instructor. Children fall on benches with a squeal, throw off their bright helmets and drink traditional berry juice... Hemsedal Season: mid-November - early May Where to stay: Skogstad hotel 4* Located in the center of Hemsedal. There is a swimming pool, jacuzzi, and steam bath for relaxation after skiing. Skarsnuten 4*+ A unique high-altitude hotel, located on the top of a cliff (1,000 meters above sea level), offering a wonderful view of the surrounding mountains. Huge
