Where did the offensive of the German troops begin in 1941. The invasion of Germany in the USSR

After posting information about this topic in some forums, an interesting discussion of the problem under consideration arose on them. In particular, many opinions were expressed at VIF-RJ. This included the following message:

From: Correct VI forum, 17.03 15:35
In response to: Re: So what time did the Germans attack on 06/22/41? - Zakoretsky

Everything has already been discussed in this thread: http://vif2ne.ru:2003/nvk/forum/archive/1135/1135829.htm

K. Zakoretsky. If you decide to post part 3 "What time did the Germans attack" on Z-History using materials from the VIF2NE forum, please make a corresponding link.

First, I do. Secondly, I would like to note that I did not create messages on this topic on the VIF2NE forum. And I was pleased to learn that VIF2NE was also carried away by the problem of time. However, after reading most of the opinions there, I do not agree with what is there" ALREADY EVERYTHING discussed". Such a categorical statement arose due to the fact that one of the participants provided a link to a German site, which contains a list of periods when summer time was introduced in Germany:

a) DST, Universal Time + 2 hours: (Summer time, International time +2 hours)

Clocks were advanced one hour with respect to CET: (Periods where 1 hour was added)

1919 to 1939: No DST (There was no summer time).

Abbreviations:

UT: Universal Time ("Greenwich-Time")
DST: Daylight Saving Time
CET= UT + 1 h: Central European Time
CEST= UT + 2 h: Central European Summer Time summer time
CEMT = UT + 3 h: Central European Midsummer Time

And this is the explanation:

Madame and Monsieur

>From 2:00 04/01/1940 to 3:00 02/11/1942
That is, 2 am on April 1, 1940 became 3 am (GMT+1 became GMT+2),
On November 2, 1942, everything returned to its place again (GMT + 2 => GMT + 1).
The difference with Moscow during this period was 1 ("maternity leave") hour (GMT + 3),
and during "Uranus" - already 2 hours.

>Thus. during the Battle of Kursk and Operation Typhoon, Berlin time differed from Moscow time by 1 hour. And on June 22, 1941, the difference was also 1 hour. The Germans write that they started the war at 3 o'clock, and according to Soviet data, this happened at 4 o'clock.

If I correctly understood all your data, and if our "maternity leave" time then stood unshakably "like a rock", then it should be so.

Happiness is when you have everything at home (not mine), Andrei.

So, is everything settled?
Was it daylight saving time in Germany in June 1941?
And because the difference with Moscow was 1 hour?
And everything fits? And the topic can be closed?

Perhaps ... But it looks somehow strange that in the winters of 1940-1941 and 1941-1942 the Germans lived according to summer time! And secondly, there is one more remark: it is known that the Germans on the morning of June 22, 1941 started the war at 3-00 "FROM DAWN"! But this event can be checked. And if it turns out that on the western border of the USSR, according to German summer time, sunrise began at about 3-00, and according to Soviet decree time, respectively, around 4-00, then everything really converges and the topic can be closed. You can check this, for example, using the same astronomical shareware program SKYGLOBE 3.6.

Here the green horizontal line is the horizon.
Letter " N" is the direction to the north.
Letters " NE"Northeast.
Letter " E" - East (" East"- 90 degrees from the north direction).
Yellow Circle of the Sun (" SUN") coincides with the direction to the northeast (" NE").
To the left below the horizon is the star "Castor", to the right and above are the positions of the planets of Jupiter ( JUP), Uranus ( URA), Saturn ( SAT), moons ( MO), as well as some stars, for example, Aldebaran.
Although, of course, they were no longer really visible, since they were overshadowed by the light of the Sun rising from behind the horizon.

But what is this time (3-43)?
Belt GMT+1? Or summer for this belt GMT + 1 + 1?

In order to understand, it would first be useful to familiarize yourself with the general theory of sunrise on June 22 within any time zone at different latitudes. The fact is that the Earth is round and has been rotating at almost the same speed for many thousands of years. And the meanings of these movements are not secret. For example, you can make calculations for the Greenwich meridian (0 degrees of longitude), starting from the equator. The results can be summarized in the following table:

Sunrise on June 22 according to the latitudes of the northern hemisphere of the Earth (values ​​+ - a few minutes)

What time are the values? In the waist or summer?

This can be checked against known data for known coordinates.
For example, in Kyiv ( 50 deg. 25 min. north latitude, 30 deg. 32 min. east longitude) June 22, 2006 the Sun should rise in 4-46 summer time (or 3-46 , respectively, standard time).

But how to link its coordinates with the created table?

In terms of latitude, this is simple - we take a line for latitude 50-00.
And it remains to be determined what Kyiv is closer to - to the borders of the belt or to its middle (for GMT + 2).
This can be done according to the rule:

The Greenwich meridian is the middle of the zero time zone (GMT). After 7 deg. 30 min. to the east is its eastern border. Further, after 15 degrees, the boundaries of other belts are located. Well, the middle between the two borders is the middle of the time zone.

So: 0 deg. + 7.5 (Eastern GMT) + 15 (GMT+1) + 7.5 (half GMT+2) = 30 degrees.
Those. meridian 30 degrees east longitude is the middle of the 2nd time zone.
Those. Kyiv is practically located on it.
And we find in the table the value of sunrise for the middle of the belt in the line for 50-00: 3-45 , which practically converged with the time indicated in the tear-off calendar (plus 1 hour for the summer).
CONCLUSION: in the created table, the time of sunrise for different latitudes is indicated WARNING.

And you can see that the time of sunrise at the borders of any time zone differs from the middle by 30 minutes, which agrees with the theory: through each time zone, the time should change by 1 hour (and from the middle - by half an hour, i.e. by 30 minutes).

And another conclusion: the closer to the Equator, the later the Sun rises, and the closer to the North Pole, the earlier. And starting from a certain latitude (66 degrees 33 minutes - "Arctic Circle"), the Sun does not set beyond the horizon at all in summer.

TSB, 3rd ed., Volume 20:

POLAR CIRCLE, the earth's parallel, 66 ° 33 "from the equator" (the angle of inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic). P. to., located in the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth, called the Northern P. to., in the Southern Hemisphere - Southern P. k. On the day of the summer solstice (June 21 or 22) to the N. from N. P. k. The sun does not set, and on the day of the winter solstice (December 21 or 22) it does not rise. -ryh the Sun does not fall below the horizon or rise above it, it increases as it approaches the pole, where day and night last for half a year (polar day and polar night).A similar phenomenon is observed in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. Light refraction complicates this somewhat a phenomenon that increases the duration of the polar day at the expense of the night and increases the number of days with the sun that does not set.

We return to Berlin: its latitude is 52 degrees. 32 min. Longitude - 13 degrees. 25 min.
In longitude, this is approximately the middle of the time zone:
0 deg. + 7.5 (east GMT) + 7.5 (half GMT+1) = 15 degrees.
We find in the table rows of 50 and 55 degrees. and in the cells in the middle of the belt we read: 3-45 and 3-17.
Those. in Berlin, the time of sunrise according to standard time can be estimated as 3-35 (but this is 2 degrees east). The program shows the time - 3-43. error - 8 minutes (quite acceptable). The main thing is that one hour is shown - 3 .

So, in Berlin, standard time on June 22, the sun rises at 3-43,
and if they introduced summer time, then at 4-43.
And on the eastern border of this time zone (near Brest), it should rise 30 minutes earlier
(i.e. at 3-10).

It remains to find out in what latitudes the Germans advanced on 06/22/41.
As the map shows, they advanced in the geographic zone from 49 degrees. up to 55 deg. northern latitude:
(Hereinafter, information from the "ATLAS OF THE WORLD", Moscow, "State Geodesy of the USSR", 1991)

More information from Athalas, from the map of time zones on page 14:

Mid GMT: Paris, London.
Mid GMT+1: Berlin, Rome.
Eastern border GMT+1: Western border of the USSR.
Western border GMT+2: Western border of the USSR.
Mid GMT+2: Leningrad, Kyiv, Ankara, Cairo.
Eastern border of GMT+2: Moscow, Murmansk.
Mid GMT+3: Volgograd, Tbilisi.

Thus, in the German offensive zone on June 22, 1941, the Sun should have risen Berlin standard time at 2-47 - 3-20 . (Or in 3-47 - 4-20 according to summer, if any).

Those. roundly, dawn on the border of the USSR with Germany on June 22, 1941, according to the German clock, should have either 3 hours (zone time) or in 4 (according to summer, if there was one).

Accordingly, from the Soviet side, the clock had to show or 4 waist or 5 according to summer ("maternity").

DAY TIME standard time plus one hour; unlike summer time, this excess is constant throughout the year. Introduced by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 16, 1930 with the aim of more rational use of the daylight hours (cancelled in February 1991). In Russia, standard time was again adopted in October 1991. Thus, the time of this time zone in Russia differs from universal time by the time zone number (in hours) plus one hour (in summer, an additional hour).

Here comes the problem:

If the Germans attacked at 3-00 in the summer, then this is 2-00 in the waist. And there is still 1 hour left before dawn in the Brest region. Those. the Germans would have to use searchlights, car headlights, flashlights, lighting bombs, mines, rocket launchers, tracer bullets. But in this case, in all memoirs, all this light-pandemonium should clearly be.
But she is not. For everyone writes that the war has begun " WITH DAWN".

But according to geo-astronomical data, dawn on June 22 at 2-00 on the eastern border of the belts in standard time (or at 3-00 in summer time) occurs only in latitudes of at least 60-00 degrees north latitude ( Leningrad, Helsinki, Oslo, Magadan, Stockholm a little to the south - 59 degrees).
And at 2-00 in the middle of the time zone, the Sun rises even further north - at 62-00 degrees [this is just the latitude of the upper reaches (from where it flows) of the Kolyma, and the capitals of Karelia (Petrozavodsk) and Komi (Syktyvkar) a little to the south].
Well, almost all of Great Britain to the south is not only 62-00, but also 60-00.

AND SKYGLOBE 3.6 persistently shows...

Or maybe this whole program is lying?
Can it be checked?

For example, it is known that on March 22 the day is equal to the night. Those. sunrise in the middle of any time zone should begin at 6-00 local time (summer time is not yet used at this time!) Or at 7-00 maternity time, if that was applied (as it is now in Russia or as in 1941 in the USSR). And, accordingly, on the western border - in 6-30 waist or in 7-30 by summer.

For control in SKYGLOBE 3.6 we take the coordinates of Moscow for 06/22/41 and shift them to Brest, setting the position of the Sun on the horizon. We get 7-28 :

CONVERSING!

Similarly, according to Berlin time for Brest (Berlin is in the middle of GMT + 1, and in Brest the sunrise should be 30 minutes earlier, i.e. somewhere around 5-30):

CONVERSING!

Well, in Berlin itself, the sunrise should be around 6-00:

CONVERSING!

Yes, that means SKYGLOBE 3.6 not lying?

We open the tear-off calendar for Kyiv for March 22 (also the middle of the time zone and should be around 6-00). Reading: "Sunrise - 5:57"

CONVERSING!

We open the memoirs of Marshal G.K. Zhukov, "MEMORY AND REFLECTIONS", 7th edition, 1986, volume 2, p. 8-9:
=====

Sorry, at 3-30 to dry the dew near Rivne on June 22 The sun can only German standard time! And nothing else! No summer time! By daylight saving time, this means 2-30 UTC. And according to the belt at 2-30 on June 22, the Sun can dry the dew only near Leningrad or Helsinki ...

Oh-oh! What a mess though!
By the way, if the Germans attacked at 3-00 summer time, can this be compared with someone else who attacked the USSR with them? (And when did they attack?)
For example, when did the Romanians start the war? Got data?

There is one site CORNER OF THE SKY"(Aviation Encyclopedia), where the article by A. Gulyas is posted -
The first days of the war (June 22, 1941)

And it provides information about the combat work of Soviet pilots on 06/22/41 in the zone of the Odessa Military District. In particular:
======================
Events unfolded in a completely different way in the zone of the Odessa Military District. The enemy attacked 11 airfields; but almost everywhere he received a decisive rebuff and suffered losses. Major Rudakov's 67th IAP achieved the greatest success. ..... At 4 in the morning The regiment was put on alert. Soon towards airfield Bulgaria a scout appeared. L-t Yermak took off from the interception and shot him down in two bursts. Some time later, 9 (according to other sources - 10) bombers appeared over the airfield. A group of Lieutenant A. Moklyak rose to meet them on I-16 fighters. ....

Having suffered two failures in a row and making sure that Bulgaria - tough nut to crack, the German command launched a massive raid, which involved about 50 bombers and 30 fighters. The bombers came in waves at intervals of 2-3 minutes. Each nine was covered by six Bf-109s. The entire regiment entered the battle with them - fifty I-16s. Divided into groups, our pilots attacked the bombers and their cover at the same time. The enemy formation was immediately broken. 5 bombers and 2 fighters were shot down. In this fight, Alexander Moklyak showed himself brilliantly. With well-aimed fire, he shot down two He-111s (according to other sources - S.M.81), and the third rammed and died in the process. All this happened between 5 and 6 am. So at the end of the second hour of the war A. Moklyak became the leader among Soviet pilots in terms of the number of victories. ....

Failure befell the enemy and during a raid on Grosulovo airfield. At 5 o'clock 10 minutes three nine Ju-88s under the cover of nine Bf-109s tried to bombard the SB and Pe-2 parking lots. The first group of attackers missed, and the second was prevented by Afanasy Karmanov. In the Grosulovo area, he happened to be driving the MiG-3 from the field camp to main airport in Chisinau. Captain A. Karmanov was not embarrassed by the multiple superiority of the enemy. He immediately shot down one "Junkers" and scattered the rest. However, all nine cover fighters immediately fell on him. ... To survive with the aircraft is a skill. .... A. Karmanov's plane resembled a sieve, but landed at its airfield, but one of the Messerschmitts was burning down in the vicinity of Grosulovo. IN 4th IAP other pilots also distinguished themselves. A.I. Pokryshkin writes that over Grigoriopol, Tiraspol and Chisinau the pilots of the regiment shot down about 20 enemy aircraft.

55th IAP under the command of Mr. V.P. Ivanov was based in Balti. In April, as at many airfields on the western border, they began to build a concrete runway there, and three squadrons of the regiment flew over to Lighthouses. One of the experienced pilots was Art. L-t A.I. Pokryshkin. The war caught his link at the airport in Grigoriopol. He returned to Mayaki after the first enemy raids. Based in Balti The 1st squadron of Mr. F. Atrashkevich turned out to be understaffed - in addition to the Pokryshkin link, there was no Figichev link, which was patrolling at the very border near Ungheni. F.Atrashkevich was also summoned there. In Chisinau the commander of the third link K. Seliverstov was at the headquarters. The remaining 5 ordinary pilots, led by flight commander Mironov and squadron adjutant Ovchinnikov, did everything to repel the raid large group bombers under cover of "Messerschmitts" (more than 20 He-111 and 18 Bf-109). But the forces were unequal, and it was not possible to prevent the raid. 2 people died at the airport fuel depot burned down three MiGs damaged. .... F.Atrashkevich especially distinguished himself by shooting down the "Messerschmitt" of the group commander - a major with an Iron Cross. Only the lack of accurate information about the location of the headquarters of the 27th Fighter Squadron (JG-27) does not allow full confidence claim that the downed major was the commander of JG-27 Wolfgang Schelmann ...

Along with the above 4th IAP over Chisinau pilots fought 69th IAP, where the deputy The commander of the regiment was one of the most famous Soviet aces in Spain, Lev Shestakov. The regiment was part of the 21st SAD and based near Odessa. On the first day of the war, he suffered no losses, and Major L. Shestakov and Mr. Astashkin shot down 3 aircraft: 2 Ju-88s were destroyed over Chisinau, and Astashkin shot down a Do-215 on the outskirts of the airfield, scoring his second victory.

Moses Stepanovich Tokarev started the war in the 131st IAP. June 22, patrolling at the head of nine I-16 near Tiraspol, he met a group of 20 Ju-88s, covered by 12 Bf-109s. ....

The combat account of the pilots of the Black Sea Fleet was opened by ml. Lt. M.S. Maksimov. Early in the morning of June 22, the 96th squadron, consisting of 16 I-153 and I-16 under the command of A.I. Korobitsyn on the outskirts of Ishmael met 12 Romanian bombers . Our pilots shot down 5 planes. In addition to M.S. Maksimov, personal victories were won by Senior Lt. A.P. Borisov, Dr. A.I. Korobitsyn. Two planes were shot down by B.V. Maslov and A.A. Malinovsky.
==============

It turns out that SIMULTANEOUSLY (and why delay?) hostilities also began in the south of the Soviet western border, which at that time passed between the USSR and ROMANIA! And it turns out that along with the German planes, the Romanian planes also began to cross the Soviet garrison. More precisely, not only SIMULTANEOUSLY with the German ones in the PribOVO, ZapOVO and KievOVO zones, but German planes also took off from Romanian airfields in the direction of Moldova. AND TOGETHER with them, Romanian planes went into battle. This is evidenced by the remark that a plane was shot down over the Soviet airfield in Bulgaria. S.M.81- Whose production is this? German? Which troops were armed with such aircraft? Romanian? And when describing the battles over Ishmael, this article directly refers to Romanian airplanes.

So, one must assume, SIMULTANEOUSLY with the Germans, Romanian planes also flew into battle.
At what time, you might ask?

It turns out you can...
By the way, if the Germans attacked in 3-00 supposedly summer time, then it must be assumed that in Romania, located in the same time zone, summer time should also show the same 3-00 . Is it logical?
But if the Germans attacked at 3-00 waist, then if summer time was used in Romania, then the Romanians should have started at 4-00. And if they didn’t use it, then like the Germans at 3-00.

All this can be clarified on another site: Kharina V.V. "World War II Aviators", and on it in the article by M. Zhirokhov with the participation of A. Stratulat (Moldova) - Romanian squadrons in the sky of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, June 22, 1941

In the introduction, the authors note that " the actions of the Romanian Air Force during the Second World War represent a little-studied piece of history air wars "and they wanted in this article" analyze the actions of the Romanian aviation on the first day of the war". As for the start time, the information there is as follows:
========
On the night of June 21-22, 1941, in all Romanian aviation formations at the front, the commanders gathered the pilots and read out to them the message of the State Undersecretary of Aviation, Gheorghe Zhienescu. At the end of this message, the following was said: "Young flyers! Buchums are trumpeting and their echo is heard in the forests, the sky rumbles in the song of engines, to arms, to the helm, forward with God!" At dawn on June 22 For the Romanian Royal Air Force, the Second World War began.

Basic strike force Romania had an air combat group, under the command of squadron general Constantin Chelereanu, a large aviation formation that included 2 bomber fleets (11 bomber squadrons - He-111, S.M.-79, Loos, Potez 63, Bloch 210, IAR-37), .....

The Red Army concentrated significant air force forces in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. In Bessarabia, at the Bolgrad airfield, there were 67 IAPs, and at the airfields Bulgarica-Ialoveni there were 68 and 82 air regiments. In Chisinau there was 20 SAD, which included 55 IAP (Balti airfield), 45 BAP (Tiraspol airfield) and 2 parachute regiments. In Bukovina, at the airfields near the city of Chernivtsi, there were 87, 187 and 149 IAPs. Also in this area were 86 BAP, 224 PBB and 4 parachute regiments. In total, the Red Army had at its disposal in Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and Transnistria 840 bombers and 960 fighters. This can add 240 reconnaissance aircraft and approximately 2,500 paratroopers.

"Ardyalul" at 4.00

The General Staff of the Combat Air Group received from General Ramiro Enescu, Chief of the General Staff of the Air Force, a message with the following content: "The combat operations of our aviation on the Eastern Front, developed jointly with the German command, will begin at dawn on June 22 1941 Directive no. 34. The operation must be organized in such a way that so that all bombers and scouts at the same time, with the call sign "Ardyalul", crossed the border at 4 o'clock in the morning. Fighter aircraft will be on alert at dawn to provide air cover. I wish you success and it is also necessary to contact the IVth Army regarding the conduct of aerial reconnaissance, which should be carried out, taking into account the border crossing of the Air Combat Group and according to the plan and instructions of the German Army Air Command. I expect an operational report tomorrow, more precisely this morning, after the completion of the first task." General Constantin Chelereanu immediately replied: "The air combat group is ready and able to carry out directive No. 34".

First wave

Airfield Ziliste-Buzau, 0 hours 5 minutes.

“A terrible roar broke the silence of the night, and the walls of the hangars were shaking so that it seemed they were about to collapse,” recalled Lieutenant Mircea Nicolau. All 200 German bombers He-111 4th German Navy and the 27th flotilla under the command of General Belke took off and headed east. There was an indescribable noise, a fantastic performance that cannot be forgotten. After the German planes took off, at 12.30[those. at 0-30 - zhistory], and we began to prepare ... "

3 hours 50 minutes.

The 5th bomber group, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Paul Landmann, from 17 He-111H3 aircraft of the 78th, 79th and 80th squadrons took off to bombard airfields near Chisinau and Tiraspol, the station and the railway siding. Each aircraft carried 4 250 kg and 16 50 kg bombs. Accompanied by 27 He-112 and Bf-109E fighters of the 5th and 7th Fighter Groups, at 4 o'clock in the morning the Romanian He-111H3 bombers crossed the Prut. The aircraft, tail number 21, with a crew of Lieutenant Mircea Nicolau - crew commander, junior lieutenant Ion Pedureanu and lieutenant Sorin Tulia - gunner (since he was appointed on duty, he could not fly, but volunteered), was the first Romanian aircraft , who dropped bombs on the Tiraspol airfield, where the planes of the 45th BAP were based. “Tiraspol appeared in the distance,” recalled Lieutenant Sorin Tulya. Airfield facilities, warehouses and hangars were visible. We dropped half of the bombs, avoiding hits in the strip, which we planned to use soon. We went to Chisinau and, from a height of 500 meters, struck at the railway siding, on which there were trains with ammunition and troops. The blast wave was so powerful that the plane was thrown up. At 5.20 we landed ". Bombs dropped by Romanian aircraft destroyed 12 Soviet aircraft on the ground.

Pogoanele Buzau airfield.

At 2.45 the engines of the S.M.-79 bombers are launched 1st bomber group. The first plane to take off is No. 5 of the 71st Squadron (call sign Mihai), which is controlled by the group commander himself, Lieutenant Commander Komsha Liviu. Due to soft ground, plane no. 13, but the crew was not injured. After a twenty minute delay, planes take off No. 72 Squadron (callsign Romeo). Due to the sudden shutdown of the left engine, aircraft no. 12 forced to return. The frustrated chief adjutant pilot Ioan Kirya could not restrain himself and began to cry. The remaining 9 bombers crossed the Prut at 4.03 , heading for enemy airfields in Bolgrad and Bulgarica. Above the target, they were attacked by Soviet I-16s and a heated battle ensued over the airfield. The crew of Captain Constantin Stoenescu shot down 2 I-16 fighters in this battle ....

Of the four aircraft of the 72nd Squadron (Romeo) that took off, only three bombed the airfield in Bulgarica: at 4.45 , when the planes were heading towards Bolgrad, the formation was attacked by several I-16s. ....

The bombers of the 1st bomber group landed between 0505 and 0530. Of the 9 aircraft participating in this raid, 2 were lost, as well as 10 flight personnel.

Fighter actions

Ramnicu Sarat airfield, 3 hours 35 minutes.

Non-112 fighters of the 51st squadron under the command of the squadron captain Virgil Trandafirescu take off to attack the Izmail Karaklia airfield. Above the target, the leader ordered by radio to attack the airfield from south to north, where you could see the formation of Soviet aircraft . Some I-16s began to fly across the airfield, but were attacked by the trailing pair of Non-112s. Second Lieutenant Teodor Moscu, diving on the I-16s taking off, shot down one Soviet fighter and announced two more shot down in the ensuing air battle. His aircraft was seriously damaged and Moscu was forced to withdraw from the battle. He landed at Rimniku Sarat at 4.50 . Led by Moscu, adjutant Pavel Konstantin, confirmed two and one probable victory of his leader ....

18 IAR-80 aircraft of the 8th Fighter Group took off at 3.45 to cover the S.M.-79 bombers of the 72nd squadron. ....

To cover the He-111 group, sent to bomb the airfield near Chisinau, a Bf-109E link was allocated, led by Captain Alexandru Manoliu, commander of the 57th squadron. ....

Second wave

At 1050, 12 Potez 63 aircraft of the 2nd bomber group, escorted by 12 He-112s, attacked the airfield at Bolgrad, the railway and the airfield to the south and, respectively, southeast of Bulgarik. As a result, at least 200 meters of the railway were destroyed by a direct hit from an aerial bomb. The Romanian group met fierce opposition from Soviet anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft ...
===========

Thus, the Romanian planes crossed the border with the USSR at about 4:00 am, and at that time the Sun was already illuminating targets on the ground, since some Romanian planes were landing back already at 4:45 am, having completed the task visually without illumination by searchlights visible Soviet aircraft (and not the former in the dark). Question: what time of sunrise in the region of the Soviet border along the Prut (say, in its northern part) can the program show SKYGLOBE 3.6? Theoretically - approximately 4-00 (Romanian summer time):

or 5-00 Moscow maternity leave:

CONVERSING!

Another question: where did the German He-111 bombers fly, taking off at 0-30 from the airfield Ziliste-Buzau? It can be assumed that to Sevastopol. Then the next question is: when could they have reached it?

performance characteristics Heinkel-111:

Takeoff weight - 14000 kg
Max speed - 400 km/h
Ceiling - 8400 m
Flight range - 2800 km

With a cruising speed of 370 km / h, the Germans could fly to Sevastopol in an hour and a half. Those. by 2-00 Romanian summer time or by 3-00 Moscow maternity time - GOOD! Conclusion: Zhukov, when describing the morning of June 22, 1941, used MOSCOW DECREE TIME! No objections?

Then whose planes bombed Soviet cities at 2:30 Berlin summer time or at 1:30 Berlin standard time? They haven't crossed the border yet! After 30 minutes (or after 1-30) they were only supposed to fly up to the Soviet western border! Who is lying? Whose planes did Zhukov tell Stalin about when he woke him up at 3:45 am Moscow standard time? Or is this whole conversation an invention of the marshal?

And the question remains according to the following words of Zhukov:

. . . . . . .
At 04:10, the Western and Baltic special districts reported the start of hostilities by German troops in the land areas of the districts.
At 4:30 am Timoshenko and I arrived at the Kremlin. All the summoned members of the Politburo were already assembled. Me and the people's commissar were invited to the office.
JV Stalin was pale and sat at the table, holding a pipe stuffed with tobacco in his hands. He said:
“We need to urgently call the German embassy...

If the Germans attacked in the dark at 3-10 am summer time (and 4-10 am Moscow time) in the light of searchlights, headlights, flashlights, highlighting with light bombs, shells, tracer bullets and launching rocket launchers (did they have night vision devices? ), then we can agree that at 4-30 Moscow time in Moscow a meeting could theoretically begin in Stalin's office (after all, 4-30 is later than 4-10 or 4-20 - not earlier, after all!).

But if you try to time it...
If Zhukov's call to Stalin at 3-45 is a lie, then they could not wake him up until 4-20. Where was Stalin at that time? In the country? How long does it take him to get to the Kremlin? (Wake up the driver, start the car, go to the highway, drive, go up to the office ...) In 10 minutes? INCREDIBLE! It will take 10 minutes just to wake up the driver and start the car...

Thus, even if the Germans started at 4:10 am Moscow time, Zhukov's meeting with Stalin at 4:30 am in the Kremlin is a lie. And all the more a lie, because judging by the Journal of visitors to Stalin's office, this meeting began in... 5-45.("Robin", Volume 2, p. 300):

And by this time, the German ambassador, Count von der Schulenburg, had already read out a statement from the German government (ibid., p. 432):

In view of the further intolerable threat that has arisen for the German eastern border as a result of the massive concentration and training of all armed forces of the Red Army, the German Government considers itself compelled to immediately take military countermeasures.

The corresponding note will be handed over to Dekanozov at the same time in Berlin.

WUA RF. F.06. Op.Z. P. 1. D.5. Ll. 12-15. \433\
===========

Next CONCLUSIONS:

1) The description of events given in Zhukov's memoirs on the morning of June 22, 1941 to the phrase; " At 7:15 a.m. on June 22, Directive N: 2 People's Commissars for Defense was handed over to the districts" - LIE!

2) The Germans attacked at dawn at 3-00 Berlin summer time (or 4-00 Moscow maternity time).

3) The question (in 2006) remains: What time did the watches of Soviet soldiers on the western border of the USSR show if it was 4-00 at the SAME TIME? (And why?)
(in 2016 - it was shown at 4-00)

On June 22, 1941, at 4 o'clock in the morning, fascist Germany treacherously invaded the USSR without declaring war. This attack ended the chain of aggressive actions of Hitlerite Germany, which, thanks to the connivance and instigation of the Western powers, grossly violated the elementary norms of international law, resorted to predatory seizures and monstrous atrocities in the occupied countries.

In accordance with the Barbarossa plan, the fascist offensive began on a broad front by several groupings in various directions. The army was stationed in the north "Norway" advancing on Murmansk and Kandalaksha; an army group was advancing from East Prussia to the Baltic states and Leningrad "North"; most powerful army group "Center" had the goal of defeating units of the Red Army in Belorussia, capturing Vitebsk-Smolensk and taking Moscow on the move; army group "South" was concentrated from Lublin to the mouth of the Danube and led the attack on Kyiv - Donbass. The plans of the Nazis boiled down to delivering a surprise strike in these areas, destroying border and military units, breaking through to the rear, capturing Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv and the most important industrial centers of the southern regions of the country.

The command of the German army expected to end the war in 6-8 weeks.

190 enemy divisions, about 5.5 million soldiers, up to 50 thousand guns and mortars, 4300 tanks, almost 5 thousand aircraft and about 200 warships were thrown into the offensive against the Soviet Union.

The war began in exceptionally favorable conditions for Germany. Before the attack on the USSR, Germany captured almost all of Western Europe, whose economy worked for the Nazis. Therefore, Germany had a powerful material and technical base.

Germany's military products were supplied by 6500 largest enterprises countries of Western Europe. More than 3 million foreign workers were involved in the military industry. In Western European countries, the Nazis looted a lot of weapons, military equipment, trucks, wagons and steam locomotives. The military and economic resources of Germany and its allies greatly exceeded those of the USSR. Germany fully mobilized its army, as well as the armies of its allies. Most of the German army was concentrated near the borders of the Soviet Union. In addition, imperialist Japan threatened an attack from the East, which diverted a significant part of the Soviet Armed Forces to defend the country's eastern borders. In the theses of the Central Committee of the CPSU "50 years of the Great October Socialist Revolution" an analysis of the reasons for the temporary failures of the Red Army in the initial period of the war is given. They are connected with the fact that the Nazis used temporary advantages:

• the militarization of the economy and the whole life of Germany;
• lengthy preparations for a war of conquest and more than two years of experience in conducting military operations in the West;
• superiority in armament and the number of troops concentrated in advance in the border zones.

They had at their disposal the economic and military resources of almost all of Western Europe. The miscalculations made in determining the possible timing of an attack by Nazi Germany on our country and the related omissions in preparing to repulse the first blows played their role. There were reliable data on the concentration of German troops near the borders of the USSR and the preparation of Germany for an attack on our country. However, the troops of the western military districts were not brought to a state of full combat readiness.

All these reasons put the Soviet country in a difficult position. However, great difficulties initial period The wars did not break the fighting spirit of the Red Army, did not shake the steadfastness of the Soviet people. From the first days of the attack, it became clear that the blitzkrieg plan had collapsed. Accustomed to easy victories over the Western countries, whose governments betrayed their people to be torn to pieces by the occupiers, the fascists met stubborn resistance from the Soviet Armed Forces, border guards and the entire Soviet people. The war lasted 1418 days. Groups of border guards bravely fought on the border. The garrison covered itself with unfading glory Brest Fortress. The defense of the fortress was led by Captain I. N. Zubachev, regimental commissar E. M. Fomin, Major P. M. Gavrilov and others. (In total, about 200 rams were made during the war years). On June 26, the crew of Captain N.F. Gastello (A.A. Burdenyuk, G.N. Skorobogaty, A.A. Kalinin) crashed into a column of enemy troops on a burning plane. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers from the first days of the war showed examples of courage and heroism.

Lasted two months Smolensk battle. Born here near Smolensk soviet guard. The battle in the Smolensk region delayed the enemy advance until mid-September 1941.
During the Battle of Smolensk, the Red Army thwarted the plans of the enemy. The delay of the enemy offensive in the central direction was the first strategic success Soviet troops.

The Communist Party became the leading and guiding force for the defense of the country and the preparation for the destruction of the Nazi troops. From the first days of the war, the Party took urgent measures to organize a rebuff to the aggressor, carried out a huge amount of work to restructure all work on a war footing, to turn the country into a single military camp.

“For a real war,” wrote V. I. Lenin, “a strong organized rear is necessary. The most best army, the people most devoted to the cause of the revolution will be immediately exterminated by the enemy if they are not sufficiently armed, supplied with food, and trained ”(V. I. Lenin, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 35, p. 408).

These Leninist instructions formed the basis for organizing the struggle against the enemy. June 22, 1941 on behalf of the Soviet government with a message about a "robber" attack Nazi Germany and a call to fight the enemy was made on the radio by the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR V. M. Molotov. On the same day, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was adopted on the introduction of martial law on the European territory of the USSR, as well as the Decree on the mobilization of a number of ages in 14 military districts. On June 23, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution on the tasks of party and Soviet organizations in war conditions. On June 24, the Evacuation Council was formed, and on June 27, the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On the procedure for the export and placement of human contingents and valuable property” determined the procedure for the evacuation of productive forces and the population to the eastern regions. In the directive of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 29, 1941, the most important tasks for mobilizing all forces and means to defeat the enemy were set out to party and Soviet organizations in the front-line regions.

“... In the war with fascist Germany imposed on us,” this document said, “the question of life and death of the Soviet state is being decided, of whether the peoples of the Soviet Union should be free or fall into enslavement.” The Central Committee and the Soviet government called for realizing the depth of the danger, reorganizing all work on a war footing, organizing all-round assistance to the front, increasing the production of weapons, ammunition, tanks, aircraft in every possible way, in the event of a forced withdrawal of the Red Army, to remove all valuable property, and to destroy what cannot be taken out , in the areas occupied by the enemy to organize partisan detachments. On July 3, the main provisions of the directive were outlined in a radio speech by IV Stalin. The directive determined the nature of the war, the degree of threat and danger, set the tasks of turning the country into a single military camp, strengthening the Armed Forces in every possible way, restructuring the work of the rear on a military basis, and mobilizing all forces to repulse the enemy. On June 30, 1941, an emergency body was created to quickly mobilize all the forces and means of the country to repel and defeat the enemy - State Defense Committee (GKO) headed by I. V. Stalin. All power in the country, state, military and economic leadership was concentrated in the hands of the State Defense Committee. It united the activities of all state and military institutions, party, trade union and Komsomol organizations.

Under war conditions, the restructuring of the entire economy on a war footing was of paramount importance. approved at the end of June "Mobilization national economic plan for the III quarter of 1941", and on August 16 "The military economic plan for the IV quarter of 1941 and for 1942 for the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia ". In just five months of 1941, more than 1360 large military enterprises were relocated and about 10 million people were evacuated. Even according to bourgeois experts industry evacuation in the second half of 1941 and early 1942 and its deployment in the East should be considered among the most amazing feats of the peoples of the Soviet Union during the war. The evacuated Kramatorsk plant was launched 12 days after arriving at the site, Zaporozhye - after 20. By the end of 1941, the Urals produced 62% of iron and 50% of steel. In scope and significance, this was equal to the largest battles of wartime. The restructuring of the national economy on a war footing was completed by the middle of 1942.

The Party did a great deal of organizational work in the army. In accordance with the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, on July 16, 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree "On the reorganization of political propaganda bodies and the introduction of the institution of military commissars". From July 16 in the Army, and from July 20 in the Navy, the institution of military commissars was introduced. During the second half of 1941, up to 1.5 million communists and more than 2 million Komsomol members were mobilized into the army (the party sent up to 40% of the entire membership to the active army). Prominent party leaders L. I. Brezhnev, A. A. Zhdanov, A. S. Shcherbakov, M. A. Suslov and others were sent to party work in the army.

On August 8, 1941, I. V. Stalin was appointed Supreme Commander of all the Armed Forces of the USSR. In order to concentrate all the functions of managing military operations, the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief was formed. Hundreds of thousands of communists and Komsomol members went to the front. About 300 thousand of the best representatives of the working class and intelligentsia of Moscow and Leningrad joined the ranks of the people's militia.

Meanwhile, the enemy stubbornly rushed to Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Odessa, Sevastopol and other major industrial centers of the country. An important place in the plans of fascist Germany was occupied by the calculation of the international isolation of the USSR. However, from the very first days of the war, an anti-Hitler coalition began to take shape. Already on June 22, 1941, the British government announced its support for the USSR in the fight against fascism, and on July 12 signed an agreement on joint actions against Nazi Germany. On August 2, 1941, US President F. Roosevelt announced economic support for the Soviet Union. September 29, 1941 gathered in Moscow tri-power conference(USSR, USA and England), which developed a plan for Anglo-American assistance in the fight against the enemy. Hitler's calculation for the international isolation of the USSR failed. On January 1, 1942, a declaration of 26 states was signed in Washington anti-Hitler coalition about the use of all the resources of these countries for the struggle against the German bloc. However, the allies were in no hurry to provide effective assistance aimed at defeating fascism, trying to weaken the belligerents.

By October, the Nazi invaders, despite the heroic resistance of our troops, managed to approach Moscow from three sides, simultaneously launching an offensive on the Don, in the Crimea, near Leningrad. Heroically defended Odessa and Sevastopol. September 30, 1941 the German command begins the first, and in November - the second general offensive against Moscow. The Nazis managed to occupy Klin, Yakhroma, Naro-Fominsk, Istra and other cities of the Moscow region. Soviet troops fought a heroic defense of the capital, showing examples of courage and heroism. The 316th rifle division of General Panfilov fought to the death in fierce battles. A partisan movement unfolded behind enemy lines. About 10 thousand partisans fought near Moscow alone. On December 5-6, 1941, Soviet troops launched a counteroffensive near Moscow. turned around at the same time offensive operations on the Western, Kalinin and Southwestern fronts. The powerful offensive of the Soviet troops in the winter of 1941/42 drove the fascists back in a number of places at a distance of up to 400 km from the capital and was their first major defeat in World War II.

Main result Moscow battle consisted in the fact that the strategic initiative was wrested from the hands of the enemy and the blitzkrieg plan failed. The defeat of the Germans near Moscow was a decisive turn in the military operations of the Red Army and had a great influence on the entire subsequent course of the war.

By the spring of 1942, the production of military products was established in the eastern regions of the country. By the middle of the year, most of the evacuated enterprises were deployed in new places. The transfer of the country's economy to a military footing was largely completed. In the rear - in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Urals - there were more than 10 thousand industrial construction projects.

Instead of men who went to the front, women and youth came to the machines. Despite the very difficult living conditions Soviet people worked selflessly to ensure victory at the front. They worked one and a half to two shifts to restore industry and supply the front with everything necessary. All-Union socialist competition developed widely, the winners of which were awarded Red Banner GKO. In 1942 agricultural workers organized overplanned crops for the defense fund. The collective farm peasantry supplied the front and rear with food and industrial raw materials.

The situation in the temporarily occupied regions of the country was exceptionally difficult. The Nazis plundered cities and villages, mocked the civilian population. At the enterprises, German officials were appointed to oversee the work. The best lands selected for farms for German soldiers. In all occupied settlements, German garrisons were kept at the expense of the population. However, economic and social politics fascists, which they tried to carry out in the occupied territories, immediately failed. Soviet people brought up on ideas Communist Party believed in victory Soviet country, did not succumb to Hitler's provocations and demagogy.

Winter offensive of the Red Army in 1941/42 dealt a powerful blow to fascist Germany, to its military machine, but the Nazi army was still strong. Soviet troops fought stubborn defensive battles.

In this situation, the nationwide struggle of the Soviet people behind enemy lines played an important role, especially partisan movement.

Thousands of Soviet people went to partisan detachments. A partisan war developed widely in the Ukraine, in Belorussia and in the Smolensk region, in the Crimea and in a number of other places. In cities and villages temporarily occupied by the enemy, underground party and Komsomol organizations operated. In accordance with the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of July 18, 1941 No. "On the organization of the struggle in the rear of the German troops" 3,500 partisan detachments and groups, 32 underground regional committees, 805 city and district party committees, 5,429 primary party organizations, 10 regional, 210 inter-district city and 45 thousand primary Komsomol organizations were created. To coordinate the actions of partisan detachments and underground groups with units of the Red Army, by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on May 30, 1942, at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, the central headquarters of the partisan movement. Leadership Staffs partisan movement were formed in Belarus, Ukraine and other republics and regions occupied by the enemy.

After the defeat near Moscow and the winter offensive of our troops, the Nazi command was preparing a new major offensive with the aim of capturing all the southern regions of the country (Crimea, North Caucasus, Don) up to the Volga, the capture of Stalingrad and the rejection of Transcaucasia from the center of the country. This posed an exceptionally serious threat to our country.

By the summer of 1942, the international situation had changed, characterized by the strengthening of the anti-Hitler coalition. In May - June 1942, agreements were signed between the USSR, Britain and the USA on an alliance in the war against Germany and on post-war cooperation. In particular, an agreement was reached on the opening in 1942 in Europe second front against Germany, which would have greatly accelerated the defeat of fascism. But the allies in every possible way delayed its opening. Taking advantage of this, the fascist command transferred divisions from the Western Front to the Eastern. By the spring of 1942, the Nazi army had 237 divisions, massive aviation, tanks, artillery and other types of equipment for a new offensive.

intensified Leningrad blockade, almost daily subjected to artillery fire. In May, the Kerch Strait was captured. On July 3, the High Command ordered the heroic defenders of Sevastopol to leave the city after a 250-day defense, since it was not possible to keep the Crimea. As a result of the defeat of the Soviet troops in the area of ​​Kharkov and the Don, the enemy reached the Volga. The Stalingrad Front, created in July, took upon itself the powerful blows of the enemy. Retreating with heavy fighting, our troops inflicted huge damage on the enemy. In parallel, the fascist offensive was going on in the North Caucasus, where Stavropol, Krasnodar, Maykop were occupied. In the Mozdok area, the Nazi offensive was suspended.

The main battles unfolded on the Volga. The enemy sought to capture Stalingrad at any cost. The heroic defense of the city was one of the brightest pages of the Patriotic War. The working class, women, old people, teenagers - the entire population rose to the defense of Stalingrad. Despite the mortal danger, the workers of the tractor factory daily sent tanks to the front lines. In September, fighting broke out in the city for every street, for every house.

On December 18, 1940, Hitler in Directive No. 21 approved the final plan for the war against the USSR under the code name "Barbarossa". To implement it, Germany and its allies in Europe - Finland, Romania and Hungary - created an invasion army unprecedented in history: 182 divisions and 20 brigades (up to 5 million people), 47.2 thousand guns and mortars, about 4.4 thousand combat aircraft, 4.4 thousand tanks and assault guns, and 250 ships. In the grouping of Soviet troops that opposed the aggressors, there were 186 divisions (3 million people), about 39.4 guns and mortars, 11 thousand tanks and more than 9.1 thousand aircraft. These forces were not brought to combat readiness in advance. The directive of the General Staff of the Red Army about a possible German attack on June 22-23 arrived in the western border districts only on the night of June 22, and the invasion began at dawn on June 22. After a long artillery preparation, at 4.00 in the morning, German troops, treacherously violating the non-aggression pact concluded with the USSR, attacked the Soviet-German border along its entire length from the Barents to the Black Seas. The Soviet troops were taken by surprise. The organization of powerful counterattacks against the enemy was hampered by the fact that they were relatively evenly distributed along the entire front along the entire border and dispersed to a great depth. With such a formation, it was difficult to resist the enemy.

On June 22, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov. In particular, he said: “This unheard-of attack on our country is an unparalleled treachery in the history of civilized peoples. The attack on our country was carried out despite the fact that a non-aggression pact was concluded between the USSR and Germany.

June 23, 1941 in Moscow was created supreme body strategic leadership of the armed forces - Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. All power in the country was concentrated in the hands of the State Defense Committee (GKO), formed on June 30. He was appointed Chairman of the State Defense Committee and Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The country began to implement a program of emergency measures under the motto: “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! The Red Army, however, continued to retreat. By mid-July 1941, German troops advanced 300-600 km deep into Soviet territory, capturing Lithuania, Latvia, almost all of Belarus, a significant part of Estonia, Ukraine and Moldova, creating a threat to Leningrad, Smolensk and Kiev. Mortal danger hung over the USSR.

OPERATIONAL REPORT No. 1 OF THE CHIEF OF THE GENERAL STAFF OF THE RKKA ARMY GENERAL G.K. Zhukov. 10.00, June 22, 1941

At 04:00 on June 22, 1941, the Germans, without any reason, raided our airfields and cities and crossed the border with ground troops ...

1. Northern front: the enemy, with a flight of bomber-type aircraft, violated the border and went into district of Leningrad and Kronstadt...

2. Northwestern front. The enemy at 0400 opened artillery fire and at the same time began to bomb airfields and cities: Vindava, Libava, Kovno, Vilna and Shulyai ...

Z. Western Front. At 4.20, up to 60 enemy aircraft bombarded Grodno and Brest. At the same time, the enemy opened artillery fire on the entire border of the Western Front .... With ground forces, the enemy is developing a strike from the Suwalki area in the direction of Golynk, Dombrova and from the Stokolow area along the railway to Volkovysk. The advancing enemy forces are being specified. …

4. Southwestern Front. At 4.20 the enemy began shelling our borders with machine-gun fire. From 04:30, enemy planes were bombarding the cities of Lyuboml, Kovel, Lutsk, Vladimir-Volynsky ... At 04:35, after artillery fire in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bVladimir-Volynsky, Lyuboml, enemy ground forces crossed the border, developing an attack in the direction of Vladimir-Volynsky, Lyuboml and Krystynopol ...

The front commanders have put into effect a cover plan and by active actions of mobile troops they are trying to destroy the part of the enemy that has crossed the border ...

The enemy, having preempted our troops in deployment, forced the Red Army units to take up battle in the process of taking up their starting position according to the cover plan. Using this advantage, the enemy managed to achieve partial success in certain areas.

Signature: Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army G.K. Zhukov

The Great Patriotic War - day after day: based on declassified operational reports of the General Staff of the Red Army. M., 2008 .

RADIO SPEECH BY THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE USSR COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS AND PEOPLE'S COMMISSAR FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE USSR V.M. MOLOTOV June 22, 1941

Citizens and citizens of the Soviet Union!

The Soviet government and its head, Comrade Stalin, have instructed me to make the following statement:

Today, at 4 o'clock in the morning, without presenting any claims against the Soviet Union, without declaring war, German troops attacked our country, attacked our borders in many places and bombed our cities - Zhytomyr, Kiev, Sevastopol, Kaunas and some others, moreover, more than two hundred people were killed and wounded. Enemy aircraft raids and artillery shelling were also carried out from the Romanian and Finnish territories.

This unheard-of attack on our country is treachery unparalleled in the history of civilized peoples. The attack on our country was carried out despite the fact that a non-aggression pact was concluded between the USSR and Germany, and the Soviet government fulfilled all the conditions of this pact in all good faith. The attack on our country was carried out despite the fact that during the entire period of the validity of this treaty, the German government could never make a single claim against the USSR regarding the implementation of the treaty. All responsibility for this predatory attack on the Soviet Union falls entirely on the German fascist rulers (...)

The government calls on you, citizens of the Soviet Union, to rally your ranks still more closely around our glorious Bolshevik Party, around our Soviet government, around our great leader, Comrade. Stalin.

Our cause is right. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours.

Documentation foreign policy. T.24. M., 2000.

J. STALIN'S RADIO SPEECH, July 3, 1941

Comrades! Citizens!

Brothers and sisters!

Soldiers of our army and navy!

I turn to you, my friends!

The treacherous military attack of Nazi Germany on our Motherland, launched on June 22, continues. Despite the heroic resistance of the Red Army, despite the fact that the best divisions of the enemy and the best parts of his aviation have already been defeated and found their grave on the battlefields, the enemy continues to push forward, throwing new forces to the front (...)

History shows that there are no invincible armies and never have been. Napoleon's army was considered invincible, but it was defeated alternately by Russian, English, German troops. Wilhelm's German army during the first imperialist war was also considered an invincible army, but it was defeated several times by Russian and Anglo-French troops and was finally defeated by Anglo-French troops. The same must be said about Hitler's current German fascist army. This army has not yet encountered serious resistance on the European continent. Only on our territory did it meet serious resistance (...)

It may be asked: how could it happen that the Soviet government agreed to conclude a non-aggression pact with such treacherous people and monsters as Hitler and Ribbentrop? Was there a mistake on the part of the Soviet government here? Of course not! A non-aggression pact is a peace pact between two states. It was this pact that Germany proposed to us in 1939. Could the Soviet government refuse such a proposal? I think that not a single peace-loving state can refuse a peace agreement with a neighboring power, if at the head of this power there are even such monsters and cannibals as Hitler and Ribbentrop. And this, of course, on one indispensable condition - if the peace agreement does not affect either directly or indirectly the territorial integrity, independence and honor of a peace-loving state. As you know, the non-aggression pact between Germany and the USSR is just such a pact (...)

With the forced withdrawal of the Red Army units, it is necessary to steal the entire rolling stock, not to leave the enemy a single locomotive, not a single wagon, not to leave the enemy a kilogram of bread or a liter of fuel (...) In areas occupied by the enemy, partisan detachments, horse and foot, must be created, create sabotage groups to fight against parts of the enemy army, to incite guerrilla warfare everywhere and everywhere, to blow up bridges, roads, damage telephone and telegraph communications, set fire to forests, warehouses, carts. In the occupied areas, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupt all their activities (...)

In this great war we will have true allies in the peoples of Europe and America, including the German people, enslaved by the Nazi bosses. Our war for the freedom of our Fatherland will merge with the struggle of the peoples of Europe and America for their independence, for democratic freedoms (...)

In order to quickly mobilize all the forces of the peoples of the USSR, to repulse the enemy who treacherously attacked our Motherland, the State Defense Committee was created, in whose hands all power in the state is now concentrated. The State Defense Committee has begun its work and calls on all the people to rally around the party of Lenin-Stalin, around the Soviet government for the selfless support of the Red Army and the Red Navy, for the defeat of the enemy, for victory.

All our strength is to support our heroic Red Army, our glorious Red Fleet!

All the forces of the people - to defeat the enemy!

Forward to our victory!

Stalin I. About the Great Patriotic war Soviet Union. M., 1947.

In 1939, planning an attack on Poland and foreseeing the possible entry into the war on its side of Great Britain and France, the leadership of the Third Reich decided to secure itself from the east - in August, a Non-Aggression Pact was concluded between Germany and the USSR, dividing the spheres of interests of the parties in Eastern Europe. On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. On September 17, the Soviet Union sent troops into Western Ukraine and Western Belarus and later annexed these territories. A common border appeared between Germany and the USSR. In 1940, Germany captured Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and defeated France. The victories of the Wehrmacht gave rise to hopes in Berlin for an early end to the war with England, which would allow Germany to throw all its forces into the defeat of the USSR. However, Germany failed to force Britain to make peace. The war continued.

The decision to go to war with the USSR and the general plan for the future campaign were announced by Hitler at a meeting with the high military command on July 31, 1940, shortly after the victory over France. The Fuhrer planned to liquidate the Soviet Union by the end of 1941.

The General Staff took the leading place in planning the war of Germany against the USSR ground forces(OKH) of the Wehrmacht, led by its chief, Colonel-General F. Halder. Along with the General Staff of the Ground Forces, an active role in planning the "eastern campaign" was played by the headquarters of the operational leadership of the Supreme High Command armed forces Germany (OKW), led by General A. Jodl, who received instructions directly from Hitler.

On December 18, 1940, Hitler signed Directive No. 21 of the Wehrmacht Supreme High Command, which received the code name "Variant Barbarossa" and became the main guidance document in the war against the USSR. The German armed forces were tasked with "defeating Soviet Russia during one short campaign", for which it was supposed to use all the ground forces with the exception of those that performed occupational functions in Europe, as well as about two-thirds of the Air Force and a small part of the Navy. Rapid operations with a deep and rapid advance of tank wedges, the German army had to destroy the Soviet troops located in the western part of the USSR and prevent the withdrawal of combat-ready units into the interior of the country. In the future, quickly pursuing the enemy, the German troops were to reach the line from where Soviet aviation would not be able to carry out raids on the Third Reich. The ultimate goal of the campaign is to reach the Arkhangelsk-Volga-Astrakhan line.

As the immediate strategic goal of the war against the USSR, the defeat and destruction of Soviet troops in the Baltic States, Belarus and Right-Bank Ukraine were set. It was assumed that during these operations the Wehrmacht would reach Kyiv with fortifications east of the Dnieper, Smolensk and the area south and west of Lake Ilmen. The further goal was to timely occupy the important militarily and economically Donetsk coal basin, and in the north - quickly go to Moscow. The directive demanded that operations to take Moscow be started only after the destruction of Soviet troops in the Baltic states, the capture of Leningrad and Kronstadt. The task of the German Air Force was to disrupt the opposition of Soviet aviation and support their own ground forces in decisive directions. The naval forces were required to ensure the defense of their coast, preventing the breakthrough of the Soviet fleet from the Baltic Sea.

The beginning of the invasion was scheduled for May 15, 1941. The expected duration of the main hostilities was, according to the plan, 4-5 months.

With the completion of development general plan During the war of Germany against the USSR, operational-strategic planning was transferred to the headquarters of the branches of the armed forces and formations of troops, where more specific plans were developed, tasks for the troops were clarified and detailed, and measures were determined to prepare the armed forces, the economy, and the future theater of military operations for war.

The German leadership proceeded from the need to ensure the defeat of the Soviet troops along the entire length of the front line. As a result of the grandiose “border battle” planned, the USSR should have had nothing left but 30-40 reserve divisions. This goal was supposed to be achieved by an offensive along the entire front. The Moscow and Kiev directions were recognized as the main operational lines. They were provided by Army Groups "Center" (48 divisions were concentrated on the front of 500 km) and "South" (40 German divisions and significant allied forces were concentrated on the front of 1250 km). Army Group North (29 divisions on a front of 290 km) had the task of securing the northern flank of the Center group, capturing the Baltic states and establishing contact with Finnish troops. Total number divisions of the first strategic echelon, taking into account the Finnish, Hungarian and Romanian troops, amounted to 157 divisions, of which 17 were tank and 13 motorized, and 18 brigades.

On the eighth day, German troops were to reach the line Kaunas - Baranovichi - Lvov - Mogilev-Podolsky. On the twentieth day of the war, they were supposed to capture the territory and reach the line: the Dnieper (to the area south of Kiev) - Mozyr - Rogachev - Orsha - Vitebsk - Velikiye Luki - south of Pskov - south of Pyarnu. This was followed by a pause of twenty days, during which it was supposed to concentrate and regroup formations, rest the troops and prepare a new supply base. On the fortieth day of the war, the second phase of the offensive was to begin. During it, it was planned to capture Moscow, Leningrad and Donbass.

In connection with Hitler's decision to expand the scale of Operation Marita (attack on Greece), which required the involvement of additional forces, in mid-March 1941, changes were made to the war plan against the USSR. The allocation of additional forces for the Balkan campaign required the postponement of the start of the operation to a later date. All preparations, including the transfer of mobile formations necessary for the offensive in the first operational echelon, was required to be completed by approximately June 22.

To attack the USSR by June 22, 1941, four army groups were created. Taking into account the strategic reserve, the grouping for operations in the East consisted of 183 divisions. Army Group North (commanded by Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb) was deployed in East Prussia, on the front from Memel to Goldap. Army Group Center (commanded by Field Marshal Fedor von Bock) occupied the front from Goldap to Vlodava. Army Group South (commanded by Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt), under whose operational control was the Command of the Romanian Land Forces, occupied the front from Lublin to the mouth of the Danube.

In the USSR, on the basis of the military districts located on the western border, according to the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of June 21, 1941, 4 fronts were created. On June 24, 1941, the Northern Front was created. According to a certificate compiled on the eve of the war by the Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army, General Vatutin, there were a total of 303 divisions in the ground forces, of which 237 divisions were in the grouping for operations in the West (of which 51 were tank and 25 motorized). The grouping for operations in the West was lined up in three strategic echelons.

The Northwestern Front (commanded by Colonel-General F.I. Kuznetsov) was created in the Baltics. The Western Front (commander General of the Army D. G. Pavlov) was created in Belarus. The Southwestern Front (commanded by Colonel-General MP Kirponos) was created in Western Ukraine. The Southern Front (commanded by General of the Army I. V. Tyulenev) was created in Moldova and southern Ukraine. The Northern Front (commanded by Lieutenant General M. M. Popov) was created on the basis of the Leningrad Military District. The Baltic Fleet (commander Admiral VF Tributs) was stationed in the Baltic Sea. The Black Sea Fleet (commanded by Vice Admiral F. S. Oktyabrsky) was stationed in the Black Sea.