Professional words in Russian are examples of words. Professionalism in the speech of people of different professions
professional words. Examples of professionalisms in Russian?
Professional words, or professionalisms, are words that are characteristic of a particular profession, people who are united by one or another professional activity. Doctors have their own set of such words, as do lawyers, linguists, programmers, etc. As a rule, these words are little known and little understood by a wide range of people, especially highly specialized words, although there are also those that are widely used in the speech of most people.
It is worth noting that official terms and professionalism are not the same thing, for example, the professionalism of a goat is the remains of a frozen metal in metallurgy, of. the term is stuck.
Here are some examples of professionalism:
candle (doctors have a type of temperature curve),
sandpaper (sandpaper).
Professional words and terms, as a rule, do not have ambiguity and synonyms. They are completely specific. This distinguishes them from all the others. For example: Easel, print, tweezers, accommodation, assimilation, diaeresis, anacrusis, clause, etc.
Professional words are sometimes incomprehensible in meaning, because their meaning denotes a specific action and often words are borrowed from foreign languages.
For example, a cook prepares fondue - this is such a dish and a dancer performs fondue - this is such a movement.
The surgeon uses a scalpel a common person uses a knife.
professional words belong to the vocabulary of a narrow scope of use. Most often, such words are not used actively in the speech of the general public. Often, professionalisms are terms that are full in every field of knowledge or in production, for example:
amalgam, differentiation, arbitration, isotopes.
Professionalisms sometimes have a literary analogue - a word with a different root.
For example, in the speech of sailors there is the professionalism of a cook, and in the generally accepted sense there is the name of this profession a cook, and a galley on a ship is a kitchen in the generally accepted sense.
This line between true professionalism and the terminological vocabulary of this area is very fragile and thin. An abundance of technical terms is used in works on a production theme, and military terms are used in stories about the war.
The abundance of special vocabulary is used by writers to create an environment speech characteristics heroes and even with a humorous purpose. Here is what A.N. Apukhtin P.I. Tchaikovsky:
Professional words in Russian are a group of words united by one common theme, which are used or in a narrow specific professional activity, like, for example, medical terms, or these are words that have a certain meaning, but in this particular profession, these words have a completely different semantic load. Examples of professional words:
Mathematician - root, task, hyperbole.
Medic: angina pectoris, encephalopathy, epicrisis.
Builder: collar, winch, bucket.
And many others.
Professionalisms are found in every area of activity, only some are widespread, and some are known and recognizable in a narrower circle.
For example, professional words can be distinguished by the following list:
Professionalisms are words that are usually used in a certain field of activity, profession. There are even special dictionaries of professionalism, which contain words from the most different areas activities. For example, a bottle in the speech of sailors means half an hour.
Professionalisms, therefore, are most often used within the same professional group.
PROFESSIONALISMS- These are special words that are used in the field of a wide variety of professions. A significant part of professional words is terminological in nature.
In science, art, agriculture, V industrial production- everywhere there are terms.
For example, as a mathematician by education and profession, I have always used mathematical terms: integral, differential, equation, names of trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent, etc.).
Musicians naturally use musical terms, for example: fugue, overture, chord, gamma, backart, dominant, minor tone.
Professional words are special vocabulary characteristic of a particular profession.
However, it should be noted that professional vocabulary is used not only in a certain environment of people united by one professional activity.
It is also used in journalism and fiction so that the reader can imagine the environment in which a character of a certain profession works. Hero speech artwork may also contain terms related to its activities.
So, for example, many of our classic writers (Turgenev, Aksakov, Nekrasov, Tolstoy and many others) used the so-called hunting terminology in their works: fallen(hidden hare) hang on tail(chase the beast with hounds), copalo(sharp lower fang of a boar), accept the beast(take away the hunted beast from the dog), wheel(loose tail of a capercaillie), etc.
There is even a Dictionary of hunting terms. Of course, there are various other dictionaries that provide professional terms related to a particular profession.
Words that are used by representatives of a particular specialty or profession are called professionalisms.
Professional words in ordinary speech are rare. They can be heard if you ask some employee to tell in more detail about his activities, about what he specifically does.
For example, in the medical field, the following words can be attributed to professionalism:
Professionalisms are words that are used in the oral speech of people in the environment of a narrow profession. They are often confused with professional terms. However, these are different words, even if professionalism is recorded in the dictionary, professionalism is necessarily marked.
Examples of professionalism:
The spare tire is a wheel for drivers, paws are quotes for a text editor, a corral is a pre-written text for newspaper editors, a billhook is a welder's hammer.
Professional words are those words that are used between people of a certain profession or specialty.
For example, in medicine - history, diagnosis, hypotension; for sailors - cook, galley, keel, fairway, rynda; for artists - watercolor, airbrush, aquatint, etching, impasto.
Professional words, like dialect ones, are used only by people of certain professions. These words are most often not dictionary words, but many of them have already entered common use among people of other professions. Dialect words are words that are used only in specific regions. Examples:
For example, the military often say charter, formation, order.
And teachers often use terms such as ruler, meeting, plank.
Relevance: When parents come home and begin to communicate with each other, we children become unwitting listeners to these conversations. Their speech is mostly about work. We often hear words from our parents that are incomprehensible to us.
I want to understand what my parents do and what they talk about. Therefore, for me, the topic "Professional vocabulary of my parents" has become relevant, which is why I chose it.
Target: get acquainted with the professional vocabulary of my parents.
Tasks:
Get acquainted with the phrase "professional vocabulary".
Compare jargons, professionalisms and terms. What is their difference?
Find out what my parents' job is. To attend the workplace of the parents and write down words unfamiliar to me.
Decipher words unknown to me from the professional vocabulary of my parents.
Observe how often professional words are used by mom and dad at home.
Object of study: mother, father.
While doing the work, I put hypothesis: professional vocabulary is needed for concise and accurate expression of thoughts in communication between people of certain professions.
Research methods: Questioning of students of 6 "b" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 1" with subsequent statistical processing and analysis of the data obtained.
Self-education is hard work
and improvement of its conditions -
one of the sacred duties of every person,
because there is nothing more important
as the education of oneself and one's fellow men.
Socrates
The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are primordially Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: yes, for electricians thin wire becomes a hair.
Another source of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever name you take, it's all Latin, except for the duck under the bed.
There are three ways of forming professionalism:
- Lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb "shkerit" (gut fish) formed the name of the profession - "shkershik".
– Lexico-semantic. Emergence of professionalisms by rethinking already famous word, that is, the appearance of a new value for it. The pipe for the hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
– Lexical and derivational. Examples of professionalisms that have arisen in this way are easy to identify, since suffixes or word addition are used for this. For example, the editor-in-chief is the editor-in-chief.
Chapter 1. Professional vocabulary.
Professional vocabulary- this is the vocabulary characteristic of this professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession, that is, they are not commonly used.
"Balda"(heavy hammer for crushing stones and rocks) - in the speech of miners.
"Galley"(kitchen on board) cook(cook) - in the speech of sailors
Professional vocabulary ( professionalism) are expressively rethought words and expressions characteristic of many professions, taken from the general circulation. Professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "special", sometimes the sphere of use of this or that term is indicated: physical, medical, mathematical, astronomer. etc.
Professionalisms- a circle of conditional expressions of some profession that have limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce the artistic merit of the text (L.I. Timofeev).
Professionalisms- words and phrases related to the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity.
Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative representation of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and Christmas trees (the names of the types of quotes in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots, this means "landing the plane hard", i.e. landing so that the plane bounces on the ground); nedomaz and overmaz (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark); skinner (among kayakers, this is the name given to the shallow and rocky section of the river).
Professionalisms can be grouped according to the scope of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc.
Professionalisms appeared by transferring the properties of an object or phenomenon to some other object based on external similarity or similarity in the sound of a word. For example, the word "hat" (a common heading for several notes) - in the speech of printers, in everyday life "hat" is a headdress; "slopes" - wheel tires(driver's); "Piglet" - boiler heat exchanger (from boilermakers)
Some linguists consider professional vocabulary to be "semi-official" compared to terminology:
Professionals needed:
For a better understanding of people of the same profession.
For the convenience of explaining the term.
To understand professionalism in the Russian language course of the 6th grade.
For better assimilation of information through the figurativeness of special vocabulary.
To be able to quickly memorize the text due to the capacity of concepts
Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech as "semi-official" words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Such special words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers, magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
Chapter 2. Comparison of jargons, terms from professionalisms.
Some professionalisms designate scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology
Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.
There is a lot of confusion, fuzziness, and disagreement in judgments about professionalism. It should probably proceed from the fact that professionalisms are precise, normative vocabulary in its essence, and their share in the composition of the literary vocabulary is huge.
Ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term, a commonly used word in a figurative sense can be used, which is recorded in the relevant dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.
Despite the fact that professionalism and professional jargon are defined in almost the same way in some scientific sources, they have their own characteristics. Unlike jargon, professionalisms are used in direct meaning, they are not figurative. Jargonisms, like professionalisms, perform the function of distinguishing between "us" and "them", a sign of the speaker's belonging to a certain social group. Professional jargon is figurative and may be incomprehensible outside the profession.
Professional jargon is more familiar, emotional and expressive than professional jargon. Professionalisms can sometimes be used by specialists in official speech (in reports and speeches at conferences and interviews), while the scope of the use of professional jargon is limited to the oral speech of specialists in an informal setting.
Like jargon, professionalisms are corporate vocabulary, they recognize "their own" by it (doctor - doctor, physicist - physics, etc.). but unlike jargon, professional vocabulary is stylistically neutral, it is part of the literary vocabulary. Like jargon, professionalisms are perceived differently in different contexts. One and the same word (phrase), depending on the context, can be common, and jargon, and professionalism. Everyone, for example, understands the word work, that is, any business, but in criminal jargon it means a crime, while for physicists, work is a measure of the action of force. Let's take another word - gold. in common sense, it is a precious material for the manufacture of many expensive things; for chemists, gold is one of the elements periodic system Mendeleev with its own properties, and for economists, gold is a special commodity, the use value of which expresses and measures the value of all other commodities.
Imagery, expressiveness, emotionality distinguish professionalism from always neutral terms and phrases of an official nature.
Chapter 3
My mother works at the Central District Hospital as a chief nurse.
I attended my mother's work.
In a conversation with her employees, she used such professional words as: grandma-violator, aiknuty, disco, lyuski, UFO, teletubby, etc.
Chapter 4. Explain the meaning of words unknown to me.
Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).
Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance.
In the field of specialized and professional communication and the exchange of scientific, technical and other knowledge, professional vocabulary is a significant, capacious carrier of special scientific information. This is due to the nature of its information function as a carrier of special information. The use of professional vocabulary by representatives of the same field of activity determines the degree of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of professional communication, and, consequently, the qualitative result of their joint work.
Aiknuty - a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (AIC).
Grandmother-violator - an elderly patient with an acute disorder cerebral circulation. See Violator.
BNVPNPG - blockade of the lower branch of the right leg of the bundle of His, an abbreviation that is often found in descriptions of electrocardiograms.
Tug - sodium hydroxybutyrate - a psychotropic drug. See Ksenia, Oksana.
Betseshnik is a patient who has both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
Valezhnik - a ward with bedridden patients. See lounger.
Check mark with Fenechka is a combination of haloperidol and phenazepam. Used to load the patient.
An accordion is a manual ventilator (ALV) with a manual drive. They brought a client on an accordion - an ambulance delivered a patient connected to a ventilator.
Pull the esophagus - conduct transesophageal (therapeutic or diagnostic) pacing. See CHPEX.
Childhood - children's department of the hospital.
Disco - the included siren and flashing lights of the ambulance. See Color Music.
Toad - angina pectoris. Sometimes - a particularly unpleasant patient from the cardiology department.
Start a patient - restore sinus (normal) rhythm after cardiac arrest.
Load the patient - inject psychotropic drugs.
Zebra is a patient after a demonstrative suicide attempt with typical superficial incised wounds of the forearm. See violinist.
Kesarki - women after surgery caesarean section.
The client is a patient, most often an ambulance.
Clinic - clinical death. See stop.
Canned food - patients who are in the department (usually of a surgical profile) on a conservative, i.e. non-surgical treatment.
Ksenia is the same as Tug. See Oksana.
Bed - bedridden patient.
Lazy eye - an eye that deviates from the visual axis with strabismus.
The skiers are elderly patients, leaning on a cane and shuffling along the corridor with their slippers.
Lyuska is a patient with syphilis.
Magnolia - magnesium sulphate - a drug used to reduce blood pressure. Intramuscular administration of magnesium sulfate is very painful.
Flicker, Mertsuha - atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation.
Tinsel - a film for a single-channel electrocardiograph. Usually rolled up, accidentally released from the hands unfolds like a serpentine.
Anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner - insufficient pain relief. See operation under krikain.
Violation is an acute violation of cerebral circulation.
A non-ablable patient is a patient with an arrhythmia that cannot be eliminated by radiofrequency ablation.
Nepruha - intestinal obstruction.
UFO - motionless object; most often the patient is in a coma.
Operation under Krikain is the same as anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner. From the words "scream" and "novocaine".
Stop - the same as the Clinic.
Skydivers are patients who have been injured in a fall from a height.
Transfuse the patient - inject too many solutions intravenously, most often through a drip.
Submarine - revenge for a false call or simulation; a combination of the strong antipsychotic droperidol and the diuretic furosemide. Theoretically, it should cause uncontrolled urination in a state of medicinal sleep. A submarine on the ground is the same cocktail with the addition of prozerin, one of the effects of which is the emptying of the rectum.
Lost is a patient with age-related mental changes who has forgotten the way home.
Soak grandmother - to achieve urine output through the catheter after an operation or an acute condition, accompanied by a cessation of urination. It is considered a good prognostic sign. In intensive care units - a very expected event.
Recidivist - a patient with a relapse (recurrence) of the disease.
Pink puffer - a patient with severe emphysema, usually with a pink-gray skin tone. Speech and any movement of such a patient is accompanied by increasing shortness of breath.
Samodelkin is a traumatologist. During operations in traumatology, a large number of tools similar to metalwork are used: hammers, wire cutters, saws, chisels, etc.
Blue puffy - a patient with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Such patients are characterized by diffuse diffuse cyanosis (blue discoloration) and swelling of the face and neck.
Glasses - 1. A piece of tissue taken during endoscopy or surgery for histological examination. 2. Smear.
Shoot, knock - restore the work of the heart with the help of an electric discharge of a defibrillator.
Planed fingers are typical scalped wounds on the back of the fingers, resulting from careless handling of carpentry tools.
TV - X-ray.
Teletubby is a patient with jaundice and severe ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).
Chatter - atrial flutter.
Pipe - a plastic tube for insertion into the trachea (intubation), used to connect artificial lung ventilation (ALV) devices. Put on the tube - intubate the patient.
Platypus is a medical student in nursing practice. Usually he is entrusted with the care of bedridden patients, including the supply and removal of "ducks".
Ears - phonendoscope.
The trunk is the same as the Trumpet. To insert a trunk is the same as to put on a pipe.
Chelyuskintsy, jaws - patients of the department of maxillofacial surgery.
Turtle is a surgical helmet-mask that covers the entire head and leaves only the eyes open.
Sharmanka - electrocardiograph (an apparatus for recording ECG).
Sword swallower - patient with metallic foreign bodies gastrointestinal tract(paper clips, needles, etc.), allegedly swallowed by accident.
Yaremka is a plastic venous catheter in the internal jugular vein.
Shit, asshole - patient with diarrhea
"Pipes are burning" - problems with appendages
Negro - an outsider brought in to help transport the patient to the car
Breathe - carry out ventilation
"Asshole" - enter in / m
"skull (belly, kidney) at the window" - on the bed by the window lies a client who has a TBI (appendice, kidney disease) in the diagnosis.
Sector prize" - car at night, on the way home.
"Last bullet" - drugs.
"Play war games" - wake up the neighbors at 3 am to drag a stretcher.
"Field of Miracles" - service area.
"For mushrooms" - go on duty.
"Mom is calling for dinner" - the dispatcher returns for lunch.
"Klizmennaya" - the manager's office.
"Tinsel" - ecg tape.
"Warm up" - get up at night under a lantern to write a map.
"Rats" - random night passers-by, witnesses.
"Whom to rub the back" - who am I in line for?
"Drag on snot" - use a raincoat stretcher.
The boy is the driver.
"Girl" is an ambulance.
"Wheelbarrow" - wheelchair.
"Kindergarten"- sobering-up.
"Indians" - cops.
"Banker" - bum
Light music - siren, flashers (with light music)
yelp - call back
Rooms - sobering-up station (we go to the rooms)
Gift - bum (bring a gift)
"accordion" - electrocardiotransmitter
"yellow suitcase" - medical stowage box
"BTR" - ambulance transport
"magnet" - magnesium sulfate
"vitamin A" - chlorpromazine
"pilot, driver" - carrier
"hoarse" - walkie-talkie
"aquarium" - the room in which dispatchers sit
Flyushka - fluorography,
Beam - fracture of the radius,
Physics - physical. solution,
Film - ECG,
Droplet - dropper, system,
Pipe - endotracheal tube,
Tube - tuberculosis.
some professionalisms denote scientific concepts, these are terms (from Latin terminus - limit, border) that have definitions (definitions) used in the relevant field of science and / or technology. For example
being natural and necessary in oral and writing specialists, professionalisms are inappropriate, incomprehensible or insufficiently understandable in other situations of communication, because every statement is built taking into account its addressee.
inaccurate and inappropriate use of professionalism can lead to curiosities.
The logic of life is such that everyday life is constantly updated, replenished with new things, so many professionalisms eventually become common words. An illustrative example of such processes is the mass distribution of computer technology and, accordingly, computer vocabulary; V last decade words have become commonplace: monitor, display, printer, cartridge, file, cursor, scanner, modem, spam, joystick, etc.
ways of formation of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific, technical terms, are diverse. as a term, a commonly used word in a figurative sense can be used, which is recorded in the relevant dictionaries. this is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.
many professionalisms, due to the universality of science and technology (and the corresponding languages), are used in different types activities
when isolating professionalisms in the vocabulary national language, their delimitation from common words and from jargon, researchers are faced with considerable difficulties associated with constant development, updating vocabulary, diversity functional styles and contexts of word usage.
professionalism in the speech of the narrator and characters is often motivated by the theme of the work or its part.
however, Tolstoy cares about his collective reader, for which he resorts to "translation", an explanation in brackets of words that may be incomprehensible.
The ordinary reader, however, does not understand everything in these dialogues, and a real commentary on the texts is needed. it is necessary, for example, to explain that .... etc.
the speech of the characters and the narrator is united by the neighborhood of professionalism and personifying metaphors, the same comparisons and epithets
professionalisms are often used in the depiction of comic contradictions and characters - in satirical, humorous works. one of the types of comedy is the character's false self-esteem. a hack and an ignoramus who considers himself a specialist can be exposed by testing his knowledge, in particular, his possession of terminology, professional vocabulary.
in the novel and ilfa and evg. Petrov's "Twelve Chairs" Nikifor Lyapis, the creator of the new "Gavriliad", allows numerous "blunders", introducing professionalism into his stereotyped texts in order to show a thorough knowledge of the subject. employees of the newspaper "Stank" hung a newspaper clipping with a sketch of lapis on the wall, circling it with a mourning border. the essay began like this: "the waves rolled over the pier and fell down like a swift jack ..." already at this phrase, sarcastic fellow journalists doubted the knowledge of the meaning of the word "jack" by the lapis.
they ask him:
"- how do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.
- such ... falls, in a word ...
- the jack falls. notice everything! the jack is rapidly falling! .. "
and lapis is brought a volume of the brockhaus encyclopedia with the definition of a jack - "one of the machines for lifting significant weights" (chapter xxix. "the author of" Gavriliad ").
the work of many writers indicates that professional vocabulary is not on the outskirts of literature. in the arsenal of stylistic means she has a prominent place.
Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of the colloquial vocabulary, and not a literary one.
Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative representation of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and Christmas trees (the names of the types of quotes in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots, this means "landing the plane hard", i.e. landing so that the plane bounces on the ground); nedomaz and overmaz (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark); skinner (among kayakers, this is the name given to the shallow and rocky section of the river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are opposed to terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: they are unofficial synonyms for official scientific names.
The use of professional vocabulary allows the speaker to emphasize his belonging to a certain circle of people; these words can be used to identify “our own”. Thus, typographic workers are identified by such words and expressions as corral in the meaning of "spare typesetting texts"; clogged font - "a worn out, worn-out font; a font that has been in typed galleys for a long time"; tail - "lower edge of the book"; header - "large header"; marashka - "marriage in the form of a square", etc. There are many specific professional expressions in the acting environment: to drop or leave the text means "quickly repeat it with a partner"; walk the text with your feet - "pronounce the text while moving around the stage"; not to give a bridge to someone - "most emotionally complete some scene."
The closer some area of professional or industrial activity is to the interests of society as a whole, the faster professionalisms become well-known and pass into the category of commonly used words. So, in particular, in the modern Russian language, many professionalisms from the environment of specialists in the field of computer technology have become widespread. Among them there are old words in new meanings (mouse, virus, menu, iron), and neologisms, which are mainly borrowings from in English(spam, monitor, file, hacker, joystick).
PROFESSIONALISMS are special words that are used in the field of a wide variety of professions. A significant part of professional words is terminological in nature. In science, art, agriculture, industrial production - everywhere there are terms. For example, mathematical terms: integral, differential, equation, names of trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent, etc.). Musicians naturally use musical terms, for example: fugue, overture, chord, gamma, backart, dominant, minor tone. Professional words are special vocabulary characteristic of a particular profession. .
It is worth dwelling in more detail on what professionalisms are in Russian. Often these words are slang expressions. The informal nature of lexemes suggests that they are not used everywhere. Their use may be limited to a narrow circle of people: belonging to the same specialty, qualifications, working in the same organization. Often the range of concepts becomes wider over time. Practically people of any profession have their own set of professionalisms. This is due to the need to clearly identify all the processes and phenomena in working life, many of which often have no definition. Such words are formed through associations with everyday concepts. Often, for a person who is not versed in the intricacies of a particular profession, confusion may arise when meeting words from professional vocabulary. IN real life they can refer to completely different objects.
Problems of professionalism One of the problems is the misunderstanding of professionalism by people who do not belong to a particular type of profession. Many of these expressions are not found in dictionaries. And those that are found in dictionary and terminological publications are hardly distinguished from the terms themselves and vernacular. The inability to find a precise definition of professionalism can cause confusion even among the representatives of the professions themselves. And because of this - errors in work, failures. Information barriers arise when employees and qualified specialists communicate with their management. It is more common for employees to use special expressions in their speech, but their meaning is unfamiliar to many managers. As a result, some isolation of groups of workers at different levels appears, and conflicts may arise.
Professionalisms in the Russian language are little studied, linguists try to avoid this phenomenon. The appearance of such words is spontaneous, and it is difficult to find certain boundaries for them and give a clear designation. There are some educational publications in which experts try to give a list of professionalisms. Such dictionaries will help students and pupils in their further work: to quickly get up to speed and understand colleagues, not to experience difficulties in oral communication with narrow specialists.
Terms Termin (from lat. terminus - limit, border) - a word or phrase that is the name of a certain concept of some area of science, technology, art, and so on. Terms serve as specializing, restrictive designations characteristic of this sphere of objects, phenomena, their properties and relationships. Unlike words general vocabulary, which are often polysemantic and carry emotional coloring, the terms within the scope are unambiguous and devoid of expression. Terms exist within the framework of a certain terminology, that is, they are included in a specific lexical system of a language, but only through a specific terminological system. Unlike words common language, the terms are not related to the context. Within this system of concepts, the term should ideally be unambiguous, systematic, stylistically neutral (for example, “phoneme”, “sine”, “ surplus value"). According to the author of the textbook "Terminology" S. V. Grinev-Grinevich, referring to the opinion of O. S. Akhmanova, the main composition of the terminological list of European languages "may well be exhausted by nouns." Grinev-Grinevich recognizes the existence of an “excellent opinion”, according to which some verbs, as well as adjectives and adverbs, can be attributed to terms, but rejects this point of view as untenable. Hence his refined definition of the term as "a nominative lexical unit (word or phrase) adopted for the exact naming of concepts" . Terms and non-terms (words of the common language) can pass into each other. Terms are subject to derivational, grammatical and phonetic rules given language, are created by terminology of the words of the national language, borrowing or tracing foreign terminological elements. In some cases, with such an entry of the word into the terminology of various subject areas, homonymy arises: for example, the word “ligatura” (lat. ligatura) borrowed from Latin in metallurgy has the meaning “alloys for alloying”, in surgery - “a thread used in ligation of blood vessels”, in music theory - a grapheme in which several simple “different-height” musical signs were written together as a single sign.
In addition to common words in Russian, there are words that are used much less frequently. These include various jargon and turns used in professional speech. Professionalisms are words that are used by people of a particular profession, or simply related to a particular specialization. But, unlike terms, they are not accepted as official concepts and are not applicable in scientific activities.
Term Features
It is worth dwelling in more detail on what professionalisms are in Russian. Often these words are slang expressions. The informal nature of lexemes suggests that they are not used everywhere. Their use may be limited to a narrow circle of people: belonging to the same specialty, qualifications, working in the same organization. Often the range of concepts becomes wider over time.
Practically people of any profession have their own set of professionalisms. This is due to the need to clearly identify all the processes and phenomena in working life, many of which often have no definition. Such words are formed through associations with everyday concepts. Often, for a person who is not initiated into the intricacies of a particular profession, confusion may arise when meeting with words from In real life, they can denote completely different objects.
For example, the word "peasants" in legal speech denotes witnesses to a crime, and not villagers.
Characteristics and application
Another one salient feature professionalism is emotional coloring and expression. Many are used to denote negative working phenomena, errors in production. Their similarity with colloquial expressions is noticeable: in some cases it is almost impossible to distinguish between these concepts. They are always formed in oral speech. In some cases, the word has a terminological analogue, which is not used due to the difficulty of pronunciation, the cumbersomeness of the word.
Many examples can be given from the railroad trades. Each type of transport here has its own designation, sometimes consisting of abbreviations and numbers. It is quite difficult to use them in speech, therefore, substitute concepts appear in the communication of railway workers.
For example, a tank with 8 axles is called a "cigar", and a diesel locomotive TU2 is called a "carcass" by road workers. There are similar examples in aviation: the AN-14 aircraft was nicknamed the “bee”.
Designations have not only technical devices but also individual professions and positions. Dreziners are called drivers of track cars. Some of the professional words are distorted foreign designations: reading the Latin alphabet without observing the rules of pronunciation (for example, "designer" - designer).
Examples from different professions
In some works fiction writers also use professionalisms. This is necessary for depicting a certain category of people, conveying emotions and for character dialogues. Many representatives of professions do not even notice how they use the words of this vocabulary in their speech. Teachers, sports coaches, economists and designers have them. In legal and advocacy practice, the phrase “to sew a case” means “investigation with a bias towards prosecution”. Musicians and music teachers have an expression “major mood”, which carries a rather positive connotation. The language of medical workers is rich in professionalism, where complex names of diagnoses are replaced by ironic, simplified words.
"Betseshnik" is called a patient infected with hepatitis B and C, "flicker" is called atrial fibrillation. The main purpose of such words in this case- make speech shorter and more capacious, and speed up the process of helping patients.
Use in speech
Professionalisms in the Russian language are little studied, linguists try to avoid this phenomenon. The appearance of such words is spontaneous, and it is difficult to find certain boundaries for them and give a clear designation. There are some educational publications in which experts try to give a list of professionalisms. Such dictionaries will help students and pupils in their further work: to quickly get up to speed and understand colleagues, not to experience difficulties in oral communication with narrow specialists.
Problems of professionalism
One of the problems is the misunderstanding of professionalism by people who do not belong to a particular one. Many of these expressions are not found in dictionaries. And those that are found in dictionary and terminological publications are hardly distinguished from the terms themselves and vernacular. The inability to find a precise definition of professionalism can cause confusion even among the representatives of the professions themselves. And because of this - errors in work, failures. Information barriers arise when employees and qualified specialists communicate with their management. It is more common for employees to use special expressions in their speech, but their meaning is unfamiliar to many managers. As a result, some isolation of groups of workers at different levels appears, and conflicts may arise.
