General information about the Russian language. Message on the topic (Russian language in the modern world)
Language is the most important means of human communication, knowledge and creative development of the surrounding reality.
Russian is the national language of the Russian people. The Russian national language developed in the 16th-17th centuries. in connection with the formation of the Moscow state. It was based on Moscow and adjacent local dialects. The further development of the Russian national language is associated with its normalization and formation in the 18th-19th centuries. literary language. The literary language combined the features of the northern and southern dialects: in the phonetic system, the consonants corresponded to the consonants of the northern dialects, and the vowels were closer to the pronunciation in the southern dialects; vocabulary has more overlap with northern dialects (for example, rooster, but not kochet, wolf, but not biryuk).
Old Slavonic had a significant influence on the formation of the Russian national language. His influence on the Russian language was undoubtedly beneficial: so in Russian literary language included borrowings disposition, drag, ignoramus, head, etc., Russian participles with suffixes -ah (-ch) were supplanted by Old Church Slavonic participles with suffixes -ashch (-box) (burning instead of hot).
In the course of its formation and development, the Russian national language borrowed and continues to borrow elements from other, unrelated languages, such as, for example, French, German, English, etc.
The national Russian language is a complex phenomenon, heterogeneous in its composition. And this is understandable: after all, it is used by people who differ in their social status, occupation, place of birth and residence, age, gender, level of culture, etc. All these differences of people are reflected in the language. Therefore, the language exists in several varieties:
· territorial dialects, as a local variety of language, exist in oral form and serve mainly for everyday communication (for example, busit, instead of drizzle, rudder, instead of towel and etc.).
· vernacular- a type of language used in the speech of poorly educated native speakers (for example, TV set, instead of TV, play up instead of play, bake, instead of you bake and etc.).
· Professional jargons- this is a type of language that is used in the speech of people of one profession (for example, spark, instead of spark at the drivers batten down the hatches instead of close the sailors say training aircraft called ladybug pilots, etc.).
· Social jargon use socially isolated groups of people in their speech (for example, spur, steppe- from student jargon, ancestors, horse racing- from youth jargon, etc.).
Territorial dialects, professional and social jargons, vernacular are included as an integral part of the national Russian language, but the basis, the highest form of existence of the national language is literary language. It serves various areas human activity: politics, legislation, culture, art, office work, everyday communication.
One of the main signs of a literary language - normalization. The standardization of the literary language lies in the fact that the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling and the formation of grammatical forms are subject to a generally accepted pattern - the norm. Along with normalization, the literary language has the following features:
Sustainability (stability);
Mandatory for all native speakers;
Processed;
Availability functional styles;
The presence of oral and written forms.
In accordance with the "Law on the languages of the peoples of Russia", the Russian language, which is the main means of interethnic communication of peoples Russian Federation, in accordance with the established historical and cultural traditions, has the status state language throughout Russia.
Functions of the Russian language as a state language:
1. The Russian language is the language in which the highest legislative bodies of the Russian Federation work.
2. Texts of laws and other legal acts are published in Russian.
3. The Russian language as the state language is studied in secondary, secondary vocational and higher educational institutions.
4. Russian is the language of the mass media.
5. Russian is the language of communication in the areas of industry, transport, communications, services and commercial activities.
On the territory of Russia with its multinational population, the “Law on the Languages of the Peoples of Russia” guarantees and ensures, along with the functioning of the Russian language as the state language, the creation of conditions for the development of the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation, for the preservation and development of the languages of small peoples and ethnic groups.
The Russian language is not only the language of interethnic communication between the peoples of Russia, but also the peoples of the former CIS.
The functions of the Russian language are not limited to life within the nation and Russian state, but also cover international spheres of communication, since the Russian language is one of the world languages. World languages are called languages that are means of interstate, international communication.
The Russian language has become one of the world languages since the middle of the 20th century. The number of those who speak Russian to one degree or another now exceeds half a billion people. The Russian language meets all the requirements for world languages:
- The Russian language is a means of communication for scientists, one of the languages of science.
- Russian is studied as a foreign language in many countries of the world.
- Russian is the working language of such international organizations as: the UN, UNESCO, etc.
The Russian language is the language of the richest fiction, global importance which is exceptionally large.
In various educational institutions, it is quite common to be asked to write a report. Those who do it for the first time. Always wondering how to write a report correctly. But first you need to know what a report is.
Report- scientific - research work, where the author describes the problem under study, reveals his own view of it, gives other points of view.
Reports differ in form: oral and written.
Such work as writing a report includes the following steps:
- selection of sources for the topic of the report and their study (the recommended number of sources is from 8 to 10);
- compiling a bibliography;
- processing of the material and its systematization. Preparation of generalizations and conclusions;
- development of a plan for the topic of the report;
- writing a report;
- presentation with a report.
Reports always written in a scientific, academic style. Academic style is a presentation of textual material that is suitable for writing scientific and educational papers. Features of this style:
- long and complex sentences are allowed;
- it is possible to use words of foreign origin, terms;
- it is possible to use introductory structures;
- the position of the author should be less pronounced (absence of the pronouns "I", "my");
- the use of stamps and common words is allowed in the text.
How to write a paper in the natural sciences? These reports have some differences.
The general structure of the report on the disciplines of natural sciences is given below.
1. The wording of the topic (it should be relevant and interesting).
2. Relevance of the research (determine the relevance of this area of research, its importance, list issues that have received little attention, list scientists who have worked on this topic).
3. The purpose of the work (should correspond to the wording of the topic of the report and should clarify the topic of the study).
4. Research objectives (specify the purpose of the work).
5. Hypothesis (scientific assumption about the results research work). The hypothesis is formulated only in the case when the nature of the work is experimental.
6. Research methodology (it is necessary to describe in detail the actions aimed at obtaining the result).
7. Research results (do summary the information obtained by the researcher in the course of the experiment). The presentation of results should be clear and concise. It can be helpful to quantify and demonstrate them with graphs and charts.
8. Findings of the study. They should briefly describe the main results and trends. Conclusions must be numbered.
How to write report is correct in terms of design? The main sections of the report are as follows:
- title page;
- table of contents (here it is necessary to indicate the names of the paragraphs of the report and pages);
- introduction (here it is necessary to give a rationale for the choice of the topic, its relevance, indicate the goals and objectives of this work);
- the main part (divided into sections)
- conclusion (conclusions are drawn on the topic of the report, summed up);
- bibliography.
Here are all the requirements for how to write a report. And now a few tips on how to speak in front of an audience with a report.
The duration of the speech should not exceed 15 minutes. Talk only about the most important things.
The report should briefly reflect the content of the sections of the work.
It is necessary to memorize the meanings of all terms used in the report.
Don't be afraid of the audience.
You should not rush, but you should not stretch the words either. The speech speed should be around 120 words per minute.
Here are the rules, under which you will get an excellent report, which will be highly appreciated by teachers.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Introduction
Conclusion
Introduction
Society cannot live without using language, this most important means of human communication. There is not a single type of human activity in which language would not be used as an expression of their thoughts, feelings and will in order to achieve mutual understanding between them.
Over time, people became interested in their constant companion - language and created a science about it. This science is now called linguistics, or linguistics. Knowledge is simply necessary for those whose profession is related to teaching or studying the language, it is also necessary for those people who have to use the language as a professional tool (teachers, propagandists, lecturers, journalists, writers, etc.).
The main functions of the language indicate that the language is a nationwide phenomenon, not a class one. All people, regardless of their belonging to certain classes and social or professional groups, need to communicate. All people need to think and express what they think.
The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, a means of preserving and transmitting folk culture, thinking, behavior; it is obvious that the formation of a system of meanings common to the people, the same understanding of the key categories of culture - goodness, justice, truth - is the basis of the national community. Language serves as a means of linguistic unity of a multinational state, interethnic communication of the peoples of Russia. And also is official language used in various areas of communication (in science, diplomacy, education). Activities to support, develop, disseminate and preserve the purity of the Russian language are coordinated, in addition to legislative acts, by the Russian Language Council under the Government of the Russian Federation.
1. Russian language in the system of languages of the world
“The Russian language is a world language,” says the famous linguist Vyacheslav Belousov. “And in the third millennium it has neither its own cultural nor its own historical significance won't lose. It will maintain its presence not only in the CIS countries, but also in the world.”
What are its functions as one of the world languages?
Firstly, the Russian language (along with English, Chinese, French, Spanish and Arabic) is the official language of many international organizations - the UN, UNESCO, etc. This means that official documents, special journals of these organizations are published in Russian, their websites are created in Internet, radio broadcasts. Russian is included in the number of languages that serve the activities of almost a third of international non-governmental organizations, including the World Federation of Trade Unions, the International Committee for European Security.
It also enters as a working language of the largest international conferences, high-level meetings, providing communication between representatives of different countries. It is important that Russia's efforts to preserve the status of the Russian language be supported by representatives of the diplomatic services of other countries.
Secondly, Russian is the language of one of the largest centers of international education.
Thirdly, when discussing the situation with the Russian language in the world, one should not forget about the millions of our compatriots who, for various reasons, live outside of Russia.
Fourthly, the Russian language provides access not only to the riches of science and culture in Russia, but also in other countries, acting as a kind of mediator between different peoples, especially in the Eurasian space. After all, a significant part of scientific and fiction literature published in the world is translated into Russian.
What reasons contributed to the establishment of the status quo in the study and teaching of the Russian language abroad?
Firstly, this is due to the formation of a single economic space in Europe, in connection with which the so-called market languages and marketing languages have appeared.
Secondly, Russia plays an important role in international market educational services. Russian language makes it possible to get higher education professional education at the level of world standards.
Thirdly, a significant reason for the interest in the study of the Russian language is the desire to join the culture, in particular, the literature that stands behind it and which has universal significance. Dialogues between different cultures UNESCO and the Council of Europe consider it an urgent task of our time, since such dialogues involve mutual understanding of the values and traditions of others, the exchange of experience gained over centuries, the exchange of views on the burning issue of the past, present and future of the peoples inhabiting the globe.
Fourthly, the study of the Russian language abroad also stimulates a significant influx of tourists from Russia to Western Europe and other countries of the world.
Fifth, a certain group of students is attracted by the difficulty of the Russian language. According to American students, those who like to overcome obstacles choose the Russian language for learning.
2. The role of the Russian language in modern society
The Russian language is the language of the richest fiction, the world significance of which is exceptionally great. The Russian alphabet formed the basis of the writing of many young languages, and the Russian language became the second native language of the non-Russian population of the Russian Federation. There is a constant process of mutual enrichment of the Russian language and the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
In the last decade, there has been a certain decline in interest in the Russian language in the far abroad. But today more and more people are turning to it again. On the one hand, they are interested in Russian culture, and on the other hand, this is a purely pragmatic interest, because the Russian language allows them to cooperate with Russian businessmen and build business relations on a long-term basis. First of all, this concerns cooperation within the CIS. After all, the Russian language, as it was the language of interethnic communication during the Soviet era, has remained so.
The Russian language continues to arouse interest in the modern world. According to publications in the Russian press, the number of citizens of the United States, France, Spain, Sweden, Finland, Austria, and Korea who have begun to study the Russian language and literature has recently increased several times.
The main source of its development, processing and polishing was the creative creativity of the Russian people, especially generations of Russians and all Russian figures in science, politics, technology, culture and literature - the Russian language has become a highly developed, rich, historically balanced language.
The Russian language is not only the state language of the Russian Federation. It is one of the world languages, that is, such languages that serve as a means of international communication between the peoples of different states. Of the more than two and a half thousand languages known in the world, international communication is provided by a group of the most developed world languages, the so-called club of world languages. The promotion of a language to the role of the world is determined by the universal significance of the culture created in this language. The status of a language as a world language is legally secured by recognizing it as the official or working language of international organizations or conferences (UN, UNESCO, etc.). Thus, the Russian language is recognized as one of the six official languages of the UN along with English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese and French; the most important international treaties and agreements are written on it. The Russian language is studied in most countries. Russian language teachers are united by the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL).
At present, the degree of prevalence of the Russian language still ranks fourth in the world. leading the way English language(for an estimated 500 million people it is their first or second language and over 1 billion more people speak it as a foreign language) and Chinese (it is spoken - almost exclusively as a mother tongue - by over 1,350 million people). The third place is Spanish(it is owned by about 360 million people, including an estimated 335 million - as a native).
Thus, the huge role of the Russian language in the modern world is determined by its cultural value, its power and greatness.
3. Modern language situation
Stormy socio-political shifts in Russia last decade led to a radical change in the social structure of Russian society, which, of course, could not but affect the development and functioning of the Russian language.
Specificity current state The linguistic situation in Russia is that the vast majority of changes in the language are associated with changes in society. Modern Russian society is a society in which the principles of political freedom are actually implemented.
The strict regulation of the life of members of society by the state, the administrative-command system, has disappeared. All strata of society got the opportunity to actively express themselves in political organizations, in market relations, people are active in public life. On the other hand, the activity of the majority of members of society, suppressed earlier by the totalitarian state, found an explosive outlet during the period of reforming the country, which led to the release of not only activity (business and political), but also to the release of aggressiveness and rudeness in part of society.
The previously restrained activity of many members of society spilled out, including in the form of aggressiveness, rudeness, defiant, uncontrollable behavior. Another reason for the release of aggressiveness in modern Russian society was the emerging fear of the market, the loss of people's sense of total lifelong state security, the fear of unemployment. The accumulation of aggressiveness in people, due to its long-term suppression by external forces, as well as the fear of the outside world that arises in the subject with a sharp change in the circumstances of existence, is a natural reaction of a person.
In the sphere of language, this is manifested in the growth of the aggressiveness of the dialogue, the increase specific gravity evaluative vocabulary in speech, the growth of vulgar and obscene word usage, jargonization of speech of certain segments of the population, etc. Freedom of speech has become the most visible political reality in contemporary Russian society.
The elimination of censorship, the expansion of people's access to information, the independence of the media, the diversity of printed materials, radio and television programs in the country, the expansion of live broadcasts on radio and television, the return of previously banned authors to scientific and cultural use are undoubted signs of today's Russia.
With freedom of speech, people's access to information has expanded significantly. Expanding access to information leads to an increase in the vocabulary of people in all age categories. At the same time, features of information fatigue are observed.
The proportion of people who consider it possible for themselves to disdain the norms of speech etiquette is increasing. The frequency of using the appeal to “you” to strangers has noticeably increased, especially in large cities, there is a tendency for people to form an opinion about the “conventionality” of speech etiquette, its uselessness in modern communication.
The culture of speech and the general culture of workers in the media of the press, radio and television have fallen sharply. Numerous speech errors, gross deviations from the norms of speech culture are allowed on the air. The uninhibited behavior on the air that has become fashionable linguistically leads to increased volume, an accelerated tempo of speech, increased tension of articulation and excessive emotionality of dialogue with the viewer, as well as often to the use of profanity, risky speech epithets and metaphors. The level of speech culture has fallen in all social and age groups.
Computer typing and layout of printed publications, especially newspapers, lead to gross errors in the field of transfers, which creates a strong opinion among the population that the transfer rules have now been canceled.
In society, attention to the speech side of speeches is increasing. politicians, their speech errors are noticed and ridiculed in the press. This encourages politicians of the new generation to treat their speech more responsibly and work on it.
The openness of Russian society is connected, first of all, with the development of broad contacts between Russians and foreign countries. At present, many foreign firms and a large number of foreign specialists work in the country; the travel of Russian citizens abroad has been greatly simplified; open access to foreign books, journalism, film and video products, the Internet; the possibility of personal contacts between Russians and foreign citizens has grown significantly - it has become possible for Russian citizens foreign vacation, free communication with foreigners in their own country and abroad, study and internships in foreign countries.
Financial difficulties reduce people's access to newspapers and magazines - now few people subscribe to more than one newspaper, mostly local, and many families have stopped subscribing to newspapers altogether. Written communication has decreased, telephone conversations have become shorter - both of them, primarily because of their rise in price.
The intensive technical re-equipment of the life of Russians can be called a technical revolution, and it is connected, first of all, with the wide distribution in Everyday life sophisticated household and office equipment, mostly foreign-made. Computers, camcorders, new generation televisions, faxes, copiers and duplicators, Appliances, foreign cars - all this contributes to the emergence in the Russian language of many new concepts and words, mostly borrowed. At the same time, a variety of instructions for imported equipment in a foreign language, inscriptions on the controls of the equipment stimulate the study foreign language, mostly English.
High quality modern communication - Cell phones, computer communications, etc. - leads to a reduction in the written form of communication, an increase in the proportion of telephone communication and communication using technical means. It leads to a decrease in the literacy of the population, especially young people. For the same reason, the volume of reading fiction, especially highly artistic, is reduced. An increase in the share of communication with the media (radio, television) leads to a predominance of the perception of information by ear in a modern person and a weakening of the skills of understanding and interpreting a written text.
Therefore, the future of the Russian language depends on us. Will it continue to be one of the most powerful and richest languages in the world, or will it join the ranks of the disappearing ones.
Preserving the language, taking care of it further development and enrichment - a guarantee of the preservation and development of Russian culture. Therefore, every citizen of the Russian Federation, no matter who he works, no matter what position he holds, is responsible for the state of the language of his country, his people.
Thus, there arises the problem of purposeful work to maintain the norms of speech culture in modern Russian society, the problem of forming people's attention to their own speech culture.
language speech literacy
Conclusion
The state of the Russian language is currently an acute problem for the state, for the whole society. Disorder and vacillation in society, the decline of morality, the loss of characteristic national features - all this affects the language, leading to its decline.
In the context of the scientific and technological revolution, the increasing role of the human factor, one cannot but pay attention to the fact that every third person of non-Russian nationality does not speak it freely. This situation seriously hinders the development and introduction of new equipment and technology, leveling the levels of cultural development, familiarizing people with the latest achievements of science. Historical events The twentieth century could not help but influence the history of the Russian language. Of course, the language system has not changed in one century - social events do not affect the structure of the language. The speech practice of Russian speakers has changed, ...
The thoughtless familiarization with Western civilization that is now observed leads, ultimately, to the destruction of the Russian language, Russian culture, Russian traditions and Russian national identity. Now there is a lot of talk about the development of a Russian national idea that could unite all Russians. One of the components of such an idea may well be the Russian language. After all, it is the cultivation of the native language, native culture that helps not only to unite all Russians, but also to preserve everything that makes Russia proud.
Despite all the difficulties of the modern period, we should not forget that the Russian language is our national treasure, and we must treat it like a national wealth - preserve and increase.
List of used literature
1. The culture of Russian speech. ( Tutorial) Maslov V.G., 2010. - 160 p.
2. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities. L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaeva, Rostov n / a: publishing house "Phoenix", 2001. - 544 p.
3. Russian language and culture of speech / I.A. Dolbina, T.A. Karpinets, O.A. Saltymakov; Kuzbass State Technical University, 2011. - 63p.
4. Russian language of the end of the XX century. V. L. Vorontsova and others - M .: Languages of Russian culture, 2009. - 478 p.
5. Modern Russian language. Textbook. Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I., 2002. 6th ed., 528p.
Hosted on Allbest.ru
Similar Documents
The place of the Russian language in the modern multinational world and the attitude towards it from the peoples of other countries. Actual problems speech culture, its normative, communicative and ethical aspects. Definition and functions of the Russian language as a national one.
abstract, added 11/17/2014
Slavic languages in the Indo-European family of languages. Features of the formation of the Russian language. Proto-Slavic as an ancestor of the Slavic languages. Standardization oral speech in Russia. The emergence of separate Slavic languages. Territory of formation of the Slavs.
abstract, added 01/29/2015
Russian is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Russian language as the language of interethnic communication of the peoples of the USSR and the language of international communication. Features of the origin of the Russian language. The role of the Old Church Slavonic language in the development of the Russian language.
abstract, added 04/26/2011
The single language of the Russian nation, the language of international communication in the modern world. The growing influence of the Russian language on other languages. A wonderful language of the world in terms of the variety of grammatical forms and the richness of the dictionary, the richest fiction.
essay, added 04.10.2008
Characteristics of the Russian language - the largest of the world's languages, its features, the existence of many borrowings, the basis of many mixed languages. Classics of Russian literature about the possibilities of the Russian language. Reforms of the Russian literary language.
control work, added 10/15/2009
Russian language in modern society. Origin and development of the Russian language. Distinctive features Russian language. The ordering of linguistic phenomena into a single set of rules. The main problems of the functioning of the Russian language and the support of Russian culture.
abstract, added 04/09/2015
The importance of the Russian language in the conditions of the formation of a civil nation in Russia, without diminishing the role of ethnic languages. Language and thinking in the reasoning of Russian philosophers. Perception of various sciences in a particular ethnic and linguistic environment. Russian language in Adygea.
abstract, added 01.10.2009
general characteristics and features Chinese as one of the oldest languages. The essence and specificity of the problems of translation from Russian into Chinese. Grammatical transformation and the specificity of the transmission of stylistic devices based on a play on words.
term paper, added 02/05/2013
Study of the history of the emergence of languages. General characteristics of the group of Indo-European languages. Slavic languages, their similarities and differences from the Russian language. Determination of the place of the Russian language in the world and the spread of the Russian language in the countries of the former USSR.
abstract, added 10/14/2014
Modern Russian is one of richest languages peace. high merit and lexicon Russian language. Features of the functional, expressive, colloquial, scientific, bookish, journalistic, official business style of the Russian language.
