Periodic table what it all means. Periodic system of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev
In nature, there are a lot of repeating sequences:
- Seasons;
- Times of Day;
- days of the week…
In the middle of the 19th century, D.I. Mendeleev noticed that Chemical properties elements also have a certain sequence (it is said that this idea came to him in a dream). The result of the miraculous dreams of the scientist was the Periodic table chemical elements, in which D.I. Mendeleev arranged the chemical elements in order of increasing atomic mass. In the modern table, the chemical elements are arranged in ascending order of the atomic number of the element (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom).
The atomic number is shown above the symbol of a chemical element, below the symbol is its atomic mass (the sum of protons and neutrons). Note that the atomic mass of some elements is a non-integer! Remember isotopes! Atomic mass is the weighted average of all the isotopes of an element that occur naturally under natural conditions.
Below the table are the lanthanides and actinides.
Metals, non-metals, metalloids
They are located in the Periodic Table to the left of the stepped diagonal line that starts with Boron (B) and ends with polonium (Po) (the exceptions are germanium (Ge) and antimony (Sb). It is easy to see that metals occupy most of the Periodic Table. The main properties of metals : solid (except mercury); shiny; good electrical and thermal conductors; ductile; malleable; easily donate electrons.
The elements to the right of the stepped diagonal B-Po are called non-metals. The properties of non-metals are directly opposite to the properties of metals: poor conductors of heat and electricity; fragile; non-forged; non-plastic; usually accept electrons.
Metalloids
Between metals and non-metals are semimetals(metalloids). They are characterized by the properties of both metals and non-metals. Semimetals have found their main industrial application in the production of semiconductors, without which no modern microcircuit or microprocessor is inconceivable.
Periods and groups
As mentioned above, the periodic table consists of seven periods. In each period, the atomic numbers of the elements increase from left to right.
The properties of elements in periods change sequentially: so sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg), which are at the beginning of the third period, give up electrons (Na gives up one electron: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1; Mg gives up two electrons: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2). But chlorine (Cl), located at the end of the period, takes one element: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5.
In groups, on the contrary, all elements have the same properties. For example, in the IA(1) group, all elements from lithium (Li) to francium (Fr) donate one electron. And all elements of group VIIA(17) take one element.
Some groups are so important that they have been given special names. These groups are discussed below.
Group IA(1). The atoms of the elements of this group have only one electron in the outer electron layer, so they easily donate one electron.
The most important alkali metals are sodium (Na) and potassium (K), since they play an important role in the process of human life and are part of salts.
Electronic configurations:
- Li- 1s 2 2s 1 ;
- Na- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ;
- K- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1
Group IIA(2). The atoms of the elements of this group have two electrons in the outer electron layer, which also give up during chemical reactions. Most important element- calcium (Ca) - the basis of bones and teeth.
Electronic configurations:
- Be- 1s 2 2s 2 ;
- mg- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 ;
- Ca- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2
Group VIIA(17). Atoms of the elements of this group usually receive one electron each, because. on the outer electronic layer there are five elements each, and one electron is just missing to the "complete set".
The most famous elements of this group are: chlorine (Cl) - is part of salt and bleach; iodine (I) is an element that plays an important role in the activity of the human thyroid gland.
Electronic configuration:
- F- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 ;
- Cl- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 ;
- Br- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5
Group VIII(18). Atoms of the elements of this group have a fully "staffed" outer electron layer. Therefore, they "do not need" to accept electrons. And they don't want to give them away. Hence - the elements of this group are very "reluctant" to enter into chemical reactions. For a long time it was believed that they did not react at all (hence the name "inert", i.e. "inactive"). But the chemist Neil Barlett discovered that some of these gases, when certain conditions they can still react with other elements.
Electronic configurations:
- Ne- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ;
- Ar- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 ;
- kr- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6
Valence elements in groups
It is easy to see that within each group, the elements are similar to each other in their valence electrons (electrons of s and p orbitals located on the outer energy level).
Alkali metals have 1 valence electron each:
- Li- 1s 2 2s 1 ;
- Na- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ;
- K- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1
Alkaline earth metals have 2 valence electrons:
- Be- 1s 2 2s 2 ;
- mg- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 ;
- Ca- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2
Halogens have 7 valence electrons:
- F- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 ;
- Cl- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 ;
- Br- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5
Inert gases have 8 valence electrons:
- Ne- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ;
- Ar- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 ;
- kr- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6
For more information, see the article Valency and the Table of electronic configurations of atoms of chemical elements by periods.
Let us now turn our attention to the elements located in groups with symbols IN. They are located in the center of the periodic table and are called transition metals.
A distinctive feature of these elements is the presence of electrons in atoms that fill d-orbitals:
- sc- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 1 ;
- Ti- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 2
Separate from the main table are located lanthanides And actinides are the so-called internal transition metals. In the atoms of these elements, electrons fill f-orbitals:
- Ce- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 4f 1 5d 1 6s 2 ;
- Th- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 6 6d 2 7s 2
PERIODIC TABLE OF MENDELEEV
The construction of Mendeleev's periodic table of chemical elements corresponds to the characteristic periods of number theory and orthogonal bases. Complementing Hadamard matrices with matrices of even and odd orders creates a structural basis of nested matrix elements: matrices of the first (Odin), second (Euler), third (Mersenne), fourth (Hadamard), and fifth (Fermat) orders.
It is easy to see that orders of magnitude 4 k Hadamard matrices correspond to inert elements with an atomic mass that is a multiple of four: helium 4, neon 20, argon 40 (39.948), etc., but also the foundations of life and digital technology: carbon 12, oxygen 16, silicon 28, germanium 72.
It seems that with Mersenne matrices of orders 4 k-1, on the contrary, everything active, poisonous, destructive and corrosive is connected. But these are also radioactive elements - sources of energy, and lead 207 (the end product, poisonous salts). Fluorine, of course, is 19. The orders of the Mersenne matrices correspond to a sequence of radioactive elements called the actinium series: uranium 235, plutonium 239 (an isotope that is a more powerful source of atomic energy than uranium), etc. These are also alkali metals lithium 7, sodium 23 and potassium 39.
Gallium - atomic weight 68
Orders 4 k–2 Euler matrices (double Mersenne) corresponds to nitrogen 14 (atmospheric base). Table salt is formed by two "mersenne-like" atoms of sodium 23 and chlorine 35, together this combination is typical, just for Euler matrices. The more massive chlorine with a weight of 35.4 is a little short of the Hadamard dimension of 36. Crystals table salt: a cube (! i.e. a meek character, Hadamarov) and an octahedron (more defiant, this is undoubtedly Euler).
In atomic physics, the iron 56 - nickel 59 transition is the boundary between the elements that provide energy during the synthesis of a larger nucleus (hydrogen bomb) and decay (uranium bomb). The order 58 is famous for the fact that for it there are not only analogues of Hadamard matrices in the form of Belevich matrices with zeros on the diagonal, there are also no many weighted matrices for it - the nearest orthogonal W(58,53) has 5 zeros in each column and row (deep gap ).
In the series corresponding to the Fermat matrices and their substitutions of orders 4 k+1, costs 257 fermii by the will of fate. You can't say anything, an exact hit. Here is gold 197. Copper 64 (63.547) and silver 108 (107.868), symbols of electronics, apparently do not reach gold and correspond to more modest Hadamard matrices. Copper, with its atomic weight not far from 63, is chemically active - its green oxides are well known.
Boron crystals under high magnification
WITH golden ratio boron is connected - the atomic mass among all other elements is closest to 10 (more precisely, 10.8, the proximity of the atomic weight to odd numbers also affects). Boron is enough complex element. Bohr plays a confusing role in the history of life itself. The framework structure in its structures is much more complicated than in diamond. The unique type of chemical bond that allows boron to absorb any impurity is very poorly understood, although a large number of scientists have already received Nobel Prizes. The shape of the boron crystal is an icosahedron, five triangles form a vertex.
Platinum Mystery. The fifth element is, without a doubt, noble metals such as gold. Suspension over Hadamard dimension 4 k, for 1 large.
The stable isotope uranium 238
Recall, however, that Fermat numbers are rare (the closest is 257). Native gold crystals have a shape close to a cube, but the pentagram also sparkles. Its closest neighbor, platinum, a noble metal, is less than 4 times less atomic weight away from gold 197. Platinum has an atomic weight not 193, but somewhat increased, 194 (the order of the Euler matrices). A trifle, but it brings her into the camp of a few more aggressive elements. It is worth remembering, in connection with its inertness (it dissolves, perhaps, in aqua regia), platinum is used as an active catalyst for chemical processes.
Sponge platinum at room temperature ignites hydrogen. The nature of platinum is not at all peaceful, iridium 192 behaves more quietly (a mixture of isotopes 191 and 193). It is more like copper, but with the weight and character of gold.
Between neon 20 and sodium 23 there is no element with an atomic weight of 22. Of course, atomic weights are an integral characteristic. But among isotopes, in turn, there is also a curious correlation of properties with the properties of numbers and the corresponding matrices of orthogonal bases. As a nuclear fuel, the isotope uranium 235 (the order of the Mersenne matrices) has the greatest use, in which a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is possible. In nature, this element occurs in the stable form uranium 238 (the order of the Euler matrices). There is no element with an atomic weight of 13. As for chaos, the limited number of stable elements of the periodic table and the difficulty of finding high-order level matrices due to the barrier seen in thirteenth-order matrices correlate.
Isotopes of chemical elements, island of stability
Element 115 of the periodic table - moscovium - is a superheavy synthetic element with the symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It was first obtained in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. In December 2015, recognized as one of the four new elements by the Joint Working Group of International scientific organizations IUPAC/IUPAP. On November 28, 2016, it was officially named after the Moscow region where JINR is located.
Characteristic
Element 115 of the periodic table is extremely radioactive: its most stable known isotope, moscovium-290, has a half-life of just 0.8 seconds. Scientists classify moscovium as an intransition metal, similar in a number of characteristics to bismuth. In the periodic table, it belongs to the transactinide elements of the p-block of the 7th period and is placed in group 15 as the heaviest pnictogen (an element of the nitrogen subgroup), although it has not been confirmed that it behaves like the heavier homologue of bismuth.
According to calculations, the element has some properties similar to lighter homologues: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. It shows several significant differences from them. To date, about 100 moscovium atoms have been synthesized, which have mass numbers from 287 to 290.
Physical properties
The valence electrons of element 115 of the periodic table muscovy are divided into three subshells: 7s (two electrons), 7p 1/2 (two electrons) and 7p 3/2 (one electron). The first two of them are relativistically stabilized and therefore behave like inert gases, while the latter are relativistically destabilized and can easily participate in chemical interactions. Thus, the primary ionization potential of moscovium should be about 5.58 eV. According to calculations, moscovium should be a dense metal due to its high atomic weight with a density of about 13.5 g/cm3.
Estimated design characteristics:
- Phase: solid.
- Melting point: 400°C (670°K, 750°F).
- Boiling point: 1100°C (1400°K, 2000°F).
- Specific heat of fusion: 5.90-5.98 kJ/mol.
- Specific heat of vaporization and condensation: 138 kJ/mol.
Chemical properties
The 115th element of the periodic table is the third in the 7p series of chemical elements and is the heaviest member of group 15 in the periodic table, located below bismuth. The chemical interaction of moscovium in an aqueous solution is determined by the characteristics of the Mc + and Mc 3+ ions. The former are presumably easily hydrolyzed and form ionic bonds with halogens, cyanides, and ammonia. Moscovium (I) hydroxide (McOH), carbonate (Mc 2 CO 3), oxalate (Mc 2 C 2 O 4) and fluoride (McF) must be soluble in water. The sulfide (Mc 2 S) must be insoluble. Chloride (McCl), bromide (McBr), iodide (McI) and thiocyanate (McSCN) are poorly soluble compounds.
Moscovium (III) fluoride (McF 3) and thiozonide (McS 3) are presumably insoluble in water (similar to the corresponding bismuth compounds). While chloride (III) (McCl 3), bromide (McBr 3) and iodide (McI 3) should be readily soluble and readily hydrolyzed to form oxohalides such as McOCl and McOBr (also similar to bismuth). Moscovium(I) and (III) oxides have similar oxidation states, and their relative stability is highly dependent on which elements they interact with.
Uncertainty
Due to the fact that the 115th element of the periodic table is synthesized by a few experimentally exact specifications problematic. Scientists have to focus on theoretical calculations and compare with more stable elements, similar in properties.
In 2011, experiments were carried out to create isotopes of nihonium, flerovium and muscovy in reactions between "accelerators" (calcium-48) and "targets" (americium-243 and plutonium-244) to study their properties. However, the "targets" included impurities of lead and bismuth and, consequently, some isotopes of bismuth and polonium were obtained in nucleon transfer reactions, which complicated the experiment. Meanwhile, the data obtained will help scientists in the future to study in more detail the heavy homologues of bismuth and polonium, such as moscovium and livermorium.
Opening
The first successful synthesis of element 115 of the periodic table was the joint work of Russian and American scientists in August 2003 at JINR in Dubna. The team led by nuclear physicist Yuri Oganesyan, in addition to domestic specialists, included colleagues from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. On February 2, 2004, the researchers published information in the Physical Review that they bombarded americium-243 with calcium-48 ions at the U-400 cyclotron and obtained four atoms of a new substance (one 287 Mc nucleus and three 288 Mc nuclei). These atoms decay (decay) by emitting alpha particles to the element nihonium in about 100 milliseconds. Two heavier isotopes of moscovium, 289 Mc and 290 Mc, were discovered in 2009-2010.
Initially, IUPAC could not approve the discovery of the new element. Needed confirmation from other sources. Over the next few years, another evaluation of the later experiments was carried out, and once again the claim of the Dubna team for the discovery of the 115th element was put forward.
In August 2013, a team of researchers from the University of Lund and the Institute for Heavy Ions in Darmstadt (Germany) announced that they had repeated the 2004 experiment, confirming the results obtained in Dubna. Another confirmation was published by a team of scientists working at Berkeley in 2015. In December 2015, a joint IUPAC/IUPAP working group acknowledged the discovery of this element and gave priority to the discovery of the Russian-American team of researchers.
Name
Element 115 of the periodic table in 1979, according to the recommendation of IUPAC, it was decided to name "ununpentium" and designate it with the corresponding symbol UUP. Although the name has since been widely used for an undiscovered (but theoretically predicted) element, it has not caught on in the physics community. Most often, the substance was called that - element No. 115 or E115.
On December 30, 2015, the discovery of a new element was recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Under the new rules, discoverers have the right to propose their own name for a new substance. At first, it was supposed to name the 115th element of the periodic table "langevinium" in honor of the physicist Paul Langevin. Later, a team of scientists from Dubna, as an option, proposed the name "Muscovite" in honor of the Moscow region, where the discovery was made. In June 2016, IUPAC approved the initiative and on November 28, 2016 officially approved the name "moscovium".
A lot of different things and objects, living and inanimate bodies of nature surround us. And they all have their own composition, structure, properties. In living beings, the most complex biochemical reactions occur that accompany the processes of vital activity. Non-living bodies perform various functions in nature and biomass life and have a complex molecular and atomic composition.
But all together the objects of the planet have common feature: they consist of many tiny structural particles called atoms of chemical elements. So small that they can't be seen with the naked eye. What are chemical elements? What characteristics do they have and how did you know about their existence? Let's try to figure it out.
The concept of chemical elements
In the conventional sense, chemical elements are just a graphic representation of atoms. The particles that make up everything that exists in the universe. That is, the question "what are chemical elements" can be given such an answer. These are complex small structures, collections of all isotopes of atoms, combined common name, having their own graphic designation (symbol).
To date, 118 elements are known that are discovered both in natural conditions and synthetically, through the implementation of nuclear reactions and the nuclei of other atoms. Each of them has a set of characteristics, its location in common system, history of discovery and name, and also plays a certain role in the nature and life of living beings. Chemistry is the study of these features. Chemical elements are the basis for building molecules, simple and complex compounds, and, consequently, chemical interactions.
Discovery history
The very understanding of what chemical elements are came only in the 17th century thanks to the work of Boyle. It was he who first spoke about this concept and gave it the following definition. These are indivisible small simple substances, from which everything around is formed, including all complex ones.
Prior to this work, the views of alchemists dominated, recognizing the theory of the four elements - Empidocles and Aristotle, as well as those who discovered "combustible principles" (sulfur) and "metallic principles" (mercury).
For almost the entire 18th century, the completely erroneous theory of phlogiston was widespread. However, already at the end of this period, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier proves that it is untenable. He repeats Boyle's formulation, but at the same time supplements it with the first attempt to systematize all the elements known at that time, dividing them into four groups: metals, radicals, earths, non-metals.
The next big step in understanding what the chemical elements are comes from Dalton. He is credited with the discovery of atomic mass. Based on this, he distributes a part of the known chemical elements in the order of increasing their atomic mass.
The steadily intensive development of science and technology makes it possible to make a number of discoveries of new elements in the composition of natural bodies. Therefore, by 1869 - the time of the great creation of D. I. Mendeleev - science became aware of the existence of 63 elements. The work of the Russian scientist became the first complete and forever fixed classification of these particles.
The structure of chemical elements at that time was not established. It was believed that the atom is indivisible, that it is the smallest unit. With the discovery of the phenomenon of radioactivity, it was proved that it is divided into structural parts. At the same time, almost everyone exists in the form of several natural isotopes (similar particles, but with a different number of neutron structures, from which the atomic mass changes). Thus, by the middle of the last century, it was possible to achieve order in the definition of the concept of a chemical element.
Mendeleev's system of chemical elements
The scientist put the difference in atomic mass as the basis and managed to arrange in an ingenious way all known chemical elements in ascending order. However, the whole depth and genius of his scientific thinking and foresight lay in the fact that Mendeleev left empty spaces in his system, open cells for still unknown elements, which, according to the scientist, will be discovered in the future.
And everything turned out exactly as he said. The chemical elements of Mendeleev filled all the empty cells over time. Every structure predicted by scientists has been discovered. And now we can safely say that the system of chemical elements is represented by 118 units. True, the last three discoveries have not yet been officially confirmed.
The system of chemical elements itself is displayed graphically by a table in which the elements are arranged according to the hierarchy of their properties, the charges of the nuclei and the structural features of the electron shells of their atoms. So, there are periods (7 pieces) - horizontal rows, groups (8 pieces) - vertical, subgroups (main and secondary within each group). Most often, two rows of families are placed separately in the lower layers of the table - lanthanides and actinides.
The atomic mass of an element is made up of protons and neutrons, the totality of which is called the "mass number". The number of protons is determined very simply - it is equal to the ordinal number of the element in the system. And since the atom as a whole is an electrically neutral system, that is, it does not have any charge at all, the number of negative electrons is always equal to the number of positive proton particles.
Thus, the characteristics of a chemical element can be given by its position in the periodic system. After all, almost everything is described in a cell: the serial number, which means electrons and protons, atomic mass (the average value of all existing isotopes of a given element). It can be seen in which period the structure is located (which means that so many layers will have electrons). You can also predict the number of negative particles at the last energy level for the elements of the main subgroups - it is equal to the number of the group in which the element is located.
The number of neutrons can be calculated by subtracting protons from the mass number, that is, the serial number. Thus, it is possible to obtain and compose a whole electron-graphic formula for each chemical element, which will accurately reflect its structure and show possible and manifested properties.
Distribution of elements in nature
A whole science, cosmochemistry, is engaged in the study of this issue. The data show that the distribution of elements on our planet repeats the same patterns in the Universe. The main source of nuclei of light, heavy and medium atoms are nuclear reactions occurring in the interior of stars - nucleosynthesis. Through these processes, the universe and space supplied our planet with all the available chemical elements.
In total, out of the 118 known representatives in natural sources, 89 were discovered by people. These are the fundamental, most common atoms. Chemical elements have also been synthesized artificially by bombarding nuclei with neutrons (nucleosynthesis in the laboratory).
The most numerous are simple substances of such elements as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen. Carbon is included in all organic matter, which means that it also occupies a leading position.
Classification according to the electronic structure of atoms
One of the most common classifications of all the chemical elements of a system is their distribution based on their electronic structure. By how much energy levels is part of the shell of the atom and which of them contains the last valence electrons, four groups of elements can be distinguished.
S-elements
These are those in which the s-orbital is filled last. This family includes elements of the first group of the main subgroup (or Only one electron at the outer level determines the similar properties of these representatives as strong reducing agents.
R-elements
Only 30 pieces. Valence electrons are located at the p-sublevel. These are the elements that form the main subgroups from the third to the eighth group, related to 3,4,5,6 periods. Among them, according to their properties, both metals and typical non-metallic elements are found.
d-elements and f-elements
These are transition metals 4 to 7 big period. There are 32 elements in total. Simple substances can exhibit both acidic and basic properties (oxidizing and reducing). Also amphoteric, that is, dual.
The f-family includes lanthanides and actinides, in which the last electrons are located in f-orbitals.
Substances formed by elements: simple
Also, all classes of chemical elements can exist in the form of simple or complex compounds. So, it is customary to consider simple those that are formed from the same structure in different quantities. For example, O 2 is oxygen or dioxygen, and O 3 is ozone. This phenomenon is called allotropy.
Simple chemical elements that form compounds of the same name are characteristic of each representative of the periodic system. But not all of them are the same in terms of their properties. So, there are simple substances metals and non-metals. The first form the main subgroups with group 1-3 and all secondary subgroups in the table. Non-metals form the main subgroups of 4-7 groups. The eighth main includes special elements - noble or inert gases.
Among all open to date simple elements 11 gases are known under normal conditions, 2 liquid substances (bromine and mercury), all the rest are solid.
Complex connections
It is customary to refer to those that consist of two or more chemical elements. There are plenty of examples, chemical compounds over 2 million are known! These are salts, oxides, bases and acids, complex complex compounds, all organic substances.
Ether in the periodic table
The world ether is the substance of ANY chemical element and, therefore, of ANY substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end, the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.
IN ancient philosophy ether (aithér-Greek), along with earth, water, air and fire, is one of the five elements of being (according to Aristotle) - the fifth essence (quinta essentia - Latin), understood as the finest all-penetrating matter. IN late XIX century in scientific circles, the hypothesis of the world ether (ME), which fills the entire world space, has become widely used. It was understood as a weightless and elastic fluid that permeates all bodies. The existence of the ether tried to explain many physical phenomena and properties.
Preface.
Mendeleev had two fundamental scientific discoveries:
1 - Discovery of the Periodic Law in the substance of chemistry,
2 - The discovery of the relationship between the substance of chemistry and the substance of Ether, namely: particles of Ether form molecules, nuclei, electrons, etc., but in chemical reactions do not participate.
Ether - particles of matter with a size of ~ 10-100 meters (in fact - the "first bricks" of matter).
Data. Ether was in the original periodic table. The cell for Ether was located in the zero group with inert gases and in the zero row as the main system-forming factor for the construction of the System of chemical elements. After the death of Mendeleev, the table was distorted, removing the Ether from it and canceling the zero group, thereby hiding the fundamental discovery of the conceptual meaning.
In modern Ether tables: 1 - not visible, 2 - and not guessed (due to the lack of a zero group).
Such deliberate forgery hinders the development of the progress of civilization.
Man-made disasters (eg Chernobyl and Fukushima) would have been excluded if adequate resources had been invested in the development of a genuine periodic table in a timely manner. Concealment of conceptual knowledge is going on at the global level for the "lowering" of civilization.
Result. In schools and universities they teach a cropped periodic table.
Assessment of the situation. The periodic table without Ether is the same as humanity without children - you can live, but there will be no development and no future.
Summary. If the enemies of humanity hide knowledge, then our task is to reveal this knowledge.
Conclusion. There are fewer elements in the old periodic table and more foresight than in the modern one.
Conclusion. A new level is possible only when the information state of the society changes.
Outcome. A return to the true periodic table is no longer a scientific issue, but a political one.
What was the main political meaning of Einstein's teachings? It consisted in any way blocking access to mankind to inexhaustible natural sources of energy, which were opened by the study of the properties of the world ether. In case of success on this path, the world financial oligarchy lost power in this world, especially in the light of the retrospective of those years: the Rockefellers made an unthinkable fortune that exceeded the budget of the United States on oil speculation, and the loss of the role of oil, which was occupied by "black gold" in this world - the role of the blood of the world economy - did not inspire them.
This did not inspire other oligarchs - coal and steel kings. So the financial magnate Morgan immediately stopped funding the experiments of Nikola Tesla, when he came close to wireless transmission energy and extraction of energy "out of nowhere" - from the world ether. After that, the owner of a huge number of embodied in practice technical solutions did not provide financial assistance no one - solidarity among financial tycoons like thieves in law and a phenomenal nose for where the danger comes from. That is why against humanity and a sabotage called "The Special Theory of Relativity" was carried out.
One of the first blows fell on Dmitri Mendeleev's table, in which the ether was the first number, it was reflections on the ether that gave rise to Mendeleev's brilliant insight - his periodic table of elements.
Chapter from the article: V.G. Rodionov. The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev
6. Argumentum ad rem
What is now presented in schools and universities under the name "Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of D.I. Mendeleev, ”is an outright fake.
The last time, in an undistorted form, the real Periodic Table saw the light in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook "Fundamentals of Chemistry", VIII edition). And only after 96 years of oblivion, the real Periodic Table rises from the ashes for the first time thanks to the publication of a dissertation in the ZhRFM journal of the Russian Physical Society.
After the sudden death of D. I. Mendeleev and the death of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physical-Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to the immortal creation of Mendeleev - the son of a friend and colleague of D. I. Mendeleev in the Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, Menshutkin did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the rejection of the idea of the world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D. I. Mendeleev was falsified.
The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the "zero group" of the Table to its end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such a (only at first glance - harmless) manipulation is logically explicable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev's discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, should have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only backbone element of the entire Table of derived elements, this element "X" is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of \u200b\u200bthis fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.
To confirm the above, let's give the floor to D. I. Mendeleev himself.
“... If the analogues of argon do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them a special group zero must be opened ... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly not correct) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braisner, Piccini and others ... Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that there is a zero group in front of that I group, in which hydrogen should be placed, representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.
Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. Let's denote it by "y". He, obviously, will belong to the fundamental properties of argon gases ... "Koroniy", with a density of the order of 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot by any means be the world ether.
This element "y", however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore the most rapidly moving element "x", which, in my opinion, can be considered ether. I would like to call it "Newtonium" in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!! - V. Rodionov) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance; elementary substances are now inconceivable without subjecting them to periodic law” (“An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”, 1905, p. 27).
“These elements, in terms of their atomic weights, occupied an exact place between the halides and the alkali metals, as shown by Ramsay in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized in 1900 by Herrere in Belgium. I consider it useful to add here that, judging directly by the inability to combine elements of the zero group, analogues of argon should be put before the elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect for them a lower atomic weight than for alkali metals.
This is how it turned out. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as a confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of analogues of argon to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the principles being analyzed even more widely than before, and wait for elements of the zero row with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.
Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong's coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with a negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and possessing, as a result, an extremely fast own partial (gas) motion.
These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-penetrating (!!! - V. Rodionov) world ether. The thought of this is indicated by me in the preface to this edition and in a Russian journal article of 1902 ... ”(“ Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.)
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From the comments:
For chemistry, the modern periodic table of elements is sufficient.
The role of ether can be useful in nuclear reactions, but this is too small.
Accounting for the influence of the ether is closest in the phenomena of isotope decay. However, this accounting is extremely complex and the existence of regularities is not accepted by all scientists.
The simplest proof of the existence of an ether: The phenomenon of annihilation of a positron-electron pair and the emergence of this pair from vacuum, as well as the impossibility of catching an electron at rest. Also, the electromagnetic field and the complete analogy between photons in vacuum and sound waves- phonons in crystals.
Ether is a differentiated matter, so to speak, atoms in a disassembled state, or more correctly, elementary particles from which future atoms are formed. Therefore, it has no place in the periodic table, since the logic of building this system does not imply including in its composition non-integral structures, which are the atoms themselves. Otherwise, it is possible to find a place for quarks, somewhere in the minus first period.
The ether itself has a more complex multi-level structure of manifestation in world existence than it knows about it modern science. As soon as she reveals the first secrets of this elusive ether, then new engines will be invented for all kinds of machines on absolutely new principles.
Indeed, Tesla was perhaps the only one who was close to unraveling the mystery of the so-called ether, but he was deliberately prevented from carrying out his plans. So, until today, that genius has not yet been born who will continue the work of the great inventor and tell us all what the mysterious ether really is and what pedestal it can be placed on.
