The types of sentences in Russian are definitely personal. Types of one-part sentences
Definitely personal are called one-part sentences, main member which is expressed by the personal form of the verb, indicating a specific person. The verb in this case does not need a pronoun, since the meaning of a particular person is conveyed by his personal ending. For example: I reread the long index of titles. There is no lung. I find lungwort(Sol.).The main member in definite personal sentences can be expressed by the verb in the form of the first or second person singular indicative mood: I stand alone among the naked plain(Ec.); Do you see, Alyoshin, the fire is on the right?(Bond.); verb in the form of the second person plural of the indicative mood (when referring to the interlocutor): What say, Ivanov?; less often - a verb in the form of the first person plural of the indicative mood: We will break through to the guns(Bond.); verb imperative in the form of the second person singular and plural and - less often - in the form of the first person plural (with the meaning of inducement to joint action): Do not look longingly at the road, and do not rush to follow the troika, and quickly drown out the sad anxiety in your heart forever!(N.); Cry over the abyss of the sea, whistle in the field, in the forest, spill the whole cup of universal grief!(N.); Praise, hammer and verse, the land of youth(M.); Let's start, perhaps!(P.); Let's go, old man!(T.). All these forms clearly convey the meaning of a particular person (or persons), since these meanings are contained in the endings of the verb. It is the certainty of the meanings of these forms that makes it possible to include such sentences in the category of one-part sentences, and not consider them incomplete two-part ones with the subject omitted - a personal pronoun, since this personal pronoun is not required for the completeness of the statement, and if it is used (in a two-part sentence), then it is additional means passing the same value.
It is no coincidence that in definite personal sentences the predicate cannot be in the form of the third person. This form by itself does not indicate a specific actor. Wed: I'm on the train (I). - Rides on the train (he? she? it?). In the same way, the past tense forms of the verb cannot be the predicate of definitely personal one-part sentences, since they do not reveal a specific person. For example, in sentences: Polovtsev was guessed by the hat that turned white in the night. He put on his frock coat, took off his felt boots from the stove, and went out.(Shol.); I woke up in the morning and went to the hospital(Ch.) - only the context helps to establish the character, the very form of the verb equally corresponds to the first, second and third person. Such sentences are classified as two-part incomplete.
Usually definite-personal one-part sentences are synonymous with two-part sentences with a subject - pronoun ( I'll go to the city. - I'm going to the city), however, such parallel constructions are not always possible, for example, in the structure of some complex sentences with adversative relations, the absence of a pronoun is unthinkable: You go home and I'll sit here.
In other cases, sentences with and without pronouns differ only stylistically. So, for example, the pronoun is used when persuading: Don't worry, calm down; with a disparaging statement: Get out of here! ; with logical selection, emphasizing the face: I'm telling you, you hear me!(and not anyone else).
There may not be such special shades of meaning in the use of two-part sentences, synonymous with one-part definite-personal ones. However, the general stylistic tone of these proposals is still different. The use of definite-personal one-component sentences gives the narrative greater dynamism, vigor, makes it more concise, while sentences with pronouns are "speech more sluggish, liquefied, calm, but nothing more clear." Here are examples of definitely personal one-part and two-part sentences, cf .: From the arrival of finches, when the snow in the forest has not yet touched, I love to go to the ridge and wait for something(Shv.); I glorify pepper - in grain and in pollen, any: black - in crimson borscht, like a demon in a crimson cloak; red-fiery - in a red word ... I praise pepper in everything in general(N. Matv.); I don't approve of your theories(Greene); I will not offend the petals of a red rose with shades. Let unthinkable simple flowers are unambiguous: I will go to battle for flowers, as for banner colors(N. Matv.).
In other cases, one-part definite-personal sentences help to avoid verbal repetition: Yes, and you are like that, you won’t cry either, only you will learn to set the old alarm clock at seven. You will work twice... If you decide to forget, you will forget. If you forget, you don’t remember, if you don’t remember, you forget completely(Sim.).
Indefinitely personal sentences
vaguely personal sentences are called, the main member of which is expressed by the verb in the form of the third person plural or in the form of the past tense and denotes an action performed by indefinite or unmarked persons. For example: All is well at the factory. They are just waiting for the arrival of Vasily Terentyevich(Cupr.); The next day, breakfast was served with delicious pies, crayfish and lamb cutlets.(Ch.); And they beat the iron board tirelessly(Ch.); Near this aspen in the summer they put a haystack(Prishv.).
In indefinite personal sentences, attention is focused on a fact, event, action. The character remains either unmarked, since reference to him, from the point of view of the speaker, is insignificant, or it is indefinite or unknown, and therefore reference to him is impossible. In any case, the sentence is devoid of a grammatical subject.
The significance of a person's indeterminacy by no means entails a decrease in his activity as a producer of an action, only this producer of an action does not matter in itself, only the action he performs is important. Such is the specificity of the expression of thought in indefinite personal sentences.
Information about the actor (or persons) is usually drawn from the context or suggested by the situation. For example: June 21, in the afternoon, I was summoned to the Radio Committee and asked for two anti-fascist songs(Sim.); Here the people gathered around him. fortresses - he did not notice anything; stood, talked and went back(L.). However, an indirect indication of the subject of the action can also be in the indefinitely personal sentence itself: Good bread is baked in the villages(M. G.); The family sang a lot, played the piano(Paust.). Adverbial word forms in the villages, in the family not only indicate the subject, but also to some extent limit the circle of actors: in the family - family members; in the villages - living in the countryside. Subjective meaning can also be found in the circumstances of time: Then they did not particularly follow the cleaning of the roofs(Gilyar.) - the circle of actors is limited here by time. Indefinitely personal sentences with minor members, containing an indication of the subject of the action, are the most typed, since the main member in them most clearly conveys the grammatical meaning of indeterminacy.
An action denoted by a verb in the third person form or the past tense form, as a rule, refers to an indefinite set of persons: They say in the village that she is not his relative at all.(G.); Shouted far away, but the scream was deafening, causing noise in the head(M. G.); Now they mow everywhere in the forests(Prishv.). Sometimes it can be attributed to one person, although the verb is plural. This person can be both indefinite and quite specific, but he is not named for various reasons, in particular because of the lack of need for this information. For example: But four years have passed. One quiet, warm morning, a letter was brought to the hospital(Ch.); And only when a lamp was lit in the large living room upstairs, only then did Ivan Ivanovich begin to tell the story.(Ch.); To me made a bed in the room next to the brother's bedroom(Ch.).
Sometimes the speaker himself acts as a character: - Disposition! - Kutuzov cried bitterly, - and who told you this? Feel free to do what you are ordered(L. T.). Replacing the first person with the third person in the last example (actually one person is acting) creates some uncertainty. Such stylistic substitutions make the statement categorical.
Thus, the main meaning of the verb form in indefinite personal sentences is precisely the indefiniteness, and not the plurality of the subject, although the latter is the most common. This type of sentence is common in conversational style and is less common or almost uncommon in book styles, especially scientific and business, the necessary quality of which is the utmost clarity and certainty of presentation.
The widespread use of indefinitely personal sentences in a colloquial style is due to the need in some cases to focus on the action, and not on its producer (although he or they are quite well known): us first here and did not want to let, we have already met with similar things here(Sim.); Probably here in[B. Show] ridiculed world, such eyes do not often see him!(Sim.); Already in the mountains he was told that the path to St. Gotthard was closed(Sim.); At dawn he was awakened by an insistent knock on the window.(Cat.).
In other cases, the actor is not named due to its vagueness: A rag was lying around - a faded piece from an old dress. It must have been used to dust and dry shoes for years.(Sim.).
Finally, the actor may simply be unknown: This is a prose poem. Over time, music will be written to it(M. G.).
The frequent use of indefinitely personal sentences in colloquial speech has led some of them to take on the character of frozen turns, for example: Who are they talking to! They tell you.
However, it cannot be argued that indefinitely personal sentences are found only in colloquial speech. Some of them are used in business speech: in announcements, information, for example: They ask you to keep quiet; Offer to start the meeting; Football tickets sold here.
Generalized personal sentences
generalized-personal one-part sentences are called, the main member of which is expressed by the verb in the form of the second person singular of the present and future tense (less often - in other personal forms), and the action denoted by the verb in such sentences applies equally to any person, i.e. the actor is conceived in a generalized way.
The semantic feature of the verb forms in these sentences is the designation of timelessness.
The usual way of expressing the main member in generalized personal sentences is the verb in the form of the second person singular of the present and future tenses. It is this form that has a generalized-personal, expansive meaning in the Russian language as a common meaning: Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds(last); Tears of sorrow will not help(last).
However, the verb can also denote a generalized action in the form of the third person plural of the indicative mood. For example: Firewood is not brought into the forest(last); Having taken off your head, do not cry for your hair(last); And the arcs bend with patience and not suddenly(Cr.); Don't wave your fists after a fight(last); Ah, he loved, as in our summers they no longer love(P.); Barley sow when a young starling shows its head in the window(Prishv.). Such sentences combine the meaning of generalization and indeterminacy of the actor, they are sometimes called indefinitely generalized.
Sometimes found in a generalized personal sentence and the form of the first person plural of the indicative mood. For example: What we have - we do not store, we lose - weep(last); Forgive the fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium(P.). And finally, the form of the first person singular of the indicative mood: I’ll scout someone else’s misfortune with my hands, but I won’t apply it to my own mind(last).
Generalized personal sentences with a verb in the form of the imperative mood are quite common. For example: Vek live - learn(last); Don't hurry with your tongue - hurry up with your deeds(last); Seven times measure cut once(last).
Generalized personal sentences with the main member - a verb in the form of the imperative mood can formally act as subordinate clauses, but in fact they turn into stable combinations and the subordinate clauses lose their meaning, the relation of the action to any person, even a generalized one, also becomes fuzzy: And I will freeze my beard to the reins - even cut with an ax!(N.); For the life of me, no trace is visible(P.); Wherever you go - right there(Gr.). Such sentences characterize only the colloquial style of speech.
The main purpose of generalized personal sentences is a figurative expression of general judgments, broad generalizations, which is why they are so widely represented in folk proverbs: You can't throw out a word from a song; With whom you will lead, from that you will type; What goes around comes around; You can’t even take a fish out of the pond without labor; What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an ax; The quieter you go, the further you'll get; Murder will out; You say - do not turn back.
Offers of this type are also common in descriptions, in those cases when they help to draw a picture of a typical, natural in a given situation, course of an action or manifestation of a state. It is this typicality that becomes the situational basis for the meaning of generalization. For example: And then you order to lay the racing droshky and go to the forest for hazel grouse(T.); You walk along the edge of the forest, you look after the dog, and meanwhile your favorite images, your favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind.(T.); As soon as you enter and go deeper into the forest, some bird will immediately scream with an ominous voice. In the settled silence and alertness, you will even flinch from her cry(Sol.); And you go out into the light - and it’s a pity for your own sadness, it seems that something just pre-dawn, quiet, tender, has just entered the soul; but you will rejoice, you will bear it in order to continue to rejoice too, and - no, all sorts of thoughts knock down, you forget to rejoice(Shuksh.).
In critical articles, in journalism, generalized personal sentences help to make judgments more objective: Reading "A Writer's Notes" you realize with particular clarity the significance of such works as "Companions" and "Kruzhilikha" in the development of our post-war prose.(gas.).
Although the main stylistic scope for the use of generalized personal sentences is Speaking and the language of fiction, yet some of their varieties, in particular with a verb in the form of the third person plural, are used in scientific style to indicate the regularity of an action. For example; Load cells are made from fine wire, folded "snake"; According to the angle of inclination, equatorial, polar and inclined orbits are distinguished; Under the minimum range (or dead zone radius) locator understand the smallest distance from it, closer than which objects cannot be detected. Wed use of the same form of expression in artistic text: Probably, for this they erect monuments to noble people in order to lengthen the memory of them, and this matter of lengthening the memory by super close generations is a particularly great public affair(Prishv.).
Very often in fiction such sentences serve as a device for reflecting the world of thoughts and feelings of the writer. The form of universality helps the writer, without exposing his own feelings, to attach the reader to them, to make him empathize. This form of expression of thought "is the bridge that connects the personal with the general, the subjective with the objective." For example: In the smell of bird cherry alone, you connect with all the past(Shv.); You lie down, but the bitter thought never goes crazy, your head is spinning from the noise ...(Es.).
Generalized personal sentences are usually one-part. However, sometimes they can take the form of a two-part sentence, where the subject, expressed by a personal pronoun, is used in the sense of a generalized person. For example: We willingly give what we do not need ourselves(Cr.). This type of sentence is also common in artistic descriptions: You are entering the forest. You are instantly chilled. You are walking slowly along the edge(T.); You pass by a tree - it does not move: it basks. Through thin steam, evenly poured in the air, a long strip blackens in front of you. You mistake her for a nearby forest; you approach - the forest turns into high bed wormwood on the border(T.). In all these cases, a description is given of the state and actions in general, of any person, without reference to a specific person.
Similar constructions are also typical for colloquial-everyday language: Well, what are you doing with him (her) do; Well, what do you say; Though you be seven spans in your forehead; etc.; Here you will not reach, and only, home! What will you order to do?(G.).
The presence of a formal indicator of two-partness (with a predicate there is a subject) does not allow such sentences to be classified as one-part sentences, although they have a typical generalized personal meaning. Both varieties act only as semantic and stylistic synonyms.
One-part generalized personal sentences are used mainly when it is necessary to present an action that applies to any person in general. This form of presentation of thought usually occurs in everyday colloquial speech. However, the stylistic properties of generalized personal sentences allow them to be widely used in speech, both journalistic and artistic. They help to give the statement the character of objectivity of judgment. Such proposals are especially common in the essay literature. For example: No hill, no hollow, no hillock, no other perceptible landmark. You go, you go and gradually you lose the feeling of movement. It seems that both the bus and you in it - everything stands still, because nothing changes around(gas.).
A sentence as a lexical unit, its types and features is dealt with by a special section of the language - syntax, which in Greek means "construction". The study of syntax and its units will help to acquire a more competent, rich speech, teach you how to use all kinds of stylistic means of the language. A person who knows syntax constructs sentences logically in speech.
The concept of a proposal
The central subject of the study of syntax is the sentence. It is with these units that people express thoughts, write and speak.
It is possible to distinguish a sentence from another lexical unit - phrases - by the following features:
- A sentence is a statement about a subject of speech. Statements can be different, contain a narrative, a question or an impulse. The acacia flower smells nice.(declarative sentence, expresses a message) What do you all need to be happy?(Rozhdestvensky R.) (interrogative sentence, expresses a question) May good things come to you every day!(S. Marshak) (incentive offer, motivates to action)
- A sentence is a unit of communication. It contains a complete thought, so people talk to each other in sentences.
- It has a grammatical basis.
- The sentence is distinguished by intonational completeness.
In Russian, sentences are divided into simple and complex. The difference between them is the number of grammatical foundations. For example: The earth was beautiful in a marvelous silver brilliance. (N. Gogol) We want the sunny sky to overshadow every country. (V. Tushnova). The first example is a simple sentence, consisting of one predicative stem: Earth- subject; was beautiful- predicate. The second example is a complex sentence, it contains two grammatical bases: the first - We(subject) want(predicate); second - sky(subject) dawned on(predicate).
One-part sentence
The predicative basis is one of the determining factors in the classification of a sentence. According to its composition, simple sentences of the Russian language are divided into one-part and two-part sentences. The latter have a complete predicative basis in their composition: subject and predicate.
In a one-part sentence - one main member. Compare: Acacia smells good. - It smells good of acacia. The first sentence is two-part: subject - acacia, predicate - smells; the second sentence is one-part, it contains only a predicate - smells.
Examples of indefinite personal sentences
When are indefinite personal sentences used? Examples can be taken from texts of various styles:
- In the morning they came to call me on behalf of Pugachev (A. S. Pushkin). Predicate came to call.
- They told me: "Today do not hope, Do not rely on heaven." And here again they give a flight delay to Odessa, Now the strip is iced over (V. Vysotsky). IN this example simple indefinite personal sentences as part of a complex one: in the first part, the predicate said, in the second - the predicate give.
- Love is paid for with love (last). Predicate pay.
- Family and peas are threshed (last). Predicate thresh.
- They judge health by how they rejoice in the morning and spring (G. Toro). Predicates judge, rejoice.
- When addressing a person in an official setting, they call the name and surname (etiquette). Predicates address, call.
The examples given - indefinitely personal sentences - are from fiction literature and codes of practice. There are a large number of examples, because such units help the authors to achieve the dynamics of the narrative.
Tasks and exercises
Exercises on the topic "One-part sentences" can be different. For example, to make indefinitely personal sentences, to find them among other one-part sentences. You can also offer a task to match sentences with one main member of the predicate.
Let's look at the options:
- From a two-part sentence " I suggest starting work tomorrow." make indefinitely personal. (Answer: Offer to start work tomorrow).
- Among the presented find an indefinitely personal sentence. A. There were no letters for half a year. B. What a blessing! Q. Workers are laid off at the factory. G. I want to be alone.(The correct answer is B.)
- Determine which one-part sentences are given in the previous task. A - definitely personal; B - denominative; B - indefinitely personal; G - impersonal.
The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's evening.
Types of one-part sentences
| Main member expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal suggestions | ||
| Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences | ||
| Verb-predicate in the plural form of the third person (in the past tense and conditional verb-predicate in plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Somebody knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal offers | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). |
Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
A) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) To me sorry to leave with you; |
A) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a brief passive participle of the past tense in the form of a singular, neuter gender. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone be silent! |
Everyone be quiet. |
| 2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Denominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form genitive will change to the nominative case (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. Main part impersonal proposals denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When the tense or mood changes, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.
Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.
Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that correlate with the predicate. If there are such additions in the proposal ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to analyze these sentences as two-part incomplete - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I am walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.
Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.
With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).
The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).
Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).
The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
soft moonlight(stagnant).
The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Offers are divided into one-part and two-part. Grammatical basis two-part sentences consists of two main members - subject and predicate:
Chichikov's strange request suddenly interrupted all his dreams..
Grammatical basis one-part sentences consists of one main member - subject or predicate:
Young birch trees are now planted in parks and major cities ; Red caftan, golden shoes, blond wig, lace sleeves.
At the same time, a one-part sentence is characterized by semantic completeness.
TYPES OF SINGLE OFFERINGS
Definitely personal suggestions
Definitely personal one-part sentences express an action associated with a specific, but not named person: I gently raise my hand. I pull the shawl off one ear. We drink coffee with milk big table covered with a clean tablecloth. Let's shout and cry frankly, sometimes together, sometimes apart, sometimes alternately.
Definitely personal offers are characterized by the following features:
1) there is an actor, he is defined, but not named;
2) you can insert the subject I, we, you, you ;
3) the predicate is expressed:
- a verb of the 1st or 2nd person singular. or many number of indicative mood present. or bud. time;
- imperative verb.
Indefinitely personal sentences
Indefinitely personal one-part sentences denote an action performed by indefinite or unmarked persons: Bridge started to repair(they, some people), but because of the crisis, apparently they stopped. At the end of the war, captured Germans are brought to our village. They didn’t let me go anywhere, they didn’t give me days off, they kept me strictly, almost in a military way.
For indefinite personal sentences :
1) there is an actor, but not named and not defined, since it is unimportant; the result of the activity is important;
2) you can insert the subject they, some people;
3) the predicate is expressed only by the plural form of the verb:
- 3rd person indicative mood present. or bud. vr.;
- past. temp. indicative mood;
- conditional mood;
Generalized personal offers
Generalized-personal one-part sentences do not report specific actions, but express general judgments applicable to any person. Often these are proverbs, well-known truths, aphorisms: If you like to ride - love to carry sleds; Do not count your chickens before they are hatched . Live and learn . Pancakes are baked in milk.
For generalized personal sentences the following features are typical :
1) there is an actor, he is not named, but is thought of as a generalized one;
2) you can insert the subject everyone, anyone, all people ;
3) in structure they coincide with definitely-personal or indefinitely-personal;
4) are proverbs, sayings, morals and truths, aphorisms;
impersonal proposals
Impersonal one-part sentences are sentences in which there is no actor and cannot be: To me should have come For dinner. Cold and damp ; Face to face, no face to see; Garden to bloom; There is not a soul; Smells like cherry; Blooms; It's sweeping outside the window.
They express:
1) a process or state independent of the active agent, of the will of the person: I can not wait;
2) state of nature: It's cloudy outside;
3) the actions of an unknown force, elements: The car skidded at the intersection;
4) action of an indirect subject: The wind tore off the poster;
5) the absence of something: No time; Neither people nor animals;
6) modal meanings (must, necessity, possibility, impossibility): Need to think; Should agree.
Impersonal offers are characterized by:
1) there is no actor and cannot be;
2) the predicate is not a combination with Im.p.;
3) the predicate is expressed:
- an impersonal verb;
- a personal verb in impersonal use;
- a short passive participle;
- infinitive and various auxiliary components;
- state words with or without a connective component and an infinitive;
- a negative word in combination with the genitive case;
- a noun in the form of the genitive case with negation;
- infinitive (some linguists distinguish the type of infinitive sentences, while others consider them as a kind of impersonal ones);
4) express:
- a process or state independent of the active agent;
- the state of nature;
- actions of an unknown force, elements;
- an action performed by an indirect subject;
- the absence of something;
are modal values.
Denominative (nominative) sentences
One-part denominative (nominative) sentences have one main member - the subject, expressed by a noun in the form of the nominative case (less often - a personal pronoun or numeral):
Transparent spring air. Creeping slowly and lazily clouds. Morning . Freezing . Here is the turn. Such sentences serve to state the fact of the existence of something in reality, that is, they name objects or phenomena that exist here and now.
For title sentences the following features are typical :
1) the presence of only the subject;
2) express the fact of the existence of an object or phenomenon here and now
3) do not have additions and circumstances
may include agreed and inconsistent definitions, particles, index words
4) is not a denominative sentence of a nominative representation (nominative of the topic).
One-part sentences- sentences with one main member only predicate or only subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. There is only one main member in a one-part sentence, and it cannot be called either a subject or a predicate. This is the main member of the proposal.
One-part sentences can be common and non-common, depending on whether the main member is explained with additional words or not. One-part sentences are of two types: verbal and substantive.
Verb one-part sentence. A distinctive feature of one-part verbal sentences is the absence of a subject: the subject of the action is not represented in them, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as an auxiliary or linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; Outside the window they sing; You won't fool him; He was having fun; Do not pass here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:
definitely personal;
vaguely personal;
generalized personal;
impersonal;
Definitely personal suggestions- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the form of the 1st or 2nd person of the verbs, singular or plural.
The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.
I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack. (S. Yesenin);
In the depths of the Siberian ores keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, the relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting the subject into the sentence. me, you, we or you.
Indefinitely personal sentences- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such sentences is the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.
For example:
In the village they say that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol);
An elephant was led along the streets ... (I. Krylov);
And let them talk, let them talk, but - no, no one dies in vain ... (V. Vysotsky);
It's okay that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).
The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school actively addresses the problem of academic achievement; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.
Indefinitely personal sentences most often have secondary members, i.e. indefinitely personal sentences, as a rule, are common. As part of indefinitely personal sentences, two groups of secondary members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the figure: They sang in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth, they often strive to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now he will be brought here (M. Gorky).
Generalized personal sentences- these are one-part sentences in which the verb-predicate denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of people.
The verb-predicate in a generalized personal sentence is in the same form as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences. Proverbs are a prime example.
You can't even catch a fish from a pond without effort.
Business before pleasure.
You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)
Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized personal sentences - sentences in which the action is timeless, refers to any, every person, to a group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.
Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.
impersonal proposals- These are one-component sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state.
A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, the involuntary nature of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state environment (It's getting dark; Pulls with freshness); the state of affairs ( Bad with frames; Experiments cannot be delayed.), etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences have a “tinge of passivity, inertia”.
According to the school classification, impersonal sentences also include infinitive sentences (that is, sentences with a main member-predicate expressed by an independent infinitive).
The main term can be expressed:
Form of the 3rd person singular of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);
The neuter form: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);
Word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will not): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you were not and are not more obedient (N. Gumilyov).
The combination of the word category of state (with modal meaning) with an infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that it is impossible to laugh, then - then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);
Brief passive participle of the middle gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); I have not tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);
Infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); For a long time to sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin).
Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed by the form of the noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they are not even supposed to act. Depending on the meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:
nominative;
genitive.
denominations.
Nominative proposals assert the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).
Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional coloring. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)
denominations- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.
The main member of nominal sentences is expressed by the form of the nominative case of the noun and the phrase, which includes the nominative case. In principle, the use of a pronoun is also possible, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" Ariel said as she floated into the living room.. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Therefore, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.
Types of nominal sentences
Nominative existential state the existence of an object. Subject expressed nominative case any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...
denominative indexes point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, demonstrative particles HERE or WON appear: Here is a sofa for you, spread yourself out to rest (Gr.).
Estimated denominative evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: Well, night! Here's to you, grandmother and St. George's day.
Desirable-naming express a strong desire for something. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY, ONLY WOULD, IF: If only not the control.
Incomplete a sentence is called that is characterized by an incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (main or secondary), which, even without naming, are clear from the context or setting.
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.
In this respect incomplete sentences differ from unsaid sentences, which are interrupted for one reason or another by statements, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won't work like that...(B. Paul); - I'm, mother. Am I... People say that she...(B. Paul.).
Correlation with full sentences is detected by the presence in such sentences of words that preserve grammar functions and forms peculiar to them in the corresponding full sentences. It is they who point to the "empty" positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in colloquial styles of language, they are widely used in fiction, both in the transfer of dialogue and in description.
Types of incomplete sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in the nearest sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).
Contextual suggestions include:
Simple sentences with unnamed main or minor members (separately or in groups). Absence of subject:
- Wait, who are you? Kurov was surprised.
- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Paul.).
Absence of predicate:
- You left your wife, Mikola?
- No,she me(Shol.).
Absence of both subject and predicate:
- Does the baker Konovalov work here?
- Here!I answered her(M. G.).
Absence of predicate and circumstance: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Ferret - to people, to society(T.).
Absence of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Paul.).
The absence of a minor member of the proposal (additions, circumstances) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother gave the father carrots, but forgot to give the gloves.I handed my father(S. Bar.).
Compound sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.
- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What is it to you? You say, not mills? - Where? What do you mean "where"? Here. - Where is it? -Where do we go(Cat.). The main part is not named in the last sentence.
Incomplete sentences that are part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member in another part of the complex sentence.
In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - a kukan with a fish(Sol.). In the second part of the complex sentence, the main members that are in the first part are not named.
In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, I saw how the lead aircraft, absurdly falling on the wing, dressed in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence, when he raised his head, the subject was not named, which is common with the main part.
In the unionless complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - so with jogging(Sol.). In the explanatory part of the complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.
situational incomplete sentences with unnamed members are called, which are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: Somehow, after midnight, he knocked on Zhuravushka's door. She threw back the hook ... -Can?he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).
Occasionally there was a whine somewhere. Apparently not close.
- Calmed down- peacefully said my neighbor(S. Bar.). While I was waiting for my turn, printing presses began to scroll behind me. Only women worked for them today.
- I'm behind you!I warned and ran to my car.(S. Bar.).
Incomplete sentences are especially typical of dialogic speech., which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogical sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech as additional components, along with words, extralinguistic factors also act: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are called, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.
Among dialogic sentences, sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions are distinguished.
Suggestions-replicas are links in a common chain of successive replicas. In a dialogue replica, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than subsequent ones. For example:
- Go to the dressing.
- Will kill...
- Crawling.
- You won't be saved anyway.(New-Rev.).
Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence stands out:
- What's in your knot, eagles?
"Crayfish," the tall man answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.).
They can be answers to a question requiring confirmation or denial of what was said:
- Do you have a grandmother?
- Not at all.
- And the mother?
- Eat(New-Rev.).
Can be answers to a question with suggested answers:
- What have you not tried - to fish or to love?
- First(M. G.).
And finally, answers in the form of a counter-question with the meaning of the statement:
- How will you live?
- And what about the head, and what about the hands?(M. G.).
- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.
- What kind of love do we have in the village? Stepan replied and chuckled.(Ch.).
