The impact of agriculture on the environment. The influence of industry and agriculture on the environment of the Krasnodar region
Industry influence and Agriculture on the environment
Krasnodar region.
Student: Sonina Victoria Viktorovna
1st year Faculty of Economics
Krasnodar 1999.
“Forests preceded man; deserts followed.”
(F. Chateaubriand)
Introduction.
Everywhere we find people who care about the Earth. They are eager to do
anything to create a stable state of the environment. They ask themselves:
"What can I do? What can the government do? What can they do
industrial corporations?
You can solve these problems by purchasing a car with an efficient engine. hand over
bottles and cans.
All of these steps will help. All unnies are needed. But, of course, they are not enough.
In this essay I examined the problems associated with the influence of industry
and rural management on the environment.
Almost any industrial product begins with raw materials extracted from
the interior of the planet or growing on its surface. On the way to industrial
enterprises lose something in raw materials, a significant part of them turns into
It is estimated that at the current level of technology development 9% or more of raw materials
goes to waste. That is why mountains of empty rock are piled up, the sky is obscured
smoke from hundreds of pipes, water poisoned by industrial waste, millions are being cut down
trees.
Industry as a source of environmental pollution
Krasnodar region.
Modern industry lays the material foundation for human
life. Most basic human needs can be satisfied
through goods and services provided by industry.
The impact of industry on the environment depends on the nature of its
territorial localization, volumes of consumption of raw materials, materials and energy,
on the possibility of waste disposal and the degree of completion
energy production cycles.
All industrial hubs, centers and complex production differ in “bouquet”
pollutants. Each industry and sub-industry “breaks into” in its own way
environment, has its own levels of toxicity and nature of exposure,
including human health.
Mineral raw materials and fuel and energy complexes.
(MSK and FEC)
The concept of environmental management that has developed in our country has traditionally
considered MSC and fuel and energy complex as a foundation social production. TO
Moreover, these two industries took a leading place in the value of the country’s exports (75%
and more). MSC and fuel and energy complex are the main sources industrial pollution surrounding
Specifics of mining production:
Non-renewability of mineral resources;
Long-term nature of field development and long
impact on the environment;
Interregional pollution (water and air);
Direct seizure of land areas, often significant, violation
and even the death of natural landscapes, changes in relief, increased stress in
rock massifs, violation of the regime of surface and underground waters,
distortion of gravitational and geophysical fields, creation of geochemical
anomalies;
Efficiency of modern production in terms of use
natural resources are extremely low. From proven reserves of raw materials
only 5-10% is used, and the remaining 90-95% is irretrievably lost.
In 1991, in the Krasnodar Territory there were 320
mineral deposits, 300 large and small quarries for mining
mineral building materials. Every year up to 30 million tons are mined in the region.
cube m. clay, sand, gravel, etc. Moreover, out of 30 million cubic meters. m. 10 million cubic meters.
m. is lost during transportation, processing and use.
Damage caused to nature by the sub-sector - land disturbance, river deepening
erosion and dust pollution atmospheric air.
In 1991 The area of disturbed lands in the region amounted to 2960 hectares, of which
1673 hectares were developed (including 853 hectares of arable land). Not reclaimed to that
time 846 hectares, of which 280 hectares are arable land. There are also some other negative phenomena
and economic losses arising during the exploitation of deposits
building materials, in particular, violation of the principles of regional
environmental management.
Oil and gas industry.
There are over 100 oil and gas, gas condensate and gas fields.
The operating stock consists of 2.7 thousand wells. Substantial part
The deposits are already 80-85% depleted. Of the 39 productive known in the region
oil-bearing areas up to 90% of all production are provided by Dysh, Nikolaevskaya, Klyuchevaya,
Akhtyrsko-Burgundinskaya and Abino-Urupskaya areas. For the rest
accounts for no more than 10-12% of all production. Oil-bearing formations lie on
of different depths, have different character host rocks and different conditions
oil extraction.
Fuel and energy complex.
The fuel and energy complex indirectly affects the state of the environment, acting as a major
consumer of products from other industries, thereby expanding their contribution to
pollution of various natural environments. For example, in our country the energy
the complex consumes 65% of all pipe production, 20% - ferrous metallurgy,
15% copper and aluminum, 13-18% cement, over 15% engineering products,
produced in the country. At the same time, this influence is mutual. For production
1t. steel energy consumption in terms of oil is 6-8 tons per 1 ton. aluminum –
The main way to increase the rationalization of the use of fuel and energy
resources – their saving, structuring by type of use and increase
the role of non-traditional types of energy resources in energy production.
Different types of power plants have different environmental impacts
Wednesday. The region is dominated by thermal power plants, which: -
pollute the atmospheric air with oxides of hydrocarbons, nitrogen, sulfur,
Significant masses of solid slag waste accumulate;
Hydroelectric power plants make significant changes if they
large reservoirs are created, which entails flooding of arable lands
lands, settlements, change in groundwater regime, flooding,
waterlogging, sometimes salinization and changes in the composition of aquatic flora and fauna.
There are only two hydroelectric power stations in the region (Krasnopolyanskaya and Belorechenskaya), construction
which did not involve the creation of large reservoirs and did not contribute significantly
changes in the environment.
Nuclear energy.
There are no nuclear power plants in the region. Attempts to build them
were undertaken, but were stopped due to active public protest,
frightened by the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. But our region is constantly
is experiencing an acute shortage of electricity.
In a major accident, the extent of radioactive contamination is so great that
the legitimacy of the risk of further expansion of nuclear power plant construction becomes
dubious. Moreover, as the number of nuclear power plants increases, the degree of
The problem of radioactive waste disposal is also of no less concern.
waste. Thus, the growth in energy consumption and production in
global heat can cause the following dangerous consequences:
Climate change due to the greenhouse effect, probability
which increases due to increased accumulation in the planet’s atmosphere
carbon dioxide emitted by energy plants;
The problem of neutralization and disposal of radioactive waste and
dismantled equipment of nuclear reactors after the end of their service life
Increased likelihood of accidents in nuclear reactors;
Increase in areas and levels of environmental acidification;
Air pollution in cities and industrial areas in
as a result of burning fossil fuels.
Manufacturing industry as an environmental polluter.
Specifics of the impact of the manufacturing industry on the environment
lies in the variety of pollutants for the environment and humans.
The main channels of influence are technogenic processing of natural substances and their
changes during processing, reaction to the effects of technological processes
(cleavage, change in composition). In the process of production and consumption
a substance in nature is so modified that it becomes toxic
material that negatively affects both biota and humans.
A feature of the manufacturing industry is the similarity of composition
pollutants emitted by enterprises various industries production,
but using similar materials, raw materials and semi-finished products.
The greatest danger to the environment and humans is chemical,
petrochemical and biochemical industry.
There are more than 20 enterprises and production associations in the region and
of the listed sub-sectors. Among them are PA "Krasnodarnefteorgsintez",
Krasnodar, Armavir, Kropotkin chemical plants and others. In 1985
year, the region processed 6.4 million tons of oil, 541.5 thousand tons of sulfur
acids, 40 thousand tons of synthetic resins, etc. The region produces 60%
phosphate fertilizers North Caucasus, 70% sulfuric acid, significant
part of diesel fuel and motor gasoline in the North Caucasus.
Enterprises in Krasnodar annually emit 16.6 thousand tons into the atmosphere.
sulfur dioxide, 17.7 thousand tons of carbon monoxide, 2.5 thousand tons of hydrocarbons,
including the city's chemical plant - 477.2 tons of carbon monoxide, 145 tons.
furfural, 16 tons of sulfuric acid, etc.
The chemical industry is one of the dynamic manufacturing industries
industry. It penetrated into all aspects of life: the production of medicines,
medications, vitamins, etc. All this contributed to an increase in the quality of life and
level of material security of society. However, the reverse side of this level
is the growth of waste, poisoning of air, water bodies, and soil.
There are approximately 80 thousand different chemicals in the environment. Every year
in the world in trading network 1-2 thousand new chemical products arrive
industry, often not previously tested.
The largest “contribution” of pollution is in the building materials industry
Environments include cement, glass and asphalt concrete production.
In the glass production process, among the pollutants, in addition to dust, are compounds
lead, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, nitric oxide, arsenic - all this
toxic waste, almost half of which ends up in the environment.
Timber industry complex.
It is well known that the area of forests is catastrophically reduced under the impacts of
ever-increasing needs for timber and arable areas due to the growth
the total human population.
Types of violation of the environmental friendliness of the use of forest resources:
Violation of current rules and regulations of forest management;
The technology of skidding and removal of wood contradicts the protective
functions of mountain forests (use of caterpillar tractors), leads to
destruction of soil cover, stripping of forest litter, increased erosion
processes, destruction of undergrowth and young animals;
Forest restoration work does not keep pace with deforestation due to
poor survival rate of plantings, as a result of negligence in care.
More than 30 enterprises are engaged in logging in the region.
1.6 – 1.7 million cubic meters m. wood. Furniture, woodworking, packaging
enterprises process up to 800 thousand cubic meters. m. round timber and 250 – 270 thousand.
cube m. lumber. Timber industry complex by completeness of use
wood production waste, wood chips, sawdust, etc. p., occupies
one of the first places in the region, and in the North Caucasus.
INSERT FROM BOOK
Conclusion.
The problem of the influence of industry and agriculture on the environment
is global in nature, which determines its importance.
IN last years social objectives of the protective environment have acquired in highly developed
countries priority over profit. For industry and others
economic sectors are under pressure from society and the state. This
stimulates the search for highly effective and cheap means of solving the problem of protection
environment, development of new technologies, reorientation of agricultural and
industrial enterprises for low-waste cycles.
List of Literature:
Guzhin G.S., Golikov V.I., Kasatkin V.G. – Ecology of Kuban // Krasnodar: 1995
Reimers N.F. – Ecology (theories, laws, rules, principles, hypotheses) // M.:
1994 – 365 p.
Meadows D.H., Meadows D.L., Randers S.I. – Beyond growth // M.: 1994 – 304 p.
SchmidHeini S. – Change of Course // M.: 1994 – 355 p.
AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX. The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is the largest inter-industry complex, uniting several sectors of the economy aimed at the production and processing of agricultural raw materials and obtaining products from them that are delivered to the end consumer.
The agro-industrial complex INCLUDES 4 AREAS OF ACTIVITY: Agriculture is the core of the agro-industrial complex, which includes crop production, livestock farming, farms, personal subsidiary plots
Industries and services that provide agriculture with means of production and material resources: tractor and agricultural engineering, manufacturing mineral fertilizers, chemicals.
Industries that process agricultural raw materials: food industry, industries for the primary processing of raw materials for light industry.
Infrastructure block - industries that are engaged in the procurement of agricultural raw materials, transportation, storage, trade in consumer goods, training of personnel for agriculture, construction in the agro-industrial complex.
Interrelation of branches of the agro-industrial complex: Biochemistry (production of fertilizers); Chemical industry; Forestry industry (production of lumber for buildings, production of animal feed, production of fertilizers); Transport industry; Light industry.
IMPACT FACTORS OF AGRICULTURE. The complex impact of agriculture on natural environment consists of significant number factors influencing crop and livestock production in relation to specific physical and geographical features of regions. The significance and degree of influence of individual factors is strong due to the wide variety of types of agricultural land use, natural and historical conditions for the formation of the environmental situation in different regions.
The composition, placement and rotation of agricultural crops largely characterize the degree of influence of agriculture on the natural environment. The method of cultivating agricultural crops (row crops or continuous sowing) determines the degree of exposure of the soil surface and its susceptibility to water and wind erosion.
The coefficient of erosion hazard of agricultural crops can be considered as the first in importance among the impact factors. The second factor is the amount and type of fertilizer applied to compensate for the removal nutrients erosion processes and cultivated plants.
Associated with this is the problem of pollution of the environment and agricultural products with nitrates and other highly toxic substances. In addition, the use of fertilizers leads to the accumulation of other harmful substances and elements in soils. For example, the use of phosphorus fertilizers is accompanied by the accumulation of fluorine, strontium and uranium in soils.
The livestock farming systems practiced in many regions of Russia are such that pasture lands are degraded, soil protective properties deteriorate, and erosion processes develop. Therefore, in the integral assessment of the impact of agriculture for many regions of Russia, the indicator of pasture load is important, taking into account the types of livestock being grazed, the degree of degression of pastures, their yield and the quality of feed.
The impact of certain factors of agricultural activity can be aggravated by natural factors, such as active erosion and deflation.
SOIL EROSION PROBLEM. The word erosion comes from the Latin erosio, which means to eat away, to gnaw out, or to gnaw out. Under the influence of strong winds and unregulated runoff, fields become inconvenient for cultivation, and soils gradually lose their fertility - this is soil erosion.
Soil erosion occurs in areas where irrational human economic activity activates natural erosion processes, bringing them to a destructive stage. Accelerated erosion is a consequence of intensive land use without observing anti-erosion measures (plowing of slopes, clear cutting of forests, irrational development of virgin steppes, unregulated grazing of livestock, leading to the destruction of natural grassy vegetation).
Water and wind erosion, causing depletion of soil resources, are dangerous environmental factor. As a result of erosion in soils, the content of nitrogen and forms of phosphorus and potassium, assimilated by plants, and a number of microelements (iodine, copper, etc.) decreases. An important difference between these two types of zinc, cobalt, manganese, erosion is that with nickel, molybdenum), from which wind erosion occurs not only the yield depends, but also the blowing out of only the mechanical elements of the soil, and with water, the quality of agricultural products. Erosion not only contributes to the washing away of particles but also to the manifestation of soil drought. soil, but at the same time nutrients are dissolved in flowing water and removed.
DESERTIFICATION PROBLEM. Desertification is a process of irreversible changes in soil and vegetation and a decrease in biological productivity, which in extreme cases can lead to the complete destruction of the biosphere potential and the transformation of an area into a desert.
In areas prone to desertification, the physical properties soils, vegetation dies, groundwater becomes saline, biological productivity drops sharply, and, consequently, the ability of ecosystems to recover is undermined. Reducing or destroying the biological potential of the land can lead to desert-like conditions. The main signs of desertification are an increase in the area of shifting sands, a decrease in pasture productivity, and depletion of local water supplies.
ENVIRONMENTALIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY. Violation of technological requirements for the cultivation of agricultural crops and unbalanced use of chemicals have led to a significant decrease in soil fertility. Greening the region's agriculture involves: 1. Environmental planning for the use of agro-resource potential, which will restore the ecological balance, maintained at a level that provides maximum environmental, socio-economic effect for a long time. 2. Greening agricultural production technologies for the production of environmentally friendly food products.
3. Greening of agricultural science and education. In the curricula for training specialists for agriculture in universities and agricultural colleges, it is necessary to significantly increase the volume of teaching environmental disciplines by introducing environmental disciplines, creating a comprehensive environmental education course for agricultural workers on the basis of educational institutions in the region. 4. Introduction of an ecological-landscape system of agriculture and land management, including the development of territorial-ecological optimization projects, maintaining ecological balance through a rational relationship between human-transformed and natural areas to varying degrees.
5. Carrying out agroforestry and meadow reclamation activities, including planting various types protective forest belts, grassing of steep slopes, beams, and so on. 6. Scientific support: placement of producing farms, taking into account environmental and sanitary standards in the regions; organizing a system for monitoring the background content of xenobiotics in the natural environment and food products; environmental development organic farming and livestock farming, the introduction of integral, special and biological methods combating plant diseases and pests, developing environmentally hygienic technologies for cultivation, harvesting, transportation, storage, processing and sale of food products; development of selective selection of plants for resistance against diseases and pests.
The agricultural industry is the basis of life human society, since it gives a person what life is impossible without - food and clothing (or rather, raw materials for the production of clothing). The basis for agricultural activity is the soil - the “day” or outer horizons of rocks (no matter what), naturally modified by the combined influence of water, air and various organisms, living or dead (V.V. Dokuchaev). According to W. R. Williams, “soil is the surface horizon of land globe, capable of producing plant crops.” V.I. Vernadsky considered the soil to be a bioinert body, since it is formed under the influence of various organisms.
The most important property of soils is fertility, i.e. the ability to satisfy the needs of plants for nutrition and warmth so that they (plants) can function normally and produce products that make up the harvest.
On the basis of soils, crop production is realized, which is the basis for livestock farming, and crop and livestock products provide humans with food and much more. Agriculture provides raw materials for food, partially light, biotechnological, chemical (partial), pharmaceutical and other industries National economy.
Agriculture consists of the influence that human activity has on it, on the one hand, and on the other, the influence of agriculture on natural ecological processes and on the human body.
Since the basis of agricultural production is soil, the productivity of this sector of the economy depends on the condition of the soil. Human economic activity leads to soil degradation, as a result of which up to 25 million m2 of arable soil layer disappears from the surface every year. This phenomenon is called “desertification,” i.e., the process of turning arable land into. There are several causes of soil degradation. These include:
1. Soil erosion, i.e. mechanical destruction of soil under the influence of water and wind (erosion can also occur as a result of human influence due to irrational irrigation and the use of heavy equipment).
2. Desertification of the surface - an abrupt change water regime, leading to drying and large loss of moisture.
3. Toxification - soil contamination with various substances that negatively affect soil and other organisms (salinization, accumulation of pesticides, etc.).
4. Direct losses of soil due to their diversion for urban buildings, roads, power lines, etc.
Industrial activities in various sectors lead to pollution of the lithosphere, and this primarily applies to soils. And agriculture itself, which has now turned into an agro-industrial complex, can have a negative impact on the condition of soils (see the problem of the use of fertilizers and pesticides). Soil degradation leads to crop loss and worsening food problems.
Crop farming deals with the technology of optimal cultivation of cultivated plants. Its task is to obtain the maximum yield in a given territory with minimal costs. In the process of growing plants, nutrients are removed from the soil and cannot be replenished naturally. So, in natural conditions the supply of bound nitrogen is replenished due to nitrogen fixation (biological and inorganic - during lightning discharges, nitrogen oxides are produced, which, under the influence of oxygen and water, are converted into nitric acid, and it (the acid), entering the soil, is converted into nitrates, which are nitrogen nutrition for plants). Biological nitrogen fixation is the formation of nitrogen-containing compounds due to the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen either by free-living soil bacteria (for example, Azotobacter), or by bacteria living in symbiosis with leguminous plants(nodule bacteria). Another source of inorganic nitrogen in the soil is the process of ammonification - the decomposition of proteins with the formation of ammonia, which, when reacting with soil acids, forms ammonium salts.
As a result of human production activities, a large amount of nitrogen oxides enters the soil, which can also serve as its source in soils. This is one of the environmental impacts of pelleted feed production. But despite this, the soils are depleted of nitrogen and other nutrients, which requires the application of various fertilizers.
One of the factors reducing fertility is the use of permanent crops - long-term cultivation of the same crop in the same field. This is due to the fact that plants of this type remove from the soil only those elements that they need, and natural processes do not have time to restore the content of these elements in the same quantity. In addition, this plant is accompanied by other organisms, including competitive and pathogenic ones, which also contributes to a decrease in the yield of this crop.
The processes of soil toxication are facilitated by the bioaccumulation of various compounds (including toxic ones), i.e., the accumulation in organisms of compounds of various elements, including toxic ones. Thus, lead and mercury compounds accumulate in mushrooms, etc. The concentrations of toxins in plant organisms can be so high that eating them can cause serious poisoning and even death.
Not rational use fertilizers and plant protection products, irrigation and reclamation work, violation of the technology of growing agricultural crops, and the pursuit of profit can lead to the production of environmentally contaminated products of plant origin, which along the chain will contribute to a decrease in the quality of livestock products.
When harvesting, plant waste is generated (straw, chaff, etc.), which can pollute the natural environment.
The condition of soils is greatly influenced by the condition of forests. Reducing forest cover leads to deterioration water balance soils and can contribute to their desertification.
Livestock farming has a significant impact on the natural environment. In agriculture, mainly herbivorous animals are bred, so a plant food supply is created for them (meadows, pastures, etc.). Modern livestock, especially highly productive breeds, are very picky about the quality of feed, so selective eating of individual plants occurs on pastures, which changes the species composition plant community and without correction can make this pasture unsuitable for further use. In addition to eating the green part of the plant, soil compaction occurs, which changes the living conditions of soil organisms. This makes it necessary to rationally use agricultural land allocated for pastures.
In addition to the impact of livestock farming on nature as a food supply, big role Animal waste products (litter, manure, etc.) also have a negative impact on the natural environment. The creation of large livestock complexes and poultry farms led to the concentration of waste products livestock and birds. Violation of the technology of poultry farming and other livestock sectors leads to the appearance of large masses of manure, which is irrationally disposed of. In livestock buildings, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide enter the atmosphere, and an increased content of carbon dioxide is observed. Large masses of manure create problems with their removal from production premises. Manure removal wet method leads to a sharp increase in the development of microorganisms in liquid manure, creating the threat of epidemics. The use of liquid manure as a fertilizer is ineffective and dangerous from an environmental point of view, so this problem requires a solution from the standpoint of environmental protection.
Agriculture (agro-industrial complex) widely uses various techniques and equipment that make it possible to mechanize and automate the work of workers employed in this industry. The use of motor vehicles creates the same environmental problems as in the transport sector. Enterprises associated with the processing of agricultural products have the same impact on the environment as food industry enterprises. Therefore, when considering environmental activities in the agro-industrial complex, all these types of influence must be taken into account comprehensively, in unity and interconnection, and only this will reduce the consequences of the environmental crisis and do everything possible to overcome it.
Review of environmental activities in the agro-industrial complex
The need for intensive environmental protection activities is shown in the previous subsection. Agriculture should supply the population with environmentally high-quality products and provide a minimum negative influence to the habitat. For this purpose, it is possible to apply a number of nature protection measures, which are described below.
The basis of all environmental activities in the field of agricultural production is the best way management, i.e. conducting economic activities in such a way that minimal damage is caused to nature - minimal loss of fertilizers and optimal technology their use, the possible preservation of the surface layer of soil and nutrients, minimal pollution of water bodies, the use of pesticides in such quantities and such technologies in which the habitat would remain practically unchanged, etc. (Biogen is a nutrient containing the chemical elements necessary for the body - one or several. Examples of biogens: amino acids, sodium nitrate; sometimes chemical elements are called biogens - C, H, P and others, more correctly - biogenic chemical elements.)
An important technological technique in crop production is plowing the land, which prepares the soil for sowing and creates optimal conditions for seed germination. However, plowing with heavy equipment can destroy the fine structure of the soil, causing dust to form. More environmentally friendly is no-till farming, in which weeds are killed with herbicides and seeds are sown and developed in soil that is not subject to plow or cultivator treatment. This method can be used in conjunction with arable farming, but it also requires optimal use since it uses herbicides.
It is known that there is rainfed (irrigated) and irrigated agriculture, which uses irrigation - an artificial supply of water to agricultural land. Irrigated agriculture allows you to get large yields, but requires optimization, which consists in the fact that water should be supplied strictly in a certain amount necessary for the plants. Excess water is not only economically unprofitable, but also leads to undesirable environmental consequences (leaching of nutrients, disruption of water metabolism of this type of soil, etc.).
A very important environmental measure is to optimize the use of pesticides. It is necessary to find pesticides that would be effective in controlling pests of agricultural crops, but at the same time be low-toxic to humans and other organisms, easily absorbed by the natural environment and not subject to bioaccumulation. This is a very difficult task, but it must be solved. A comprehensive pest control program through the use of various forms control, including biological methods.
To environmentally safe methods pest control of agricultural crops include:
1. Quarantine (an example of an organizational and economic event).
2. Agrotechnical measures, consisting of certain methods of tillage, sequence of fertilizer application, compliance optimal timing sowing, destruction of post-harvest crop residues, etc.
3. Forecasting the possibility of mass reproduction of pests and taking measures to eliminate them using environmentally friendly means.
4. Widespread use of biological methods of plant protection.
These methods include the use of entomophages, biologically active substances, microbiological preparations, and genetic methods.
Entomophages are organisms that feed on insects, such as insectivorous birds. The use of entomophages consists in the settlement of local insectivorous organisms throughout a given territory, attracting these organisms to a specific territory and other methods.
Attractants (substances that attract one animal to another) and repellents (natural or chemically produced substances that repel animals) are used as biologically active substances. The use of such substances allows either to concentrate pests and then destroy them by some means, or to remove these organisms from the protected area.
Microbiological preparations destroy pests by infecting them specific diseases. The method requires caution in use and precise knowledge that the microorganisms used are harmless to humans and other organisms.
Genetic methods are based on the breeding of sterilized forms of pests or inferior races into natural communities of organisms, which helps reduce the reproduction processes of pests living in a given area.
Physical and mechanical methods of control are environmentally safe, including various measures for trapping and collecting harmful insects (catching grooves, traps, adhesive trapping rings), although these methods are labor-intensive, they cause the least amount of pollution of the natural environment.
An important environmental measure is the recycling of crop and livestock waste. Thus, straw, tops, and chaff can be used as fertilizers, but without prior preparation this is ineffective; they should be used in combination with livestock and domestic waste to produce composts, which are used as effective organic fertilizers.
When recycling agricultural waste, biotechnology methods are used. Biotechnology is a technology based on the use of biological processes to obtain marketable products or purify industrial waste.
As an environmental protection measure, biotechnology is used to treat wastewater from livestock farms and agricultural processing enterprises. Biotechnological methods are also used when processing manure in special devices, where the process of anaerobic digestion produces biogas and a mixture of organic compounds that can be used as organic fertilizer.
Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide and other gaseous substances with unpleasant smell, which is formed during anaerobic fermentation of manure and compost.
It should be noted that biotechnological production can also cause environmental harm in case of violation of technology regimes and industrial accidents. Thus, at a plant for the production of feed yeast in the city of Kirishi, Leningrad Region, due to non-compliance with technological regimes, dusty products were released into the natural environment, which caused allergic diseases in the residents of the area. But this does not at all reduce the environmental value of use. biotechnological methods for the protection of Nature.
An important role in the system of environmental protection in agriculture belongs to the creation of a rational system for the use of fertilizers. Previously, we talked about the problems of environmental pollution and obtaining environmentally contaminated products due to excessive and irrational use of various fertilizers. Therefore, it is important to develop a scientifically based technology for the use of fertilizers and not violate it. Along with traditional mineral, organic fertilizers and mixtures thereof modern agricultural technology They also use new types of fertilizers - green manure - agricultural crops, the green mass of which is plowed into the soil entirely and, as a result of decay processes, produces valuable fertilizer. An example of green manure is lupine. Adding green manure to the soil is environmentally friendly, but is not always enough to restore soil fertility.
Environmental protection in agricultural production is not limited to this - it also includes measures to neutralize the impact of transport and equipment working in the fields. Thus, agricultural machinery of smaller dimensions is being developed, which would destroy the soil structure to a lesser extent than large-sized ones. Environmental protection activities typical for transport are also acceptable in agriculture when we're talking about about the operation of the agricultural machinery fleet.
And, as in any sector of the economy, a great contribution to environmental activities is made by environmental education of all agricultural workers (from an ordinary farmer to the head of a large agro-industrial enterprise).
Brief description of biotechnological production and their impact on the natural environment
The production of products whose production is based on processes carried out by various microorganisms is called biotechnological.
The use of microorganisms as a method of processing various chemical compounds and their mixtures into different types products have been known since ancient times. Thus, yeast fungi were used in the production of bread, lactic acid bacteria - for the production of cottage cheese, sour cream and other lactic acid products, etc. However, from a modern point of view, the production of bread, ethyl alcohol through alcoholic fermentation, vinegar, wine, lactic acid products is a biotechnological are not classified as production - these products are obtained at food industry enterprises. The modern term “biotechnology” appeared in the 70s. XX century It is based on the successes of genetics, namely genetic, or genetic engineering.
Genetic engineering is a branch of molecular genetics that purposefully develops the creation of life forms of new combinations of genetic material that are capable of multiplying in a host cell and synthesizing metabolic products necessary for humans in the form of various chemical compounds.
The principle of genetic engineering is that initially restriction enzymes are isolated - special ones (biocatalysts of protein nature), which cut the DNA molecule into strictly defined fragments in certain places, and then these fragments are “stitched” with the help of other enzymes - DNA ligases, resulting in Recombinative DNA arises, which is released from the original system and is introduced into a cell, called the host cell. In these cells, the recombined DNA molecule multiplies, messenger RNA is synthesized on it, and protein molecules, which are the target product for a specific production, are synthesized on the latter.
The process of obtaining new genes and replicating them is called gene cloning. It can also be carried out by mechanical fragmentation of the original DNA, but structural genes are often obtained by their synthesis through chemical and biological reactions or by obtaining DNA copies of the corresponding messenger RNA. When cloning, “structural genes” are obtained, which carry only information about the structure of the corresponding protein and cannot function either in the host cell or in the original culture. The functional properties of recombined DNA (DNA containing a structural, synthesized gene) are imparted by a vector containing the synthesis start sites and regulatory regions of the DNA molecule. Vectors are derived from plasmids of Escherichia coli and other bacteria. Escherichia coli, yeast, animal and plant cells are used as host cells.
There are three known ways of selecting recombinative DNA:
1. Genetic - by markers using selective media;
2. Immunochemical - chemical and biological synthesis of genes is used;
3. Hybridization - with labeled DNA.
As a result of the processes used in genetic engineering, clones of many genes for ribosomal and transport RNA, globin () mouse, rabbit, human, human insulin, etc. were obtained. The use of genetic engineering in the selection of microorganisms made it possible to obtain new strains needed by a person microorganisms. Genetic engineering is theoretical basis modern biotechnological production.
Biotechnological production includes the large-scale production of food proteins that are feed additives for animals, various amino acids used for medical purposes, insulin, penicillin and other antibiotics, as well as enzymes, hormones and other biologically active chemical compounds.
Immobilized enzymes (enzymes that have increased resistance to factors that change the native, i.e., “living” structure of the protein part of the enzyme molecule) are obtained biotechnologically. The most important biotechnological production includes the production of “biogas”, which is an energy raw material, as well as the implementation biological treatment Wastewater.
Like any production complexes, biotechnological production is characterized by certain technological processes implemented at enterprises. In various biotechnological enterprises, raw materials are used, specific finished products are obtained, and by-products and production waste are generated, which in a certain way affect natural environmental processes and human health. These enterprises use vehicles to move substances both within and outside the enterprise; therefore, their impact should be taken into account when assessing the impact of a given biotechnological production complex on the environmental properties of a particular region. The characteristics of the environmental impact of such enterprises should also include the features of the influence of the construction complex (during repair and construction work), as well as mass catering enterprises.
Features of environmental protection activities at biotechnological enterprises
Biotechnological production complexes are currently becoming increasingly widespread, as they make it possible to obtain products that cannot be obtained by other methods. But these enterprises are potentially dangerous. This especially applies to those industries that are based on the use of genetic engineering. The processes carried out in genetic engineering are unpredictable; as a result, it is possible to obtain products that have an extremely significant impact on the biosphere. negative impact, which may be irreversible. The development of biological weapons using pathogenic microorganisms is especially dangerous. But even during the development of “peaceful” microorganisms, modifications of microorganisms that are very dangerous for humans and other organisms may arise. It is also important to take into account the ethical aspect of genetic engineering research, especially those related to the anthropogenic sphere.
Production based on the use of modern achievements of genetic engineering is highly knowledge-intensive, therefore automated and computerized. This suggests the need for special measures to protect workers associated with the operation of computers and other office equipment.
In addition to the considered features of biotechnological production, they are characterized by similar environmental impacts typical of any industrial-natural complexes associated with the production of both material (in the form of substances) and energy (thermal, electromagnetic radiation, vibrations, noise, etc.) pollutants. Considering the presence of food, transport enterprises, as well as service enterprises, biotechnological production complexes are characterized by the impact inherent in the transport, construction, food, household and trade and commercial spheres of human activity. Consequently, the complex of biotechnological production has a powerful, often negative impact on the biosphere, which makes it necessary to develop and implement environmental protection measures.
The most important of the measures for the protection of Nature is careful and in-depth monitoring of the environmental role of this industrial and natural complex, the results of which will allow us to develop a strategy for specific measures to minimize the negative impact of this sector of the national economy on natural environmental processes.
A major role in the protection of Nature at this production complex is played by the development among employees of biotechnological enterprises of a nature-conforming ecological consciousness, clear humanistic ideas that make it possible to design possible consequences genetic engineering research and its practical implementation in production.
The global focus of environmental activities is strict compliance with requirements scientific organization production, execution of technological discipline and introduction of new technological developments that help reduce the flow of pollution into the environment and reduce the risk of industrial accidents. When using computers and other office equipment, environmental protection measures include: compliance with sanitary and hygienic rules for working with these devices, the creation of devices that reduce the flow of various radiation from these means of production into the human environment.
Note. This direction regarding computer technology is applicable in all industries and in household activities where this technology is used; Compliance with safety rules when working with any electronic means (including personal computers) is especially necessary for young people.
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Introduction
Everywhere we find people who care about the Earth. They are passionate about doing something to create a sustainable environment. They ask themselves: “What can I do? What can the government do? What can industrial corporations do?
You can solve these problems by purchasing a car with an efficient engine. Donate bottles and cans.
All of these steps will help. All of them are necessary. But, of course, they are not enough.
In this essay, I examined the problems associated with the impact of industry and agriculture on the environment.
Almost any industrial product begins with raw materials mined from the depths of the planet or growing on its surface. On the way to industrial enterprises, raw materials lose something; a significant part of it turns into waste.
It is estimated that at the current level of technology development, 9% or more of raw materials go to waste. That is why mountains of waste rock are piled up, the sky is obscured by the smoke of hundreds of pipes, the water is poisoned by industrial effluents, and millions of trees are cut down.
Industry as a source of environmental pollution
Modern industry lays the material foundation of human life. Most basic human needs can be satisfied through goods and services provided by industry.
The impact of industry on the environment depends on the nature of its territorial localization, the volume of consumption of raw materials, materials and energy, the possibility of waste disposal and the degree of completion of energy production cycles.
All industrial hubs, centers and complex industries differ in the “bouquet” of pollutants. Each industry and sub-industry “breaks into” the environment in its own way, has its own levels of toxicity and nature of impact, including human health.
Chemical industry- one of the dynamic sectors of the manufacturing industry. It penetrated into all aspects of life: the production of medicines, drugs, vitamins, etc. All this contributed to the growth of the quality of life and the level of material security of society. However, the downside of this level is the growth of waste, poisoning of the air, water bodies, and soil.
There are approximately 80 thousand different chemicals in the environment. Every year, 1-2 thousand new products from the chemical industry enter the retail chain around the world, often without prior testing.
In the building materials industry, the largest “contribution” to environmental pollution comes from cement, glass and asphalt concrete production.
In the glass production process, among the pollutants, in addition to dust, are lead compounds, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen oxide, arsenic - all this is toxic waste, almost half of which ends up in the environment.
Timber industry complex.
It is well known that the forest area is catastrophically declining under the impact of the ever-increasing demand for timber and arable land due to the growth of the total human population.
Types of violation of environmental friendliness of forest resources use:
* violation of current rules and regulations of forest management;
* the technology of skidding and removal of wood contradicts the protective functions of mountain forests (the use of caterpillar tractors), leads to the destruction of soil cover, stripping of forest litter, increased erosion processes, and the destruction of undergrowth and young growth;
* reforestation work does not keep pace with deforestation due to poor survival rate of plantings, as a result of negligence in care.
MPE-maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere
Maximum permissible emission (MPE) is a standard for the emission of a harmful (pollutant) substance into the atmospheric air, which is established for a stationary source of atmospheric air pollution, taking into account technical standards for emissions and background air pollution, provided that this source does not exceed hygienic and environmental air quality standards , maximum permissible (critical) loads on environmental systems and other environmental standards. According to the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation, all legal entities that have stationary sources of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air are required to ensure an inventory of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air and the development of a draft maximum permissible emissions (draft MPE)
Maximum permissible emissions are established by territorial bodies of the specially authorized federal body executive power in the field of atmospheric air protection for a specific stationary source of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances into the atmospheric air and their totality (the organization as a whole).
Calculation of the maximum permissible limit for high single sources of atmospheric air pollution during the emission of cold gases is carried out according to the formula
MDV = K r.m. (q i -C f)=
Where, K r.m. - minimum dilution factor of the impurity in the atmosphere;
D is the diameter of the pipe mouth, (m);
q i - maximum permissible concentration of a harmful chemical in the atmospheric air of populated areas;
C f - background concentration of harmful chemical. substances in atmospheric air, (mg/m 3);
H - geometric height of the pipe, (m);
Vi is the volume of the gas-air mixture released into the atmospheric air;
A is a coefficient that depends on the temperature stratification of the atmosphere and determines the conditions for vertical and horizontal dispersion with developed turbulent exchange in the atmospheric air. For our region, A = 0.16 is accepted;
F - is a dimensionless coefficient taking into account
the rate of deposition of harmful substances in atmospheric air. For gaseous harmful chemical substances. fine aerosols F=1
for coarse dust with a cleaning efficiency of at least 90% - F=2, from 90% - F=2.5, less than 75% - F=3;
m, n are dimensionless coefficients that take into account the conditions for the exit of the gas-air mixture from the mouth of the emission source. Typically m is close to 1, but can vary from 0.8 to 1.5; n varies from 1 to 3. For approximate calculations, m and n can be taken equal to 1;
p/p o - elongation of the wind rose, p/p o =0.125 with an eight-point wind rose. For one-time and average one-time MPC values, p/p o =2 should be taken;
b - time averaging coefficient. For one-time and average daily MPCs, b = 0.5 should be taken
Calculation of the maximum permissible limit for high single sources of atmospheric air pollution during the emission of heated gases is carried out according to the formula
MDV = K r. (q i -C f)=
Where, Kp is the coefficient of meteorological dilution of impurities in the atmosphere, (m 3 /s).
General ventilation of the molding area of the foundry shop of a machine-building enterprise. Location: Udmurtia. The predominant pollutant component in concentration is dust.
C f =0.3 mg/m, H=30 m, V i =20m 3 /s, D=1 m.
The following formula is suitable for calculation:
Let's substitute the values
emissions eco-bioprotective environmental health
Maximum permissible discharge (MPD)
Maximum permissible discharge (MPD) - environmental standard: the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum permissible for discharge in the established mode at a given point of a water body per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point; MPC - the limit on wastewater consumption and the concentration of impurities contained in it - is established taking into account the maximum permissible concentration of substances in places of water use (depending on the type of water use), the assimilative capacity of the water body, the prospects for the development of the region and the optimal distribution of the mass of discharged substances between water users discharging wastewater water (GOST 17.1.1.01-77).
Standards for maximum permissible discharges (draft MAP standards) are established for each wastewater discharge of an operating enterprise - water users, based on the conditions of inadmissibility of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances (MPC) at the control point or at a section of the water body, taking into account its intended use, and if exceeded MPC at the control site - based on the condition of preservation (non-deterioration) of the composition and properties of water in water bodies formed under the influence of natural factors.
To determine the conditions for mixing and dilution of wastewater in water bodies, many calculation methods of varying degrees of complexity are currently proposed.
The dilution factor of wastewater in the river can be determined by the following formula:
n=
where n is the dilution factor of wastewater;
q - wastewater flow, m 3 /s;
Q cm - part of the water flow of the water body taking part in the dilution of wastewater, m 3 /s; determined by the formula
Q cm =Q*Y
Where Y is the mixing coefficient, showing what part of the flow of a water body is mixed in a given site with wastewater;
Q - water flow in water body, m 3 /s.
Coefficient Y in the case of a concentrated coastal release is 0, in the site of complete mixing it is 1, in other cases 0
The maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in wastewater is determined by the formula
S st =*(S pd -S o)+S pd
Where C st is the maximum permissible concentration of the pollutant in wastewater;
C o is the concentration of the pollutant in the water of a water body at a site located above the wastewater discharge site (background concentration);
C pd - maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the water of water bodies.
When discharging several pollutants that have the same limiting sign of harmfulness, the Cp of each of them should be reduced by as many times as such substances are in the wastewater. In this case, the calculation of Cst is carried out according to the formula
C st =*(-C o)+,
Where n is the number of pollutants discharged into a water body with the same limiting sign of harmfulness.
Example
Calculation of PDS
The motor vehicle industry discharges wastewater at a flow rate of q=1 m 3 /s into the river T. Q river T. = 2 m 3 / s, Y = 1. Wastewater contains suspended substances and petroleum products. The water of the T. River in the section above the wastewater discharge contains pollutants C o oil = 0, C o vz. a.c. =2.0 mg/l.
Let's use the formula
S st =*(S pd -S o)+S pd
Where Cpd for oil is 0.1 ml/l,
for airborne ingredients 0.75 mg/l
Let's substitute:
For oil
C st =*(0.1-0)+0.1
C st =*0.2
C st =0.6
For take-off in-va
C st =*(0.75-2)+0.75
C st =*0.2
C st =*0.5
C st =1.5
Eco-bioprotective technologyfor air protection
Eco-bioprotective equipment - devices, devices and systems designed to prevent air pollution, protect the purity of water and soil, to protect against noise, electromagnetic pollution and radioactive waste. EBZT:
Pollution of the environment with harmful substances steadily reduces the quality of consumed food, water, air, and contributes to the entry of harmful substances into the human body, which, in turn, is accompanied by an increase in the number of poisonings and diseases, a reduction in life expectancy, an increase in child pathology and infant mortality.
Pollution of the atmosphere or hydrosphere can lead to illness or death of a significant number of people (Table 1).
Table 1. The influence of atmospheric air composition on human health
Population health deteriorates by 60 and 70% due to poor quality of the environment and food; At the same time, 1.6 million people die every year from environmental diseases on the planet.
The quality of the living environment is the degree to which environmental parameters meet the needs of people and other living organisms, and the technosphere should not differ significantly in quality from the natural environment.
The scale and real danger of the impact of negative factors can be assessed from the data in Table 2
Table 2. Number of deaths from exposure to negative factors
When designing the technosphere according to safety conditions, the following must be ensured:
- comfort in living areas;
- correct location of human occupation areas and sources of danger;
- reduction in the size of hazardous areas;
- use of eco-bioprotective technology;
- use of personal protective equipment.
The perfection of a technical system in terms of injury risk is assessed by the amount of acceptable risk, which establishes the fact of the constant presence of a potential injury hazard.
Reducing the risk of injury to technical systems is achieved by improving them in order to realize the acceptable risk.
If the improvement of technical systems fails to ensure maximum permissible impacts on a person in the area of his stay, then it is necessary to use eco-bioprotective equipment:
- dust collectors;
- water treatment devices;
- screens;
- fencing;
- protective boxes, etc.
A schematic diagram of the use of eco-bioprotective technology is shown in Fig. 1.
Rice. 1. Options for using eco-bioprotective technology
1 - devices included in the VF exposure source;
2 - devices installed between the HF source and the activity area;
3 - devices for protecting the activity area;
4 - personal protective equipment.
In cases where the capabilities of environmental and bioprotective equipment (1,2,3) for collective use are limited and do not provide maximum permissible concentrations, maximum permissible concentrations of harmful factors in the area where people are present, personal protective equipment is used
Classification and basics of application of eco-bioprotective technology:
Means of collective protection of workers from harmful factors must meet the following requirements:
- be sufficiently durable, easy to manufacture and use;
- exclude the possibility of injury;
- do not interfere with operation, maintenance, or repair;
- have reliable fixation in a given position.
The general classification of eco-bioprotective technology is shown in Fig. 2
Rice. 2
To protect the air use:
Emission purification devices and systems
Ventilation air removed from production premises can cause air pollution.
The release of harmful substances into the atmosphere must be carried out in such a way that air pollution in the ground layer does not exceed the established maximum permissible concentrations.
According to GOST 17.2.1.04, sources of emissions of harmful substances are divided into organized and unorganized.
Depending on the physical state of harmful substances, emissions are divided into classes:
Class I - gaseous and vaporous;
Class II - liquid;
III class - hard;
IV class - mixed.
Hundreds of millions of tons of aerosols enter the atmosphere every year from natural and anthropogenic sources.
One of the main atmospheric pollutants is carbon dioxide (CO2). At present, the problem of the relationship remains unresolved
Measures to reduce emissions are shown in Fig. 3.
Rice. 3. Measures to reduce atmospheric emissions
In those cases where actual emissions exceed the maximum permissible limits, it is necessary to use devices to purify gases from impurities.
The classification of cleaning devices is shown in Fig. 4.
Rice. 4. Ventilation exhaust cleaners
Types of air protection equipment:
1
Elektrostatimchesicalfilter designed to clean the air from foreign particles contained in it (dust and aerosols). Electrostatic filters are capable of effectively purifying the air from the finest dust (from 0.01 microns in size), including soot and tobacco smoke. Widely used in industry. This type of filter is sometimes called a plasma ionizer.
Design
As a rule, they are structurally a set of metal plates, between which metal threads are stretched. A potential difference of several kilovolts is created between the threads and plates (in industrial installations up to several tens of kilovolts). The potential difference leads to the formation of a strong electric field between the threads and plates. In this case, a corona discharge appears on the surface of the filaments, which, in combination with an electric field, provides an ion current from the filaments to the plates. Contaminated air is supplied to the space between the plates, dust from the polluted air passing through the filter acquires an electrical charge (ionization) under the influence of ion current, after which, under the influence of an electric field, it is attracted to the plates and settles on them.
The principle of operation of an electrostatic filter was proposed in 1824, and in 1907 Frederick Cottrell patented the first industrial design.
2
Electrostatic air purifiers
Air purifiers, the principle of which is based on attracting small particles from the air to elements that have a charge of static electricity.
3 Cyclone- an air purifier used in industry to clean gases or liquids from suspended particles. The cleaning principle is inertial (using centrifugal force), as well as gravitational. Cyclone dust collectors constitute the most widespread group among all types of dust collection equipment and are used in all industries.
The collected dust can be further recycled.
Operating principle
The principle of operation of the simplest countercurrent cyclone (see diagram) is as follows: a flow of dust-laden gas is introduced into the apparatus through the inlet pipe tangentially in the upper part. A rotating gas flow is formed in the apparatus, directed downwards towards the conical part of the apparatus. Due to the force of inertia (centrifugal force), dust particles are carried out of the flow and settle on the walls of the apparatus, then captured by the secondary flow and fall into the lower part, through the outlet into the dust collection hopper (not shown in the figure). The gas flow, cleared of dust, then moves from bottom to top and is discharged from the cyclone through a coaxial exhaust pipe.
Design
There is a huge variety of types of cyclones. In addition to the counter-flow cyclone described above, there are also less common direct-flow cyclones. Counterflow cyclones differ in size, the ratio of the cylindrical and conical parts, as well as the relative height (i.e., the ratio of height to diameter) of the cylindrical part. The greater the relative height, the lower the coefficient of hydraulic resistance and the vacuum in the hopper (the less likelihood of dust being sucked into the apparatus), but the lower the degree of cleaning. The most optimal relative height is 1.6, which corresponds to the “golden ratio” principle.
Efficiency
The degree of cleaning in a cyclone strongly depends on the dispersed composition of dust particles in the gas supplied for cleaning (the larger the particle size, the more effective the cleaning). For common cyclones of the CN type, the degree of purification can reach:
As the diameter of the cyclone decreases, the degree of purification increases, but the metal consumption and cleaning costs increase. For large volumes of gas and high purification requirements, the gas flow is passed in parallel through several small-diameter cyclones (100-300 mm). This design is called a multicyclone or battery cyclone. It is also possible to use an Electrostatic filter, which, on the contrary, is effective specifically for small particles.
Advantages and disadvantages
Cyclones are easy to design and manufacture, reliable, highly productive, and can be used for purifying aggressive and high-temperature gases and gas mixtures. The disadvantages are high hydraulic resistance, the inability to capture dust with small particle sizes and low durability (especially when cleaning gases from dust with high abrasive properties).
Eco-bioprotective technology for protecting water bodies
Devices for cleaning and neutralizing liquid waste
Water quality violations include:
- change in temperature;
- color change;
- change in mineral composition;
- decrease in oxygen;
- presence of pathogens;
- presence of toxic substances;
- change in taste and smell;
- presence of floating impurities;
- presence of suspended substances, etc.
Methods and means for treating domestic wastewater are shown in Fig. 5.
Rice. 5. Methods and means of water purification
During mechanical cleaning, the liquid and solid phases of standing water are separated. The liquid part is subjected to biological treatment. Wastewater entering the aeration tanks is blown from below with a powerful stream of tiny air bubbles. The cleansing principle is activated sludge - a combination of microscoric plants and animals.
With an excess of oxygen and an influx of organic substances, bacteria rapidly develop in activated sludge, which stick together into flakes with a huge working surface. They secrete enzymes that break down organic contaminants into simple minerals. Because The bacteria are glued together into flakes, the activated sludge quickly settles and is separated from the already clean water.
The most common method of chemical water purification is neutralization. Wastewater from many industries contains sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids. Neutralization is carried out by filtration through magnesite, dolomite, and any limestone. It can also be carried out by mixing acidic wastewater with alkaline wastewater.
Paracirculatory
The treatment method is used to treat wastewater contaminated with phenols, which turns into steam passing through an alkali solution.
Absorption The method consists of absorbing pollutants in small quantities with activated carbon and then removing them by steam stripping.
Physico-chemical methods are based on the use of organic solvents for the extraction of organic substances.
When the wastewater temperature is above +40°, it is pre-cooled before being discharged into the sewer.
It is prohibited to discharge water containing tetraethyl lead (TEP) into the sewer system.
Wastewater treatment scheme
Drawing
6
.
Scheme of mechanical and biochemical (on biological filters) wastewater treatment
In Fig. 6. shows a common scheme for the treatment of domestic wastewater and a mixture of domestic and industrial wastewater in the case of using biological filters for biochemical treatment. According to this scheme, treatment plants are designed with an average flow rate of 5-10 to 20-30 thousand m 3 of water per day.
Wastewater is subjected to mechanical and biochemical treatment and then disinfection. The sludge is fermented in digesters, and dewatered and dried on sludge beds
Wastewater treatment is carried out sequentially at a number of facilities. Mechanical and mechanochemical wastewater treatment, as a rule, precedes biochemical treatment. First, wastewater is purified from undissolved contaminants, and then from dissolved organic contaminants. Chemical Industrial wastewater is mainly treated. If biochemical treatment is used, chemical treatment can be carried out before and after biochemical wastewater treatment. Physico-chemical purification methods can also be carried out before biochemical purification (coagulation, flotation, electrolysis, etc.) and after biochemical purification (sorption, extraction, evaporation, ion exchange, crystallization, etc.). Treatment of sewage sludge is also carried out sequentially at a number of facilities: first, biochemical decomposition of organic substances (if necessary), and then dewatering and drying of the sludge. Disinfection of wastewater is usually carried out at the end of its treatment. Mechanical purification involves filtering waste liquid through screens, trapping sand in sand traps, and clarifying water in primary settling tanks. Contaminants caught on the screens are crushed in special crushers and returned to the stream of purified water before or after the screens. These contaminants can also be sent to digestion tanks. The sediment from sand traps consists mainly of sand. Its processing usually involves dewatering on sand beds. The solid phase of the sludge formed in settling tanks is predominantly of organic origin, and therefore this sludge is sent for digestion to digesters. Biochemical Wastewater treatment using biological filters is carried out by aerobic microorganisms that develop on the filter load of structures, in the form of a so-called biological film. It periodically dies and is carried out with purified water. To catch it, secondary settling tanks are used. In order to reduce the degree of contamination of the water entering the biological filters, part of the purified water is returned to dilute the untreated water (water recycling).
Sludge from secondary settling tanks is also sent to digesters. Chlorine is used to disinfect water. The chlorine water prepared in the chlorination room is mixed with the water to be purified. Water disinfection occurs in contact tanks, the design of which is similar to primary settling tanks. When sludge is digested in digesters, a gas is produced, largely consisting of the flammable gas methane. This gas is accumulated in gas tanks and then used for the needs of the station, including for heating sediment in digesters. The diagram shown in Fig. 7 are also used in the treatment of domestic wastewater and mixtures of domestic and industrial wastewater. The difference between this scheme is the use of pre-aerators. Aeration of water with the addition of activated sludge intensifies the clarification of wastewater, ensuring a reduction in the content of suspended substances in the water to values permissible when supplying water to aeration tanks. When the content of suspended solids in water is low, the use of pre-aerators is not necessary.
Figure 7. Scheme of mechanical and biochemical (on aeration tanks) wastewater treatment
In this scheme, aeration tanks are used for biochemical treatment. The principle of water purification in them is the same as in biological filters. Instead of biological film, activated sludge is used here, which is a colony of aerobic microorganisms. The sludge continuously circulates in the system - it is separated in secondary settling tanks and returned to the purified water before the aeration tanks. The vital activity of microorganisms is accompanied by their constant growth. The excess activated sludge formed in this case is compacted in sludge compactors and sent for aerobic decomposition in digesters along with sediment from primary settling tanks.
According to this scheme, the sediment is dewatered using vacuum filters and dried in thermal ovens.
The scheme for the chemical treatment of industrial wastewater, along with the structures used for mechanical wastewater treatment, includes a number of additional structures: reagents, as well as mixing them with water. Wastewater that does not contain dissolved organic contaminants, after chemical treatment, is subjected to mechanical filtration for deep clarification. The sludge after chemical treatment is usually only dewatered and dried.
Knowledge of wastewater treatment methods and operating principles used in the treatment of structures contributes to the correct design of treatment schemes for various wastewaters.
Water aeration- a natural or artificial process of enriching water with atmospheric oxygen. Aeration is used for:
Increasing the concentration of dissolved oxygen;
Removing gases and odor-causing substances from water;
Deferrization of water;
Biological wastewater treatment.
Water from deep artesian springs is almost completely free of oxygen and contains an excess of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The process of water aeration allows the process of water aeration to deliver oxygen to water and remove hydrogen sulfide and excess carbon dioxide. In this case, oxygen, dissolving in water, enters into a chemical reaction with divalent iron, converting it into an insoluble trivalent form. During the process of free-flow aeration of water, most of the hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are removed. Therefore, aeration is one of the most important stages in the preliminary preparation of water before filtration. Ignoring this process leads to the development of sulfate-reducing processes and the reduction of hydrogen sulfide in water. As a result, the effectiveness of catalytic filters - iron removers - decreases, and an unpleasant odor appears in hot water caused by the presence of hydrogen sulfide.
Operating principle
Water from the source is supplied under pressure into the aeration tank. In an aeration tank with a total working volume of 400, 700 or more liters and a water reserve equal to half the tank, water is pre-prepared for the filtration process. Water is poured into the container through special nozzles that spray in small drops. Drops fall to the surface of the water from a height of 0.9-1.1 m. The water supply is turned off by an electromagnetic valve, which closes when the float switch signal disappears when the water level in the aeration tank reaches the set value. A compressor for bubbling air through the water column located in the lower half of the aeration tank supplies air to a tubular membrane aeration element installed in the lower part of the tank.
To accelerate oxidative reactions, increase Ph, accelerate the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and divalent iron and manganese at large continuous flows of water, a peristaltic dosing pump is additionally installed, supplying a liquid oxidizer or other reagent as needed into the aeration tank.
Water is taken from the aeration tank by a second-lift centrifugal pump, operating with a pressure switch and a hydraulic accumulator, which ensures automatic water supply at a given pressure. To ensure dry running protection of the pump, the aeration tank is equipped with a dry running float switch. The second lift pump supplies water to the filters for further processing.
The choice of specific equipment for aeration systems depends on the specified water flow through the filters. In this case, the water supply to the container, the flow of the water spray and the flow rate of the second lift pump must be coordinated with each other. If there is insufficient water supply to the aeration tank, its volume must be increased. The height of drops of water falls from 0.6 to 1.0 m, so the aeration tank is half filled with water.
The flow rate of the second lift pump must be sufficient to ensure flushing of the deferrizer filter. As a rule, a deferrization filter requires a water consumption for washing that is three times more than its nominal value for filtration.
Classification of harmful substances according to the degree of danger and functional effects on the human body
According to the degree of impact on the human body harmful substances in accordance with GOST 12.1.007 SSBT “Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements" are divided into four hazard classes:
1 - extremely dangerous substances (vanadium and its compounds, cadmium oxide, nickel carbonyl, ozone, mercury, lead and its compounds, terephthalic acid, tetraethyl lead, yellow phosphorus, etc.);
2 - highly hazardous substances (nitrogen oxides, dichloroethane, karbofos, manganese, copper, arsenic hydrogen, pyridine, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, thiuram, formaldehyde, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, caustic alkali solutions, etc.);
3 - moderately hazardous substances (camphor, caprolactam, xylene, nitrophoska, low-density polyethylene, sulfur dioxide, methyl alcohol, toluene, phenol, furfural, etc.);
4 - low-hazard substances (ammonia, acetone, gasoline, kerosene, naphthalene, turpentine, ethyl alcohol, carbon monoxide, white spirit, dolomite, limestone, magnesite, etc.).
The degree of danger of harmful substances can be characterized by two toxicity parameters: upper and lower.
Upper toxicity parameter characterized by the magnitude of lethal concentrations for animals of various species.
Lower- minimal concentrations affecting higher nervous activity (conditioned and unconditioned reflexes) and muscle performance.
Practically non-toxic substances usually called those that can become poisonous in completely exceptional cases, under such a combination of various conditions that does not occur in practice.
Distinguish between chemical and physical toxicity.
Chemical toxicity is based on the chemical interaction of substances with body tissues due to covalent bonds (mercury salts, arsenic).
In physical toxicity, harmful substances bind to body tissues due to Vanderwals forces. Drugs (hydrocarbons, alcohols, many aldehydes) are physically toxic.
Based on the nature of their effect on the human body, harmful substances are divided into: nerve poisons. Causes convulsions and paralysis. These include: hydrocarbons, gasoline, methyl alcohol, aniline, caffeine, strychnine, nicotine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, etc.; liver poisons. Cause structural changes in the liver - hepatitis. These include: chlorinated hydrocarbons, phosphorus; blood poisons. These include: carbon monoxide, nitro-, nitroso- and amino - aromatic compounds, lead. Benzene poisoning causes a sharp decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood, while lead poisoning causes a sharp decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Carbon monoxide binds hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyl-hemoglobin; enzyme poisons. They bind vital enzymes - catalysts of the body. These include: arsenic, mercury, hydrocyanic acid and its salts, as well as organophosphorus compounds such as tabun, sarin, zaman (warfare agents); irritating poisons. These include: strong alkalis, acids, acid anhydrides (have a local effect on the skin), chlorine, chloropicrin, ammonia (affect mainly the upper respiratory tract), nitrogen oxides, phosgene, diphosgene, aromatic hydrocarbons (affect the lower respiratory tract; allergens . Change the reactivity of the body. Cause occupational diseases - dermatitis, bronchial asthma; carcinogens. Capable of causing malignant tumors. These include: stove soot, coal tar, asbestos, aniline dyes; mutagens. Cause disturbances in the human hereditary apparatus. Organic peroxides have this effect (benzoin, isopropyl benzene), chlorethylamines, embryotropic poisons. They have a harmful effect on the development of the fetus in the mother's body. The most famous is tolidamide.
Conclusion
The problem of the influence of industry and agriculture on the environment is global in nature, which determines its importance.
In recent years, the social objectives of the environmental protection have acquired priority over profit making in highly developed countries. Industry and other sectors of the economy are under pressure from society and the state. This stimulates the search for highly effective and cheap means of solving the problem of environmental protection, the development of new technologies, and the reorientation of agricultural and industrial enterprises to low-waste cycles.
Bibliography
emission limit ecobioprotective harmful industry
1. Agadzhanyan N.A., Torshin V.I. Human ecology. MMP "Ecocenter", KRUK, 1994.
2. Industrial ecology. Gredel T.E. Allenby B.R. published Unity - Dana, 2004
3. Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. Sidorin A.P. Ecology. Publishing house "Drofa", 1995.
4. Snakin V.V. Ecology and nature conservation: Dictionary-reference book. / ed. A.P. Yanshina. - M.: Academy, 2000.
5. Ecology and life safety./ ed. L.A. Ant. - M.: UNITY, 2000
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Agriculture has become a source of pride for the Russian authorities in recent years, the industry is growing steadily, and exports of agricultural products have overtaken arms supplies. Dmitry Patrushev, who took the chair of the Russian Minister of Agriculture seven months ago, does not hide his ambitions and is confident that the agro-industrial complex still has something to show and prove. The minister told RIA Novosti in his first interview in office how to double food exports, agricultural diplomacy and why American farmers are suffering. Interviewed by Dmitry Kiselev and Anton Meshcheryakov.
Dmitry Nikolaevich, in the Soviet Union, if a person was sent to agriculture, it was considered exile. You have been a minister for six months already, were you not afraid to take up this position, and what came of it?
A link? I probably won't agree with this. Times have changed, the situation has changed very well. Agriculture and the agro-industrial complex in general are today the driving force of the Russian economy. This is an advanced industry: there is something to prove and something to show. We have serious ambitions. We are an agrarian power, and the amount of land we have indicates that we have significant potential for the development of the agro-industrial complex.
Regarding the conclusions about what happened, let's come back to this later.
Name the main events in the industry entrusted to you in 2018. Because it’s one thing to say that this is a locomotive and has great potential, but how will you prove it?
Not only I, but also statistics speak about this - you need to understand that the existing tasks could not be set for a lagging industry. A landmark event was the presidential decree, which in May of this year ordered to almost double the export of agricultural products. Not only were we able to provide for ourselves in almost the entire range of goods, Russia is now ready to feed a number of other countries and supply products for export.
Over the past year, our cattle production has increased by 2.5% - we were able to reverse a four-year negative trend in this area, milk production is growing, and we have been harvesting serious harvests for years in a row. If in 2017 we collected about 135 million tons of grain, then this year - more than 110 million tons. It seems less. But in fact, if we compare it with the average annual values for the last five years, which are 98 million tons, then we have exceeded them. Therefore, the industry is far from lagging behind.
I think that the agro-industrial complex, despite the fact that it has stagnated for a number of months, will generally grow by one percent by the end of 2018. Last year, exports of agricultural products amounted to $21 billion. This year we can actually get closer to the figure of 26 billion dollars. Therefore, the numbers speak for themselves.
- So this is almost twice as much as arms exports?
Weapons are the market in which we are traditionally present. Historically, we are a major supplier of weapons, and we are just conquering the agricultural market. We are taking the first and, I can say, confident steps. Let's move forward. And, in my opinion, quite effective.
- So that even American farmers suffer...
It’s bad for them, they don’t have the same leadership as we do.
For 2019, funding for the state agricultural program is planned at 300 billion rubles. In your opinion, can Russian agriculture develop without such government assistance?
You are absolutely right, next year we will have a volume of support of more than 300 billion rubles, compared to 259 billion rubles this year. Of course, amazing people live in Russia. They are strong and able to overcome any difficulties. As practice shows, and with the amount of support that is available, they solve the assigned tasks.
At the same time, it must be clearly understood that throughout the world the agricultural industry enjoys comprehensive government support, primarily financial. Its volume is important, but it is also necessary to correctly distribute this budget money, calculate which industries need support, and which ones can become profitable on their own.
Therefore, naturally, before distributing funding, it is necessary to clearly define the tracks on which the agro-industrial complex will move in the future; this is the main task of our ministry.
- How can we determine the rails on which our agricultural train will travel?
Firstly, this is our export project, within the framework of which we must increase the volume of products that we export to foreign markets.
Another very important topic is the federal scientific and technical program. Now our agricultural producers are suffering from the fact that we do not have our own seeds. A subprogram for the development of potato breeding has already been submitted to the government; we will produce our own seeds. In the Soviet Union we had our own potato varieties, but in modern Russia this was not the case, and we are now resuming this work. We expect that soon about 50% of the seed potato market will be represented by our varieties.
In the near future we will submit a subprogram on sugar beets to the government, I hope it will be approved next year. And a number of subprograms - 14 in total - in various areas: in terms of genetics, seed material, in which we are lagging behind.
We are also developing a program for sustainable development of rural areas. This is an order from the President of the Russian Federation, and it is very good that this task is fixed at such a high level. This includes the construction of rural housing, schools, hospitals, roads, and sports facilities. You cannot develop only cities. Most of our people live in rural areas, we should never forget about them. Together with the expert community, together with other departments, we are doing this.
At the United Russia congress, which was held in early December, a proposal was made, and it was supported by Alexey Vasilyevich Gordeev, to make this state program for the development of rural areas a national project. Would you support such a proposal?
I would support it. But the decision to give this or that state program the status of a national project is not made by me, it is made by the president of the country. If such a decision is made by the president, not only me, but the entire agricultural community will perceive it very positively.
If we return to agribusiness, what needs to be done to double exports, what and to whom do we plan to sell?
These are oil and fat products, this is, naturally, grain. These are meat and dairy products, fish and fish products, that is, a fairly large range of goods. But it is important to understand that we should not deprive our population of quality products for the sake of export development. It is impossible to export everything that we currently produce abroad. Accordingly, we need to increase production capacity - this is the first thing we will do. At the same time, we must clearly understand that without building a logistics chain, we will not be able to increase exports.
The next topic: without promoting our products, we will also not have a positive result. We plan to send so-called agricultural attachés to countries that will be potential markets for our products, who will explain in simple terms why our products are better than their analogues. That is, we will have our own agricultural diplomats. And I would like to say separately that we recently signed an agreement with MGIMO. We have a department there that will train just such specialists. Without these people we will not solve the problem. It is also important to solve problems with phytosanitary conditions under which our partner countries will be ready to take Russian products. In addition, we have certain issues regarding veterinary safety, we are also working on this.
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If we talk specifically about markets, now one of the most important and promising markets for us is China. For many years, the possibility of supplying meat there: pork, beef has been discussed. What is preventing China from starting to import our meat?
We must start with the fact that China is generally the country to which all export-oriented countries want to supply their products. We are no exception. We have been working for a very long time to open grain supplies to China - for seven years. And we solved this problem. The same will happen for other product ranges. Deliveries of frozen poultry meat and dairy products to China will soon begin. There is little left - to coordinate veterinary certificates. We'll do it.
Separately, I would like to say that our confectionery products are extremely interesting for China. The volume of its exports over the past 10 months has increased significantly compared to 2017: they have already supplied $85 million. Including through the well-known company Alibaba. Our chocolate can be found in almost any Chinese retail chain in any region. I also consider this our achievement.
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As for beef and pork, we will work, this process is not very simple. But nevertheless, taking into account certain problems that they now have in relations with their American partners, there is a chance that we will do this faster and bring our products: pork and beef.
- Is African swine fever standing in the way of Russian beef and pork exports to China?
Both we and they have African swine fever. By the way, they consulted with us on how to combat this disease in principle.
- Can we guarantee that our meat is clean?
We are doing regionalization. In a number of regions we have problems with ASF, in a number of regions we never had them. And it is from these regions that we will ultimately supply meat to China.
The Chinese are a complex people; it takes a very long time to convince them that our products are better. They are picky and, of course, pursue their own interests. They want us to increase their soybean supplies now. But we have our own interests - to promote pork and beef to the Chinese market.
- Without giving up soy?
We, of course, will meet them halfway and supply them with a certain amount of soybean that is possible for us.
Another market, perhaps less important, but “hot” for us is Turkey. For example, last year Ankara introduced a number of restrictions on the supply of our products. Are there any restrictions for us now?
Turkey, of course, is our partner, but interaction with it is not the easiest process. Nevertheless, the trade turnover of agricultural products with Turkey today reaches three billion dollars. It is very important that just recently the Turks and I agreed on the supply of beef. This is a serious breakthrough.
Still, in the coming years, grain will remain the main Russian export agricultural product. It is predicted that in 2036 we will have a harvest of 150 million tons per year. How realistic is it to get such a harvest?
Don't believe me?
- I would like to believe, but very carefully.
In fact, we also approach this with caution. At the same time, we should not forget that Russia is already the largest exporter of wheat in the world; we export our grain to many countries.
We are currently working on a grain development strategy. It has already been agreed upon with the expert community, with our partners in other ministries and departments, and will soon be submitted to the government for consideration. The directions in which we will work to increase productivity will be clearly stated there. We will introduce new lands into agricultural production, this will allow - I say this with confidence - to ensure a harvest of 150 million tons by 2036.
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- Companies - fish processors fear that all raw materials are exported. Will an increase in the export of fish and fishery products affect the needs of the domestic market?
Our fishing industry is developing quite dynamically. Everyone knows that this year we had a record salmon run in the Far East; this has never happened in history.
- They even reduced the price of caviar...
Yes, they reduced it. The fishing industry is also one of the main areas in which we will carry out our export supplies.
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At the same time, first of all, of course, we must feed our own population with fish. We will never make decisions to the detriment of our citizens; there should be no doubt about that. We will support the fishing industry, we will leave added value through fish processing on our territory, and export finished products.
Some experts talk about the negative impact of the product embargo on competition in the country. Is this really true?
It must be clearly understood that the Russian embargo is a response to the restrictions imposed. We have never been the first to do such things, and I think we won’t do it. But at the same time, if we talk about the pros and cons of these actions, there are much more advantages for our manufacturers.
The maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in wastewater is determined by the formula
S st =*(S pd -S o)+S pd
Where C st is the maximum permissible concentration of the pollutant in wastewater;
C o is the concentration of the pollutant in the water of a water body at a site located above the wastewater discharge site (background concentration);
C pd - maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the water of water bodies.
When discharging several pollutants that have the same limiting sign of harmfulness, the Cp of each of them should be reduced by as many times as such substances are in the wastewater. In this case, the calculation of Cst is carried out according to the formula
C st =*(-C o)+,
Where n is the number of pollutants discharged into a water body with the same limiting sign of harmfulness.
Example
Calculation of PDS
The motor vehicle industry discharges wastewater at a flow rate of q=1 m 3 /s into the river T. Q river T. = 2 m 3 / s, Y = 1. Wastewater contains suspended substances and petroleum products. The water of the T. River in the section above the wastewater discharge contains pollutants C o oil = 0, C o vz. a.c. =2.0 mg/l.
Let's use the formula
S st =*(S pd -S o)+S pd
Where Cpd for oil is 0.1 ml/l,
for airborne ingredients 0.75 mg/l
Let's substitute:
For oil
C st =*(0.1-0)+0.1
C st =*0.2
C st =0.6
For take-off in-va
C st =*(0.75-2)+0.75
C st =*0.2
C st =*0.5
C st =1.5
Eco-bioprotective technologyfor air protection
Eco-bioprotective equipment - devices, devices and systems designed to prevent air pollution, protect the purity of water and soil, to protect against noise, electromagnetic pollution and radioactive waste. EBZT:
Pollution of the environment with harmful substances steadily reduces the quality of consumed food, water, air, and contributes to the entry of harmful substances into the human body, which, in turn, is accompanied by an increase in the number of poisonings and diseases, a reduction in life expectancy, an increase in child pathology and infant mortality.
Pollution of the atmosphere or hydrosphere can lead to illness or death of a significant number of people (Table 1).
Table 1. The influence of atmospheric air composition on human health
Population health deteriorates by 60 and 70% due to poor quality of the environment and food; At the same time, 1.6 million people die every year from environmental diseases on the planet.
The quality of the living environment is the degree to which environmental parameters meet the needs of people and other living organisms, and the technosphere should not differ significantly in quality from the natural environment.
The scale and real danger of the impact of negative factors can be assessed from the data in Table 2
Table 2. Number of deaths from exposure to negative factors
When designing the technosphere according to safety conditions, the following must be ensured:
- comfort in living areas;
- correct location of human occupation areas and sources of danger;
- reduction in the size of hazardous areas;
- use of eco-bioprotective technology;
- use of personal protective equipment.
The perfection of a technical system in terms of injury risk is assessed by the amount of acceptable risk, which establishes the fact of the constant presence of a potential injury hazard.
Reducing the risk of injury to technical systems is achieved by improving them in order to realize the acceptable risk.
If the improvement of technical systems fails to ensure maximum permissible impacts on a person in the area of his stay, then it is necessary to use eco-bioprotective equipment:
- dust collectors;
- water treatment devices;
- screens;
- fencing;
- protective boxes, etc.
A schematic diagram of the use of eco-bioprotective technology is shown in Fig. 1.
Rice. 1. Options for using eco-bioprotective technology
1 - devices included in the VF exposure source;
2 - devices installed between the HF source and the activity area;
3 - devices for protecting the activity area;
4 - personal protective equipment.
In cases where the capabilities of environmental and bioprotective equipment (1,2,3) for collective use are limited and do not provide maximum permissible concentrations, maximum permissible concentrations of harmful factors in the area where people are present, personal protective equipment is used
Classification and basics of application of eco-bioprotective technology:
Means of collective protection of workers from harmful factors must meet the following requirements:
- be sufficiently durable, easy to manufacture and use;
- exclude the possibility of injury;
- do not interfere with operation, maintenance, or repair;
- have reliable fixation in a given position.
The general classification of eco-bioprotective technology is shown in Fig. 2
Rice. 2
To protect the air use:
Emission purification devices and systems
Ventilation air removed from production premises can cause air pollution.
The release of harmful substances into the atmosphere must be carried out in such a way that air pollution in the ground layer does not exceed the established maximum permissible concentrations.
According to GOST 17.2.1.04, sources of emissions of harmful substances are divided into organized and unorganized.
Depending on the physical state of harmful substances, emissions are divided into classes:
Class I - gaseous and vaporous;
Class II - liquid;
III class - hard;
IV class - mixed.
Hundreds of millions of tons of aerosols enter the atmosphere every year from natural and anthropogenic sources.
One of the main atmospheric pollutants is carbon dioxide (CO2). At present, the problem of the relationship remains unresolved
Measures to reduce emissions are shown in Fig. 3.
Rice. 3. Measures to reduce atmospheric emissions
In those cases where actual emissions exceed the maximum permissible limits, it is necessary to use devices to purify gases from impurities.
The classification of cleaning devices is shown in Fig. 4.
Rice. 4. Ventilation exhaust cleaners
Types of air protection equipment:
1 Elektrostatimchesicalfilter designed to clean the air from foreign particles contained in it (dust and aerosols). Electrostatic filters are capable of effectively purifying the air from the finest dust (from 0.01 microns in size), including soot and tobacco smoke. Widely used in industry. This type of filter is sometimes called a plasma ionizer.
Design
As a rule, they are structurally a set of metal plates, between which metal threads are stretched. A potential difference of several kilovolts is created between the threads and plates (in industrial installations up to several tens of kilovolts). The potential difference leads to the formation of a strong electric field between the threads and plates. In this case, a corona discharge appears on the surface of the filaments, which, in combination with an electric field, provides an ion current from the filaments to the plates. Contaminated air is supplied to the space between the plates, dust from the polluted air passing through the filter acquires an electrical charge (ionization) under the influence of ion current, after which, under the influence of an electric field, it is attracted to the plates and settles on them.
The principle of operation of an electrostatic filter was proposed in 1824, and in 1907 Frederick Cottrell patented the first industrial design.
2 Electrostatic air purifiers
Air purifiers, the principle of which is based on attracting small particles from the air to elements that have a charge of static electricity.
3 Cyclone- an air purifier used in industry to clean gases or liquids from suspended particles. The cleaning principle is inertial (using centrifugal force), as well as gravitational. Cyclone dust collectors constitute the most widespread group among all types of dust collection equipment and are used in all industries.
The collected dust can be further recycled.
Operating principle
The principle of operation of the simplest countercurrent cyclone (see diagram) is as follows: a flow of dust-laden gas is introduced into the apparatus through the inlet pipe tangentially in the upper part. A rotating gas flow is formed in the apparatus, directed downwards towards the conical part of the apparatus. Due to the force of inertia (centrifugal force), dust particles are carried out of the flow and settle on the walls of the apparatus, then captured by the secondary flow and fall into the lower part, through the outlet into the dust collection hopper (not shown in the figure). The gas flow, cleared of dust, then moves from bottom to top and is discharged from the cyclone through a coaxial exhaust pipe.
Design
There is a huge variety of types of cyclones. In addition to the counter-flow cyclone described above, there are also less common direct-flow cyclones. Counterflow cyclones differ in size, the ratio of the cylindrical and conical parts, as well as the relative height (i.e., the ratio of height to diameter) of the cylindrical part. The greater the relative height, the lower the coefficient of hydraulic resistance and the vacuum in the hopper (the less likelihood of dust being sucked into the apparatus), but the lower the degree of cleaning. The most optimal relative height is 1.6, which corresponds to the “golden ratio” principle.
Efficiency
The degree of cleaning in a cyclone strongly depends on the dispersed composition of dust particles in the gas supplied for cleaning (the larger the particle size, the more effective the cleaning). For common cyclones of the CN type, the degree of purification can reach:
As the diameter of the cyclone decreases, the degree of purification increases, but the metal consumption and cleaning costs increase. For large volumes of gas and high purification requirements, the gas flow is passed in parallel through several small-diameter cyclones (100-300 mm). This design is called a multicyclone or battery cyclone. It is also possible to use an Electrostatic filter, which, on the contrary, is effective specifically for small particles.
Advantages and disadvantages
Cyclones are easy to design and manufacture, reliable, highly productive, and can be used for purifying aggressive and high-temperature gases and gas mixtures. The disadvantages are high hydraulic resistance, the inability to capture dust with small particle sizes and low durability (especially when cleaning gases from dust with high abrasive properties).
Eco-bioprotective technology for protecting water bodies
Devices for cleaning and neutralizing liquid waste
Water quality violations include:
- change in temperature;
- color change;
- change in mineral composition;
- decrease in oxygen;
- presence of pathogens;
- presence of toxic substances;
- change in taste and smell;
- presence of floating impurities;
- presence of suspended substances, etc.
Methods and means for treating domestic wastewater are shown in Fig. 5.
Rice. 5. Methods and means of water purification
During mechanical cleaning, the liquid and solid phases of standing water are separated. The liquid part is subjected to biological treatment. Wastewater entering the aeration tanks is blown from below with a powerful stream of tiny air bubbles. The cleansing principle is activated sludge - a combination of microscoric plants and animals.
With an excess of oxygen and an influx of organic substances, bacteria rapidly develop in activated sludge, which stick together into flakes with a huge working surface. They secrete enzymes that break down organic contaminants into simple minerals. Because The bacteria are glued together into flakes, the activated sludge quickly settles and is separated from the already clean water.
The most common method of chemical water purification is neutralization. Wastewater from many industries contains sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids. Neutralization is carried out by filtration through magnesite, dolomite, and any limestone. It can also be carried out by mixing acidic wastewater with alkaline wastewater.
Paracirculatory The treatment method is used to treat wastewater contaminated with phenols, which turns into steam passing through an alkali solution.
Absorption The method consists of absorbing pollutants in small quantities with activated carbon and then removing them by steam stripping.
Physico-chemical methods are based on the use of organic solvents for the extraction of organic substances.
When the wastewater temperature is above +40°, it is pre-cooled before being discharged into the sewer.
It is prohibited to discharge water containing tetraethyl lead (TEP) into the sewer system.
Wastewater treatment scheme
Drawing 6 . Scheme of mechanical and biochemical (on biological filters) wastewater treatment
In Fig. 6. shows a common scheme for the treatment of domestic wastewater and a mixture of domestic and industrial wastewater in the case of using biological filters for biochemical treatment. According to this scheme, treatment plants are designed with an average flow rate of 5-10 to 20-30 thousand m 3 of water per day.
Wastewater is subjected to mechanical and biochemical treatment and then disinfection. The sludge is fermented in digesters, and dewatered and dried on sludge beds
Wastewater treatment is carried out sequentially at a number of facilities. Mechanical and mechanochemical wastewater treatment, as a rule, precedes biochemical treatment. First, wastewater is purified from undissolved contaminants, and then from dissolved organic contaminants. Chemical Industrial wastewater is mainly treated. If biochemical treatment is used, chemical treatment can be carried out before and after biochemical wastewater treatment. Physico-chemical purification methods can also be carried out before biochemical purification (coagulation, flotation, electrolysis, etc.) and after biochemical purification (sorption, extraction, evaporation, ion exchange, crystallization, etc.). Treatment of sewage sludge is also carried out sequentially at a number of facilities: first, biochemical decomposition of organic substances (if necessary), and then dewatering and drying of the sludge. Disinfection of wastewater is usually carried out at the end of its treatment. Mechanical purification involves filtering waste liquid through screens, trapping sand in sand traps, and clarifying water in primary settling tanks. Contaminants caught on the screens are crushed in special crushers and returned to the stream of purified water before or after the screens. These contaminants can also be sent to digestion tanks. The sediment from sand traps consists mainly of sand. Its processing usually involves dewatering on sand beds. The solid phase of the sludge formed in settling tanks is predominantly of organic origin, and therefore this sludge is sent for digestion to digesters. Biochemical Wastewater treatment using biological filters is carried out by aerobic microorganisms that develop on the filter load of structures, in the form of a so-called biological film. It periodically dies and is carried out with purified water. To catch it, secondary settling tanks are used. In order to reduce the degree of contamination of the water entering the biological filters, part of the purified water is returned to dilute the untreated water (water recycling).
Sludge from secondary settling tanks is also sent to digesters. Chlorine is used to disinfect water. The chlorine water prepared in the chlorination room is mixed with the water to be purified. Water disinfection occurs in contact tanks, the design of which is similar to primary settling tanks. When sludge is digested in digesters, a gas is produced, largely consisting of the flammable gas methane. This gas is accumulated in gas tanks and then used for the needs of the station, including for heating sediment in digesters. The diagram shown in Fig. 7 are also used in the treatment of domestic wastewater and mixtures of domestic and industrial wastewater. The difference between this scheme is the use of pre-aerators. Aeration of water with the addition of activated sludge intensifies the clarification of wastewater, ensuring a reduction in the content of suspended substances in the water to values permissible when supplying water to aeration tanks. When the content of suspended solids in water is low, the use of pre-aerators is not necessary.
Figure 7. Scheme of mechanical and biochemical (on aeration tanks) wastewater treatment
In this scheme, aeration tanks are used for biochemical treatment. The principle of water purification in them is the same as in biological filters. Instead of biological film, activated sludge is used here, which is a colony of aerobic microorganisms. The sludge continuously circulates in the system - it is separated in secondary settling tanks and returned to the purified water before the aeration tanks. The vital activity of microorganisms is accompanied by their constant growth. The excess activated sludge formed in this case is compacted in sludge compactors and sent for aerobic decomposition in digesters along with sediment from primary settling tanks.
According to this scheme, the sediment is dewatered using vacuum filters and dried in thermal ovens.
The scheme for the chemical treatment of industrial wastewater, along with the structures used for mechanical wastewater treatment, includes a number of additional structures: reagents, as well as mixing them with water. Wastewater that does not contain dissolved organic contaminants, after chemical treatment, is subjected to mechanical filtration for deep clarification. The sludge after chemical treatment is usually only dewatered and dried.
Knowledge of wastewater treatment methods and operating principles used in the treatment of structures contributes to the correct design of treatment schemes for various wastewaters.
Water aeration- a natural or artificial process of enriching water with atmospheric oxygen. Aeration is used for:
Increasing the concentration of dissolved oxygen;
Removing gases and odor-causing substances from water;
Deferrization of water;
Biological wastewater treatment.
Water from deep artesian springs is almost completely free of oxygen and contains an excess of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The process of water aeration allows the process of water aeration to deliver oxygen to water and remove hydrogen sulfide and excess carbon dioxide. In this case, oxygen, dissolving in water, enters into a chemical reaction with divalent iron, converting it into an insoluble trivalent form. During the process of free-flow aeration of water, most of the hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are removed. Therefore, aeration is one of the most important stages in the preliminary preparation of water before filtration. Ignoring this process leads to the development of sulfate-reducing processes and the reduction of hydrogen sulfide in water. As a result, the effectiveness of catalytic filters - iron removers - decreases, and an unpleasant odor appears in hot water caused by the presence of hydrogen sulfide.
Operating principle
Water from the source is supplied under pressure into the aeration tank. In an aeration tank with a total working volume of 400, 700 or more liters and a water reserve equal to half the tank, water is pre-prepared for the filtration process. Water is poured into the container through special nozzles that spray in small drops. Drops fall to the surface of the water from a height of 0.9-1.1 m. The water supply is turned off by an electromagnetic valve, which closes when the float switch signal disappears when the water level in the aeration tank reaches the set value. A compressor for bubbling air through the water column located in the lower half of the aeration tank supplies air to a tubular membrane aeration element installed in the lower part of the tank.
To accelerate oxidative reactions, increase Ph, accelerate the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and divalent iron and manganese at large continuous flows of water, a peristaltic dosing pump is additionally installed, supplying a liquid oxidizer or other reagent as needed into the aeration tank.
Water is taken from the aeration tank by a second-lift centrifugal pump, operating with a pressure switch and a hydraulic accumulator, which ensures automatic water supply at a given pressure. To ensure dry running protection of the pump, the aeration tank is equipped with a dry running float switch. The second lift pump supplies water to the filters for further processing.
The choice of specific equipment for aeration systems depends on the specified water flow through the filters. In this case, the water supply to the container, the flow of the water spray and the flow rate of the second lift pump must be coordinated with each other. If there is insufficient water supply to the aeration tank, its volume must be increased. The height of drops of water falls from 0.6 to 1.0 m, so the aeration tank is half filled with water.
The flow rate of the second lift pump must be sufficient to ensure flushing of the deferrizer filter. As a rule, a deferrization filter requires a water consumption for washing that is three times more than its nominal value for filtration.
Classification of harmful substances according to the degree of danger and functional effects on the human body
According to the degree of impact on the human body harmful substances in accordance with GOST 12.1.007 SSBT “Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements" are divided into four hazard classes:
1 - extremely dangerous substances (vanadium and its compounds, cadmium oxide, nickel carbonyl, ozone, mercury, lead and its compounds, terephthalic acid, tetraethyl lead, yellow phosphorus, etc.);
2 - highly hazardous substances (nitrogen oxides, dichloroethane, karbofos, manganese, copper, arsenic hydrogen, pyridine, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, thiuram, formaldehyde, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, caustic alkali solutions, etc.);
3 - moderately hazardous substances (camphor, caprolactam, xylene, nitrophoska, low-density polyethylene, sulfur dioxide, methyl alcohol, toluene, phenol, furfural, etc.);
4 - low-hazard substances (ammonia, acetone, gasoline, kerosene, naphthalene, turpentine, ethyl alcohol, carbon monoxide, white spirit, dolomite, limestone, magnesite, etc.).
The degree of danger of harmful substances can be characterized by two toxicity parameters: upper and lower.
Upper toxicity parameter characterized by the magnitude of lethal concentrations for animals of various species.
Lower- minimal concentrations affecting higher nervous activity (conditioned and unconditioned reflexes) and muscle performance.
Practically non-toxic substances usually called those that can become poisonous in completely exceptional cases, under such a combination of various conditions that does not occur in practice.
Distinguish between chemical and physical toxicity.
Chemical toxicity is based on the chemical interaction of substances with body tissues due to covalent bonds (mercury salts, arsenic).
In physical toxicity, harmful substances bind to body tissues due to Vanderwals forces. Drugs (hydrocarbons, alcohols, many aldehydes) are physically toxic.
Based on the nature of their effect on the human body, harmful substances are divided into: nerve poisons. Causes convulsions and paralysis. These include: hydrocarbons, gasoline, methyl alcohol, aniline, caffeine, strychnine, nicotine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, etc.; liver poisons. Cause structural changes in the liver - hepatitis. These include: chlorinated hydrocarbons, phosphorus; blood poisons. These include: carbon monoxide, nitro-, nitroso- and amino - aromatic compounds, lead. Benzene poisoning causes a sharp decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood, while lead poisoning causes a sharp decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Carbon monoxide binds hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyl-hemoglobin; enzyme poisons. They bind vital enzymes - catalysts of the body. These include: arsenic, mercury, hydrocyanic acid and its salts, as well as organophosphorus compounds such as tabun, sarin, zaman (warfare agents); irritating poisons. These include: strong alkalis, acids, acid anhydrides (have a local effect on the skin), chlorine, chloropicrin, ammonia (affect mainly the upper respiratory tract), nitrogen oxides, phosgene, diphosgene, aromatic hydrocarbons (affect the lower respiratory tract; allergens . Change the reactivity of the body. Cause occupational diseases - dermatitis, bronchial asthma; carcinogens. Capable of causing malignant tumors. These include: stove soot, coal tar, asbestos, aniline dyes; mutagens. Cause disturbances in the human hereditary apparatus. Organic peroxides have this effect (benzoin, isopropyl benzene), chlorethylamines, embryotropic poisons. They have a harmful effect on the development of the fetus in the mother's body. The most famous is tolidamide.
Conclusion
The problem of the influence of industry and agriculture on the environment is global in nature, which determines its importance.
In recent years, the social objectives of the environmental protection have acquired priority over profit making in highly developed countries. Industry and other sectors of the economy are under pressure from society and the state. This stimulates the search for highly effective and cheap means of solving the problem of environmental protection, the development of new technologies, and the reorientation of agricultural and industrial enterprises to low-waste cycles.
Bibliography
emission limit ecobioprotective harmful industry
1. Agadzhanyan N.A., Torshin V.I. Human ecology. MMP "Ecocenter", KRUK, 1994.
2. Industrial ecology. Gredel T.E. Allenby B.R. published Unity - Dana, 2004
3. Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. Sidorin A.P. Ecology. Publishing house "Drofa", 1995.
4. Snakin V.V. Ecology and nature conservation: Dictionary-reference book. / ed. A.P. Yanshina. - M.: Academy, 2000.
5. Ecology and life safety./ ed. L.A. Ant. - M.: UNITY, 2000
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Agriculture has become a source of pride for the Russian authorities in recent years, the industry is growing steadily, and exports of agricultural products have overtaken arms supplies. Dmitry Patrushev, who took the chair of the Russian Minister of Agriculture seven months ago, does not hide his ambitions and is confident that the agro-industrial complex still has something to show and prove. The minister told RIA Novosti in his first interview in office how to double food exports, agricultural diplomacy and why American farmers are suffering. Interviewed by Dmitry Kiselev and Anton Meshcheryakov.
Dmitry Nikolaevich, in the Soviet Union, if a person was sent to agriculture, it was considered exile. You have been a minister for six months already, were you not afraid to take up this position, and what came of it?
A link? I probably won't agree with this. Times have changed, the situation has changed very well. Agriculture and the agro-industrial complex in general are today the driving force of the Russian economy. This is an advanced industry: there is something to prove and something to show. We have serious ambitions. We are an agrarian power, and the amount of land we have indicates that we have significant potential for the development of the agro-industrial complex.
Regarding the conclusions about what happened, let's come back to this later.
Name the main events in the industry entrusted to you in 2018. Because it’s one thing to say that this is a locomotive and has great potential, but how will you prove it?
Not only I, but also statistics speak about this - you need to understand that the existing tasks could not be set for a lagging industry. A landmark event was the presidential decree, which in May of this year ordered to almost double the export of agricultural products. Not only were we able to provide for ourselves in almost the entire range of goods, Russia is now ready to feed a number of other countries and supply products for export.
Over the past year, our cattle production has increased by 2.5% - we were able to reverse a four-year negative trend in this area, milk production is growing, and we have been harvesting serious harvests for years in a row. If in 2017 we collected about 135 million tons of grain, then this year - more than 110 million tons. It seems less. But in fact, if we compare it with the average annual values for the last five years, which are 98 million tons, then we have exceeded them. Therefore, the industry is far from lagging behind.
I think that the agro-industrial complex, despite the fact that it has stagnated for a number of months, will generally grow by one percent by the end of 2018. Last year, exports of agricultural products amounted to $21 billion. This year we can actually get closer to the figure of 26 billion dollars. Therefore, the numbers speak for themselves.
- So this is almost twice as much as arms exports?
Weapons are the market in which we are traditionally present. Historically, we are a major supplier of weapons, and we are just conquering the agricultural market. We are taking the first and, I can say, confident steps. Let's move forward. And, in my opinion, quite effective.
- So that even American farmers suffer...
It’s bad for them, they don’t have the same leadership as we do.
For 2019, funding for the state agricultural program is planned at 300 billion rubles. In your opinion, can Russian agriculture develop without such government assistance?
You are absolutely right, next year we will have a volume of support of more than 300 billion rubles, compared to 259 billion rubles this year. Of course, amazing people live in Russia. They are strong and able to overcome any difficulties. As practice shows, and with the amount of support that is available, they solve the assigned tasks.
At the same time, it must be clearly understood that throughout the world the agricultural industry enjoys comprehensive government support, primarily financial. Its volume is important, but it is also necessary to correctly distribute this budget money, calculate which industries need support, and which ones can become profitable on their own.
Therefore, naturally, before distributing funding, it is necessary to clearly define the tracks on which the agro-industrial complex will move in the future; this is the main task of our ministry.
- How can we determine the rails on which our agricultural train will travel?
Firstly, this is our export project, within the framework of which we must increase the volume of products that we export to foreign markets.
Another very important topic is the federal scientific and technical program. Now our agricultural producers are suffering from the fact that we do not have our own seeds. A subprogram for the development of potato breeding has already been submitted to the government; we will produce our own seeds. In the Soviet Union we had our own potato varieties, but in modern Russia this was not the case, and we are now resuming this work. We expect that soon about 50% of the seed potato market will be represented by our varieties.
In the near future we will submit a subprogram on sugar beets to the government, I hope it will be approved next year. And a number of subprograms - 14 in total - in various areas: in terms of genetics, seed material, in which we are lagging behind.
We are also developing a program for sustainable development of rural areas. This is an order from the President of the Russian Federation, and it is very good that this task is fixed at such a high level. This includes the construction of rural housing, schools, hospitals, roads, and sports facilities. You cannot develop only cities. Most of our people live in rural areas, we should never forget about them. Together with the expert community, together with other departments, we are doing this.
At the United Russia congress, which was held in early December, a proposal was made, and it was supported by Alexey Vasilyevich Gordeev, to make this state program for the development of rural areas a national project. Would you support such a proposal?
I would support it. But the decision to give this or that state program the status of a national project is not made by me, it is made by the president of the country. If such a decision is made by the president, not only me, but the entire agricultural community will perceive it very positively.
If we return to agribusiness, what needs to be done to double exports, what and to whom do we plan to sell?
These are oil and fat products, this is, naturally, grain. These are meat and dairy products, fish and fish products, that is, a fairly large range of goods. But it is important to understand that we should not deprive our population of quality products for the sake of export development. It is impossible to export everything that we currently produce abroad. Accordingly, we need to increase production capacity - this is the first thing we will do. At the same time, we must clearly understand that without building a logistics chain, we will not be able to increase exports.
The next topic: without promoting our products, we will also not have a positive result. We plan to send so-called agricultural attachés to countries that will be potential markets for our products, who will explain in simple terms why our products are better than their analogues. That is, we will have our own agricultural diplomats. And I would like to say separately that we recently signed an agreement with MGIMO. We have a department there that will train just such specialists. Without these people we will not solve the problem. It is also important to solve problems with phytosanitary conditions under which our partner countries will be ready to take Russian products. In addition, we have certain issues regarding veterinary safety, we are also working on this.
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If we talk specifically about markets, now one of the most important and promising markets for us is China. For many years, the possibility of supplying meat there: pork, beef has been discussed. What is preventing China from starting to import our meat?
We must start with the fact that China is generally the country to which all export-oriented countries want to supply their products. We are no exception. We have been working for a very long time to open grain supplies to China - for seven years. And we solved this problem. The same will happen for other product ranges. Deliveries of frozen poultry meat and dairy products to China will soon begin. There is little left - to coordinate veterinary certificates. We'll do it.
Separately, I would like to say that our confectionery products are extremely interesting for China. The volume of its exports over the past 10 months has increased significantly compared to 2017: they have already supplied $85 million. Including through the well-known company Alibaba. Our chocolate can be found in almost any Chinese retail chain in any region. I also consider this our achievement.
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As for beef and pork, we will work, this process is not very simple. But nevertheless, taking into account certain problems that they now have in relations with their American partners, there is a chance that we will do this faster and bring our products: pork and beef.
- Is African swine fever standing in the way of Russian beef and pork exports to China?
Both we and they have African swine fever. By the way, they consulted with us on how to combat this disease in principle.
- Can we guarantee that our meat is clean?
We are doing regionalization. In a number of regions we have problems with ASF, in a number of regions we never had them. And it is from these regions that we will ultimately supply meat to China.
The Chinese are a complex people; it takes a very long time to convince them that our products are better. They are picky and, of course, pursue their own interests. They want us to increase their soybean supplies now. But we have our own interests - to promote pork and beef to the Chinese market.
- Without giving up soy?
We, of course, will meet them halfway and supply them with a certain amount of soybean that is possible for us.
Another market, perhaps less important, but “hot” for us is Turkey. For example, last year Ankara introduced a number of restrictions on the supply of our products. Are there any restrictions for us now?
Turkey, of course, is our partner, but interaction with it is not the easiest process. Nevertheless, the trade turnover of agricultural products with Turkey today reaches three billion dollars. It is very important that just recently the Turks and I agreed on the supply of beef. This is a serious breakthrough.
Still, in the coming years, grain will remain the main Russian export agricultural product. It is predicted that in 2036 we will have a harvest of 150 million tons per year. How realistic is it to get such a harvest?
Don't believe me?
- I would like to believe, but very carefully.
In fact, we also approach this with caution. At the same time, we should not forget that Russia is already the largest exporter of wheat in the world; we export our grain to many countries.
We are currently working on a grain development strategy. It has already been agreed upon with the expert community, with our partners in other ministries and departments, and will soon be submitted to the government for consideration. The directions in which we will work to increase productivity will be clearly stated there. We will introduce new lands into agricultural production, this will allow - I say this with confidence - to ensure a harvest of 150 million tons by 2036.
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- Companies - fish processors fear that all raw materials are exported. Will an increase in the export of fish and fishery products affect the needs of the domestic market?
Our fishing industry is developing quite dynamically. Everyone knows that this year we had a record salmon run in the Far East; this has never happened in history.
- They even reduced the price of caviar...
Yes, they reduced it. The fishing industry is also one of the main areas in which we will carry out our export supplies.
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At the same time, first of all, of course, we must feed our own population with fish. We will never make decisions to the detriment of our citizens; there should be no doubt about that. We will support the fishing industry, we will leave added value through fish processing on our territory, and export finished products.
Some experts talk about the negative impact of the product embargo on competition in the country. Is this really true?
It must be clearly understood that the Russian embargo is a response to the restrictions imposed. We have never been the first to do such things, and I think we won’t do it. But at the same time, if we talk about the pros and cons of these actions, there are much more advantages for our manufacturers.
