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Organic fertilizers for the garden and vegetable garden. Organic fertilizers, their types and characteristics. The effect of organic fertilizers on seedlings

Is your region famous for its fertile black soil? You are very lucky! However, even the most fertile soil after several years of active use, it gradually loses its useful properties. It is not in vain that in large farms the fields are left in turn “under fallow”, giving the land a little rest and “recovering”.

In a small garden with an area of ​​three or four acres, of course, leaving even a piece of land “fallow” is already inappropriate - the site is used to the maximum, which ultimately leads to a decrease in productivity and soil depletion.

And even alternation in the beds different cultures, which differ in the degree of exactingness to the soil, which we described in the article about garden planning, does not always give a noticeable effect.

That is why, in order to increase productivity and make the most of the opportunities small garden, almost every year fertilizers are used. What types of such useful soil additives exist? What is the difference, how and when are they used?

The resources of even the most fertile soil are depleted over time, and neither a large farm nor a tiny one can do without fertilizers. personal plot

Fertilizer classification

The word "fertilizer" is used to call a variety of substances in which there are elements that are useful and nutritious for plants. It is not for nothing that fertilizers have such a “talking” name - they the main objective to fertilize, to make "kinder" and more fertile land and as a result to achieve a good harvest.

All fertilizers are divided into two large groups- organic and mineral. Organic, as the name implies, chemicals have nothing to do with it - it's ecological pure fertilizers, which arose, so to speak, in a natural way, with little or no human intervention. Part organic fertilizers includes organisms contained in plant remains and animal waste, as well as various microorganisms that are involved in the process of decomposition of these residues.

Organic fertilizers include: manure, bird droppings, compost (plant residues), humus, peat, wood ash and lake silt.

Mineral fertilizers are organic compounds, contain nutrients for plants in the form of mineral salts. Mineral fertilizers are divided into nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and complex. Unlike organic fertilizers that occur naturally, mineral fertilizers are products of chemical production and the work of man.

Such ready-made fertilizers produced at chemical plants contain high concentrations of useful substances; complex mineral additives contain several types of substances.

In large farms, fertilizers are spread using special equipment, and gardeners will have to manually "feed" their plants in the beds

Features of different types of fertilizers

We note right away that usually there are much fewer problems with mineral fertilizers - they are sold in factory-made packaging, already completely ready for use. Gardeners who have chosen just this type of useful additives can only purchase right amount fertilizer in bags and scatter on your site. Convenient and simple, right? In addition, the manufacturer immediately indicates on the packaging what type of soil it is suitable for. this species finished mineral mixture for which plants it is intended and in what dosage it is used.

Nitrogen mineral fertilizers are usually represented by ammonium nitrate - this universal view useful additive that suits almost all plants and most different types soil. The use of saltpeter is very simple - it is sold in bags in the form of granules and is usually simply scattered on the beds immediately before planting. Remember, nitrogen is easily washed out with water, so it is useless to add ammonium nitrate in the fall.

Phosphate fertilizers are represented by phosphate rock and superphosphates. Such additives are made from phosphorite or apatite. Phosphorite flour dissolves in the soil gradually, so it will be a useful additive for plants for more than one season. This type of fertilizer is most commonly used in acidic soils. Superphosphate is phosphorite or apatite treated with sulfuric acid. This fertilizer is sold in granules, it is used directly when planting plants, once a season.

Potash fertilizers are mainly potassium chloride and 40% potassium salt. They are also easily washed out with water, so they can be used several times a season to feed plants.

These white "grains" of ammonium nitrate can be scattered by hand over the beds immediately before planting seedlings, potato tubers or seeds

Organic fertilizers, it would seem, do not need to be produced - here they are, they arose in nature on their own. However, such organic additives cannot be used in their original form - special, often quite lengthy preparation is required.

So, fresh manure will only harm the plants and “bring” a lot of weed seeds to your garden. Before using such animal waste as fertilizer, they must lie down and soak for some time (at least a year, and preferably two years). Such aged manure is called humus and it is truly indispensable and universal fertilizer. If fresh manure can only be used to feed cucumbers, pumpkins and cabbages and is usually applied to the beds in the fall, for digging, then all vegetables and flowers, without exception, will definitely be “delighted” with humus and it can be applied at any time of the year.

Poultry manure is considered the richest in nutrients and the fastest type of organic fertilizer. It can be used even fresh, simply diluted with water or scattered between plants. long time chicken manure can be stored together with earth, peat, straw or sawdust without losing its useful properties. A popular way to use this type of organic fertilizer is to dilute it with water in a special container. You can also add already dry bird droppings, directly at the time of planting and during warm season for feeding vegetables.

Compost, that is, prepared plant residues, also requires a fairly long storage. To prepare this type of organic fertilizer, it is necessary to build a box or other container in a shady place of the site, where all the remains of plants will be poured - roots, leaves, shoots, grass torn from the site. In this pile of plant residues, you can add wood ash, and from above it is necessary to cover with a layer of soil or straw. In this form, the compost is stored not less than a year. In finished form, it looks like a fairly homogeneous dark mass.

Remember - compost is applied to the beds in the fall, before deep digging up the garden. For greater effect, it must mix well with the soil, so such an additive will not only increase the content useful substances in the ground, but also improve the quality of the soil itself.

The compost bin is an indispensable source of nutrients for plants

The remaining organic fertilizers - peat and lake silt (aka sapropel) - also need to be prepared before use. In particular, peat is recommended to be composted beforehand, like other plant residues. However, it is problematic to stock up on such organic fertilizers on your own. Find a peat bog, remove upper layer land, cut the peat into pieces, bring it to the site ... A laborious process. And the extraction of silt from the bottom of the lake will not give pleasure to any gardener.

Today, most often peat is purchased ready-made, and lake silt cannot be called a popular type of fertilizer precisely because of its inaccessibility. Although there are production facilities in our country that specialize in the extraction from ecologically clean lakes and the subsequent processing of sapropel, so you can also purchase such ready-made fertilizers.

Peat and lake silt are applied to land in spring or autumn, before digging the garden. Remember that sapropel has a very long shelf life - it is applied to the soil no more than once every ten years!

Lake silt or sapropel is mined only in ecologically clean reservoirs, as heavy metals and other harmful substances can accumulate in it

What to choose

So, we figured out that there are many fertilizers. So what to choose? Consider the main advantages and disadvantages of organic and mineral additives.

Advantages mineral fertilizers:

1. Ease of use, the ability to purchase ready-to-use mixtures with perfect proportion useful substances.
2. Due to the high concentration nutrients mineral fertilizers require much less than organic. Only three to four kilograms of ready-made fertilizers per one hundred square meters of a garden will replace 400 kilograms of compost or manure.
3. With the help of mineral fertilizers, it is possible to control not only the yield, but even the quality of vegetables. For example, after entering potash fertilizers Plant tubers grow best.

Despite all the above advantages of mineral fertilizers, a huge number of gardeners are distrustful of this "brainchild" of chemical products. Often, nitrates and nitrites are called real poisons, considering that eating vegetables grown using such fertilizers is harmful to health. It is worth recognizing that such an opinion is justified.

Disadvantages of mineral fertilizers:

1. The likelihood of an overdose. Scientists unanimously argue that the harm of mineral fertilizers is greatly exaggerated, and they bring a lot of benefits. However, it has been proven that an overdose of ammonium nitrate and other mineral supplements can indeed cause poisoning, accumulation in plants harmful substances and loss of landings. Mineral fertilizers must be applied very carefully, carefully observing the dosage, following the instructions indicated by the manufacturer.
2. High price. Unlike such "gifts of nature" as compost and manure, mineral fertilizers can only be bought and often ready mixes will be quite expensive, especially given the large area of ​​​​the site.
3. It is necessary to apply mineral fertilizers annually, especially for potassium and nitrogen fertilizers, which are quickly washed out with water.

The main advantage of mineral fertilizers can be called the ease of use - it is much easier to scatter finished granules over the beds than manure or compost.

Advantages of organic fertilizers:

1. The use of organic additives increases the content of extremely useful humus in the soil.
2. are also improving physical properties soil: it becomes looser, it is easier to dig such soil, the soil perfectly passes moisture, heat and air, providing good seedling survival, fast seed germination and root growth.
3. The application of organic fertilizers allows you to activate all plant resources and soil organisms.
4. Organic fertilizers contain larger set micro and macro elements than in the most complex mineral mixture.
5. IN natural fertilizers in addition to useful elements, it also contains physiologically active substances.
6. Organic fertilizers can be prepared by yourself without spending a dime.
7. If mineral fertilizers need to be applied annually, then organic fertilizers should be applied no more than once every three to four years, and in the case of using sapropel, once every ten years. They have a longer lasting effect.

Disadvantages of organic fertilizers:

1. Fresh manure can burn plants and must be used very carefully, such as diluting with water and only watering the soil between plantings.
2. Organic fertilizers are needed more than mineral ones.
3. The introduction of humus or compost is associated with hard work - you need not only to scatter a heavy mass around the garden, but also immediately dig up the beds until the useful nitrogen has disappeared from the fertilizer.
4. It will not be possible to determine the exact amount of nutrients in organic fertilizers, so it will not work to control the quality of vegetables.
5. Growing onions and carrots immediately after fertilizing with manure is fraught with infection of plants by vegetable flies. It is worth planting onions and carrots only two years after using manure in this area.
6. It is often not so easy to get organic fertilizers. Of course, if you have your own poultry house or barn with cows and pigs, then the problem is solved. Otherwise, you will have to contact a poultry farm or farm, spend money on fertilizer delivery, look for sapropel producers or purchase peat. Compost remains the most accessible type of organic matter.
7. And finally, yes - manure and bird droppings are not very aesthetically pleasing, and they do not smell very pleasant, and you will have to get dirty. But, admit it, any work on the ground is associated with the need to get your hands dirty!

At the sight of such a trailer with organic fertilizer, you immediately want to pinch your nose and step aside. And plants really like such additives, and how!

To summarize, today, mineral fertilizers are most often used in large farms aimed at obtaining the maximum profit from the sale of the crop. But in relatively small private gardens, organic fertilizers are usually used - they are more affordable and definitely will not cause harm to health.

The choice of the type of mineral fertilizers depends on the characteristics of the soil and the type of plants grown. But when choosing organic fertilizers, farmers are most often guided by their availability - I have a chicken coop, so they will fertilize with bird droppings, no - I will make a compost heap.

In general, if you are a fan organic farming, then the use of mineral fertilizers is excluded immediately. But if the result is important to you - as many vegetables as possible for the family or for sale - then you should not ignore the achievements of the chemical industry.

Anna Sedykh, rmnt.ru

Environmentally friendly to soil and plants. They contain almost all the substances necessary for plant nutrition: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. Without a doubt, they are the most valuable material for plant nutrition. Judge for yourself: they enrich the soil with nutrients, structure and generally improve its physical properties, improve the water and air regime.

In addition, as a result of the decomposition organic matter microorganisms release carbon dioxide, which, as you know, plants breathe.

Any organic matter can become fertilizer - that's what nature has decreed. Very smart, I must admit.ordered. In this way, she achieved an uninterrupted cycle of life. “There is no death, there is only Life, giving birth to itself without end,” the heroine of the book by M. Semenova says this or something like this. And with regard to garden life, this will be a very correct saying.

For the convenience of farmers, all organic fertilizers were divided into groups - each has its own name and its own application.

Manure- the most complete organic fertilizer. Its composition depends on the type of animals, the type of their feeding, the bedding used and its quantity (straw is considered the best, followed by peat, sawdust).

large manure cattle decomposes slowly and does not give a large return of heat. But mullein is often used for liquid top dressing. One part of the manure is mixed with two parts of water, before applying this mass is again diluted with water 3-4 times.

Horse and sheep manure, on the contrary, are heated during storage to 70-80 ° C, so it can be used in greenhouses and greenhouses as a biofuel. To further improve heat transfer, such manure is mixed with sawdust, bark, leaves, compost, straw, household waste.

Pig manure contains a lot of nitrogen, so large doses of it can "burn" the plants. However, it is poor in calcium, can increase the acidity of the soil, and when fresh contains pathogens and helminths. Therefore, it is better not to use it directly, but to add it to the upcoming compost. Temperature in compost pit sometimes it rises to 60-65 ° C, and the eggs of the worm die already at a temperature of 55-60 ° C.

According to the degree of decomposition, manure is divided into four types: fresh, semi-rotted, rotted and humus. Byas the manure rots, it loses its original mass: semi-decomposed - 20-30%, rotted - 50, humus - 70%.

Manure has been operating for several years. During the first year, 50% of the nutrients contained in it are used, the second - 25, the third - 15, the fourth - 10%. The action of manure is more effective on heavy soils (5-7 years), on light soils - only 2-3 years.

Using this feature of manure, the rules of fruit change are drawn up.

The taste of vegetables largely depends on what kind of manure is used. Beets and parsley will be tastier and more aromatic if you fertilize them with sheep dung. The radish will not be “evil” if the bed for it is fertilized with cattle manure, and the onion will become softer and sweeter if horse manure is used, and, conversely, it will be bitter and unpleasant from pork. Cabbage, when used, acquires bad smell. The same thing happens with parsley. She becomes hard and rough.

Dung slurry.For the preparation of slurry, a barrel is usually used, dug into the ground or placed in the far corner of the site. It is half-filled with manure, sprinkled with ashes, and then filled with water. For ten days, the mass must be mixed well, then let it settle for two or three days - and fertilizer can be applied to the soil.

Ready slurry must be diluted with water 2-4 times so as not to burn the roots, and the plants are watered on a cloudy day or in the evening. Holes are made near bushes and trees and filled with a solution of slurry. Required condition usingslurry - incorporation after application. That is, it will be necessary to simply dig it up.

The most efficient use of slurry is the preparation of composts from various waste Agriculture with the addition of peat.

bird droppingsis a fast-acting fertilizer, as it contains nutrients in a form that is easily accessible to plants. The most nutritious is chicken and pigeon droppings, unlike duck and goose.

It is important to remember that bird droppings are most effective when used in liquid feeds. To prepare the solution, the containers are half filled with litter, then filled with water, closed with a lid and infused for 3-5 days. Next, the solution is diluted again with water (1:10). Connoisseurs do not recommend infusing bird droppings with water, otherwise it will ferment and lose up to 50% of nitrogen.

Peat, silt, faeces . Peat is not suitable as a plant food - it contains so many nutrients available to plants. In the garden, it is needed for other purposes - namely "fertilizer": it increases the humus content and improves soil structure. In addition, due to the dark color, peat absorbs heat well and helps the beds warm up quickly.

Peat is also different. According to the degree of decomposition, high-moor, low-lying and transitional types of peat are distinguished. Horse is distinguished by a low degree of decomposition of plant residues and high acidity. Lowland is characterized by a high degree of decomposition and less acidity. Transitional peat occupies an intermediate position between them.

Peat is collected in swamps, then laid out for ventilation or laid in a compost heap. Peat is brought in at any time of the year, even in winter in the snow. But we must not forget that lime must be added to it. In the garden, peat is best added to composts, as well as soil mixtures for growing seedlings and protected ground.

Silt accumulates at the bottom of ponds, lakes, rivers. It contains a lot of humus, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. After a short ventilation, silt can be successfully used on sandy soils (3-4 kg per 1 m 2).

Faeces are sewage from latrines. They are rich in minerals that are easily absorbed by plants. However, the faeces in the pits quickly decompose, nitrogen quickly volatilizes from them. For better nitrogen retention at the bottom cesspool peat is poured with a layer of 20-25 cm. Then the feces are layered weekly with a small amount of peat. As a result, not only nitrogen is retained, but the fetid odor disappears. The situation with helminths is the same as in the case of pig manure. In some ways, people are still really similar to pigs ...

Deciduous and sod land . Not all summer residents are lucky - far from all summer cottages located where manure can get hold of all year round and free. But even this grief can be helped.

With a lack of manure, humus is prepared from the leaves - leafy soil. To do this, in the fall, the leaves are raked into heaps, compacted, sprinkled with earth and left for the winter. In the spring, the heaps are shifted with a pitchfork, changing the layers in places, and the heaps are covered with a black film on top. Over time, the leaves turn into a loose humus mass of dark color.

Soddy land is necessary as component soil mixture when growing seedlings, preparing soils for greenhouses and greenhouses. This land can be harvested in meadows with good herbage. Do not forget that on clay soils and sod land is heavier. Layers of turf (turf) are cut up to 10 cm thick and stacked in a clean, shady place (turf to turf, earth to earth), layered with mullein. In September, the stack is shoveled, and in October, part of the land can be used for growing vegetables in protected ground or in a residential area, having previously sifted it. The rest sod land should lie until spring.

Sawdust and tree bark. Sawdust is, like peat, an organic fertilizer that cannot be directly fed to plants, but it can significantly increase soil fertility, improve its air permeability and moisture capacity. Only they should be introduced in advance and not fresh, but rotted or mixed with other materials. To speed up the decomposition process, sawdust is piled up, moistened with water and slurry. You can mix them with fallen leaves and plant debris. It is useful to interlayer sawdust with earth. During the summer, the pile is shoveled twice, adding accumulated plant residues and nitrophoska. Due to the fact that the sawdust is acidic, lime or chalk is added to them (120-150 g per bucket).

Tree bark (waste from the woodworking industry) is also composted before use. The bark with a moisture content of 75% is crushed into pieces 10-40 cm long, piled up and mineral fertilizers are applied (kg per 100 kg): ammonium nitrate0.9, urea 0.7, sodium nitrate 2, superphosphate 0.2, ammonium sulfate 1.5. The pile is periodically stirred and moistened. After 6 months, the compost is ready for use. We agree that it was impossible to do without chemistry here, but chemical fertilizers are applied not directly under the plants, but indirectly through compost.

IN eggshell contains calcium carbonate, which is a good lime fertilizer. Just don't expect results by scattering eggshells across a potato field. You'll have to fiddle with them a bit. egg shell it must be finely crushed or ground into powder, and even better, burned in an oven or at the stake. It is better to introduce the shell together with wood ash, which contains potassium-phosphorus fertilizers and trace elements.

Organic garden fertilizers have been used since ancient times. With their help, summer residents manage to fertilize and improve the composition of the soil, due to which the yield indicators become more voluminous, and the fruits are of high quality. Organics have a positive effect on plants and their taste. Absolutely any gardener can independently prepare such fertilizers. But here you should know some features - which funds are better to bring in the fall, which ones when planting, and which ones - at any time during the summer season.

What is organic?

Organics is garden and garden waste that remains from the life of animals and people on the site. They have organic compounds in their structure that can benefit other plants. There are a huge number of types of organic fertilizer components.

Manure can be divided into three varieties - semi-rotted, rotted or freshly prepared. The latter in the garden when growing crops is most valued and used. The product is prepared using the faeces of domestic animals, except for cats and dogs. In autumn, fertilizer is spread over the surface of the soil. The land needs to be plowed right away. Semi-rotted manure is represented by the addition of straw, which subsequently acquires dark shade and breaks up. The rotted manure is almost black in color. It is also often referred to as humus. A light weight indicates the quality of the component and active processes decomposition.

During the preparation of organic fertilizers, attention must be paid to the litter on which the process takes place. Manure obtained from pig excrement does not contain calcium. For this reason, lime is added to it. Manure obtained from a rabbit has excellent properties. At the same time, manure produced by nutrias should be used only in a rotted state. In other situations, you can combine it with compost.

How to store manure?

Manure can be stored in one of three ways - loose, compact or loose with compaction. In the first case, manure is placed in the form of a three-meter wide pile with a height of two meters. In this case, it is not covered. Fertilizer is stored in this form for six months, until the mass decreases in size by thirty percent.

With dense laying, you need to compact the manure and cover it with plastic wrap. Even in hot summers, temperatures will not exceed plus thirty-five degrees. Therefore, the decomposition of manure will take at least seven months. But in the end, only ten percent of the original weight will lose mass.

The third method involves a small and loose stack approximately three meters wide. It is compacted after four days, and a new loose layer of the mixture is placed on top. Thus, the manipulations are repeated until the stack reaches a height of two meters. Then the manure is covered with cellophane. He'll be done in just five months.

How to use manure on the site?

For correct application manure, the summer resident will need to know some tricks. For warm beds horse manure is more suitable, because it contains a minimum of moisture. Such fertilizer is placed in the grooves prepared along the perimeter of the plantings. For light soil, it is desirable to use manure from under the cow. At the same time, manure from goats or sheep is most suitable for heavy soils.

Freshly prepared and semi-rotted fertilizers nourish the soil well for growing spring crops. For this purpose, it is introduced in the autumn season, and in the spring the soil is saturated with humus. For each crop, the volume of organic fertilizer application is individual.

liquid organics

From manure it is possible to produce organic fertilizers with a liquid consistency. They are called slurry and mullein. To prepare the second remedy, it is necessary to dilute cow feces in water. Plants and flowers respond well to such top dressing. A liter of mullein is bred in a bucket of water and watered with crop fertilizer.

Zhizhu is not specially prepared. It does not include phosphorus, and therefore fifteen grams of superphosphate must be added to a liter of such a component. Human urine or herbal infusions can also become similar fertilizers.

In the spring, when nature awakens, summer residents begin to become more active, because for them it is a hot time. In order to get a rich harvest in the fall, you should in early spring prepare under, including choosing the right and observing the right dosages.

It is important to consider the needs to be landed on And if for experienced gardeners such a process is not difficult, it can be difficult for beginners in this business to choose the right effective

There are also disadvantages to this. In particular, an imbalance of nutrients is possible. Also in this form of dressing there can be seeds, and even organics can sometimes cause and be a kind of magnet for toxins. Nevertheless, organic fertilizers do not lose their popularity, since the benefits from them are much greater than the harm.

When choosing organics, it is highly recommended to use. Any gardener can prepare it. For this, on a plot of 10 sq. m. straw should be scattered, the layer thickness should be about 15 cm. A layer 20 cm thick is laid out on top, and at the end - a 20 cm layer.

You can sprinkle all this with lime and phosphate rock, at the rate of 55–60 g of the mixture per 1 sq. m. From above you need to lay out a layer again and cover all layers with a thin ball. After 7-8 months, an effective organic fertilizer will be ready for use.

In granules, it is a universal phosphorus-nitrogen fertilizer that can be applied to almost all

Not all gardeners have rich, fertile soil in their plots. Over time, she, giving her useful elements to plants, becomes depleted. To get a rich harvest, fertilizers are used for the garden and vegetable garden. The list of them is quite wide. They differ in their chemical composition and the state in which the elements are contained. Consider the most used in agricultural technology.

These usually include manure, compost, bird droppings, herbal infusions.

But the list is much longer:

• Manure.
• Bird droppings.
• Peat.
• Sawdust and tree bark.
• Ash.
• Bone flour.
• Decaying remains of green manure plants.
• Compost.
• Infusions of green plants.

The list can be expanded, but let's focus on the more common types.

1. Manure. It is a waste product of cattle and pigs. The more time has passed since the formation of manure, the more useful it becomes. Fresh manure should be used with caution. In this state, it can only be applied during winter tillage. It contains all the main useful elements - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, organic substances.
2. Bird droppings. The same manure, only from different birds. The highest quality is chicken and pigeon. It should be handled very carefully. This vigorous mixture can burn plants. For use in top dressing, infusions are used in which the ratio of manure and water is 1/20.
3. Peat. The main purpose of using peat is to improve the composition of the soil, to make it looser. There are three types of peat - riding, lowland and transitional. Useful elements in it are contained in small quantities, the horse also acidifies the soil.
4. Silt or sapropel. Formed in lakes or ponds where the water is in a stagnant state. Includes plant and animal remains. All the main components are contained in large quantities, nitrogen is four times more than in manure. Can be used for direct application to the ground.
5. Wood waste. Sawdust loosens the soil when applied, absorbs nitrogen when overheated. They are added to compost or enriched with nitrogen. Tree bark is crushed and added to the compost.
6. siderates. Fast growing crops are used as green manure crops, giving abundant green mass. These are mustard, clover, oil radish, oats. They are embedded in the soil, the shoots, rotting, enrich it with the same elements as manure, only much faster.
7. Compost. Formed during storage and decay of plant residues with the addition organic waste human life. They add manure, litter. For the gardener, this is a free fertilizer that you can prepare yourself for a certain time. Important point obtaining high-quality compost - ensuring compost heap oxygen, which speeds up the process of its maturation. Mature compost is loose soil rich in humus.
8. Infusions of green plants. Nettles, dandelions and many others are suitable for this. herbaceous plants. The cooking process is as follows - crushed green mass is placed in a barrel of water, covered with a lid and insisted for 5 days. Yeast can be added to the mixture - the infusion will ripen faster and be more useful. The mass is stirred from time to time. Dilute the infusion in a ratio of 1/10 with water.

Mineral fertilizers

They contain minerals in their composition. They can include only one chemical element. These are simple single dry mixes.

The simple nitrogen ones are:

• Urea - 45% nitrogen.
• Ammonium nitrate - up to 35%.
• Sodium nitrate contains nitrogen and sodium.
• Calcium nitrate - nitrogen and potassium.
• Ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulfate).

• Potassium sulfate (potassium sulfate).
• Potassium chloride.

From phosphoric fertilizers use "Superphosphate" (simple or double), phosphorus flour. These salts are poorly soluble in water. For better assimilation, they are poured into the holes or added dropwise to the roots. When watering, they gradually dissolve.

The best complex fertilizers

These are convenient and useful complex mixtures, which include the main substances needed by plants.

1. Potassium nitrate. It consists of 13% nitrogen and 46% potassium. Dissolves in water. Can be applied to any plants planted on various soils. Apply to root crops in the fall, when the nitrogen content is limited, but potassium is required.
2. Ammophos. Composed of 10% nitrogen and up to 50% phosphorus. It dissolves in water and is completely absorbed by cultures. It can serve as a basic fertilizer, gives roots growth and increases the rate of fruit ripening. Well kept, does not cake.
3. Nitrophoska. It contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in approximately the same ratio. It is useful to apply to the root area when planting plants. This is the main universal composition for any soil.
4. Nitroammophoska, she is azofoska. In addition to the three main minerals, it includes sulfur. Various modifications are produced, which differ percentage. Soluble in water, its use for all cultures is allowed. The powder is applied to the ground during autumn training ridges. Nutrient solutions are most applicable in summer and spring.

What fertilizers are needed in the spring for the garden and garden

With the beginning of spring, the plant begins to build up a green vegetative mass, new shoots are formed. At this time, mineral and organic compounds are used. They should include full complex elements.

• In the garden for trees and bushes, compost and mineral fertilizers are used. Around them, nitroammophoska is scattered and sprinkled with earth. The same composition is suitable for berry plantings - strawberries and strawberries.
• Cucumbers, zucchini, potatoes prefer organic. When planting seedlings in landing pits add manure or compost.
• Tomatoes, peppers and eggplants are more demanding on mineral elements. In the spring, complex mixtures with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the composition will be required. The use of urea fertilizer in the garden enriches the soil with nitrogen. In the spring, this element in top dressing is very relevant.

The choice of fertilizers for autumn top dressing

Before wintering garden and horticultural crops elements of phosphorus and potassium are needed. Phosphorus strengthens the roots, potassium increases the cold resistance of plants. Mixtures should be chosen where these elements predominate.

When preparing beds for autumn plantings, contribute organic top dressing from manure, manure or compost. Under free areas, it is permissible to use fresh manure; during the winter it will overheat and will not harm the plant.

From mineral salts, potassium sulfate and superphosphates are used, ash is added. They are scattered over the ridges and raked into the ground. Autumn rains will help the salts dissolve.

Features of application in spring and autumn

IN different periods growth, the plant assimilates certain chemical mixtures. This is the difference between caring for crops in spring and autumn.

The formation of leaves and shoots in spring requires nitrogen and phosphorus. If you do not get them on time, the plant will develop poorly. basis spring feeding should be these elements.

• In spring, solid mineral fertilizers can be applied over the snow. When it melts, the salts dissolve and soak into the soil.
• Organics are best used in the fall when digging the soil. On heavy ground mineral compositions in the solid state, they also prefer to make it in the fall - this is how time appears for their complete dissolution.
• Potassium chloride can only be used in the fall, because chlorine disappears during the winter. Granular fertilizers are also used in autumn, they take time to dissolve.

Fertilizer technology

The technology involves the following methods of application:

• when digging the soil;
• sowing seeds;
• root top dressing;
• spraying on green shoots;
• drip irrigation.

When cultivating the soil, they make the main amount of fertilizer. Do this in autumn or early spring before sowing seeds. It should be 2/3 of the total required volume. Dry mixes are embedded in the ground to a depth of 15 cm, where the root zone of most plants is located.

When sowing crops, it is useful to apply nutrient mixtures. This contributes to good seed germination, the formation of a powerful root system, and protects against diseases. Mineral fertilizers are mixed with the soil to reduce contact with seeds or seedling roots.

The presowing dose should be no more than 9% of the total requirement. Root top dressing produced throughout the growing season. They are brought directly into the growing zone. A combination of mineral fertilizers, organics and trace elements is useful. Pre-moisten the soil and only after that make dry mixes.

Convenient liquid supplements. The required amount of mineral salts is dissolved in 10 liters of water, after which they are completely absorbed by the plant.

Foliar top dressing is carried out by spraying with a solution of mineral elements of the stems and leaves, which contributes to their rapid absorption. Often the procedure is combined with pest control.

If in water for drip irrigation add useful mineral elements, you get a kind of liquid top dressing, and the plant will constantly receive nutrition.

Fertilizers for cultivation cultivated plants play an important role. At the same time, certain rules should be followed, taking into account the needs for chemical elements different cultures. It is necessary to observe doses and proportions so that these actions do not do more harm than good.