Preparation of plaster mortar. Mortar for plaster. Ready mixes for the preparation of mortar for wall plastering
Plaster is an integral part of almost any repair, it performs different functions, and therefore is used quite often. Sometimes it is simply impossible to do without it - this applies to certain stages of both internal and external work. And today we will tell you how to make a mortar for plaster yourself.
Before we learn how to prepare plaster on our own, we should get to know this type better. finishing material. Yes, plaster is a solution widely used in construction and repair work. It consists of water, sand and a mixture of any binders - fillers (more on the composition will be discussed later).
Plaster performs the following important functions:
- decorative(that is, with the help of plaster you can decorate walls and other surfaces);
- restoration(using it, you can level the crumbling walls);
- sanitary(that is, a surface covered with plaster will be cleaned better than, for example, ordinary concrete. Yes, and dust will settle on it in smaller quantities);
- protective and constructive(plaster protects the surface from negative external influences).
It is interesting that plaster, or rather, its analogue as a finishing material, was used many centuries ago in the Roman Empire. It was there that cement, concrete were invented, and soon plaster appeared, which quickly gained recognition from the nobility. Although the walls were plastered in those days, even far from wealthy citizens.
Decorative plaster also appeared at the time ancient rome. After the sculptural work, the Romans had a large amount of marble dust, which they added to ordinary plaster and received material for decorative finishing.
Important! In our time, plaster has become more advanced, received additional qualities improved its properties. Now on the market you can buy the most different materials for finishing, differing in structure, purpose, composition, etc.
Prices for various types of decorative plaster
Decorative plaster
Types of plaster
Plaster now has a huge variety, which allows you to choose the material that is ideal in a particular case. For the convenience of choice, experts have created a certain classification of this material.
Plaster can be polymeric and mineral. The first type is made using acrylic and silicone, it is practical, durable, and strong. But mineral plaster is an environmentally friendly material that not only does not harm human health, but also normalizes the microclimate in the house (if we are talking about interior decoration) due to the fact that it contains natural fillers - this is chalk, lime or cement.
Also, all types of plasters can be divided into several types according to the purpose of their use and purpose - from this point of view, they are:
- decorative, that is, they are used in order to give the surface to be finished a complete look. Applied after the normal plastering process;
- ordinary, thanks to which the walls are aligned, bringing the state of their surface to perfect smoothness. Also conventional plasters are used for finishing external walls and protect them from negative external influences;
- special which are used for the purpose of sound or heat insulation.
On a note! Decorative plaster, in turn, can have a lot of subspecies. For example, there are stone, colored, Venetian plaster, as well as silk, sgraffito, terrasite. All of them differ from each other in the purpose of use, the end result, the method of application.
Table. Types of plaster composition.
| View | Description |
|---|---|
| It consists of cement, coarse sand, slaked lime (the last two components are mixed in a ratio of 4: 1). Such material can be worked quickly, it is applied well. At the same time, the finish is environmentally friendly. The disadvantage is low strength. |
| The result of wall decoration with such material is a perfectly flat white surface. Such plaster is used only for indoor work. The cost of the material is quite high, besides, it is afraid of moisture and has low strength. Unfortunately, often in gypsum plaster asbestos or other chemical additives can be added that make the plastered surface as white as possible, which saves on purchase finishing putty, but negatively affects health. |
| Such plaster can be used both outside and inside the room. This is one of the cheapest types of finishing material, but at the same time it is highly durable (the service life is more than one decade), but it is rather difficult to apply. But such plaster allows you to repair serious flaws. Composition - sand, cement (ratio 4: 1), to which PVA glue or lime is mixed. |
| This type of putty is used for leveling wood surfaces, as well as for finishing stoves, fireplaces, chimneys and other stone products. |
On a note! There is also magnesia plaster, intended exclusively for internal works. It is a non-flammable, non-dusting compound. It has high strength and is suitable for preparing walls for painting, laying tiles, pasting walls with wallpaper.
There are also combined formulations. One composition may contain several different components that give the solution viscosity - these can be, for example, lime and cement, as well as gypsum and lime, other variations and combinations.
What should be the plaster?
The plaster mortar, like any other mortar, if it is ready for use, must have a homogeneous state without lumps, optimal fat content, adhere well when applied to the work surface, and also not shrink too much when dried, that is, not be covered with cracks.
Plaster solutions are:
- skinny;
- normal fat content;
- fatty.
The first solutions have a liquid consistency, since too few binders have been added to them. But the latter, on the contrary, have an excess of such components in their composition, due to which, during the drying process, such plaster becomes covered with cracks and all work goes down the drain. The first type of solution, on the contrary, has a small amount of binder components, but in excess - a filler substance. Because of this, the layer of plaster applied to the wall will have low strength.
The best option is a solution of medium fat content. It is in it that the content of the components that make up the composition is optimally balanced.
On a note! Depending on the purpose for which the plaster solution is used, mixtures of different fat content are prepared.
Determining the fat content of the mixture before applying it to the wall is quite simple - just mix the solution and pay attention to its "behavior". If the mixture adheres excessively to the oar with which it was disturbed, then the solution is too greasy. If it does not stick at all, then it will be considered skinny. In the first case, a filler is added to correct the situation, in the second - an astringent.
Construction mixer price
construction mixer
Recipes
In order to prepare a working plaster solution as needed, it is important to know the recipes that are suitable in each case. The main ones are presented in the table.
Table. Recipes for the preparation of plaster solutions.
| Base Component | Recipe |
|---|---|
| Cement | To prepare such a composition, cement and river washed, good quality sand are combined in a ratio of 1: 2.5-1: 3 for spraying, 1: 3-1: 4 for applying a primer layer, and in a ratio of 1: 2 for a finishing layer . The mixed components are diluted with constant stirring plain water. You need to use the finished solution within an hour, so you should not dilute a lot of plaster at once. Exceeding this time limit entails a loss in the quality of the material. |
| Lime | To create a mixture, sand is used as a filler and lime dough, as well as water. For spraying, combine 1 part of lime with 2.5-4 parts of sand, to create a primer layer - with 2-3 parts of sand, and for a finishing mixture - with 1-2 parts of filler. Usually such plaster resembles a viscous white dough. It freezes quite slowly, so you can immediately cook it in large quantities. But if you add a little gypsum (5: 1) to the mixture, the solution will become stronger, but it will harden in just a few minutes. In this way, lime-gypsum plaster is obtained. To make the mixture stronger, you can add a little cement to the finished one (about 1/10 of the resulting volume). |
| Clay | This plaster is prepared according to a special recipe and a certain technology. First of all, the binder component, that is, clay, is moistened with water and covered with a piece of cloth. When the clay swells, it is mixed with fine sawdust (1: 3) and clean water, pouring the latter until the mixture reaches a certain condition. The clay-based composition is not particularly durable, but this quality can be improved by adding a little cement (for 10 liters of mortar - 1 liter of cement). It turns out a cement-clay mortar. You can also create and gypsum mortar, but clay dough is used instead of clay. The basic rule for preparing a clay-based mixture is to add so much filler to it that its amount is 3-5 times the volume of the binder component. |
| Cement and lime | By mixing 0.5 parts of lime dough and 2 parts of coarse sand with 1 part of Portland cement, this is exactly the solution for plastering walls. |
| lime and clay | In this case, lime and clay dough are mixed 1: 1, adding 5 parts of sand to them. You can also mix 1 part clay, 3-5 parts sand and 0.2 parts lime. |
| Cement and clay | This solution is prepared in the same way, regardless of the purpose of use. Cement, clay and sand are mixed in a ratio of 1:4:6. |
| lime and gypsum | For 1 part of lime for spraying use 0.6-1 part of clay, 2-3 - sand. For the primer layer - 2 parts of sand and 1.5 parts of gypsum, for the finishing layer do not use sand, but add 1-1.5 parts of gypsum. |
There are plasters that, in addition to the main functions, perform other tasks: they increase heat and sound insulation, protect against harmful radiation, give the base refractory properties, and so on. It also belongs to special ones, which is used when finishing surfaces subject to increased exposure to moisture.
Construction dry mixes
Often, builders do not want to bother with the preparation of home-made solutions for plastering walls. It is much easier for them to buy a ready-made mixture based on Portland cement, which is called dry construction and has been actively sold on the markets for many years. The composition of this tool includes various additives that make finished plaster plastic, durable, more sticky relative to the working surface.
Advantages of dry building mixtures:
- they are elastic, thanks to which they tolerate temperature extremes and changes in weather conditions;
- practically do not deform;
- do not need a reinforcing mesh;
- economical, as they allow you to cook right amount solution without excess;
- diverse, which provides the possibility of choosing a specific mixture for each type of work;
- "breathe", passing air, and do not collapse under the influence of moisture.
The recipes of these mixtures are developed in special laboratories, due to which the proportions of the components included in them are very accurately verified. Due to this, the compositions in the diluted state are as homogeneous as possible in consistency. Having spread such plaster, you can immediately get to work.
How to prepare plaster
At home, you can independently prepare any type of mixture for plaster. Let's make the simplest one on a cement basis.
Step 1. First of all, we prepare everything necessary tools and components: sifted river sand, cement, water, detergent, a container in which we will knead the mixture, as well as a mixer with which we will mix.
Attention! Detergent is used to prevent the mixture from shrinking too much during drying.
Step 2 Add a couple of lids to a bucket of water detergent. Stir with a mixer.
Step 3 The finished liquid is evenly poured into the sand laid in a wooden stretcher.
Step 4 Again, using a construction mixer, mix the sand and the soap mixture poured into it. The solution should reach a mushy state.
Attention! We add water gradually - you do not need to pour out the whole bucket at once, so as not to make the mixture too liquid.
Step 5 Scatter the cement evenly over the surface of the mixture in a stretcher.
Step 6 We mix the workpiece with a mixer and again add a little water. Mix again with a mixer. Using a spatula, we remove the dried pieces of the solution from the walls of the stretcher and knead them in the “common boiler”.
The mortar for plaster is ready, it can be used for finishing.
Advice! All materials that will be used for the preparation of plaster, it is desirable to sift through a sieve. This procedure will achieve a more uniform consistency.
Video - Preparation of plaster mortar
Rules for preparing a mortar for plaster
To get a solution for wall decoration best quality, certain rules must be observed.
The main thing is to adhere to the basic rules, and then the plaster will turn out to be of the highest quality and will last in the applied form for many years.
Despite the rapid development of the construction industry and the emergence of latest methods finishing of buildings and structures, none of the alternative finishing methods is still able to compete with traditional wall plastering. This is due to the undoubted advantages of the method and its features, as well as the ability of the plaster to create a protective finishing layer on the surface of the treated walls, which helps to level the surface and create a decorative cover. With plaster you can pour the foundation for a building, build a wall or make it finishing, as well as eliminate the existing errors - for all these activities, a mortar for plaster is needed. However, for each of these areas, different types of plaster are needed - in the process of finishing work, you will need mortar for plastering, for laying walls - masonry mortar. And that's not all existing varieties plaster solutions. Building stores offer consumers to purchase a ready-made mixture for the preparation of plaster, surprising consumers with a variety of these products. In order not to doubt the quality of the solution, you can prepare it yourself, while saving a significant amount of money. To get to the bottom of the issue and get acquainted with the different types of plaster solutions and how to prepare them, read our article.
- Preparation of mortar for plaster: a step-by-step guide
What is plaster? Main Components
Plaster is rough facing material, with the help of which the alignment of surfaces of various purposes is carried out - walls, ceilings, foundations. Depending on the style you have chosen for finishing the surface to be treated, various components may be included in the plaster, however, regardless of the purpose of the plaster, the following components must be included in its composition:
- A binder that increases the adhesive characteristics of the plaster and its fastening properties;
- A filler designed to relieve internal stress between the particles of the binder components, as well as to increase the volume of the solution;
- Water intended for soaking and mixing constituent parts solution. Masters who do not have sufficient experience in this field do not have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bwhat is the difference between certain types of wall plaster mortar if they consist of the same fundamental components. In addition, there is often an opinion among amateurs that you can get started by mixing cement with sand and water. However, experts assure that it is far from being so simple and offer you the following recommendations.
Depending on the purpose of the plaster, it is customary to add the following components to its composition, each of which plays a certain role and gives the solution additional characteristics:
Lime is added in cases where it is necessary to give the solution additional viscosity. The lime used to prepare the solution can be slaked or quicklime, ground or multi-colored. It is a fragile material with a long drying time, as a result of which lime mortars are used for finishing work exclusively in dry rooms;
Gypsum or alabaster also does not have significant strength, but is characterized by a high hardening rate. This material it is advisable to use for the implementation of minor finishing measures and as an additional component to lime mortar, which will increase its drying rate;
Cement is a high-strength, weather-resistant material that retains its original characteristics after contact with water. Resistance to mechanical stress is another important advantage of cement. Plaster based cement-sand mortar is used for exterior finish walls of buildings, as well as surfaces located in a zone of high humidity;
Clay is another component used as an additive to plaster mortar to increase its viscosity. Such compositions are an ideal choice for plastering and laying furnaces, due to the fact that after firing, the solution, which contains clay, becomes as strong as possible;
Sand in the composition of the mortar for plaster is used as a filler, due to which the volume of the mixture increases. For solutions intended for various purposes, various types of sand are used, but river sand is the most effective, which is sorted and sieved before being added to the solution.
The main types of mortars for plaster: proportions of ingredients
In accordance with the predominance of certain components, the following types of plaster solutions are distinguished:
- Lime mortar for plaster, to reduce the hardening time of which, gypsum is sometimes used;
- Cement mortar for plaster, with the preparation of which often there are no unnecessary questions;
- Lime-cement mortar for plaster, which includes three components: lime paste, cement and sand;
- Lime-gypsum mortar for plaster, combining optimal viscosity and setting speed;
- Clay mortar for plaster, in which some minor components can be added to give the mixture the required qualities.
Each of these plaster solutions has its own proportions, following which you can create the optimal working mixture.
One of the most popular finishing mixes is lime mortar, which consists of slaked lime soaked in water and sand. The ratio of mass fractions of these components looks like 1: 2, less often to 5;
Cement mortar for plaster consists of cement and sand, with a ratio of mass fractions as 1: 3 (4). To prepare the solution, the resulting dry mixture is poured with water;
To prepare a cement-lime mortar, cement and sand are required, taken in a ratio of 1: 3 (4), as well as a lime suspension, which is slaked lime diluted with water to the consistency of milk;
Lime-gypsum mortar for plaster is a common lime mortar, consisting of a mixture of sand and slaked lime, as well as gypsum. The ratio of the mixture of lime and sand to gypsum is 1:0.3;
Clay mortars for plaster are most often prepared with the addition of minor ingredients such as cement, sand, gypsum or lime. The choice of one or another component depends on the subsequent use of the solution. Approximate ratios of components in clay mortars for plaster are as follows:
- Clay and sand in a ratio of 1:2 (5), which depends on the viscosity of the clay;
- Clay, lime and sand in a ratio of 1: 0.3: 4.
To prepare the solution, you will need to add water to the dry mixture, the volume of which depends on the required viscosity of the solution.
Important! Before you start preparing the solution, you need to make sure that you need to use this particular mixture. For the greatest reliability, it is required to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the solution and the place of their use. In case of an incorrect choice of the component composition, this may cause a decrease in the performance characteristics of the treated surface.
Thus, the choice of ingredients depends on:
- Type of work (solution for exterior plaster must be resistant to high humidity);
- External conditions under which the operation of a building or premises is carried out. These include: temperature, humidity, the presence of aggressive external factors;
- The material from which the surface to be plastered is made.
Varieties of plaster depending on the proportion of ingredients:
Taking into account the proportions of the fundamental components, the plaster mortar can be divided into three types:
- A greasy solution, in which the binding component predominates. After drying, such a solution is prone to cracking;
- Normal solution, characterized by the optimal ratio of filler and binder;
- Lean mortar, which is characterized by a small amount of filler, and therefore, it is short-lived and fragile.
To determine the type of mortar, you only need a trowel and a little observation. Dip it in the solution and see:
- If the solution sticks to the trowel in pieces, the solution is greasy;
- If the trowel is only slightly dirty, the mortar is thin;
- If the solution lay on the trowel in the form of a thin crust, the ratio of binder and filler is normal.
Important! You can reduce the fat content of a solution by adding a filler to it, while increasing the viscosity of a lean solution can be done by adding a binder.
The composition of the mortar for plaster: general requirements
What to look for when choosing the composition of the mortar for plaster? First of all, it is important to follow the following points:
- To plaster concrete and stone facades that are under constant exposure to moisture and precipitation, experts recommend using Portland cement and Portland slag cement to prepare a plaster solution;
- If stone and concrete facades are not constantly exposed to moisture, it is recommended to use mortars for their plastering, which are based on the use of lime and cement, as well as other lime-based binders;
- For finishing wooden and gypsum surfaces, lime mortars are used, in which it is recommended to include alabaster to increase the rate of solidification of the mortar;
- Mortar for interior plastering high humidity(the humidity level during operation is above 60%, which is typical for a kitchen, bathroom or bath) the first layer is applied from a cement or cement-lime mortar.
Decorative characteristics of the mortar for plaster: what to look for?
Often, experts recommend paying attention to decorative mortars for plaster, which can be used both for interior decoration walls of the room, and for finishing facades. In the process of making decorative mortars, it is recommended to use the following substances as a binder:
- Traditional, white and colored Portland cement for interior facades and walls;
- Gypsum and lime intended for colored plastering of indoor walls.
- In the process of making decorative mortars, the use of marble, granite, dolomite, tuff and various fractions of limestone is widely practiced;
Important! To enhance the gloss of the plaster composition, no more than 10% crushed glass and 1% mica are added to its composition. It is also practiced to add dyes - alkali-resistant and light-resistant pigments of natural origin, such as chromium oxide, ultramarine, ocher, iron minium and other well-known substances.
How to make a mortar for plaster: preparatory measures
First of all, it is necessary to prepare a container for mixing the solution, the volume of which depends on the required amount of solution. Experts recommend giving preference to such a container, the configuration of which will provide a complete sample of the solution. In the event that the container is characterized by a complex configuration, the solution will solidify in the bottom and in the corners of the container, which will subsequently lead to difficulties in subsequent attempts to knead the solution. Experts recommend choosing containers with a large bottom of the pallet, and therefore, it is not recommended to use a bucket as a container for mixing the solution.
In addition to the container, it is necessary to prepare the following materials and tools:
- A dispenser, which can be used as any container of arbitrary volume;
- Nozzle for a drill (the so-called mixer), designed to mix the components of the solution. If you do not have a drill attachment, you can knead the solution manually using a trowel or other improvised tool;
- Binder (clay, lime or cement);
- Filler (sawdust or sand);
- Water.
Preparation of mortar for plaster: a step-by-step guide
Before answering the question: “How to make a mortar for plastering walls?”, It must be answered that the preparation of the mortar is carried out in several stages, the first of which involves the preparation of a dry working mixture, and the second is the addition of water to it and the actual mixing of the mortar. There are two ways to prepare a mortar for plaster: manual and mechanized.
Manual method of preparing plaster
It involves mixing a dry binder, during which the following rules must be observed:
- First and important requirement- capacity requirement. Its bottom should be flat and clean;
- Sand is poured into the bottom of the container in the form of a continuous layer or in the form of small piles;
- The binder is distributed evenly over the sand layer;
- The mixture is stirred and leveled with a rake;
- The last two points must be repeated several times.
Important! If the mixture is not sufficiently mixed, its color will be characterized by heterogeneity and the presence of stripes, while the criterion for high-quality mixing of the composition will be its uniformity.
Mechanized way of preparing plaster
To save time and effort, a drill attachment or a so-called mixer is used to mix the solution. For a mechanized method of preparing a mortar for plaster, the consumption of which largely depends on its composition and quality characteristics, you will also need a bucket or any container that replaces it. Fall asleep in it necessary components V the right proportions depending on the type of solution chosen and, using a mixer, mix it until a homogeneous consistency.
How to prepare a cement-lime mortar for three-layer plaster?
Most often on construction sites the use of cement-lime mortar is practiced. They are intended for installation of external and internal three-layer plasters. In order to properly prepare such a solution, it is necessary to know the requirements for the composition and consistency of each of the three layers, as well as their other specific features.
Plaster is a good finishing material that has long been used in construction technology.
The composition of the mixture for plaster includes the following components:
- Binder. For example, lime, clay, cement or gypsum.
- Filler. It can be slag, sawdust, shavings or sand.
- Water.
The consistency of the mortar for plaster should be like dough. For plastering, both ordinary and decorative mixtures can be used.
There are a number of rules when choosing a solution for wall treatment:
- If the concrete or stone surface is under the constant influence of precipitation, it is necessary to choose solutions based on Portland slag cement or Portland cement.
- If the concrete or stone surface is not exposed to precipitation, then solutions should be chosen that include cement, lime, different type lime-based astringents.
- If you need to plaster a gypsum or wooden surface, you need to choose solutions that consist of lime, clay (gypsum binders).
- If internal plastering of the walls of the room with a high degree of humidity (above 60%) is supposed, the first layer of the plaster mixture should be applied from simple cement or cement-lime mortars. Such premises include a laundry room, a bathroom, a bathhouse.
Features of choosing a decorative solution for finishing
Decorative mixtures are used for plastering walls both outside and inside buildings. For the manufacture of a decorative mortar, the following are used as a binder: gypsum and lime (for colored interior decoration), ordinary, white, colored Portland cements (for facades, internal walls premises). Different fractions of granite, dolomite, tuff, limestone and marble are also used. To make the finishing layer more brilliant, 1% mica or 10% crushed glass is added to the solution. And dyes in decorative mixtures for plaster are alkali-resistant and light-resistant pigments of artificial and natural origin. It can be chromium oxide, ocher, ultramarine, iron minium, etc.
Preparation of mortar for plastering: the main principles
Prepare a solution for plaster from carefully sifted materials. They are mixed until a homogeneous consistency. You can use one or more binders in one solution. It is important to check the fat content of the solution. Do this with a trowel. If the mixture is greasy, then it will stick strongly. To reduce fat content, filler should be added. The use of fatty mixtures leads to the fact that after drying the layer will crack. In addition, there is an overexpenditure of the binder component. If the mortar is skinny, it will not stick. An astringent must be added to such a mixture. Skinny mixtures are fragile, it is difficult to work with them. Only a solution with a normal fat content is reliable, easy to use and has a long service life.
How is the treatment solution created?
The mixture for plaster is prepared in boxes with a depth of 15 cm or more. As for the volume of the box, it can be anything. Sand and cement must be mixed in certain proportions. The resulting dry mixture is introduced into the lime dough. First, the dough is diluted with water to the consistency of sour cream. Everything is thoroughly mixed. It is necessary to dilute the plaster, taking into account which layer it will be used for. As a rule, only three layers are applied to the surface of the wall. Layers are applied in stages. For all layers, a plaster mortar is used. They differ only in texture.
Types of solutions for plaster
There are six recipes for plaster mortars:
- Lime paste. It is prepared from water and quicklime in a ratio of 3:1. Pour lime with water (warm). After it starts chemical reaction, water is added again. Stir. Close the container with the solution. And leave the solution for a day.
- lime mixture. Prepare a solution of lime dough, sand. Proportion 1:1-5 (everything depends on the fat content of the dough). Sand and water are gradually added to the lime dough to the required density, stirring.
- Lime-clay mixture. Prepared from clay dough, lime dough, sand in a ratio of 1: 0.4: 1-6 and water. The more sand, the stronger the solution will be. Clay is diluted with water. The consistency should be liquid Clay dough is mixed with lime. Stir. Add sand until the desired consistency is reached.
- Lime-gypsum mortar. Made from lime mortar, gypsum in a ratio of 3:1 (or 4:1) and water. Gypsum is diluted with water. Gypsum mortar is added to the gypsum dough. Stir. Start using immediately.
- cement mixture. Prepared from cement, sand in a ratio of 1:2 (1:3) and water. Mix cement and sand. Dilute the mixture with water to the desired consistency.
- Cement-lime mixture. Prepared from cement, sand, lime paste in a ratio of 1: 3: 1 and water. Lime milk is diluted with water. The consistency is liquid. Prepare a mixture of sand, cement. And added to lime milk. Stir thoroughly.
Video
How to prepare a cement mortar: proportions for foundation, masonry, screed, plaster
Cement mortar is widely used in construction. It is used for laying stone and brick, interior wall decoration, pouring the foundation, and plastering. Naturally, depending on the application, this building material will have a different composition.
For example, for the construction of the foundation, in addition to sand and cement, crushed stone will also be required. The preparation of the mortar is a very important stage, because the strength of the masonry, the strength and durability of the structure under construction depend on the quality of the mixture.
- Varieties of solutions
- How to choose the right type of cement
- DIY kneading technology
In order to properly mix the cement mortar, you need to know what grades exist, consistency requirements, mixing sequence and proportions of the main materials.
Usually use:
- sand;
- water;
- cement;
- less often: plasticizers and other additives.
Types of cement mixtures
Depending on the composition and purpose of use, the solution is divided into grades:
- M150 and M200 - for screeds;
- M50, M100, M150, M75, M200 and M125 - for masonry;
- M10, M50 and M25 - for plaster.
All varieties differ in quantitative sand content and proportions.
Changing the ratio of the main components allows the use of such a building material for various works.
The grade of the solution is an indicator of the strength of the structure built using it. The proportions of the ingredients depend, as a rule, on which brand of cement mortar is needed. Often, cooking instructions are printed on the packaging by the manufacturer.
Of course, you can order the finished mass of the desired brand (at present, dry ready-made mixtures for foundations, plasters or screeds are being sold, to which you just need to add the right amount of water).
But doing it yourself can save you money.
Rules for determining the desired grade of sand-cement mass
According to the technology, it is required that the grade of the mortar correspond to the grade of the material used (brick, blocks).
How to prepare a solution for plastering walls yourself
For example, if the masonry is being built from brick grade 100, then the cement mass should be M100. Subject to this rule as a result, you will get a solid homogeneous brick structure.
In the event that the brand of the material used is high, for example 350, then it is not worth striving for a match, as this will significantly increase the cost of construction. The generally accepted proportions are 1 part (for example, a bucket) of cement and 3 of sand (1 to 3). When preparing concrete for pouring the foundation, 3-5 parts of crushed stone are added to this proportion.
There is a wide range of products for sale various kinds cement, differing in brand, manufacturer, properties and expiration date.
Portland cement is especially popular among professional builders, which is characterized by a high level of water resistance, frost resistance and strength. It hardens well in almost any weather.
Methods for preparing cement mixtures
When choosing this building material, be sure to pay attention to its shelf life, since the best mixture will be obtained if fresh cement is used.
Currently, the preparation of cement at home is carried out in two ways: mechanical and manual.
The first method involves the use of a concrete mixer.
Do-it-yourself kneading will require significant physical effort. IN this case all necessary building materials are mixed bayonet shovel in a trough or an old bath.
To facilitate this process, water is first poured into the container, after which sand and cement are added. Then everything is stirred until smooth. At the very end, crushed stone is added and everything is mixed well again.
How to prepare a solution yourself
The foundation of the building must be reliable and durable, as it is the foundation of any building.
To fill the base of the building, the sand-cement mass is prepared in the classic ratio - 1 to 3. Usually crushed stone is added to it, although concrete is already obtained in the following ratio: 3 buckets of gravel (crushed stone) and sand, 1 bucket of Portland cement.
An important role is played by the ratio of water to components, which should be proportional.
Ideal is a solution in which water is 25%, but it is difficult to work with. Therefore, when kneading, water is added “by eye” at your discretion.
When mixing concrete, Portland cement grade M400 or M500 is used. For the foundation, the consistency of concrete should resemble thick sour cream. The preparation of a mass for leveling walls and plaster implies the following proportions of the components: 2 parts of sand and 1 part of cement.
To prepare a cement mortar for a conventional screed, the same components are used as for the preparation of concrete, only screenings are added instead of crushed stone.
The quantitative composition of the main components is taken in the ratio: Portland cement M400 or M500 - 1 bucket and 2 buckets of screenings and sand. To improve the plasticity index, it is recommended to add a little (50-100 g) of detergent to the solution.
Remember that before mixing all materials should be sifted - this will improve the quality of the solution. The main thing is that there are no foreign impurities in the components. After that, the required amount of sand and cement is measured in doses in accordance with the proportions of the desired composition.
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Before closing the walls must be covered 
layer of plaster.
In order for this coating to last for a long time, you need to know the correct proportion of mortar for plaster walls.
Plaster is a building mixture prepared in a certain way, which is evenly applied to the surface of the leveling wall.
Why plaster is installed on the wall:
- Increase wall power;
- Leveling the surface of the wall;
- Filling cracks;
- Increase heat and sound insulation;
- Waterproofing that does not interfere with air access.
To prepare any wall covering solution, we need three components:
- Binder (lime, cement, clay, gypsum or mixtures thereof);
- Filler, usually sand;
- Pure water.
How to use plaster?
It can be used in three steps: spraying, filling and finishing.
Mortar for gypsum walls - how to prepare a mixture with your own hands?
For each of these levels, the components of the components must be slightly modified. 
Less binders should be added for spraying. Add some binder to the coating. And in the last, ending - the maximum amount of binder.
If the treatment is carried out at one stage, the solution must be prepared strictly in relation to the ratio.
When you're ready, you can split into:
Bold - Holds tools strongly.
Fixed with filler and water. 
Normal - the tool remains a thin layer of material.
Skinny - there is practically no mixture on the instrument.
Usually a binder needs to be added.
Sand cement
Most popular for exterior wall. Sometimes it is used for interior decoration. The most persistent.
To do this, you must cut the sand.
It is advisable to use White sand, and sand with a yellowish tint will make the coating strong enough. Sand is mixed with cement in a 4:1 ratio if M400 cement is used. 
The situation must be strictly observed, otherwise the plaster will be unstable.
If you are using other brands of cement, the ratio will be different.
The cement mortar begins to harden after about 45 minutes.
lime
This is easy work. It is made from a mixture of lime and sand. You can mix it yourself or buy a prepared mix.
One of the most popular solutions for interior decoration.
Lime must be used for cooking in limestone.
This is a rather lengthy process, so it is better to buy already prepared carbonated lemon in the dough. 
The preparation of the plaster mixture is quite simple: one part of dried lime is mixed with three parts of sand.
Mix and gradually introduce water, bring it to the desired state.
The pre-sand must be screened to remove large chunks and stones.
The drying time of this solution is up to 12 hours.
Lime-gypsum
To prepare it, consider correct proportions components.
If you add a lot of plaster - the mixture quickly hardens.
If the plaster is small, it will dry for a long time. Prepared in the proportion of the solution, well used and withdrawn.
Prepare it with one part dipped limestone, one part stucco and 3 parts white sand. 
All components must be cleaned of large particles and mixed with water in small pieces.
Drying time is very short.
After 5 minutes, the mortar will be adjusted with the addition of plaster, so it is advisable to prepare it in small quantities so that the time can be applied to the wall.
clay
It is made of clay, sand and water.
This coating requires special coating. Suitable for interior and exterior decoration.
In the second case, under the influence of natural factors, he can wait. Cement, gypsum, lime can be added to add power. 
Also, if you want to change the properties, sometimes add sawdust, straw, horse dung, manure.
There are no exact proportions for preparing a mixture of clay.
Because the clay in different areas has a different composition and density.
Conditions for mixing clay and sand can vary from 1:2 to 1:5.
Before you start preparing the mortar, mix a small amount of sand and clay to determine their required proportions.
How to determine whether solutions are ready or not? It is like well-kneaded clay and similar very thick sour cream. 
You can turn it around and crush it with your finger up to a centimeter in thickness.
The resulting "pancake" should be full with no cracks around the edges.
When you decide on a relationship, you need to:
- Soak the clay for one day and mix it;
- Formation of the formed composition;
- Remove sand and saw if you are using them;
- Add a suitable amount of sand and fillers, mix thoroughly.
Clay plaster dries for a long time. Coating thickness 1 cm at suitable conditions dried for about 2 days.
It may take up to 2 months for complete drying.
Which one is better?
It all depends on the area to be treated. Limestone mortar is used to prevent brick and concrete surface in rooms with normal humidity.
Cement - used outside buildings or in areas with high humidity, and is also used as a base for decorative tiles.
Clay - used in dry climates to work wood and stone.
Dry mixes
All of the above solutions must be prepared independently, known and observed.
However, during this time a large number of special mixtures have been created in which the required proportions have already been saved.
In order to maintain the composition well, it is necessary to prepare the substrate for applying the plaster. For this you need:
- Remove traces of old plaster;
- Remove dust by washing with water;
- Move the surface;
- Do not plaster at temperatures below +4 and above +24 degrees.
See article article:
Wall plaster mortar is very easy to prepare from such mixtures, you need to add the amount of water indicated on the package and mix thoroughly.
On the other hand, the correct proportions of wall plaster mortar do not guarantee that the coating will not burst and fall.
Mortar for plaster
Plastering works. Shepelev.A.M.
Cement, gypsum and lime are the main binders used in the preparation of plaster mortars and dry mixes. When preparing complex plaster mortars consisting of two binders and aggregate (sand), you should know that lime can be mixed with either gypsum or cement. Gypsum should not be mixed with cement.
Types of plaster solutions
Cement is obtained by grinding clinker and gypsum, while grinding, various mineral additives are added up to 15% (pyrite cinders, flue dust, bauxites, sands, flasks, tripoli), some to improve properties, others to reduce cost.
Clinker - obtained by firing limestone and clay. Cement is a hydraulic binder and has the ability to gain strength during wet conditions. Positive sides: durability, strength, not afraid of moisture.
Negative sides: exacting to adhere to the technology of applying layers and preparing the base, otherwise the plaster will crack. For painting, puttying is required, it absorbs paint. (for facade and wet rooms putties based on white cement, for dry rooms based on building gypsum.)
Building gypsum is used as an air binder, as a basis for the manufacture of dry building mixtures (putties, plasters). It is used in construction for plastering walls and ceilings in buildings with a relative humidity of not more than 90%.
lime mortars.
Lime mortars are used for plastering walls and ceilings. When plastering wet rooms, it is recommended to use cement-lime mortars.
Preparation and application of plaster solutions.
Lime plaster mortars used for plastering stone walls and ceilings, with the exception of cornices, plinths, parapets.
In humid rooms, these solutions are not used. These solutions harden faster than clay ones, however, for plastering they also require a large front of work, especially when they are plastering wooden and other surfaces that poorly absorb water from the solution. On brick surfaces, due to the rapid absorption of moisture from the solution, hardening occurs much faster and the scope of work decreases accordingly. The hardening of lime mortars is easy to determine by how white they are.
Lime mortars have a low strength - 4 kgf / cm. They seize slowly, so they can be prepared in large portions and stored for two or three or more days. However, from long-term storage, they lose their plasticity and an astringent must be added to them. Prepare these solutions as follows. The (liquid) or put (thick) lime dough filtered through a sieve is poured into the box.
Add the sifted sand in small portions, mix everything. Sand is added until a homogeneous solution of the required fat content is obtained. For uniformity, the solution is filtered through a sieve. The thick solution is diluted with water. To prepare a lime-gypsum mortar, the lime mortar is made thicker.
Lime-gypsum plaster mortars. Lime-gypsum mortars are plastered wooden surfaces non-moistened rooms, as well as stone, fibrolite, reed and straw surfaces.
Cornices are well drawn out of this solution. Lime-gypsum mortars set quickly, so when working with them, a large front of work is not required.
Lime-gypsum mortars (plants) are prepared in small portions (no more than 5 liters) so that they can be used in business within a few minutes. The setting solution must not be stirred, as in this case it loses its ability to harden and does not acquire strength.
To prepare a portion of the solution, water is poured into the mortar box, gypsum is poured into it with a thin layer and everything is quickly mixed until a gypsum creamy dough is formed. Then lime mortar is added there, mixed again quickly and used immediately. This operation takes no more than 4-5 minutes.
Cement-lime plaster mortars (mixed). These solutions are used for plastering external walls, wetted parts of buildings, as well as baths, wet rooms, plinths, etc.
These solutions set slowly. They are applied in thin layers so they can be prepared in large portions. Cement-lime mortars are used for an hour, that is, before the cement begins to set. These solutions are more plastic than cement ones, they are more convenient to work with, they are easily applied in a thin layer.
Cement-Lime mortars come in different compositions. 1:2:8, 1:2:9, 1:2:11. 1:312, 1:3:15 (volume parts). In the first place is cement, in the second is lime paste, in the third is sand.
The brand of mortar depends on the brand of cement. These solutions can be prepared in different ways. In one case, a dry mixture is first prepared from cement and sand, I measure the required amount of lime paste and water, everything is mixed, milk of lime is obtained, which is filtered through a sieve, and the cement mixture is closed on this milk of lime.
In another case, lime mortar is prepared from lime paste and sand. Cement is added to this solution and everything is mixed. If necessary, add water. You can also mix cement with water, add the resulting cement milk to the lime mortar and mix everything until completely homogeneous.
Cement plasters. Cement mortars are used in damp places.
They plaster the lower parts of foundations in a humid environment, plinths, exterior walls of buildings, they are used to install an insulating layer with the addition of waterproof additives. Cement mortars are strong, but hard, slowly setting. To perform work with cement mortars.
A significant amount of work is needed. Used in business cement mortars no later than one hour after preparation. The compositions of cement plaster mortars are used from 1:1 to 1:6, T.
That is, for one volume part of cement, from 1 to 6 volume parts of sand are taken. Solutions in a ratio of 1:4 or more are quite hard and inconvenient to apply. In plastering, mortar compositions up to 1: 3 are most often used. They are more plastic, well applied and leveled, but require more cement. These solutions are prepared in such a way that cement and sand are measured in the required doses, mixed and sifted through a sieve. The prepared dry mixture is closed with water.
Solutions on ground quicklime-boiling. These solutions are used for the same purposes as solutions on lime test.
The prepared solution is kept for 30 - 40 minutes and only after that it is applied to the surface - this facilitates its leveling and grouting.
Clay plaster solutions. Clay mortars are used for plastering dry rooms. Prepare them like this. Clay is placed in a container. Pour water into it, knead the clay and leave it for a day. A day later, knead again and mix until smooth, adding water to a creamy consistency.
After that, the solution is filtered through a sieve. Sand is added to the resulting clay mass in small portions and mixed until smooth. The amount of sand depends on the fat content of the clay. For strength, lime dough is added to clay solutions. These solutions can be used for several days. In case of thickening, water is added to them and everything is mixed.
Each subsequent layer of the solution is applied only to the sufficiently hardened previous one. Clay mortars are applied to structures made of stone, brick, wood, adobe in thin layers. These solutions harden slowly. In order for the applied layers of the solution to have time to thicken and dry before applying the next layers, a large front of work is needed.
Uch.posoble Plastering. Shepelev.A.M.
Plastering works. Shepelev.A.M
- Textbook title. Plastering works. Author. Shepelev.A.M.
- Classification and main parts of buildings.
- Finishing and construction work.
- Occupational safety and fire prevention measures in construction.
- Requirements for scaffolding and ladders.
- Scaffolding.
- Cradles, scaffolds, ladders.
- Plastering tools.
- Plastering inventory.
- Preparation of wall surfaces intended for plastering.
- Sequence of plastering of various buildings
- Stuffing metal mesh under thick layers of plaster.
- Plastering of wooden walls.
Preparing for plastering.
- Wall plastering. Preparation of stone, brick and concrete surfaces.
- Preparation of adobe, fibrolite, reed and straw surfaces.
- Preparation of joints, channels of reinforced concrete slabs, steel beams for plastering.
- Arrangement of mesh-reinforced structures for plastering.
- Safety engineering.
Plastering works.
- Safety precautions when carrying out plastering work.
- Organization of plastering works.
- Throwing plaster.
Applying plaster.
- Plaster. Preparation and application of plaster solutions.
- Application of simple and improved plaster.
- Making high quality plaster
- Covering, grouting, smoothing plaster.
- Plastering of husks, mustache and chamfers.
- Plastering of internal and external slopes.
- Sgraffito plaster.
- Requirements for the quality of various types of plaster.
- plaster defects.
Cracks, peeling, dutiki.
- Waterproof plaster mortars
- Repair work on facades
- Repair of surfaces trimmed with sheathing sheets.
Plaster is a classic finish that allows you to level wall gratings in buildings and properly prepare for subsequent finishing.
Plaster is used both inside and outside. In order for the solution to remain durable and time-consuming, it is important to respect the proportions building materials, follow the recipe and achieve the best result.
Classification of gypsum mixtures
Each potting mix used for gypsum walls consists of two main components:
- binder material;
- filler.
The cement component can be provided without clay, lime, sand and cement.
Given the nature of the future work and the area in which the mixture is used, priority should be given to these or other "ingredients". For example, sand is used for plaster walls, which act as a great aggregate, making the plane more durable and won't burst over time.
Plastering takes place:
- Cement and with the addition of lime - the name speaks for itself, the cement component plays the role of a base.
If you want to improve and process the facade of wall structures, then this The best way prepare the mass.
Types of plaster mortars
The cement additive allows the material to be used at the end of a room where humidity levels rise - perhaps bathrooms, showers and toilets.
- It can also be without cement. All that is needed is to provide the necessary ratio of lime and gypsum, lime and clay.
This mass allows you to process the surface of the walls, for which there was no systematic moistening, so you can work in dry rooms.
- Clay - unique material, which, together with cement, creates a suitable mixture for the walls of indoor walls, but only in those places where the moisture content does not exceed the standard value.
Therefore, clays can be used in regions where a dry and even hot climate prevails.
The ratio of ingredients in the render mix
Most often, for building mortars, builders use a mortar with the addition of cement.
The optimal proportions of the combination of cement and sand are determined in the ratio:
- Cement and sand are mixed together, taking into account parts 1: 3, 1: 4, water is poured into the container.
All ready-made solution should be used in the next hour, when it becomes inadequate and of poor quality.
- If, in addition to cement, limes are mixed in mass, it is better to take Portland cement on a package marked M400 or M500, as well as on bay lime paste and 2 parts of sand without contamination.
Check the degree of sand contamination with sediment and clay: take plastic bottle, pour out the water, add grains of sand, shake well and observe the color change of the substance.
If it has become a little cloudy, this sand can be used, if the liquid has lost transparency - the material is not suitable.
The mixture interferes with modern materials
Today, dry plasters are available as renders that provide high quality walls.
What is the secret of the unique formula for the adhesion of modern plaster surface mortar? It includes the right parts of polymer materials that improve the quality of the cement so it becomes more durable.
See also: floor mortar
In addition, experts recognize a number of important advantages of dry mixes:
- do not require work using a reinforcing mesh, which significantly reduces the cost of gypsum for wall decoration;
- the mass acquires elasticity and helps to achieve a minimal response to severe climatic conditions, such as temperature increase and decrease, humidity (dry gypsum mortar, in which the components of the components comply with the technologies, can change shape, but not deform);
- wet surfaces acquire a porous structure through which free air penetrates.
When buying dry gypsum for wall treatment, always pay attention to the manufacturer, the more he hears, the better it will be.
As a rule, a well-known brand is not only about the profit that a company receives from the sale of products, but also about maintaining its name, so it is not advisable to avoid measurement errors and inaccuracies, the coefficients are supported up to thousands,
But you must understand that such a luxury for the average home owner comes at a high financial cost.
The latest render blends indicate ready blends as needed, and the rest of the material can be left later and not degraded. Of course, the use of such a building product is very convenient, by the way, this approach saves nerves and money.
How to mix with cement mix
Let's look at some important rules to keep in mind to get best result from the walls:
- If the plaster is done using cement and sand, there is no need to be surprised when the mass is slightly leveled or reacts to temperature fluctuations.
A dry mix will avoid such problems by adding sand from different fractions and compacting the structure, thereby reducing the likelihood of cracks and chips.
- When do cracks occur? If the correct dimensions are kept, the cause may be hidden in the wrong material layout sequence.
- Do not ignore the drying time, be careful and want to speed up the process with fans and special types hair dryers.
The cement mortar is unevenly attached.
- Before the next finishing work complete the solidification period for 10-15 days. If the room temperature leaves much to be desired, and the humidity indicates excessive values, you need to wait a few more days.
How to make a plaster mixture
Today, you can choose any ready-made plaster mixture, but for plastering work, you can prepare the solution yourself.
The most popular is lime mortar with various fillers such as cement and clay.
Materials and tools: cement; water; construction mixer or electric drill; lime dough; clay; sand; ready modified dry mix; gypsum.
Step one
To get a lime mortar for wall plastering, dilute one part of lime dough and three parts of sand with water to the consistency of oil, mix this mass with a construction mixer, and then gradually add 1 kilogram of dry cement or gypsum during the whipping process.
step two
The mixture must be applied with a spatula immediately after preparation. Do not make the solution more than you can apply within 30 - 40 minutes. Re-stir the plaster mixture with a construction mixer every 10 minutes.
When using gypsum instead of cement, mixing takes about 2 minutes, and application should take no more than 6 to 8 minutes. If you do not use the mixture before this time, it will harden and you will not be able to carry out plaster work.
Step Three
To prepare a clay mixture, thoroughly mix 1 part oily clay and 3 parts sand.
Gradually add water and stir until a thick homogeneous mass is obtained, after which add 1 kilogram of cement. Carry out the calculation of cement for 10 liters of mortar.
How to make mortar for plaster
If you want to make the solution more durable, instead of cement, add 1 kilogram of gypsum. Apply the mixture with the addition of cement within 1 hour, with the addition of gypsum - 15 minutes.
Step Four
To prepare a cement-lime mortar, mix 1 part of M400-500 cement, 0.2-0.3 parts of lime paste and 3 parts of sand thoroughly with water.
You can use milk of lime instead of lime paste to dilute a mixture of cement and sand.
Step five
Compared to self-prepared plaster mixes, ready-made dry mixes are created using advanced technologies which makes them more durable, elastic and mobile.
Such mixtures can be used immediately by adding the right amount of water and mixing the mortar with a construction mixer or a construction drill.
Plaster is the basis before the final decoration of the walls. To date, there is a wide variety of materials from which you can prepare a solution for wall plastering. And here it is worth choosing which composition is better to do with your own hands? In order to avoid bumps and lumps in the preparation of the solution for the wall, you need to follow some rules and proportions, which will be presented in this article.
Solution options
When preparing for leveling walls with plaster, a special mortar should be prepared, which should basically contain two main components: a binder and a filler. Each of them includes various materials, which are freely available in markets and hardware stores. If one of the components is not used, the solution will either be fragile, or will not stick to the wall, or it will not be possible to level it. And with the wrong proportion, you can do it initially even coverage, but later, after complete drying, cracks will appear on the wall. The main types of plaster for leveling walls that you can do yourself are:
The first is a solution, which in most cases is used for plastering exterior, facade walls and plinth. That is, the presented type of plastering and its composition is mainly used in places of constant humidity. Inside an apartment or house, great for bathrooms and toilets. If you cook often enough and a lot, then for the kitchen it will also be a good choice.
The second type, presented in the list, is mostly used for external plastering of walls that are not exposed to moisture and humid air.
The third type is suitable for interior walls in all rooms, except for those in which the level of air humidity is sufficiently high.
The quality of mortars for walls
To get a smooth wall, you need to prepare the right plaster. To get rid of unnecessary lumps, it is recommended to sift all the components through a construction sieve. If this is not done, then after cooking, you can find a heterogeneous mass, and you will have to filter the entire composition with your own hands, this work is not easy and takes a lot of time, so before this process should not be brought. This process is one of the points for creating a quality wall mortar. Other points to highlight include:
Additionally, solutions for plastering walls are distributed according to their fat content. You can meet with high fat content, with normal and so-called skinny.
Plastering process
The normal fat content of the plaster will eventually lead to an ideal result, that is correct selection all components and consistency. In the presence of increased fat content, after drying, the process of cracking the plastered surface of the walls will occur. Additional defects will be shrinkage and cracking. In the presence of lean, a process of lack of strength occurs, which leads to its falling off when leveling.
Determining the correct preparation of the mortar for the walls is quite easy, because apart from it you only need a spatula. The difference is determined by the degree of adhesion of the plaster to the spatula:
Characteristics and composition
Now we choose which composition is suitable for specific purposes.
Lime. Lime paste and sand are used, the composition ratio is 1:3. The dry mixture is mixed with water. With the right consistency, the end result should be like a thick dough.
Lime-cement. To give greater strength, you need to add a tenth of the cement and mix. All lime-based mortars must be prepared and used within 2 days.
Lime-gypsum. The composition ratio is 5:1, water is added and mixed. Take into account the fact of rapid drying - in half an hour you won't be able to work with it. But if everything is done correctly, then the plaster on the wall will be heavy-duty.
Lime-clay. The ratio is prepared 1:1, an additional fifth of the sand is added. It also has high strength.
Clay. First you need to make dough from clay. This is done by adding water. Upon receipt of clay dough, it is mixed with sawdust in a ratio of 1:3. The addition of water and stirring is present in every solution. It has disadvantages in the form of fragility and instability to moisture.
Clay plaster. The proportion and subsequent actions are identical with the lime-gypsum composition. Only here the basis is clay dough.
Cement. It is used to treat walls that are constantly exposed to moisture or steam, regardless of the external or internal use. The proportion goes either 1:3, or 1:4 with sand. The property of quick drying allows you to work with it for only 1 hour.
Cement-lime. To prepare it correctly, you should carefully monitor the balance of the composition. Materials used:
There are two ways to prepare such plaster for walls with your own hands:
Modern materials
Today, people began to give preference to special dry mixes, which are produced on the basis of Portland cement and are considered high quality. In addition to the immediate basis, they also have special additives, which provide the solution with additional characteristics in the form of: increased strength, ductility. Exists whole line the benefits that come with such a dry mix that is easy to make. Among them are:
- quiet application to the wall without the use of reinforced mesh, which significantly reduces material consumption.
- great elasticity. After drying, it tolerates temperature differences and rapid climate changes.
- passes air through itself and has a fairly strong resistance to moisture.
There are also modified mixes for walls, which were made separately in laboratories. This process was carried out to perfectly match the ratios of all components, which ultimately led to an ideally prepared solution. As an addition, it can be noted that plaster can be made in different volumes, that is, as much as is required at the moment without frills, residues and shortages. On the packaging, sometimes they even write the inscription "pour water and get started."
Now you know the basics, it remains only to choose high-quality materials for preparing a plaster solution for walls with your own hands and enjoy the work. Watch the video to fix:
When choosing plaster, it is worth finding out which solution is suitable for covering and leveling walls. The type of this material depends on the base from which the walls are made, as well as on where the plastering will be performed - from the inside or from the outside.
First you need to determine the features of the microclimate inside the room. For wall coverings, mixtures of cement or lime are often used. If the house or apartment has dry conditions, then it is better to use lime-type plaster. These mixtures can also be used to cover interior walls in moderate climates.
The following types of mixtures can be used for wall decoration:
- with a cement structure. This species is slowly gaining strength. Usually the solution sets in half a day after the mixture is introduced into the water. When compared with other types of plaster, it is characterized by increased strength;
- with clay content. Clay mixtures are designed for leveling wood walls;
- with lime composition. Mixtures with this composition are suitable for coating interior and exterior walls of almost any material. Sometimes gypsum material is additionally added to the composition of this mixture;
- gypsum. This material can be used alone without combining with other types of plaster. But be sure to remember that the hardening of the coating is observed after half an hour. After about 4 minutes, the solution sets;
- combined mixture. Two binders can be used in the composition at once - cement and lime, lime and gypsum, etc .;
- special blends. They contain the required additives.
Brand of mortar for plaster
The level of strength of the future coating is determined by the brand of mortar for plastering walls. This indicator means the temporary resistance to compression, it is measured in kilograms per cm2.
Components of the solution and proportions
Solution grades are divided into the following types and proportions:
- M50. This is a light composition. It is usually used to grout small defects, irregularities. It has low strength, but at the same time it has minimal shrinkage. This quality is important when applying the finish coat. Proportions: when using cement M400, the ratio of proportions should be as follows - 1: 6.3. 6.3 parts of sand must be added to one part of cement;
- M100. This is a dense composition that is used for internal coating of wall surfaces. The proportions in the preparation of the solution should be as follows, one part of cement and 5 parts of sand;
- M150. The brand of solutions is used for finishing rooms with dampness and high humidity, as well as for covering facades, basement floors of buildings. When kneading, 1 part of cement and 3 parts of sand are taken.
If the brand of cement mortar is not chosen correctly, this can lead to premature destruction of the coating. It can quickly crumble, peel off, crack due to shrinkage. It may also cause increased consumption material and high financial costs.
Consumption rate of cement-sand mortar
In order to understand how much sand and cement to use, it is imperative to look at the marking of cement. Since cement is a binder and sand is a filler, there should be one part of the first and several of the second.
First of all, it is worth calculating the approximate size of the thickness of the layer of the future wall covering. For example, there is a surface with an area of 10 square meters, the deviation of which is 5 cm. In these cases, the following recommendations should be followed when calculating:
- using a plumb line, you need to identify three points with deviations - 1, 3 and 5 cm;
- the received data is added, and it turns out 9;
- then we divide by the number of checked points, it should turn out 3.
The result is a layer thickness of 3 cm. If the wall has slight deviations, then the layer thickness should be at least 6 mm, because that is how the beacons move away from the wall.
After that, we calculate the amount of solution, for example, there are 8.5 kilograms of dry mixture. This volume of the mixture is multiplied by the size of the layer thickness, by 3 cm. The result is 25.5 kilograms per 1 square meter. Then for 10 square meters you need 255 kilograms. Since the mixture is supplied in bags of 50 kilograms, then 255:50 = 5.1. But it is better to round up, so you need to buy not 5 bags, but 6.
How to adjust strength
The consumption rate of the cement mixture may vary within the same grade.
Therefore, you should not focus only on the indicators of the binder material and filling components, because these data cannot reliably determine strength characteristics solution.
There are several reasons that weaken or strengthen the mortar, and they can also change the amount of cement mixture consumption:
- fractions of the filling component. As a rule, the cement material completely envelops the particles of the filling element. How smaller size filler particles, the higher their indicator of the total area of contact with binders. From this it follows that the smaller the size of the filler particles, the more cement material is required;
- the strength of the filling material affects the quality of the solutions. If, together with sand, rocks are used in a ground state, then an increase in the strength of the mass by almost 1.25-1.5 times will be observed;
- plaster has a similar composition, but the strength of the solution is higher. Therefore, the amount of water and binder must be taken into account. In order for the normal chemical process of hardening of the binder component, namely cement, to occur, a little liquid is required. In this case, the calculations are performed as follows - the mass of water is divided by the mass of cement, which is added to the solution. The required indicator should be 0.15-20.
About 17-18 liters of water are required for approximately 30 kilograms of dry mix, if you add more, for example, 20 liters, then a fairly liquid solution can come out. And if you pour 25 liters, then the strength properties of the solution are reduced to a minimum. At the same time, the indicators of cement and sand do not play an important role.
The main indicators when mixing the solution is the type of binder component, namely cement, the strength level of the filler (sand) and the volume of liquid used. Liquid solutions are quite convenient to use, but they have low strength and a short service life.
How to knead
Mixing the solution is just mixing, but the strength of the further wall covering will depend on how this process is performed. If the batch is done poorly, unevenly, then not all particles of the filler will be wrapped in cement. Therefore, it is important to follow exactly step by step cooking solution:
- On initial stage sand is poured into a previously prepared container. Be sure to sift the sand through a sieve, this will help get rid of gravel, clay particles, shells and other large elements;
For sifting sand for a primer coating, it is recommended to use a sieve with a mesh size of 2-3 mm, and for a covering one - 1 mm. Dry sand should be used for sieving.
- Next, cement is poured into the sand and mixed with it. All components must be completely dry;
- At the next stage, water is poured. First you need to pour 2/3 of the water and stir as much as possible, and only then pour the rest of the water. Everything is thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous consistency is obtained.
What affects the strength of the plaster during its curing
In order for a high-quality curing reaction to occur, there must be a positive temperature from 15 to 25 degrees Celsius.
The drying of the coating can be strongly affected by changing weather conditions:
- cold. When the plaster cools, the chemical and physical processes slow down. In these cases, a slow hardening of the coating occurs;
- freezing of the plaster layer. When frozen, the particles expand inside the plastered wall covering. Expanding ice crystals lead to the rupture of already seized components. After thawing, solidification is repeated again, but this does not apply to particles that have already broken;
- exposure to heat, as well as increased evaporation of moisture from the surface of the plaster, makes it difficult for the reaction to proceed. There is a lack of fluid, the solidification does not proceed completely, and sometimes it stops altogether.
Additives
When mixing a mortar for plaster, sand can be added as a filling. The following types of sand are optimal:
- River sand. This species is considered the most purified. Water washes out of it extraneous, unnecessary components with an insoluble structure;
- Quarry sand. It has uneven and sharp edges. These qualities increase its strength characteristics. However, its composition may contain a large content of clay, which can reduce the level of rigidity of the final petrification.
To prepare the solution, do not use brown, yellow, red sand. These colors indicate that the sand contains an increased level of alumina, which reduces the strength characteristics of the material.
What is the best way to knead
Mixing the solution can be done different ways, it all depends on its volume. If a little mortar is required, for example, for grouting or for lubricating wall irregularities, then it can be kneaded in a bucket. Mixing can be done manually with improvised tools - a spatula or trowel.
To facilitate mixing, you can use special tools - mixers, nozzles on a drill. In the form of nozzles, special blades or a curved part of the wire can be used.
If a larger volume of solution is required, then a large trough or bath will be required to prepare it. Kneading can be done by hand with a flat-blade chopper.
But the easiest and simple option will use a concrete mixer. If you need to perform a large amount of work, then manual mixing will be very laborious, for this reason it is better to purchase a concrete mixer in which you can easily mix the mortar.
In any case, if you plan to finish the walls in the house, then study all the features of this process in advance. Be sure to know all the nuances of its implementation, so that in the future the coating does not quickly crumble and crack. The right choice of material, the exact observance of proportions during mixing and the correct application of the mortar are the key to a high-quality and durable wall covering.
The video describes the process of preparing a mixture for plastering walls indoors. It tells what materials to use, and in what proportions.
