Various types of building materials. Classification of building materials and their main properties and methods of determination. Tools and auxiliary materials for manual application of protective, decorative and adhesive coatings
In this article, we will look at all types building materials, which are used to build a house or apartment. All building materials will be detailed description and how to install them. If you decide to do construction, then it will be interesting for you to read the articles on the site. It says “?”, “What building materials to use in construction?”, “Cheap or expensive building materials to use in construction?”. Let's deal with this issue once and for all.
First of all, you need to know that the building materials market has hundreds of offers, and this, for example, only applies to building mixtures. We will help you choose the most optimal choice and not expensive. Building material is a material for the construction or erection of any structures.
What is the foundation made of?
In fact, the foundation is not the most hard work during construction, but you still need to know some of the nuances. When choosing “what foundation to make for the house”, and there are several types of them: 
Read an interesting article about the types of foundation and. It is also important to know if the foundation you have chosen is suitable for your area. To do this, you need to find out what type of soil is on your site. This will help the soil map of the Russian Federation with all the properties and depths of soil freezing.
WALLS.
When decorating, repairing or building walls, you should read. The walls are built after the foundation. When the foundation has settled and is ready for loads, the second stage of building a house begins. Basically, the cash costs per box account for approximately 30% of the entire construction budget. These costs are not cheap and you need to know what material to use for walls and some factors: climate zone, building height, budget. After that, it is worth choosing materials for the walls.
Wooden walls are an environmentally friendly product using solid wood or its main filling (composite). Composite building materials are made from fiberboard, chipboard, plywood and others.
From solid wood they make - boards, beams, construction logs and others.
very pretty and warm. But in humid climatic zones they try not to build. Such houses are more suitable for dry climates. middle lane Russia or Siberia.
Reinforced concrete walls.
The framework from iron fittings is filled in with concrete. After the concrete has dried, this design is very durable. Panel house they make it mostly multi-storey, and the foundation under it is poured several meters into the ground. Private houses are also being built. For example, the walls are made of slabs, and lightweight materials serve as filling material. Expanded clay is mixed with concrete mix which reduces weight. This method of erecting walls in a house can also be attributed to rapid construction. slabs have big sizes and set up relatively quickly.
Interior decoration of premises.
implies the completion of outdoor work. The choice of materials for finishing or repairing walls inside the house depends on the condition of the walls. Preparing the walls for fine finish begins with the application of plaster or plasterboard sheathing.
FLOOR
The weak point in the house is the floor. Permanent loads on it leads to premature wear floor covering. The time until its future repair depends on how you choose the right floor covering and floor foundation. When choosing a material for the floor, it must meet the basic criteria, such as water resistance, wear resistance, durability and, of course, have a beautiful modern look. According to their types, they are divided into: wooden, polymer and ceramic. Wooden floors are usually made in rooms where there is an underfloor, that is, there is a space under the floor between the floor covering and the subfloor. Plank wood flooring usually consists of two or more layers, where the first layer serves as the base for the floor covering. The boards are attached to the floor beams (log counter-lattice), this design is reliable and is used everywhere.
Parquet flooring made of natural wood is very popular. It is used in every 3rd apartment. By type, it can be industrial or individual production.
Types of parquet: parquet board, panel parquet, artistic parquet.
Ceramic tiles have been used for a very long time. It is used for wall and floor cladding. The material is made of refractory clay and is practically durable. High durability and wide selection various forms, make this material indispensable when laying the floor. Ceramic tile has the following characteristics: high mechanical strength, waterproofing, minimal exposure to aggressive liquids, beautiful appearance. Basically, tiles are laid in the bathroom, toilet or kitchen, where there is high humidity.
Such materials can be mastic screeds, floors roll type(linoleum) and tiled. Linoleum is made from synthetic materials, resin with fabric backing. PVC tiles, like linoleum, are resistant to aggressive chemicals, oils, water-based liquids and other aggressive environments.
Rigid. The professional flooring is a galvanized metal rolling. Widely used for roofing roofs, as well as the construction of fences and visors.
Metal tile - the same corrugated board, only of a different shape.
Clay tile— durable, reliable and expensive material. Any roof from ceramic tiles looks very nice.
The advantage of such a roof will be an easy repair. You just need to replace the broken piece with a new one and the roof is in order.
Slate Everyone knows this stuff. Previously, all houses were covered with slate. there was no other material. However, today slate has applications in roofing. Easy mounting and durability.
Ondulin- a modern substitute for slate. Made from organic cellulose material under heat and high pressure.
flexible roof used in construction modern houses. This modern coating from polymer and composite materials, resin, bitumen, etc. All materials made according to the technology for flexible roofing are considered durable and reliable.
Manufacturers of flexible roofing.
Ruflex
shinglas
Katepal
TechnoNicole
Icopal
Bikrost
Consumables for construction works do not belong to the main raw materials, but are closely related to them. As the name suggests, they are small tool and materials consumed or worn out during the execution of a specific order, i.e. c short term services. Further in the article it is indicated what applies to building consumables.
Tools and auxiliary materials for manual application of protective, decorative and adhesive coatings
These are primarily paint brushes and rollers. Depending on the type of surface being treated and the type of coating being applied, they differ in shape and size. For the convenience of work, these products can be equipped with special telescopic rods, which are able to extend the handle of the tool up to four meters, which allows you to paint even a very high ceiling.
The use of a roller implies the acquisition of a paint pan of the appropriate size, which, thanks to its ribbed surface, evenly distributes the paint over the entire area of the paint tool and removes excess paint. As a rule, several rollers are purchased to work with coatings different color and composition, but you can use one pen, changing only the nozzles. When working alone painting tool for several days, to prevent drying, both brushes and rollers are soaked in a container of water until the next use, or wrapped tightly in cellophane film.
The same series of building consumables includes a product that can seriously reduce time and nerves when beating the perfect edge during application. paintwork and keep the mating surface clean. They differ only in the width of the overlapped edge and footage.
Spare parts, abrasive and cutting tools
Each electric tool used in construction or repair requires its own equipment, which is a processing structural element usually interchangeable. It includes drills, cutting, as well as lubricants and much more.
Consumables for building tools are a significant cost element and the cause of endless disputes between the customer and the contractor. This situation is connected with a high degree of standardization of such components. With the same functionality, both the price and the quality of products can have a serious run-up. The choice is not always obvious, but large volume work should give preference to products of well-established manufacturers.
classify Consumables construction equipment possible by the following signs:
- Metalworking. These include drills, borings, cutters for metal, cutting and grinding wheels, grinding materials, hacksaw blades, lubricants.
- Woodworking. Cutting blades for electric jigsaw, wood drills.
- For processing stone, tiles and concrete. Diamond-coated discs, chisels and percussion drills with victorious tips.
In this entire list, only wood saws and drilling-type components (with the exception of percussion drills) are subject to restoration by sharpening.
Hardware and fasteners
Depending on the type of work, this group of construction consumables can be even more costly than the equipment of processing tools. This includes screws for wood, metal, nuts, bolts, washers and other hardware, all kinds of nozzles for a screwdriver and fasteners of any other types (screeds, rivets, clamps, brackets).
Container and packaging
It can be returnable or non-refundable. This important element preservation of the presentation of the main materials. It can be paper, polyethylene, barrels, bags, pallets, boxes and other packaging.
Utility equipment and personal protective equipment
Hair and wire brushes, rags, containers for transferring and stirring bulk materials and garbage collection, brooms, stationery, gloves, glasses, respirators, etc.
All these trifles add up to a fair amount of money and cannot always be fully taken into account at the stage of drawing up an estimate of work. Therefore, in order to simplify the calculations for construction consumables, 3% of the cost of basic resources is often allocated and included in the estimate as a common line without deciphering the nomenclature.
Building materials and products are classified according to the degree of readiness, origin, purpose and technological feature.
According to the degree of readiness, the actual building materials and building products - finished goods and elements mounted and fixed at the place of work. Building materials include wood, metals, cement, concrete, bricks, sand, mortars for masonry and various plasters, paints and varnishes, natural stones etc.
Construction products are prefabricated reinforced concrete panels and structures, window and door blocks, sanitary ware and cabins, etc. Unlike products, building materials are processed before use - they are mixed with water, compacted, sawn, amuse, etc.
By origin, building materials are divided into natural And artificial.
natural materials- these are wood, rocks (natural stones), peat, natural bitumen and asphalts, etc. These materials are obtained from natural raw materials by simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition.
TO artificial materials include brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. They are obtained from natural and artificial raw materials, by-products of industry and Agriculture using special technologies. artificial materials differ from the original raw materials both in structure and in chemical composition, which is due to its radical processing in the factory.
The most widely used classifications of materials according to purpose and technological feature.
According to the purpose, the materials are divided into the following groups:
construction materials- materials that perceive and transmit loads in building structures;
thermal insulation materials, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal conditions in the room at minimal cost energy;
acoustic materials(sound absorbing and soundproofing materials) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the premises;
waterproofing and roofing materials- to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from the effects of water or water vapor;
sealing materials- for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;
Decoration Materials- to improve decorative qualities building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences;
special purpose materials(for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.
A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are also used in pure form, and as a raw material for obtaining other building materials and products. These are the so-called materials general purpose. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concretes are heat-insulating material; especially heavy concretes- material of special purpose, which is used for protection against radioactive radiation. .
According to the technological basis, materials are divided into the following groups, taking into account the type of raw material from which the material is obtained and the type of its manufacture:
Natural stone materials and products- obtained from rocks by their processing: wall blocks and stones, facing slabs, architectural details, rubble stone for foundations, crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc.
Ceramic materials and products- obtained from clay with additives by molding, drying and firing: brick, ceramic blocks and stones, tiles, pipes, faience and porcelain products, tiles for facing and flooring, expanded clay (artificial gravel for lightweight concrete), etc.
Glass and other materials and products from mineral melts- window and facing glass, glass blocks, profiled glass (for fencing), tiles, pipes, glass-ceramic and slag-glass products, stone casting.
Inorganic binders- mineral materials, mostly powdery, forming a plastic body when mixed with water, which eventually acquires a stone-like state: cements various kinds, lime, gypsum binders, etc.
concretes- artificial stone materials obtained from a mixture of binder, water, fine and coarse aggregates. Concrete with steel reinforcement called reinforced concrete, it well resists not only compression, but also bending and stretching.
Mortars- artificial stone materials, consisting of a binder, water and fine aggregates, which eventually pass from a pasty to a stone-like state.
Artificial non-fired stone materials- obtained on the basis of inorganic binders and various aggregates: silicate brick, gypsum and gypsum concrete products, asbestos-cement products and structures, silicate concretes.
Organic binders and materials based on them- bitumen and tar binders, roofing and waterproofing materials: roofing material, glassine, isol, brizol, hydroisol, roofing felt, adhesive mastics, asphalt concretes and mortars.
Polymer materials and products- a group of materials obtained on the basis of synthetic polymers (thermoplastic non-thermosetting resins): linoleums, relin, synthetic carpet materials, tiles, wood-laminated plastics, fiberglass, foam plastics, foam plastics, honeycomb plastics, etc.
Wood materials and products- obtained as a result of mechanical processing of wood: round wood, lumber, blanks for various joinery products, parquet, plywood, skirting boards, handrails, door and window blocks, glued structures.
metal materials- the most widely used in construction ferrous metals (steel and cast iron), rolled steel (I-beams, channels, angles), metal alloys, especially aluminum.
The category of general building materials includes a list of indispensable products that are widely used in various industries construction. They are used in the construction of new facilities and the reconstruction of existing ones, therefore they are extremely in demand. General building materials are basic foundation any construction, therefore, they are subject to the highest requirements regarding strength, reliability, as well as service life.
- reinforced concrete products;
- bricks;
- blocks;
- loose and bulk substances.
The first group - concrete goods. Reinforced concrete products are structures manufactured in the factory by injection molding with subsequent hardening. This method of production allows you to control the quality of products and carry out a series of material tests for compliance. regulatory requirements. This group includes slabs, piles, curbstone, foundation blocks and many other products. They are used at all stages of construction
The next category is bricks. Products are artificial stones correct form made from mineral materials(clay, silicate compounds, adobe and others). Used as the main material for the construction of facilities. As for the blocks, they are used for the construction of external enclosing structures for residential, public, industrial and agricultural facilities with normal temperature and humidity conditions. inner space. They can be made of aerated concrete, lime-sand mixture and other composite materials.
The last group - bulk substances. These include sand, expanded clay, gravel and many others. They differ in fraction (granule size), density and strength. They are used in various purposes- as a filler for compositions and mixtures, a heat-insulating layer, as well as bulk material for arranging a pillow.
The reliability and durability of the structure depends on their quality. Therefore, if necessary, it is necessary to contact companies that offer only certified products.
