home > Floor repair > The main consumables used in construction. The main materials used in construction and their characteristics It is used in various types of construction

The main consumables used in construction. The main materials used in construction and their characteristics It is used in various types of construction

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education

Federal State Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"

Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology

Essay

Construction Materials

Work plan

building material stone production

1. The main types of building materials, their classification and applications in construction

A wide variety of materials are used in construction. According to the purpose, building materials are usually divided into the following groups:

- binding building materials (air binders, hydraulic binders). This group includes various types of cements, lime, gypsum;

l wall materials - enclosing structures. This group includes natural stone materials, ceramic and silicate brick, concrete, gypsum and asbestos-cement panels and blocks, enclosing structures made of glass and silicate cellular and dense concrete, panels and blocks made of reinforced concrete;

l finishing materials and products - ceramic products, as well as products made of architectural and building glass, gypsum, cement, products based on polymers, natural finishing stones;

l heat and sound insulating materials and products - materials and products based on mineral fibers, glass, gypsum, silicate binder and polymers;

l waterproofing and roofing materials - materials and products based on polymer, bitumen and other binders, asbestos-cement slate and tiles;

l sealing - in the form of mastics, bundles and gaskets for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;

b aggregates for concrete - natural, from sedimentary and igneous rocks in the form of sand and crushed stone (gravel), and artificial porous;

l piece sanitary ware and pipes - from metals, ceramics, porcelain, glass, asbestos cement, polymers, reinforced concrete, various plastics.

The classification of building materials according to their purpose allows you to identify the most effective materials, determine their interchangeability, and then correctly balance the production and consumption of materials.

According to the type of raw materials, building materials are divided into:

– Natural;

– Artificial;

– Mineral;

– Organic;

The main directions for the use of natural materials:

1. Facing of buildings and engineering structures (embankments, bridges, etc.), erection of building walls, flooring and stairs, use as aggregates for concrete and mortar, as well as in road and hydraulic engineering construction.

2. Use in industry to obtain other materials: ceramics, binders (cement, lime, gypsum), glass, etc.

Artificial building materials are divided according to the main feature of their hardening (formation of structural bonds) into:

o unfired- materials, the hardening of which occurs at ordinary, relatively low temperatures with the crystallization of neoplasms from solutions, as well as materials, the hardening of which occurs in autoclaves at elevated temperatures (175-200 ° C) and water vapor pressure (0.9-1.6 MPa);

o roasting- materials whose structure is formed during their heat treatment mainly due to solid-phase transformations and interactions.

This division is partly conditional, because it is not always possible to determine a clear boundary between materials.

In conglomerates without firing type, cementing binders are represented by inorganic, organic, polymeric, as well as mixed (for example, organomineral) products. Inorganic binders include clinker cements, gypsum, magnesia, etc.; to organic - bitumen and tar binders and their derivatives; to polymeric - thermoplastic and thermosetting polymeric products.

In conglomerates of the roasting type, ceramic, slag, glass and stone melts play the role of a binder.

Organic binders make it possible to obtain conglomerates that differ: in terms of the temperature of their use in construction - hot, warm and cold asphalt concrete; according to workability - rigid, plastic, cast, etc.; according to the size of the aggregate particles - coarse, medium and fine-grained, as well as finely dispersed.

Polymer binders - important components in the manufacture of polymer concrete, building plastics, fiberglass and others, often called composite materials.

Classification of artificial building materials (conglomerates), combined general theory, is expanding with the advent of new binders, the development of new artificial aggregates, new technologies or significant modernization of existing ones, the creation of new combined structures.

2. Obtaining and using natural building materials, mineral binders and artificial stone building materials

Natural, or natural, building materials and products are obtained directly from the bowels of the earth or by processing wood materials. In the manufacture of products from them, these materials are given a certain shape and rational dimensions without changing their internal structure, chemical and material composition. More often than others from natural wood and stone materials and products are used. In addition to them, in a ready-to-use form or during mechanical processing, you can get natural bitumen or asphalt, reeds, peat, bonfires and other natural products.

Natural stone materials are called building materials obtained from rocks through the use of only mechanical processing (crushing, splitting, sawing, grinding, polishing, etc.). As a result of such processing, natural stone materials almost completely retain the physical and mechanical properties of the rock from which they were obtained. Natural stone materials are widely used in construction, they are also the main raw material for the production of mineral binders and artificial stone materials.

By origin, rocks are divided into three groups: igneous (igneous), sedimentary and metamorphic.

Types of natural stone materials and products. Various types of natural stone materials and products are used in construction: rubble stone, wall stones and blocks, facing stones and slabs, roofing tiles, etc.

Rubble stone is used in construction in the form of pieces of rock irregular shape(torn but) or wrong plates. Ragged rubble is obtained from sedimentary rocks (limestones, dolomites, sandstones) in an explosive way, and slabs (bedded rubble and flagstone) are mined from layered rocks using wedges, percussion mechanisms, etc. It should not have cracks, delaminations and loose interlayers reducing its building properties.

Rubble stone serves as a material for laying foundations, walls of unheated buildings and structures, retaining walls, etc. Waste during the preparation of rubble stone is crushed and used in the form of crushed stone for concrete.

Wall stones and blocks are made from limestone, volcanic tuffs and other rocks with a density of up to 2200 kg/m 3 . The dimensions of the stones for manual laying are 390x190x190 mm, the dimensions of the enlarged blocks for mechanized masonry are set based on the strength of the rock and the lifting capacity of the cranes. The correct geometric shape and the required dimensions of stones and blocks are obtained, as a rule, by sawing them out of an array using stone-cutting machines; chipped piece stones are produced much less frequently. The front surface of wall stones and blocks must meet the requirements of decorativeness.

Stones and blocks made of light rocks are local materials in a number of regions of our country. The walls of residential and public buildings made of light natural stones and blocks are much cheaper than brick walls and have a beautiful appearance.

Facing stones and slabs are made from blocks of natural stone by sawing or splitting them, followed by mechanical processing. Rocks for obtaining semi-finished blocks should be selected taking into account the operating conditions in which the facing products made from them will be located. Thus, rocks intended for external cladding must be weather-resistant, without cracks and traces of weathering, and have a beautiful and unchanging color. For this purpose, they use: granites, syenites, diorites, gabbro, labradorites, quartzites, dense limestones, tuffs, sandstones. Rocks used for interior cladding should have a beautiful color and be easily polished. Most often, marble is used for interior cladding.

Facing stones and slabs are sawn and hewn. Sawn products, as a rule, are cheaper and more durable than hewn ones, since when sawing rocks, it is possible to obtain relatively thin products without microcracks that occur when stone is cut.

Slabs for wall cladding and flooring must have rectangular shape and given dimensions. In addition, the front surface of the plates is given a different decorative texture. Depending on the method of execution, the textures are divided into: shock, obtained by chipping off stone particles (the texture of "rocks", bumpy, grooved, dotted, corrugated), and abrasive, obtained by abrasion of the surface with various abrasives (sawn, polished, polished, mirror).

Slabs and stones from igneous rocks (granites, labradorites, gabbro, etc.) are used for external cladding of socles and facades of monumental buildings, durable and decorative floors in public buildings with heavy human flows, for example, at metro stations, train stations and department stores , as well as for facing embankments, hydraulic structures, etc. In the production of marble slabs, a large amount of waste is obtained in the form of scraps, which are used for arranging mosaic floors.

In addition to facing slabs, natural stone is used to produce profile parts, such as skirting boards, corner parts and parts of faceted and fluted facings, as well as steps, window sills, etc.

Clay (roofing) slate roofing tiles are a very durable roofing material for rural construction. Splitting and chopping off the material, it is given a rectangular or rhombic shape.

IN road construction widely used a variety of products made of natural stone, such as paving stones, chipped or cobblestones, side stones. These products are made from igneous or sedimentary rocks, which must have high strength, low water absorption, good resistance to impact and abrasion loads, be frost-resistant, and also must not be affected by weathering. The same requirements apply to stone materials (granite, diorite, diabase, gabbro) intended for protective slabs-shells of hydraulic structures. Materials and products made from natural stone (basalt, diabase, etc.) are also used for structures operating at high temperatures. In addition, materials and products made of granite, diorite, quartzite, basalt, diabase and siliceous sandstone in the form of facing stones and regular-shaped slabs are used to protect building structures and apparatuses from acids.

The production of stone materials and products includes the extraction of rock and its processing.

Stone mining. In cases where rocks lie shallow or come to the surface of the earth, their extraction is carried out in an open way in quarries. Rocks lying at great depths are mined underground in quarries or mines.

Dense rocks intended for the production of crushed stone or rubble stone are usually developed using an explosive method, however, the explosive method is not used to obtain slabs and blocks of large sizes from rock, since cracks can form in the rock. Separate blocks are sawn out or broken out of the massif by stone-cutting and cutting machines, as well as by special tools.

Easily processed rocks, such as tuff and shell limestone, are mined mechanized way with the help of stone-cutting machines, the cutting elements of which are horizontal and vertical circular saws with insert cutters. The stone-cutting machine is installed on a trolley that moves along the rail track along the face. With the help of disk plates located in three mutually perpendicular planes, blocks of certain sizes and regular geometric shapes are cut from the massif with a stone-cutting machine. On open pits, the stone-cutting machine designed by Galanin serves well. There are also stone-cutting machines that saw large blocks, which are then cut into slabs by other machines.

Loose rocks (sand, gravel, clay) are mined in an open way, using single- and multi-bucket excavators and other machines.

Wood- This important material, widely used in the construction industry, as it has high strength at low density, low thermal conductivity, ease of machining. At the same time, there are also disadvantages in wood: the unequal nature of a number of properties in different directions, easy decay and flammability, high hygroscopicity, and the presence of a number of defects.

Timber is divided into unprocessed (round) and processed (sawn timber, split timber, veneer, etc.)

Round timber- pieces of tree trunks cleared of branches:

· Construction and saw logs must have a diameter of the upper end of at least 14 cm and a length of 4 - 6.5 m, must be sanded and sawn at right angles to the longitudinal axis. According to the quality of the logs are divided into three grades:

podtovarnik - part of a tree trunk with a diameter of the upper end of 8 - 13 cm and a length of 3 - 9 m;

· poles have a diameter of the upper end 3 cm and a length of 3 - 9 m;

mine racks - roundwood material with a length of 0.5 - 5 m and a thickness at the upper end of 7 - 30 cm. Deviations in the length of the racks are allowed in the amount of ± 2 cm, diameter ± 0.5 cm for racks up to 11 cm thick (inclusive) and ± 1 cm for racks thick 12 cm or more.

lumber made by longitudinal sawing of saw logs:

plates or cuts - sawing a log into two halves;

· quarters - sawing up on two mutually perpendicular diameters;

slab or obapol - the cut outer part of the log. Obapol can be slab-shaped, when there is a cut on only one side, or plank - with a cut on both sides;

boards - lumber, the width of which is more than double the thickness. The thickness of the boards is 13 -100 mm, the width is 80 - 250 mm. Softwood boards have a length of up to 6.5 m, hardwood - up to 5 m with a gradation of 0.25 m. Boards are unedged (with unsawn edges for the entire length or half of the board) and edged (the cut must be more than half the length boards). According to the quality of wood and processing, boards are divided into five grades - selected, 1, 2, 3 and 4;

bars have a thickness or width of 100 - 250 mm with a ratio of width to thickness of less than two. Bars sawn from two sides are called two-edged or sleeper beams, and those sawn from four sides are called four-edged;

bars - lumber type timber up to 100 mm thick, its length is the same as that of the boards.

Fig. 1 Lumber (a - plates, b - quarters, c - slab, d - unedged board, d - semi-edged board, e - edged board, g - four-edged beam, h - cleanly edged beam)

Wood products: - planed molded products - floor boards, tongue-and-groove boards, seam boards; profile moldings - skirting boards and fillets, handrails for railings, trim for window and door frames, as well as boards of window sills;

· products for parquet floors - piece, typesetting and panel parquet, as well as parquet boards;

· carpenter's boards - slatted boards, glued on one or both sides with planed plywood or veneer (for doors, partitions, floors and panel furniture);

construction plywood - a flat sheet consisting of three, five or more layers of veneer. Veneer is obtained on peeling machines by cutting a layer of wood (birch, spruce, pine, etc.) in the form of a continuous wide tape from a rotating pre-steamed log and then cutting it into cut sheets. Veneer sheets are glued in such a way that the fibers of two adjacent layers are mutually perpendicular, which gives plywood strength greater than that of wood. Plywood is produced up to 22 mm thick. Plywood is of increased, medium and limited water resistance.

Rice. 2 Molded products (a - grooved boards, b - seam boards, c - plinth, d - platband, d - handrail)

Basic information about mineral binders and their classification: Mineral binders are called artificially obtained powdery finely dispersed materials, which, when filled with water (aqueous solutions), form a plastic dough that can harden as a result of physical and chemical processes, i.e., pass into a stone-like state. This property of mineral binders allows them to be widely used for the preparation of mortars and concretes, as well as for the production of various non-firing artificial stone materials, products and parts, adhesives and paint compositions. This is the largest in terms of nomenclature, the most common and significant group of building materials in terms of application.

Mineral binders are divided into air and hydraulic. Air binders - substances that can harden, long time maintain and increase its strength only in air. Air binders include air lime, gypsum and magnesia binders, liquid glass, etc.

Hydraulic binders are substances that are able to harden, retain and increase their strength for a long time not only in air, but also in water. Hydraulic binders include hydraulic lime, roman cement, Portland cement and its varieties, aluminous cement, waterproof expanding and non-shrinking cements, etc.

Building air lime is a binder obtained by moderate firing (not to sintering) of limestone containing no more than 6% clay impurities. As a result of roasting, a product is formed in the form of white lumps, called quicklime lump (boiler). Depending on the nature of the subsequent processing, the following types of air lime are distinguished: quicklime ground, slaked hydrated (fluff), lime dough, milk of lime.

Air lime production. Limestone, chalk, dolomitic limestone, etc. are used as raw materials for the production of air lime, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate CaCO 3, as well as a small amount of impurities - dolomite, gypsum, quartz and clay.

The technological process for the production of air lime consists of the extraction of carbonate rock (limestone or chalk) in a quarry, its crushing and sorting and subsequent firing in shaft or rotary kilns, where, due to the combustion of fuel, the temperature rises to 1000 - 1200 ° C and decomposition (dissociation) occurs limestone: CaCO 3 \u003d CaO + CO 2. The magnesium carbonate MgCO 3 present in limestone also decomposes during the firing process: MgCO 3 \u003d MgO + CO 2.

When further lowering into the cooling zone, the burnt lime is cooled by air, and then unloaded into the lower furnace by a special mechanism.

By using rotary kilns it is possible to produce lime from any carbonate rocks, including fine crushed limestone and loose wet chalk, which cannot be fired in shaft kilns.

High quality lump lime can be obtained by uniform firing of limestone to complete removal from it CO 2 . The oxides of calcium and magnesium (CaO + MgO) remaining after firing are active components of lime; their quantity determines the quality of the resulting material as a binder. In addition, lump lime usually contains a certain amount of underburning and overburning. Underburning - undecomposed calcium carbonate is obtained when too large pieces of limestone are loaded into the kiln or the firing temperature is not high enough. The underburnt has almost no astringent properties and therefore is a ballast. The burn is obtained as a result of the fusion of calcium oxide with impurities - silica, alumina and iron oxide - under the influence of too high a temperature. Burnt grains are extinguished very slowly.

When grinding in ball mills pre-crushed pieces of boiled lump lime, quicklime will be obtained, which, unlike slaked lime, has the ability to quickly set and harden. In the process of grinding boiled lump lime, various additives can be introduced: slag, ash, sand, pumice, limestone, which improve its properties and reduce the cost. In this way, for example, carbonate lime is obtained, consisting of 30 - 40% quicklime and 70 - 60% raw limestone. This lime is used for the preparation of self-heating mortars used in winter conditions.

Extinguishing lime. When quicklime is processed with water, calcium oxide turns into a hydrate according to the following formula: CaO + H 2 O \u003d Ca (OH) 2. This process is called "lime slaking" and is accompanied by the release of a large amount of heat and intense vaporization (this is why quicklime is usually called a boil).

Depending on the amount of water taken during quenching, hydrated lime (fluff), lime dough or lime milk are obtained.

Hydrated lime (fluff) is obtained when 6O - 70% of water is taken to quench lime - boiling water. The resulting hydrated lime is a white powder consisting of tiny particles of calcium hydroxide.

Depending on the quenching speed, lump lime is divided into quick-extinguishing with a quenching period of up to 20 minutes and slow-extinguishing - over 20 minutes. The higher the activity of lime, the faster it is extinguished and the greater the yield of lime dough.

Lime, as a rule, is used in construction in the form of a solution, that is, mixed with sand. Fields of application - Air lime is used for the preparation of lime-sand and mixed mortars used for masonry and plaster, in the production of silicate products, and also as a binder for painting paint compositions. In addition, ground and fluffy air lime is used in the production of lime-pozzolanic and lime-slag cements, which have hydraulic properties.

Solutions and products made with air-lime should not be used in damp rooms and foundations, as they are not waterproof. Plaster mortars on ground quicklime are recommended to be used both at positive and at negative outside temperatures. In this case, due to the fact that during the preparation and application of the solution a large amount of heat is released, excess moisture evaporates, and the solution itself quickly gains strength.

Gypsum binders are materials consisting of semi-aqueous gypsum or anhydrite and obtained by heat treatment of finely divided raw materials.

Gypsum binders, depending on the processing temperature of raw materials, are divided into two groups: low-firing and high-firing. Low-firing gypsum binders are characterized by rapid hardening. High-firing gypsum binders are characterized by slow hardening. Low-firing gypsum binders include: molding, building and high-strength gypsum, as well as gypsum binders from materials containing gypsum. High-firing binders include: anhydrite binder (anhydrite cement) and high-firing gypsum (extrich gypsum),

Production building plaster. When firing lumpy gypsum stone in a drying drum (rotary kiln), hot flue gases come into direct contact with slowly moving crushed gypsum stone. After firing, the gypsum is ground in a ball mill.

Joint firing of gypsum stone and its grinding is carried out in ball mills. In them, gypsum stone is crushed, its small particles are picked up by the flow of hot flue gases entering the mill. While in suspension, gypsum stone particles are dehydrated until they turn into semi-aqueous gypsum and are carried out by flue gases from the mill to dust settling devices.

Hardening of building plaster. When semi-aqueous gypsum is mixed with water, a plastic dough is formed, which quickly thickens and turns into a stone-like state. Further drying of the hardening mass leads to a significant increase in the strength of the gypsum. To accelerate hardening, artificial drying of gypsum products is used at a temperature not exceeding 60-65 ° C. At more high temperature the process of decomposition of two-water gypsum may begin, accompanied by a sharp decrease in strength. During hardening, gypsum increases in volume up to 1%, filling the molds well when casting gypsum products.

Application of building plaster. Building gypsum is used for products and parts used in the construction of buildings and structures at a relative humidity of not more than 60%. Gypsum and lime-gypsum are made from building gypsum plaster mortars, decorative, heat-insulating and finishing materials, as well as various architectural details by casting.

High-strength gypsum is a binder, consisting mainly of calcium sulfate hemihydrate, obtained by heat treatment of gypsum dihydrate in an autoclave under steam pressure or boiling in aqueous solutions of certain salts, followed by drying and grinding into a fine powder. It has a lower water requirement (about 45%), which makes it possible to obtain gypsum products with high density and strength.

High-strength gypsum is used for the manufacture of architectural details and building products with increased requirements by strength.

3. Prospects for the development of building materials production

In this section of the test, I would like to talk about the prospects for the production of building materials in Ukraine, while not relying on educational literature, which in particular covers topics, relying on statistics before the crisis years in our country or, for the most part, on foreign statistics.

In almost all regions of our country, there is an acute shortage of really affordable building materials, including heat and energy efficient building materials suitable for the construction of single-layer building envelopes.

The need for heat - efficient building materials is acutely felt not only in the construction of housing, but also in the construction of industrial buildings and premises, warehouses and buildings for other purposes. Moreover, the main task of heat-efficient construction is not only the construction of new facilities, but also the reconstruction of previously built ones. Further, the described company is engaged in the production and sale of sand-cement wall blocks and semi-blocks in the Crimean region. For the production of blocks, the vibrocompression method is used. The quality of building materials manufactured using the volumetric vibrocompression method exceeds the quality of materials produced by casting. And the quality of the manufactured products is not inferior in its technical and physical and mathematical properties to more expensive wall materials.

On the example of this company, I would like to emphasize, in my opinion, the main problem of the development of construction in our country: The use of not only foreign building materials, but also equipment for their production.Rice. No. 3 "Dobrovsky plant of building materials, Simferopol"

The capacity of the plant allows to produce 1,560,000 items. in year.

In addition, in the near future, the production of paving slabs will begin on the basis of the plant, using the vibrocompression method with a production volume of 218,400 sq.m. in year. total area plant area - 30,000 m.2

Product range:

Rice. No. 5 Stone concrete wall dressing hollow

The material is a concrete block intended for the construction of walls and plinths of wooden and stone houses. Has a smooth front surface. It has high compressive strength and frost resistance. Inner part block - hollow with partitions, which significantly increases the thermal insulation qualities of the material without a serious deterioration in strength characteristics.

It is used for erecting walls of low-rise buildings. During construction wooden houses used to build a plinth on a strip foundation. Blocks are designed for laying by hand. Fastened with ordinary masonry mortar. One block corresponds in size to eight single bricks (at a significantly lower price and less mortar consumption).

Density - 375 kPa. Frost resistance - 50 cycles. Load - 107 kg/cm. Water absorption - no more than 6%. Specific gravity 1m3 = 960 kg.

Rice. No. 6 Concrete partition wall hollow

The material is a concrete block intended for the construction of partitions of houses. It has high compressive strength and frost resistance. The inner part of the block is hollow with partitions, which significantly increases the thermal insulation qualities of the material without a serious deterioration in strength characteristics.

Blocks are designed for laying by hand. They are fastened with ordinary masonry mortar.

Density - 375 kPa. Frost resistance - 50 cycles. Load - 107 kg/cm. Water absorption - no more than 6%. Specific gravity 1m3 = 1152 kg.

In the production of blocks, colored pigments are used, which guarantee the invariance of color for decades. Possible colors: red, green, yellow, black, etc. Color saturation can vary over a wide range at the request of the customer.

The impact of technological progress on construction.

The scientific and technical development of the entire construction complex will continue in the future through the penetration of product and technological innovations of industrial firms serving the construction complex. The share of industrial firms in total costs of the construction complex is estimated at about 89%, and the construction companies themselves at only 11%. At the same time, both the achievements of national industrial firms and the purchase of licenses in foreign markets will contribute to scientific and technological progress.

IN construction industry can be expected further development industrialization through the use of diverse, unified super-light building structures, automated machines and mechanisms that are already successfully used.

New structures based on polymers and ceramics will become widespread in the construction of bridges and pipelines, as well as in new technologies for protecting concrete and metals from corrosion. The use of structures with high thermal insulation properties in the construction of single-family houses will significantly (by 40-50%) increase their energy efficiency. The proportion of building materials made on the basis of the use of secondary raw materials and waste will increase.

We should expect an expansion in the production of construction equipment with automated control systems. A qualitative leap in the automation of building machines will be associated with the widespread introduction of microprocessor technology. One can expect the use of mobile robotic complexes, for example, for laying concrete mix, installation of prefabricated building structures, in lifting and transport and finishing operations.

In the field of design, a qualitative leap is expected in the use of computers of new generations. This is due to the increased complexity of construction projects and the need to integrate all parts of the investment process in order to optimize it.

Strengthening integration processes.

Common for the three countries regional factors influencing the development of construction and the investment process in the near future are: liberalization of the international movement of investments in the process of regional economic integration, which improves the conditions for investment and the investment climate and acts as a factor in increasing the efficiency of capital investments; in strengthening the direct economic impact, including investment cooperation, between neighboring territories of various countries that are part of Euroregions and other similar entities. This will affect the dynamics, territorial and sectoral structure of investments of the states participating in this form of cooperation. The number of associations and the intensity of economic, including investment, interaction within their framework will undoubtedly increase in the future.

Conclusions for Post-Soviet States.

The cumulative effect of the factors listed above is manifested in the growth of labor productivity against the background of a reduction in the capital intensity of industrial production and a decrease in the volume of construction costs per unit of GDP. And this means that with a modest annual growth rate of volumes construction works the efficiency of construction production increases sharply.

In 2001-2015 The construction complexes of the CIS countries will have to implement many investment tasks that have already been largely resolved in the West. This is a radical renewal of the production potential of countries, the formation of a full-fledged industrial and social infrastructure, the creation of a modern agro-industrial complex, the development of the housing market, etc.

In a relatively stable economic and political environment, the implementation of such large-scale investment programs is possible only with sufficiently high average annual rates of construction development (at the level of 4-4.5 GDP.

List of used literature

1. Barinova L. Prospects for the development of the production of domestic building materials // Construction materials, equipment, technologies of the XXI century. 2002.

2. Karmanova I. Construction in developed countries: forecast for 2001-2015. // Construction and reconstruction. 2001. June 8, 2001 S. 35.

3. Voitov A. STROYMAK KNAF - an example of effective investment in the production of building materials // Budmaster. 2001, p. 34.

4. Building materials. Textbook for university students / Ed. G.I. Gorchakov. M.: Higher. School, 1982. 352 pp., ill.

5. Komar A.G., Bazhenov Yu.M., Sulimenko L.M., Technology for the production of building materials: Proc. for universities on special "Economics and org. prom. builds. materials". M.: Higher. school, 1984. 408 p. ill.

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Factors affecting the choice

A quarter of all construction costs go to building walls. Since the wrong material for building walls in the future can lead to even more expenses, the following factors should be taken into account when choosing it:

If you want to save on arranging the foundation by making a shallow lightweight version, then choose light material. Additional savings in the case of using light elements for the walls of the house will be during transportation and installation, because it can be done by hand without the use of expensive lifting equipment.
Choose building materialsthat have good thermal insulation characteristics. Otherwise, cold walls in winter will cost you dearly due to heating costs.

Tip: it is best to perform a heat engineering calculation taking into account the climatic conditions of the construction region. This is the only way to be sure that you have chosen the right material and wall design. So, in the northern regions of our country, even walls made of materials with high thermal insulation properties need to be insulated.

If piece materials, for example, bricks, are used to build the walls of the house, then a significant proportion of the costs will be the cost of paying masons. Even if you do all the work yourself, then consider the time and physical costs. It is much more profitable and faster to build from large-sized elements. The highest speed of wall construction is for houses built using frame-panel and frame-panel technology.
When choosing building materials for walls, it is worth considering how easy they are to finish and whether they need it at all. For example, walls frame house from OSB, you can not finish it at all, but simply paint it, and a log house needs a thorough finish outside and inside.

To understand what to build your house from, you need to understand the characteristics of building materials, so further we will describe the properties of each of them, list the advantages and disadvantages.

Brick

A house built of brick can stand for a century, or even a century and a half. There are many varieties of bricks that differ in important operational and technical characteristics.

So, for the construction of walls, silicate and ceramic types bricks. Consider their features:

ceramic brick made from fired red clay. It is durable, moisture resistant, environmentally friendly material. On sale there is a corpulent and hollow brick. The more voids in a brick, the higher its thermal insulation performance.
silicate brick is made on the basis of lime, sand and some additives. It also happens to be full-bodied and hollow. The latter option is characterized by lightness and improved thermal insulation qualities. Silicate full-bodied products are distinguished by good sound-proofing properties, but high thermal conductivity.

Also, this wall material is divided into front and ordinary:

It is better to build the walls of the house from ordinary brick. Products may have small defects in the form of cracks and chips, but due to this, their price is more acceptable. In addition, for the internal masonry of walls, the appearance of the product is not as important as for the front masonry.
Facing brick (front)- this is the wall material with which the facade is made out. All products must have the correct geometric shape, smooth or embossed surface, be free of flaws and defects. The price of a front brick is higher than that of its ordinary counterpart.

The strength of this wall material directly related to its brand, which can be from M 75 to M 300. The number indicates the load that one square centimeter of the product can withstand. The higher the brand, the more specific gravity products. To build a 2 or 3-storey house, brick grade 100-125 is enough. To perform the foundation and base, products with the brand 150-175 are used.

Also, when choosing a brick, it is important to take into account its frost resistance, that is, the number of freeze and thaw cycles that the product can withstand without damage and a decrease in strength by no more than 20%. This indicator is marked with the letter F and a number from 15 and above. For warm regions, you can use products with a frost resistance grade of 15; in colder latitudes, bricks of the F25 grade are used. For facing works a brick with a frost resistance of at least 50 is suitable.

Advantages and disadvantages of brick

Among the advantages of this wall material, it is worth listing the following:

Impressive service life.
aesthetic appeal.
Unlimited possibilities in terms of design and implementation of the most complex projects.
The material is not susceptible to corrosion, damage by fungi and microorganisms.
The product does not burn.
High sound and heat insulation characteristics.

The disadvantages include the following:

Due to the small size and large specific gravity, laying brick walls takes a long time and costs a lot.
Under brick walls, it is necessary to equip a solid buried foundation, and this entails increased costs for materials and earthworks.
In most cases brick walls needs additional insulation.

ceramic blocks

A ceramic block is a material made from a mixture of clay and sawdust, after which the element is fired in a kiln. This is a fairly durable product that allows you to quickly build the walls of the house. The strength of the ceramic block is so high that it can be made multi-storey building. Inside the material has a porous structure, and the outer surface is corrugated. For a tight connection, the ends of the material have grooves and ridges.

The height of the ceramic block is a multiple of the rows brickwork and other sizes may vary. Thus, it is possible to build from a ceramic block according to projects that are designed for bricks. But the speed of construction is much higher, since one ceramic block measuring 238x248x500 mm, which weighs 25 kg, is equal to 15 bricks, each of which weighs 3.3 kg. In addition to increasing the speed of construction, the cost of mortar is reduced, because it will be needed less.

Important: the width of the ceramic block can be 230, 240 and 250 mm, and the length is in the range of 250-510 mm. On the long side of the product there is a comb-groove lock.

Walls with a thickness of 380 mm or more made of this material do not need to be insulated, since the thermal conductivity of the product is only 0.14-0.29 W / m² x ° C. Marking wide blocks M 100. If you need to make thin but strong walls, then you can take elements marked 150. Frost resistance of ceramic blocks is at least 50 cycles.

Pros and cons of ceramic blocks

The advantages include:

The low specific weight and high strength greatly expand the scope of this material.
Installation of large-sized products is carried out quickly and without unnecessary labor.
Saving mortar due to the size of the elements and the absence of the need to make vertical seams.
The frost resistance of an ordinary ceramic block is higher than that of an ordinary brick.
Good fire resistance. The product is able to resist burning for 4 hours.
An optimal microclimate is created in the room from ceramic blocks, since the walls can "breathe" and regulate the humidity of the air.
The house can last a century and a half and at the same time will not lose its thermal insulation characteristics.

This material also has disadvantages, among which it is worth mentioning the following:

The price of ceramic blocks is quite high.
Since these products are relatively new on our market, it is difficult to find a good mason to perform masonry.
This fragile material needs to be stored and transported very carefully.

gas blocks

This material has excellent thermal insulation properties. In terms of thermal conductivity, a gas-block wall with a width of 300-400 mm is not inferior to a multi-layer brick structure. Walls of gas blocks maintain optimal temperature and humidity conditions indoors. The material is not subject to rot and has an impressive service life. The thermal insulation qualities of a gas block are 3 times greater than those of a brick wall.

Aerated concrete is quite light, so it is easy to transport and stack. It can be easily cut with a regular hacksaw to the right sizes. The laying of elements is carried out on a mortar or special glue, which requires little. The smooth, even surface of the gas blocks is easy to finish. Aerated concrete is considered environmentally friendly and non-combustible. It has a fairly high frost resistance.

Attention: for aerated concrete, the density characteristic is important. This indicator can be in the range of 350-1200 kg / m³. For an ordinary residential building, it is enough to take elements marked 500-900.

Advantages and disadvantages of gas blocks

The advantages of this wall product are many:

The laying of walls from gas blocks is carried out 9 times faster than the laying of bricks.
The low thermal conductivity of the product is a big plus in its favor.
Aerated concrete has a high fire resistance, it does not emit harmful substances even during combustion.
The porous structure of the material contributes to high frost resistance.
In terms of vapor permeability, aerated concrete is comparable only to wood.

Cons of aerated concrete:

Low bending strength.
The material is prone to cracking.
Hygroscopicity. After absorbing moisture, the thermal insulation performance of aerated concrete decreases, so the facade needs a protective finish.
It is impossible to lay floor slabs and beams directly on gas blocks, therefore, before laying them, you will have to make a monolithic armored belt. This entails additional costs and time.

Tree

Many people who decide to build a house make a choice in favor of wood. This natural material is environmentally friendly. It creates a favorable microclimate in the house, supports optimal humidity and saturates the air with healing phytoncides. IN wooden house warm in winter and not hot in summer, because wood has good thermal insulation characteristics.

A wooden house can be built from the following products:

The log can be of natural shape or rounded. In the latter case, the material correct form And smooth surface but needs additional protective treatment, since the natural protective resin layer, which is located under the bark, is removed during the process of cylindering.
You can use glued (profiled) and sawn or planed timber. Higher-quality houses are obtained from glued laminated timber, which has special grooves and ridges for a snug fit of the elements. Sawn timber is more often used to make frame houses.
Frame-panel houses are made of OSB, chipboard, moisture-resistant plywood, which are attached to the frame. Insulation is laid inside the wall.

The main advantages of wooden houses are their environmental friendliness, comfort and reasonable price. Under such a house, you can make a lightweight foundation. Disadvantages - fire hazard, shrinkage.

February 24, 2015

From the beginning of the 20th century, construction began to rapidly gain momentum. Now not only are being built apartment buildings, but also private facilities that are located outside the city. If earlier such houses were used mainly for recreation during the holidays, now you can live in them permanently, thanks to the developed infrastructure around the main city. Actually, in order to build a private house, it is necessary to have high-quality and reliable materials in the arsenal. Now building materials are presented in a huge assortment, so it is quite easy to get confused in them.

It is foolish to simply purchase goods on the principle of "the more expensive - the better." Manufacturers of building materials are constantly offering new, more advanced materials, but reality shows that you can make a really profitable purchase only in the presence of a specialist. We also note that most good stores provide delivery of building materials to any point you need, which is very convenient.

Further in the article we will talk about the main types of materials with which structures are built. Each of the types has certain features and is intended to perform specific tasks.

Types of building materials

The most common and popular materials:

Armature is a large set of metal parts and devices that are intended for correct operation a variety of equipment. Also, reinforcement is very often used to reinforce concrete, that is, to strengthen it;

The beam is intended mainly for overlapping interfloor ceilings. It can also be used for other purposes in the construction of structures;

Concrete is very widespread in all areas of construction. He has such positive characteristics as strength, durability and resistance to aggressive environments. It is used to make concrete floors, pour the surface of the floor and roof, create a variety of materials from it, for example, such as concrete fences. Also, most buildings simply cannot be built without the construction of a foundation made of concrete;

OSB boards- This is a finishing material that consists of about 90% wood chips. Bonded together with synthetic resins. Learn more about OSB boards at the link.

With the help of timber today, builders are building frames of light and inexpensive houses. Of the advantages of the timber, it is worth noting its environmental friendliness and ease in the construction of the building / frame;

Drywall is a fairly light and durable material, which is mainly used to insulate houses and create interior partitions. Drywall is very easy to mechanically process;

Brick is a classic material for the construction of private houses, stoves and fireplaces;

Steel is extremely durable metal material, which can last for many years if properly processed;

Slate, roofing felt and metal tile - materials that are designed to create roofing. Each of the materials has its own advantages and service life. Buy roofing materials in Minsk on the page http://vira-tr.by/products/child/?id=2

This is not the whole list of building materials that you may need when building a private house. In conclusion, we want to say that even for the construction of the smallest building, you will need to purchase a large amount of materials, because without some, the construction will simply be impossible.

Garage doors are often used in parking lots, individual garages, as well as cottage construction. Sectional garage doors installed in a private home are becoming increasingly popular due to a range of advantageous features, of which, first of all, it should be noted the ease and simplicity of installation, ease of use, as well as an attractive appearance. These gates are quiet in operation, they are reliable…

When you have a large house with several floors, you simply need forged railings. They will allow you to protect yourself and, importantly, children. Contrary to popular belief, such fences are not only highly functional, they are also quite aesthetic. If you approach the issue creatively, then you can choose a railing that will serve as a stylish addition to the interior. There are many campaigns in Kyiv,…

Currently, among the owners of country houses and cottages, modern window designs made of wood are popular. The wooden windows installed in the cottage have an aesthetic appearance, they solve the problems associated with the fact that living in it is a pleasure, it is comfortable. High-quality glazing of cottages is produced by companies specializing in the production wooden windows. Such windows are most often made according to ...

K category: Construction materials

Classification of building materials

Building materials are divided into natural (natural) and artificial. The first group includes: forest (roundwood, lumber); stone dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay), etc. The second group - artificial materials - includes: binders (cement, lime), artificial stones(brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes and Other materials, the production of which is associated with chemical processing.

Building materials are classified according to their purpose and scope, for example, roofing materials - roofing material, asbestos cement, etc.; wall - brick, blocks; finishing - solutions, paints, varnishes; facing, waterproofing, etc., as well as according to the technological basis of their manufacture, for example, ceramic, synthetic, etc. A special group is made up of heat-insulating building materials - they are made from various raw materials, used in various designs, but they are combined by a common property - low bulk density and low thermal conductivity, which determines the constantly increasing volume of their production and wide application in construction.

Building materials that are mined or manufactured in the area of the facility under construction are commonly referred to as local building materials. These primarily include: sand, gravel, crushed stone, brick, lime, etc. In the construction of buildings and structures, it is necessary first of all to use local building materials, which reduces transportation costs, which make up a significant part of the cost of materials.

For building materials manufactured by enterprises, there are State All-Union Standards - GOSTs and technical conditions - TU. The standards provide basic information about the building material, give its definition, indicate raw materials, applications, classification, division into grades and brands, test methods, transportation and storage conditions. GOST has the force of law, and compliance with it is mandatory for all enterprises manufacturing building materials.

Nomenclature and technical requirements to building materials and parts, their quality, guidelines for the selection and use, depending on the operating conditions of the building or structure being erected, are set out in the "Building Norms and Rules" - SNiP I-B.2-69, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee in 1962-1969. as amended in 1972. State All-Union Standards (GOSTs) have been developed for each material and product.

For correct application of a particular material in construction, it is necessary to know the physical, including the ratio of materials to the action of water and temperatures, and mechanical properties.

Residential, public and industrial buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from the effects of environment. All buildings consist of parts of the same purpose: - the foundation, which serves as the foundation of the building and transfers the load from the entire building to the ground; - frame - the supporting structure on which the enclosing elements of the building are installed; the frame perceives and redistributes loads and transfers them to the foundation; - enclosing structures that isolate the internal volume of the building from the effects of the external environment or separating individual parts of the internal volume from each other; Enclosing structures include walls, floors and roofs, and in low-rise buildings, walls and floors often serve as a frame.

From ancient times, residential and religious buildings were built from natural materials - stone and wood, and all parts of the building were made from them: the foundation, walls, roof. This versatility of the material had significant drawbacks. The construction of stone buildings was labor intensive; to maintain a normal thermal regime in the building, stone walls had to be made very thick (up to 1 m or more), since natural stone is a good conductor of heat. For the construction of ceilings and roofs, many columns were placed or heavy stone vaults were made, since the strength of the stone is not enough to cover large spans. Stone buildings, however, had one positive quality - durability. Less labor-intensive but short-lived wooden buildings were often destroyed by fire.

With the development of industry, new, different-purpose building materials appeared: for roofing - sheet iron, later - rolled materials and asbestos cement; for load-bearing structures - rolled steel and high-strength concrete; for thermal insulation - fibrolite, mineral wool and etc.

Specialization and industrial production of building materials, semi-finished products and products radically changed the nature of construction. Materials, and then products from them, began to arrive at the construction site almost ready-made, building structures became lighter and more efficient (for example, they were better protected from heat loss, from moisture, etc.). At the beginning of the XX century. began factory production building structures (metal trusses, reinforced concrete columns), but only since the 50s for the first time in the world in our country began to build prefabricated buildings from prefabricated elements.

The modern industry of building materials and products produces a large number of finished building parts and materials for various purposes, for example: ceramic tiles for floors, for interior cladding, facade, carpet mosaics; roofing material and glassine for roofing, insulating and hydro-insulating - for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate in this variety of building materials and products, they are classified. The most widely used classifications are by purpose and technological feature.

By purpose, materials are divided into the following groups: - structural, which perceive and transmit loads in building structures; - heat-insulating, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal conditions of the room at minimal cost energy; - acoustic (sound-absorbing and soundproof) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room; - waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from water or water vapor; - sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures; - finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences; - special purpose (for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.

A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are also used in pure form, and as a raw material for obtaining other building materials and products - these are the so-called materials general purpose. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially light concretes - thermal insulation materials; especially heavy concretes- special purpose materials used for protection against radioactive radiation.

The basis of the classification according to technological features is the type of raw material from which the material is obtained, and the method of manufacture. These two factors largely determine the properties of the material and, accordingly, the scope of its application. According to the manufacturing method, materials obtained by sintering (ceramics, cement), melting (glass, metals), monolithic with binders (concrete, mortar) and mechanical processing of natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials) are distinguished. For a deeper understanding of the properties of materials, which depend mainly on the type of raw material and the method of its processing, the course "Materials Science" is based on a classification according to a technological feature, and only in some cases groups of materials are considered according to their purpose.

- Classification of building materials

Building materials and products used in the construction, reconstruction and repair of various buildings and structures are divided into natural and artificial, which, in turn, are divided into two main categories. The first category includes general-purpose building materials: brick, concrete, cement, timber, roofing material, etc. They are used in the construction of various elements of buildings (walls, ceilings, coatings, roofs, floors). To the second category - special purpose: waterproofing, heat-insulating, refractory, acoustic, etc.

The main types of building materials and products are: natural stone building materials and products made from them; binders, inorganic and organic; artificial stone materials and products and prefabricated structures; forest materials and products from them; metal products, synthetic resins and plastics. Depending on the purpose, conditions of construction and operation of buildings and structures, appropriate building materials, products and structures are selected that have certain qualities and protective properties from exposure to various external environments. Given these features, any building material must have certain construction and technical properties. So, for example, the material for the outer walls of buildings (bricks, concrete and ceramic blocks) should have the lowest thermal conductivity with sufficient strength to protect the premises from the outside cold and withstand the loads transferred to the walls from other structures (ceilings, roofs); material of structures for irrigation and drainage purposes (lining of canals, trays, pipes, etc.) - water impermeability and resistance to alternate moistening (during the field season) and drying (during breaks between irrigation); road pavement material (asphalt, concrete) must have sufficient strength and low abrasion to withstand the loads from passing traffic and not collapse from the systematic effects of water, temperature changes and frost.

Starting to study the section "Building materials and products", it is necessary to understand that all building materials and products can be classified into groups according to various classification criteria: types of products (piece, roll, mastic, etc.); the main raw materials used (ceramic, based on mineral binders, polymeric); production methods (pressed, roller-calender, extrusion, etc.); purpose (structural, structural and finishing, decorative and finishing); specific areas of application (wall, roof, heat-insulating); origin (natural or natural, artificial, mineral and organic origin).

Building materials are divided into raw materials (lime, cement, gypsum, raw wood), semi-finished products (fibreboard and chipboard, plywood, beams, metal profiles, two-component mastics) and ready-to-use materials (bricks, ceramic facing tiles, tiles for floors and suspended acoustic ceilings).

The products include joinery (window and door blocks, panel parquet, etc.), hardware (locks, handles, other joinery fittings, etc.), electrical (lighting fittings, sockets, switches, etc.). etc.), sanitary products (baths, sinks, sinks and fittings for them, etc.). Products include parts of building structures - concrete and reinforced concrete wall and foundation blocks, beams, columns, floor slabs and other products of reinforced concrete products factories and construction industry enterprises.

When classifying materials and products, it must be remembered that they must have good property and quality. Property - a characteristic of a material (product) that manifests itself in the process of its processing, application or operation. Quality - a set of properties of a material (product) that determine its ability to meet certain requirements in accordance with its purpose.

The properties of building materials and products are classified into three main groups - physical, mechanical, chemical. Important properties that affect the choice of a method for the production of building materials are manufacturability, i.e., the simplicity and ease of processing or processing them to obtain products of the desired shape and size, and energy intensity - the amount of energy required to extract raw materials and obtain building material and products from it.

When evaluating the economic efficiency of building materials, in addition to these properties, the durability of the material is very important, which is characterized by its service life in the structure without repair and restoration or replacement.

If the materials are mined near the construction site, they are called local building materials. The cost of such materials is significantly reduced due to savings in transportation costs.

Light steel thin-walled structures have good thermal performance, low cost, ease of construction. The LSTK technology allows you to build prefabricated houses, cottages, apartment buildings, etc.

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