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Brick wall: masonry thickness. The main stages of brickwork technology

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Necessary tools and materials

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Brickwork walls requires sufficient experience and skill. Therefore, before proceeding with the construction brick walls at home, you need to practice on less significant objects. For example, do-it-yourself brick walls of a garage or other agricultural building on your site. But in any case, it is possible to start laying brick walls only if the foundation of the building is waterproofed.

Brickwork: the thickness of the walls of a brick house

The most common material for making stone exterior walls is brick. Centuries of experience and constant selection have helped to create its optimal size and shape.

A normal format brick, more commonly referred to as a single brick, has dimensions 250 x 120 x 65 mm. There are also one and a half (250 x 120 x 88 mm) and double (250 x 20 x 140 mm) bricks. Permissible deviations from the nominal dimensions of the brick should not exceed: in length ± 4 mm, in width ± 3 mm and in thickness + 3/-2 mm.

Quite often, when laying an external brick wall, it becomes necessary to use not a whole brick, but its parts, which have their own names: three-quarters (180 mm), half (120 mm) and a quarter (60-65 mm). According to regulatory documents, the number of incomplete brick parts in the purchased batch of goods should not be more than 5%. Sometimes on the building materials market you can find bricks of non-standard sizes, for example, "euro" (250 x 85 x 65 mm) or "modular" (288 x 138 x 65 mm). This fact must be taken into account if you plan to use imported and domestic bricks for brickwork of external walls. In addition, the thickness of domestic reinforced concrete elements (lintels, floor slabs) is a multiple of the height of domestic bricks.

The faces of a brick have the following names:

• Bed- located parallel to the base of the masonry (for all standard bricks, its size is 250 x 120 mm).
• spoon- the average area face, located perpendicular to the bed (for a single brick, it is 250 x 65 mm).
• Poke- the smallest face, located perpendicular to the bed (for a single brick - 120 x 65 mm).

The thickness of the walls in brickwork is measured in fractions of half or the full length of the material used. Thus, the thickness of the wall when laying bricks can be half a brick (120 mm), one brick (250 mm), one and a half bricks (380 mm), etc.

For the construction of external brick walls, bricks of the M75, M100, Ml25, Ml50, M200, M250 and M300 grades are produced. The numbers indicate the tensile strength (kg / cm2) and this allows you to select the material based on the calculation of the load on the walls. Another characteristic for a brick is its frost resistance, that is, the number of alternating freeze-thaw cycles that a brick can withstand while in water for more than a day. Bricks are produced with frost resistance F15, F25, F35 and F50. In areas with temperate climate use the F35 brand, and for warm regions, as a rule, F15 is enough.

Number of bricks and mortar for masonry walls

In order to roughly estimate the required amount of material for laying a brick wall with your own hands, you can use the following methodology. First, we calculate the perimeter of your house, then multiply it by the average height of the house, and we get the area of ​​\u200b\u200bits external walls. Using the table below, you can determine the number required brick and the volume of mortar for its masonry (per 1 m2), depending on the thickness of the wall, as shown in the table.

Masonry type	brick size	Including mortar joints, pcs.	The volume of mortar for masonry, m3
half a brick	single-half-double	51-39-26	0,02
in one brick	single-half-double	102-78-52	0,05
one and a half bricks	single-half-double	153-117-78	0,08
in two bricks	single-half-double	204-156-104	0,11
two and a half bricks	single-half-double	255-195-130	0,14

Despite the fact that the brick has good weather resistance, it is desirable to store it (especially silicate brick) under a canopy, which excludes direct exposure to atmospheric precipitation. To do this, the brick is stacked in stacks with ventilation gaps and passages between the stacks. When arranging a storage place, it must be taken into account that the conditions for storing bricks suggest that per 1 m2 usable area storage facilities with a maximum stack height of up to 1.5 m can store 700 bricks. If bricks are laid in packages (180-200 pieces in a package) in two tiers with a stack height of not more than 1.8 m, then the specific capacity of the site will be approximately 700-750 pieces / m2. Thus, taking into account the ventilation gaps and the utilization factor of the warehouse space, it is necessary to equip an area of ​​35-40 m2 to store several tens of thousands of bricks.

How to make a brick wall with your own hands: construction technology

Before you make a brick wall with your own hands, you need to arrange a horizontal waterproofing between the foundation and the wall. If you decide to independently lay the exterior walls of brick, but have little experience as a bricklayer, it is better to lay out the first row of bricks without mortar, but at intervals (about 10 mm) for him. This will help you lay out the bricks correctly (especially at the corners) using the minimum number of undersized pieces.

When arranging brick walls, laying with mortar should start from the corners. This is the most difficult moment. Each brick is laid on a level in three planes, and then the angle is also checked by a plumb line. Until the mortar has finally set, the bricks can be knocked in the right direction. After two corners of one wall are laid out, a nail with a cord tied to it is fixed in the seam under the upper brick.

The cord is stretched and fixed in the same way on the other end of the wall. During the laying process, this device will help to control the horizontality of the row being laid out, that is, it will allow you to monitor the height of the placement of each brick and ensure that it does not protrude beyond the edge of the wall and does not sink.

According to the technology of erecting brick walls, in addition, the horizontalness of the masonry is checked every 2-3 rows using a level and, if necessary, it is corrected (reduce or increase the thickness of the seam). According to the requirements for the quality of construction work with a clean masonry wall, its deviation from the vertical by no more than 12 mm is allowed within the height of the floor.

The technology of masonry walls provides for the layout of the brick in such a way that its chipped edge looks inward, where it is less noticeable. Brick laying of the walls of the house can be carried out either by applying the mortar to the bricks, or laying them on the mortar so that under the weight of the brick a seam of the desired thickness is formed.

In this case, it should be evenly distributed under the brick. When installing a brick, light tapping with a trowel handle is allowed. So that the excess mortar protruding from the seams of the masonry does not stain the wall, it is removed with the side of the trowel, which is held at an angle. As experience is gained, the amount of solution applied will be optimized and the amount of excess removed will be reduced.

If the building has internal walls or load-bearing partitions, then bricks are laid in the appropriate places along the foundation, which serve as the basis for laying the intersection of the walls. Later, when laying brick walls, the adjoining wall or partition is attached to the previously erected external one by means of a vertical “strobe” made in the form of a niche, or with the help of pre-fixed connecting elements (steel profiled rods, channels, etc.).

For cutting bricks, a pickaxe hammer or a special cutter is used. When working with a hammer-pick, several sharp blows are applied with a sharp end on both sides of the cut line. Finally, the brick is chipped off by blows of the blunt end of the hammer. Brick cutting is performed with the sharp end of a pick.

along the edges of windows and doorways to install the boxes, 2-3 wooden plugs 1/2 bricks in size are laid on each side. The corks are wrapped with one layer of roofing material, insulation is also made from roofing material for the box.

Above the openings in the outer masonry, a corner with a section of 100x100 mm is usually mounted. It is advisable to install bar reinforced concrete lintels, which you can buy or make yourself. They can also be molded locally - right on the wall. Lintels are laid in the walls in such a way that the length of the support is at least 250 mm.

In the event that work needs to be interrupted for a long time, the last row of masonry should be covered with film or roofing material and fixed with bricks. As a result, the wall will be protected from precipitation.

Vertical and horizontal seams are usually made with a thickness of about 10 mm (maximum thickness - 15 mm, minimum - 8 mm). If the wall will not be plastered, insulated or clad in the future decorative material, the seams must be carefully filled with mortar. After masonry, until the mortar has dried, such seams should be cut (embroidered) - to give them a finished look. For this, jointing is used - a tool from of stainless steel or covered with plastic, hardwood, as pure iron can leave dark marks. The depth of cutting of seams should be no more than 3 mm. If the project provides for wall decoration, it is allowed to lay on an incomplete seam, that is, the seams can be unfilled to a depth of 5-10 mm.

The strength of the wall is ensured by bandaging the seams. There are two ligation systems - single-row (chain) and multi-row. With a single-row system, each row of bricks is tied up, that is, each row of bricks (the brick is placed along the wall being erected), the row is overlapped by the bonder (the brick is located across the wall).

Multi-row ligation, and it is usually performed after three to six spoon rows, is much simpler, since it requires fewer incomplete brick parts. However, as calculations show, the strength of brickwork, made with dressing of vertical joints in each row or after three to six rows, is almost the same. Strength increases significantly if, regardless of the masonry system, in horizontal joints, through three to five rows, lay a reinforcing mesh with cells 6-12 cm wide from wire with a diameter of 3-6 mm.

The construction of the outer wall of a brick house

As you can see in the photo, lightweight brick walls can be conditionally divided into two groups. The first includes structures consisting of two parallel brick walls, between which an air gap remains or thermal insulation material is laid. At the same time, the insulation is protected from external influences, however, the structural strength of the wall is somewhat weakened.

The second group includes structures of external walls made of bricks, consisting of one wall, insulated (outside or inside) with thermal insulation boards. In this case, the thickness of the masonry can be minimal based only on the strength requirements (at least 250 mm in all climatic regions), and thermal protection is provided by the thickness and quality of the insulation. When the insulation layer is located indoors using the technology of erecting brick walls, the house is protected from water vapor by vapor barrier, when placed outside, it is protected from atmospheric influences by a screen or plaster.

Today, a large number of people prefer to live in private homes. Most often, such buildings are made either of wood or brick. The second option is more reliable and durable. With the help of bricks, laying of internal walls, partitions and external walls can be carried out. This material is universal for construction.

Such work is carried out in strict accordance with the instructions, which will be presented below. This will help to avoid all sorts of problems in the process of further operation of the house.

So, the brickwork of the outer walls is the primary task of every builder. Many may think: where to start? The process is carried out using a special tool. First, you should take care of its acquisition. Bricklaying will bring only pleasure if everything you need is at hand.

The choice of brick for construction

For exterior walls, 2 grades of material are used. These are silicate and ceramic bricks. In this case, the connection of all elements is carried out by means of a solution. - this is a rather laborious process, which can be dealt with only if you correctly approach all its stages. Ceramic brick is used quite often. It has standard dimensions and high strength. All faces of such a structural element have their own names.

Silicate brick differs from ceramic in geometrical parameters. For him, the main characteristic is compressive strength. If we are talking about the construction of a house in which there is one (or two) floor, it is enough to purchase a brick of grade 75 or 100. It is worth noting right away that this option is rarely used for exterior walls. It is more often used for interior walls and basement partitions. So, now we can safely say that for the outer walls the best option is the use of ceramic bricks.

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Preparation of mortar for masonry

Brick walls cannot be laid without a specially prepared mortar. Everyone knows this, but not everyone knows how to cook it correctly. In fact, there are several varieties of it. The most popular among our population is cement mortar. It consists of cement, sand and water. However, this is not the best option for masonry exterior walls. A composition that includes clay, lime, sand, cement and additional components is considered more perfect. This mixture has a long service life, high reliability and cement savings. It is this material that is quite expensive, so it is not recommended to abuse it.

Basically, this composition is used for interior walls and partitions, but sometimes it can also be used for exterior masonry. It is possible, for example, to use an even more economical version of the solution for chimneys. It consists of clay, sand and water. In this case, the first component is pre-soaked for approximately two days. Only after that, sand and water are added to the clay. The composition should resemble thick sour cream. Only in this case, the masonry is strong and durable. For walls, this solution should not be used.

Be sure to take into account the weather conditions when carrying out work. In hot weather, it is better to use formulations that contain a large amount of moisture. If we talk about wet weather, then it is better to use a thicker consistency. So, now everyone knows which solution to use for exterior walls. The most commonly chosen composition, which includes water, sand and cement. In this case, the proportions can be very diverse.

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Necessary tools and materials

In order to qualitatively perform the entire scope of work, it is imperative to acquire all the necessary tools and materials. In this case, you will need:

• trowel, which serves to apply the mortar to the surface of the brick and distribute it evenly;
• a hammer that will allow cutting bricks into pieces;
• jointing for masonry joints;
• plumb line, which serves to check the verticality of the walls;
• cord;
• bucket.

The thickness of the masonry is most often set equal to half the length of the brick from which it will be made. In this case, it is important to additionally take into account the thickness of the masonry joints.

If we talk about laying in one row, then the thickness is 250 mm. When masonry is selected in two rows, the thickness should be 510 mm. You need to choose the number of rows based on a variety of parameters. First of all, it is necessary to take into account in which region the construction is being carried out. If this is the southern part of the country, then one row is enough, and if we are talking about Siberia, then two rows may not be enough.

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Modern masonry methods

Building materials offer several possible options for brickwork at once. It is best to use a multi-row or single-row option. They got the most wide use V modern world. It is very important in the process of laying to carry out dressing of the seams. This is done to maintain the strength and rigidity of the structure. Ligation implies that a whole brick of the next one is laid on the seam of the previous row.

When it comes to single-row masonry, the dressing is carried out through a row. One of them fits with a poke. That is, it is this part of the brick that is placed facing the wall. It is laid across the longitudinal axis of the walls. The next row is different from the first. Here the brick is laid with a spoon part, that is, it is with this side that it turns across the longitudinal axis. This method of masonry is used everywhere. It allows you to save money on the purchase of a large amount of material.

However, single-row masonry is not as effective as multi-row masonry. It is best used in areas where the temperature outside does not drop to a critical minimum. In the north, of course, this option is not used. In the central part of our country, it is quite possible to get by with this method. However, it is worthwhile to foresee a layer of additional thermal insulation. It will keep the heat in the house despite the imperfections of the design.

When a person conceives a multi-row masonry, then dressing does not have to be done on each row. It must be done through several rows. Initially, a bonded version is placed, and then several rows of a spoon type are installed on it. You can't do without dressing here either. It will provide additional strength and reliability to the brickwork.

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Technology of bricklaying of external walls

Of course, you need to start from the base. It should already be built. Several rows of masonry are laid on it at once in the corners of the building. Further on these corners you need to establish orders. These are special devices that significantly improve installation. They will only allow you to design even corners and all subsequent rows. Do not forget about the waterproofing, which is laid on the base before further work begins. It can serve as a variety of materials.

You can use an ordinary ruberoid.

It will perfectly cope with waterproofing properties and protect the foundation of the house for many years.

Next comes the trowel or trowel. With this tool, a solution is applied to the row. Its thickness should be even approximately 30 mm. It is important not to bring it to the outer part of the wall by about 20 mm. It must also be remembered that the first row is almost always made tychkovy. The brick is laid flat or back to back. Both methods are widely used. When laying a brick end-to-end, a portion of the mortar is applied to it. By the way, its composition should be such that its mobility parameter will be limited to 12 cm.

Next, the brick itself is taken in hand. Its bonding face is located at a certain angle to the existing masonry. A little solution is applied to it, and then pressed tightly against the existing rows. This method is quite simple, and therefore often used in practice. In this case, even a trowel is not needed for work. Everything is done by hand. However, it can be used to apply the solution.

The second method, namely pressing, is slightly different from the one described above. Here it is imperative to use a trowel. It acts as the main instrument. In fact, this method of masonry is quite simple. First you need to use a trowel to capture a small amount of solution. After that, it is applied to the brick that has already been installed earlier. Next, a new construct is taken, which is pressed against the trowel.

Next, the trowel must be raised with a sharp movement. The brick will then be released. He needs to be put down. Then the whole sequence of actions is repeated in a circle. These are quite primitive methods, but they are used in the modern world. Even professional construction teams take them as a basis. The end-to-end method is especially popular due to its extreme simplicity and reliability. Every person who knows at least a little how to use a trowel is able to master this masonry technology in a matter of days.

After the masonry process is completed, it is worth processing the seams left after the work. In order for the brick to stick to the mortar better, it should first be soaked in water. Of course, this measure is not necessary, but it is worth taking note of it.

For many years, brick has been one of the main building materials. With it, you can create absolutely any building. It is ideal for building walls and foundations, bridge abutments and chimneys. The very technology of brickwork has been known to man since ancient times. Most of the parameters of the erected building depend on its quality.

Brick is valued for its durability, strength and fire resistance. For the construction of brick walls, they usually choose: - an ordinary solid brick (clay red) - weight 3.2-4 kg / piece; - hollow brick.

This technology belongs to the basic types. In addition to it, small-block, ceramic and mixed types of walling are also known. Before proceeding to the study of masonry with bricks, you need to familiarize yourself with all the nuances and features of this building material.

This technology is not very complex. The main thing in it is the phasing of all actions and the presence necessary materials and tools.

The basis of brickwork

If the building is built without observing right angle, level and plumb, it will look unprofessional and will not be stable.

• solid;
• masonry with four-row dressing of seams;
• with air layers;
• well.

Materials and tools

For laying bricks, you will need the following tools: ordering, trowel, hammer-pick, mortar shovel, jointing, rule, plumb line, building level, mooring cord.

No serious construction work is possible without the appropriate tools and materials for it. For the installation of each individual element, completely individual sets of the above tools are required. Brickwork is no exception. Its technology is based on the use of the following materials:

• brick;
• cement and sand for mortar;
• thermal insulation materials.

The next important point is the correct selection of all the tools necessary for masonry. For this job, you will need:

• trowel (plaster spatula) for applying and leveling mortar between bricks;
• a plumb line to maintain the verticalization of the masonry;
• pickaxe-hammer for hewing and splitting bricks;
• level;
• ordering to control the height of the brickwork;
• jointing for cutting seams between bricks;
• m-folding;
• mooring line for horizontal control of brickwork;
• measuring tape.

Feature of brick and mortar

The main types of ceramic bricks are building bricks (ordinary), facing bricks (front) in all their diversity and refractory bricks.

Depending on the component, the brick is divided into two main types:

• ceramic;
• silicate.

Ceramic is created by firing clay. It, in turn, is divided into facing, building and special brick. The main features of the first type are durable quality and uniform color. Most often it is used as a decorative element. building view ceramic brick is intended for initial and basic walling. After completion of work with this material, subsequent finishing of the building is necessary.

Special ceramic brick is fireclay refractory material. It is mainly used for laying various stoves, chimneys and fireplaces. The most common and in demand is building ceramic bricks. It is divided into two types: hollow and full-bodied. In the first variant, there are special holes in the brick, with the help of which the resistance to heat transfer increases. Full-bodied is a solid bar of ceramics.

It should be noted that the two above-mentioned types of building bricks do not differ much from each other either in quality or strength. Although many experts believe that masonry made of hollow material will be the best, since the walls from it are much warmer and more reliable. But these parameters are not key in assessing the quality of a brick. There are also criteria such as frost resistance and marking of this building material.

Before you start building brick walls, you need to know its resistance to the process of freezing and thawing. This parameter is called the frost resistance of the material. For laying exterior walls, this figure should be at least 55 cycles. Brick marking means the load that this material can withstand. It is denoted by the letter M and a code with a parameter from 100 to 300. For laying the walls of a two-story house, this indicator must correspond to the value of M 100, that is, the load is about 100 kg / cu. cm.

The structure of the "ordinary" brick: 1 - spoons; 2 - poke; 3 - top bed; 4 - bottom bed; 5 - vertical rib; 6 - horizontal transverse rib; 7 - horizontal longitudinal rib.

Each brick belongs to a certain size range. IN domestic production There are 3 main options for this building material:

• single, with a parameter of 200 x 120 x 65 mm;
• one and a half, with a parameter of 250 x 120 x 89 mm;
• double brick, with a parameter of 250 x 120 x 138 mm.

Similar foreign manufacturers offer the market a wider and more diverse choice of this building material. Another important point is that the type of brickwork is directly related to the location in it. this material. The construction of any walls can be made in a quarter of a brick, in a half-brick and in a brick. Required Technology and the type of masonry, as a rule, are selected in accordance with architectural features building under construction.

For bonding bricks, a special sand-cement mortar. It can be purchased ready-made in a specialized store. Many builders make it completely on their own. The basis of such a solution is a properly selected consistency. If the mass made turns out to be too liquid, then working with it will be very inconvenient and economically unprofitable. The fact is that a solution with such a consistency tends to flow into all brick voids. If this mass turns out to be too thick, then you will not be able to evenly align and distribute it.

The density of the solution is determined using a special cone. It must be lowered to the mass and follow the loading depth. It can vary on average from 6 to 15 cm. For a solid ceramic brick, the norm of this parameter is 11-14 cm, and for a hollow one - in the region of 7-9 cm.

Start of masonry work

On preparatory stage masonry walls set the order in such a way that the sides on which the rows of masonry are marked face the inside of the building (towards the bricklayer).

It is necessary to start laying bricks only on a solid, stable and even base. If it is very cold outside, the mortar will not seize the brick, but simply freeze. Therefore, experts recommend that masonry work be carried out at a temperature of at least +6°C. The foundation itself must be isolated from the side of the foundation.

It is advisable to immediately order everything necessary for construction. This is done so that there are no strong differences in some parameters, for example, in color. Bricks are best placed mixed from several pallets. Thus, you will not have problems with the difference in shades. you should try to arrange the brickwork in such a way that rainwater can run down the wall unhindered.

Before starting the main work on laying bricks, it is necessary to mark the corners and contours of the walls using special markings. In this case, you need to build on the parameters of the length of the material so that you do not have to split it. The connecting seam must be 10 mm wide. It is recommended that you first lay out the first row without using mortar - this way you can fully check the correctness of all necessary calculations.

After that, you can start the masonry process itself, but you must follow the structure of the seams. In fact, there is nothing complicated about this. The main thing is that the brick located in the upper row overlaps the gap that has arisen between the bricks of the lower row. This masonry technology will allow you to create a high-quality and durable wall. In this case, the correct load on the entire laid out brick row will also be observed.

Brick laying is carried out according to a certain pattern, which is often called dressing. Used as a binder cement-concrete mortar, which has excellent astringent properties.

Each unit of brick must be very well leveled and knocked out with the help of a trowel handle. After that, you need to establish special orders and attach a very strong thin cord to them. These are special strips that are placed vertically to achieve a stable and constant thickness of the seams. They also affect the correct horizontal position of the brickwork.

When laying the first row, the cord mentioned above should serve as a guide. With the help of ordering, special beacons are placed. This is the name given to the higher angular structure of the wall. After that, the cord must be pulled for each individual brick row of masonry. It is fastened with nails fixed in a fresh seam.

Main technological process

The process of laying bricks is completely dependent on the solution, or rather. its density. This mixture can be of two types: rigid and mobile. In the first state of the solution, it is necessary to put the brick in the clamp, with the maximum filling of the seams and their subsequent jointing. It is applied 10-16 cm from the wall surface. Next, the solution is leveled in the direction of the previously delivered brick. This is done with a tool called a trowel. Each subsequent brick must be placed on the applied mortar and pressed against the previous one. After that, it is leveled and, with the help of a trowel, the remaining excess mixture is removed.

In the presence of a mobile solution, it is necessary to apply the so-called bricklaying end-to-end. This type work must be done in a wasteland, that is, not completely filling the seams. With the help of a brick face, the solution is raked into the bed at a distance of 8-14 cm from the previously installed block. Based on this technology, a very good vertical seam is obtained. At the end, it is necessary to press the brick and remove the excess mortar mixture.

Types of brick laying: a) solid masonry; b) well masonry; c) brick and concrete masonry; d) a wall of ceramic target bricks.

There is a way to lay a brick wall, which combines the two above methods. It is called - end-to-end with pruning. It is relevant to use it if it is equal to 10-13 cm to the draft of the cone. The essence of this method lies in the fact that the solution is applied by laying bricks in a clamp, and the connection is applied by the butt method. The wall joints are completely filled.

When masonry, a factor such as the uniformity of the distribution of the mortar is very important. The strength of the seam and its density will depend on this. This value varies depending on the method. The main thing is to provide appropriate and optimal thickness seam.

When laying bricks in a quarter or half, it must be reinforced. This is done using reinforcing wire or metal mesh. Every 5-6 rows they must be placed in the seams. This is the most reliable and proven method of reinforcement.

Final stage of work

When laying bricks, you should not save mortar. For maximum strength of the walls, the brick must be completely immersed in the mortar, and the thickness of the seam should be about one centimeter.

After 3-4 rows of brickwork are laid out, you need to fill the seams with mortar, that is, cut them. Experts recommend doing this procedure is mandatory. This additional layer of grout will make the seams more beautiful from the outside, increase their endurance to temperature changes, and also provide full protection brick material. Such filling is a kind of preventive procedure against the destruction of the entire wall. If the seams are not cut, then there is a high probability that a lot of water will collect on them, and a large amount of moisture will begin to destroy the brick. This procedure you can not do it if after the erection of the wall it will be plastered.

It is always important to remember that control over the quality of masonry must be carried out constantly. With each new meter of wall, it is necessary to check such key parameters masonry, as the correctness of the angles in a row, its verticality and horizontality. This is done using a plumb line, level and a wooden square. Thus, during subsequent laying, you can eliminate the inaccuracies and deviations that have arisen. It is not allowed to move the delivered brick after the mortar has already hardened.

The process of erecting walls requires a certain period of time. Therefore, during periods of downtime or a break, it is imperative to cover it with a film. Do not forget about this, because under the influence of moisture it tends to collapse. The main thing is that in the process of masonry technology you always adhere to the main stages and do all the work with great responsibility. Then the brick walls of your building will serve you well for many years.

Brick masonry is a building structure consisting of laid in certain order ceramic artificial stones bonded with cement mortar. The strength of brickwork depends on the quality of the brick, mortar and compliance with the rules of construction. The technology of laying brick walls will become clear after studying the material presented in the article.

Building structures made of bricks are distinguished by:

• resistance to open fire;
• chemical resistance;
• seismic resistance;
• high thermal insulation characteristics;
• long service life;
• aesthetic appeal.

These are all positive qualities, the negative ones include the limitation of the number of storeys of buildings under construction due to relatively low compressive strength and significant specific gravity. Most often, a single brick is used, the dimensions of which are 250 × 120 × 65 mm: it fits comfortably in the hand. However, there are other options:

• one and a half - 250 × 120 × 88 mm;
• double (or ceramic stone) - 250 × 120 × 138 mm.

The cost of laying brick walls of this size is reduced by saving mortar and time: loading and unloading operations and the erection of walls are faster. In addition, the brick is solid and hollow (it has the best thermal insulation qualities). There are also ordinary bricks (used for laying internal walls and piers) and facing bricks (for the outer surface of buildings).

The initial stage of brickwork of external walls

Basic rules for the construction of external walls of brick

The laying of ceramic brick walls is carried out according to certain rules. Their observance is the key to stability building structure. The basic rules are these.

Bricks can be used to build walls of various thicknesses. Internal partitions (piers) most often have a thickness of 120 mm (half a brick). The construction of unheated buildings for household purposes involves the thickness of the walls in brick, that is, 250 mm. Residential buildings are built with walls one and a half (380 mm), two (510 mm) or two and a half (640 mm) bricks. The brick is laid on a mortar, which must fill all the gaps between them. The maximum allowable joint thickness is 12 mm. It can be convex or concave. Seam cutting happens:

• waste;
• undercut;
• embroidered-convex;
• embroidered-concave.

When laying bricks, use the rules of dressing.

1. Spoon involves overlapping bricks in adjacent rows by half the length.
2. Chain involves overlapping the seams for a quarter of the length of the stone with symmetry.
3. Cross ligation is similar to chain ligation, but symmetry is not observed.

To your attention laying brick walls: a video demonstrating the main stages of the process.

Arrangement of door and window openings

Door and window openings reduce the strength of the building structure, as its integrity is violated. Therefore, it is necessary to form such openings in compliance with special requirements.

1. When laying bricks where a window frame or door block will be installed, you need to create a quarter using a brick offset. In such a recess, a window or door will look aesthetically pleasing.
2. The upper part of the opening is formed using a reinforced concrete lintel. It is allowed to use a metal channel or a corner of sufficient strength.
3. The geometry of the opening must be controlled by a plumb line and a building level.
4. Above the opening, the brick is laid in compliance with the same rules that are required when erecting a solid section of the wall.

Armopoyas: its purpose and installation rules

Armopoyas is a welded mesh made of steel wire laid in concrete between rows of bricks (along the perimeter of the building). Armopoyas is required for:

• fastening masonry, its "monolithing";
• reduce precipitation;
• wall ties and protect them from cracks;
• load distribution over window and door openings.

Installation of reinforcing belts is carried out as follows.

1. A grillage can be used as the first reinforcing belt. During its manufacture, concrete is poured into a trench dug for the device. strip foundation. The height of the armored belt is about 0.4 m, the width is within 0.7 - 1.2 m.
2. The second armored belt is arranged on top of the foundation blocks. It is designed to evenly distribute the load on the base along its entire perimeter. Installation is carried out from reinforcement rods with a diameter of 10-12 mm, which are tied into a grid. At the pouring height (0.2-0.4 m), a formwork is arranged into which concrete is poured.
3. The third armored belt is mounted under the interfloor partitions. Its task is to distribute the load on the walls from the floor slabs. The fourth armored belt should be on the second floor under the slabs. Its filling is performed similarly to the third.

In addition, to strengthen the masonry between rows (every three or four), a reinforcing wire mesh is laid.

Arrangement of internal partitions

Internal piers (partitions) are erected, most often, as thick as a brick floor. This is allowed for structures that are not load-bearing. Rubble brick can be used for this. It is characterized by inconsistency in size and uneven edges. This makes it difficult to maintain the level in each row, but more low cost such a building material justifies its use. The quality of the surface of the walls of the internal partitions requires plastering. Reinforcement of rows of masonry walls is not performed.

Silicate brick masonry technology

Silicate brick masonry has some differences from ceramic brick masonry. They consist of the following.

1. The masonry mortar is prepared with a slight decrease in the proportion of water, which makes it thicker.
2. The work uses the technology of laying in a clamp, in a butt and in a butt with undercutting. The most commonly used technology is in the clamp: the solution is applied with a layer of 1 cm on the brick of the previous row, leveled and then removed with the edge of the trowel, starting from the front side. After that, the solution is applied to the brick to be laid, which is pressed and tapped with a rubber mallet. The stitching is done right away. This method is good because the mortar tightly fills the space between the bricks.
3. The butt-laying technique involves the distribution of the mortar along the previously laid row and the draft of the brick according to the level. The solution displaced in this case forms a vertical seam.
4. The “butt with pruning” method combines the techniques of the previous methods. The displaced solution is supplemented with a small portion, pressing and pressing it with a trowel.
5. For more quality styling silicate brick, you can pre-moisten it by immersion in a container of water. This allows you to reduce the extraction of moisture from the solution, and therefore improve adhesion.

Masonry walls made of porous bricks

This building material has good thermal insulation. The larger size (compared to ordinary brick) allows you to make the walls thicker. Porous brick masonry has the following features.

1. With the help of lime, and not cement mortar, masonry walls are made of bricks. Its price is higher, but it does not absorb moisture so much, which allows you to make the house dry. You can also use special glue or warm solutions (which include expanded mica).
2. To prevent the solution from filling the internal chambers, the blocks are covered with a fine mesh.
3. The advantage of porous blocks is that with their help, construction is carried out in a shorter time.
4. To eliminate cold bridges (if a warm solution was not used), a polyethylene foam tape is used.

Dismantling of masonry brick walls

If it is necessary to dismantle a building or part of it, manual, mechanical and explosive methods are used. If you need to dismantle a small section of the wall or remove the partition, all work is done manually. The following tools are used for this:

• hammer, sledgehammer;
• chisel, steel wedges;
• jackhammer or perforator;
• crowbar, pickaxe.

During operation, the following rules are observed.

1. Before the demolition of the wall, it is necessary to find out with the help of specialists whether it is not a carrier: the dismantling of such structural elements without special preparation and permission from the relevant authorities is prohibited.
2. If you need to remove only part of the wall? care should be taken to temporarily strengthen adjacent structures. This is done with the help of arches, supports made of metal corners and channels, wooden logs and beams.
3. Before proceeding with disassembly, turn off the power supply and remove the electrical wiring in the area to be dismantled. Furniture and plumbing fixtures attached to the wall should also be removed.
4. Work should be carried out in compliance with safety regulations, using a hard hat, gloves, dust goggles and masks.
5. The analysis of the wall begins from above, removing one brick after another.
6. Old brick can be cleaned of mortar and reused.

We offer a video that clearly demonstrates the process of dismantling a brick structure.

Brick is a durable, strong material with high fire resistance. Brick is the most common building material with a size of 250x120x65mm, excluding 3-5mm tolerances.

Bricks are laid with a long side (25 cm) along the facade (along the wall) and are called spoons or short - across the wall and are called pokes. The gaps between bricks filled with mortar are called seams.

The normal thickness of the horizontal seam (between rows) is 2 mm, vertical (between bricks) - 10 mm. The use of much thicker joints is extremely undesirable, because this reduces the heat-shielding qualities and strength of the wall and violates the modularity of dimensions.

In construction, solid bricks are used, ordinary or clay red, fired, with a bulk weight of 1700-1900 kg / m3 and less expensive silicate or white (bulk weight - 1800-2000 kg / m3). For the convenience of work, the weight of one (solid) brick is from 3.2 to 4 kg. The thickness of homogeneous (solid) brick walls is always a multiple of half a brick and is raised to 1/2; 1; 1 1/2; 2; 2 1/2 bricks, etc. Given the thickness of the vertical joints of 10 mm, brick walls have a thickness of 120, 250, 380, 510, 640 mm or more.

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4.	5.	6.
Types of bricks: 1 - regular solid brick; 2 - hollow brick; 3 - facing brick; 4 - silicate brick; 5 - refractory brick (chamotte); 6 - clinker brick

In terms of its heat-shielding properties, brick is inferior to many materials, for example, at an estimated outdoor temperature of 30 ° C (central part of Russia), external walls made of solid brick of continuous masonry should have a thickness of 640 mm (2 1/2 bricks), which is 2.5 -3 times more than wooden ones.

Domestic industry produces mainly six types of bricks.

Ordinary solid brick, usually red, has frost resistance, porosity from 6-8% to 20%.

The porosity of a brick determines the strength of its adhesion to the masonry mortar, the thermal conductivity of the walls and the absorption of moisture when the weather changes.

Usually ordinary brick has an unattractive rough surface, as a result of which the internal and external walls erected from it must subsequently be plastered.

Hollow brick - for the construction of external walls with increased heat-insulating ability. Color: pale red, dark red, brown, yellow.

Hollow brick is used to reduce the thickness of the walls. The presence of voids in brick reduces the need for raw materials, transport costs, facilitates firing, and increases frost resistance. In order to reduce the consumption of bricks, reduce the mass of walls and the load on the foundation, external walls can sometimes be completely laid out from hollow bricks.

Hollow bricks are made with through and non-through round, slit-like, oval or square voids. Due to the fact that the diameter of the through voids does not exceed 16 mm, and the slot width is 12 mm, during the masonry process, the mortar slightly fills the voids, and the masonry has a reduced thermal conductivity. A brick can be of plastic or semi-dry pressing: with plastic pressing, a brick is made with through voids, and with semi-dry, with non-through ones (it is also called five-walled and laid with voids down).

The brick facing - practically for all types of external works. The color, depending on the raw material, ranges from light yellow to dark red. Withstands water and frost.

Some types of facing bricks used for exterior decoration of stoves, fireplaces, have beautiful ornaments imprinted on the outer surface, giving them an additional decorative effect.

With the use of facing bricks, the cost of the walls increases, but the difference is approximately equal to the cost of plastering the facade.

Facing bricks of light colors, yellow and cream - are made of light-burning clays, the color of already fired bricks in more the content of various compounds in the clay, and above all iron oxide.

A peculiar aesthetic effect is achieved when using a profile facing brick. In the old days, profile bricks were obtained by hewing ordinary bricks or in special forms.

Figured brick - mainly for exterior finish. Color - red-brown, possesses high frost and moisture resistance.

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Glazed brick - for facing internal and external walls. Color - different range of colors.

Glazed brick refers to facing bricks and is intended mainly for original cladding. Glazed bricks are obtained by adding various chemical solutions to the clay mass, which form a colored vitreous layer during the firing of raw materials. And decorative layer has good adhesion to the bulk and has increased frost resistance.

In terms of its main properties, glazed brick is similar to clinker ceramics, however, compared to other types of facing bricks, it is the most fragile, which greatly limits its scope. It is interesting to use it for various kinds of panels and mosaic paintings both on the facades of houses and indoors.

Ceramic clinker modular brick is used for facing external walls. Color: white, gray, light black, red, low moisture absorption, heat-resistant, frost-resistant.

Features of ceramic clinker brick consist in its frost resistance (withstands at least 50 heating-cooling cycles), heat resistance, low level of moisture absorption (0.2%). This is achieved both by the choice of raw materials and by a special firing technology (at a temperature of 1800°).

The brick has smooth end walls, like ceramic tiles, And custom size- larger than that of an ordinary facing brick (in this regard, it is called "modular"). Therefore, due to the smaller number of required bricks in the wall being built, it is possible to reduce the laying time.

To reduce the consumption of bricks, reduce the mass of walls and the load on the foundation, the outer walls are laid out from hollow or solid bricks, but with the formation of voids, wells, the use of heaters, warm mortars, etc.

Examples of constructive solutions for external walls

Type of brick	Characteristics of the construction of external walls	Wall thickness in mm	Estimated t 0 outdoor air
Clay ordinary full-bodied and silicate
			5 0 С
			10 0 С
			20 0 C
			30 0 С
	Masonry with an air gap		20 0 С(-30 0 С)
			30 0 С(-40 0 С)
			40 0 С(-50 0 С)
	Well masonry with internal plaster and mineral backfill with a bulk density of 1400 kg / m 3		10 0 С(-20 0 С)
			25 0 С(-35 0 С)
			35 0 С(-50 0 С)
	solid masonry with internal insulation thermal insulation boards 10 cm thick		20 0 С(-30 0 С)
			30 0 С(-35 0 С)
			40 0 С(-50 0 С)
	Solid masonry with internal plaster and external hollow slab insulation 5 cm thick		20 0 С(-25 0 С)
			30 0 С(-40 0 С)
			40 0 С(-50 0 С)
hollow clay	Solid masonry with internal plaster		10 0 С
			20 0 C
			35 0 С
			35 0 С
	Masonry with an air gap (5 cm) and external and internal plaster		15 0 С(-25 0 С)
			25 0 С(-35 0 С)
			40 0 С(-50 0 С)

Solid brick masonry is the most irrational, masonry with the formation of closed air gaps 5-7 cm wide is more economical. At the same time, brick consumption is reduced by 15-20%, but external plaster is required. The air gaps are filled with mineral felt, polystyrene foam. It is also effective to use warm masonry mortars based on aggregates from slag, expanded clay, tuff, etc.

The most common economical construction of external masonry masonry walls, in which the wall p style="text-align: center;"p style="text-align: center;"span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt;" in fact, they are laid out from two independent walls half a brick thick, interconnected p style=”text-align: center;”p style=”text-align: center;”by vertical and horizontal brick bridges /p and with the formation of closed wells. Wells along the masonry are filled with slag, expanded clay or lightweight concrete. This solution protects the insulation well from external influences, although it somewhat weakens the structural strength of the wall.

With continuous masonry, it is economical to install brick walls with external or internal insulation. In this case, the thickness of the brick wall can be minimal, based only on strength requirements, that is, it can be equal to 25 cm in all climatic regions, and thermal protection is provided by the thickness and quality of the insulation. When the insulating layer is located from the inside, it is protected from water vapor by a vapor barrier, when located outside, it is protected from atmospheric influences by a screen or plaster.

Brick walls have a large thermal inertia: they warm up slowly and also cool down slowly. Moreover, this inertia is the greater, the thicker the wall and the greater its mass. In brick houses, the temperature inside the premises has slight daily fluctuations, and this is the advantage of brick walls. At the same time, in houses of periodic residence (dachas, garden houses), such a feature of brick walls in the cold season is not always desirable.

A large mass of cooled walls requires significant fuel consumption each time for its heating, and sharp changes in temperature inside the premises lead to moisture condensation on the inner surfaces of brick walls. In such houses, it is better to sheathe the walls from the inside with boards.

Internal load-bearing walls are usually laid out from solid (clay or silicate) bricks. The minimum thickness of the internal load-bearing walls is 25 cm, the section of the pillars is at least 38 × 38 cm, the section of the walls is at least 25 × 51 cm. Under heavy loads, the load-bearing pillars and walls are reinforced with a metal mesh of wire with a diameter of 3-6 mm in three to five rows in height.

Partitions are laid out with a thickness of 12 cm (in half a brick) and 6.5 cm (brick "on edge"). With a length of partitions laid out “on edge”, more than 1.5 m, they are also reinforced with wire through two or three rows in height.

Facades are best faced with facing ceramic bricks. In appearance, texture and tolerances in size, it is of the highest quality.

Brick walls are usually laid out on cement-sand, cement-lime or cement-clay mortars. Cement-sand mortar with any brand of cement turns out to be unnecessarily strong and rigid, therefore it is better if lime or clay dough is added to it. The solution from such an additive will become plastic and workable, and the consumption of cement will decrease by 1.5-2 times.

Well masonry: a - a fragment of masonry; b - ordinal layout when laying a right corner of the wall; in - the corner of the wall of the well masonry; 1 - insulation; 2 - diaphragm made of bonded bricks; 3 - jumpers

Lime dough used as an additive to cement-sand mortar, prepared from slaked lime. If available quicklime in the form of separate pieces (boiling) or powder (fluff), it must be extinguished with water in a creative pit lined with boards and kept in this state for at least two weeks. The longer the exposure time, the better. The homogeneity of the composition and the strength of the lime paste at long exposure rise.

It is also advisable to prepare clay dough for masonry mortars in advance. Pieces of clay are soaked in water and kept in this form until completely soaked for three to five days. Then water is added, mixed, filtered, drained after settling excess water and put into action. The shelf life of clay dough is unlimited.

The mortar for brickwork is prepared immediately before the start of work and used within 1.5-2 hours.

The thickness of the vertical seams is taken on average 10 mm. Horizontal seams when using a solution with plasticizing additives (lime or clay) are also laid out with a thickness of 10 mm, without additives - 12 mm. The maximum thickness of the seams is 15 mm, the minimum is 8 mm.

The strength of the wall is ensured by bandaging the seams.

There are two suture dressing systems:

• single row chain;
• multi-row.

Multi-row mixed dressing is also possible.

With single-row knitting, bonded rows also alternate. Two-, three-, six-row masonry dressing systems are more common.

The strength of brickwork, made with bandaging of vertical joints in each row or after three to six rows, is almost the same.

It increases significantly if, regardless of the masonry system, in horizontal joints, through three to five rows, lay a reinforcing mesh with cells 6-12 cm wide from wire with a diameter of 3-6 mm.

Enough wide application received in individual construction masonry with three-row diaphragms and, of course, mixed masonry.

Facade cladding, as already mentioned, is made with ceramic bricks (stone), but this can be successfully done with thickened bricks with voids and, finally, with concrete stone.

Two-, three- and six-row masonry systems: a - two-row masonry system; 1 - bonder row; 2 - spoon row; 3 - displacement of vertical seams; b - three-row masonry system; 1 - bonder row; 2 - spoon rows; 3 - coincidence of three vertical seams; c - six-row masonry system; 1 - bonder row; 2 - spoon rows; 3 - displacement of vertical joints by a quarter of a brick; 4 - the same, half a brick	Masonry from ceramic stones (a), from thickened bricks with voids (b), from concrete stones (c)

Of undoubted interest is lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms.

This layout consists of two parallel walls 1/2 brick thick, connected every five rows of masonry with horizontal bond rows. The latter are sometimes replaced with bars of reinforcement 6 mm thick, which are laid every 50 cm of the wall length. The ends of the bars are bent at a right angle. The total length of the bars should be such that they are at a depth of 8-10 cm in the masonry.

When erecting such walls, first lay out two walls to a height of five rows. Then the space between them is covered with dry fillers or poured with “warm” concrete (adobe) in layers of 15 cm thick and everything is thoroughly compacted. The last layer is leveled at the masonry level.

If the diaphragms are brick, then whole bricks are placed on the mortar from the lower and upper sides, ensuring their strong bonding. In order to protect the rods used from rusting, in the backfill against the places where they are laid, furrows with a depth and width of 3-4 cm are selected with a trowel. The same furrow width and length of 5-6 cm is chosen near the walls.

Lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms: a - brick; b - from "warm concrete and reinforced steel	Brick-concrete anchor masonry: a - masonry fragment; b - ordinal layout of bricks when laying a right angle; in - the corner of the wall; 1 - outer verst; 2 - insulation (lightweight concrete); 3 - anchor poke; 4 - inner verst

Both those and others are filled with a solution (preferably cement, composition 1:4 or 1:5) to such a height that the reinforcement to be laid is recessed in it either by half its thickness, or completely. After removing the first row, the bars are covered from above with a layer of mortar of the same thickness. Then five more rows are laid, the filler is poured or the mortar is poured, bars are laid, etc. In the course of laying, every two rows, the voids are filled with "warm" concrete on light aggregates. The released brick pokes are also firmly bound with concrete. Such masonry reduces the cost of walls by 25-30% and reduces the need for bricks. Lightweight masonry is acceptable when building houses no higher than two floors.

Anchor masonry consists of two parallel brick walls, in the space between which lightweight concrete is laid. Bonded bricks protrude inside the masonry into concrete and are a kind of anchors connecting concrete and brick into a single structure. The blind parts of the walls can be connected after 2-3 m with continuous vertical diaphragms 1/2 brick thick.

The consumption of materials per 1 m 2 of a brick wall with solid and lightweight (well) masonry can be calculated from the tables below.

Brick consumption per 1 m 3 of a solid brick wall

Brick	Material	Unit	Wall thickness in bricks and cm
			1/212	125	1.538	25	2.564
Ordinary brick 250x120x65	Brick	PC	420	400	395	394	392
	Solution	m 3	0.189	0.221	0.234	0.24	0.245
Modulated brick 250x120x88	Brick	PC	322	308	296	294	292
	Solution	m 3	0.160	0.20	0.216	0.222	0.227

Consumption of materials per 1 m 2 of a brick wall of lightweight (well) masonry

Type of brick	Material	Unit	Filler type
			without openings	cinder block		without openings	slag
Ordinary brick 250x120x65		PC				FROM
	Solution	m 3
	slag concrete	m 3	0.207	0.201	0.19
	Slag	m 3				0.129	0.125	0.12
modulated brick 250x120x88	Clay or silicate brick	PC
	Solution	m 3	0.055	0.057	0.059	0.034	0.035	0.036
	slag concrete	m 3	0.207	0.201	0.19
	Slag	m 3				0.129	0.125	0.12

The list of masonry types should be supplemented with the most durable - English - dressing, in which the spoon and poke rows alternate through the row. That is, the bricks of two rows adjacent in height lie crosswise with respect to each other.

With Flemish dressing, spoon and bonder bricks alternate in one row

Methods and sequence of masonry. The choice of masonry method depends on the plasticity of the mortar, the time of year and the requirements for the cleanliness of the front side of the masonry.

There are three ways: press, butt and butt with undercut solution, and backfill - in semi-butt.

Using the clamping method, brick walls are laid out on a hard mortar (cone draft - 7-9 cm) with full filling and jointing. In this way, both spoon and bonded versts are laid. In this case, the solution is spread out with an indent from the face of the wall by 10-15 mm. The mortar is leveled with the back side of the trowel, moving it away from the laid brick and arranging the mortar bed simultaneously for three spoon or five bonded bricks.

Masonry according to the method of pressing: a - spoon row; b - bonder row

Laying according to the butt method with trimming the solution: a - spoon row; b - bonder row

Masonry according to the method of pressing: a - spoon row; b - bonder row of the outer verst; 1-4 sequence of actions

The masonry is strong, with full filling of the joints with mortar, dense and clean. However, this method requires more movements than the others and is therefore considered the most time consuming.

By the butt method, laying is carried out on plastic mortars (cone draft - 12-13 cm) with incomplete filling of the joints with mortar along the face of the wall, i.e., a waste.

The solution is spread with a bed indented from the outer vertical surface walls by 20-30 mm, so that when laying the mortar is not squeezed onto the front surface of the masonry. When laying masonry in seismic regions, laying bricks in verst rows by the butt-joint method is not allowed.

The butt joint method with mortar trimming is used in the construction of walls with full filling of horizontal and vertical seams and with jointing. In this case, the solution is spread out in the same way as when laying down, i.e. indented from the face of the wall by 10-15 mm, and the brick is laid on the bed in the same way as when laying butt. Excess mortar, squeezed out of the seam onto the face of the wall, is cut with a trowel, as when laying against the wall.

The mortar for masonry is used more rigid than for masonry without pruning, with a mobility of 10-12 cm. If the mortar is too plastic, the bricklayer will not have time to cut it off when squeezing it out of the masonry joints.

In a half-hearted way, lay out the backing. To do this, first a solution is spread between the inner and outer versts. Then they level it, after which the brick is laid in a backfill.

Laying the backfill in a half way way: a - by poking; b - spoons; 1-2 - sequence of actions

The seams are embroidered before the mortar sets, since in this case the process is less laborious, and the quality of the seams is better. At the same time, they first wipe the surface of the masonry with a rag or brush from spraying the solution, then embroider the vertical seams (6-8 pokes or 3-4 spoons), after which - the horizontal ones.

Laying sequence. Laying rows of bricks should begin from the outer verst. The laying of any structures and their elements (walls, pillars, cutoffs, laps), as well as the laying of bricks under the supporting parts of the structures, regardless of the dressing system, begin and end with a bond row. Masonry can be carried out in order, stepped and mixed ways. The sequence of masonry is shown in the figure in numbers.

The row method, on the one hand, is very simple, on the other hand, it is laborious, since the laying of each subsequent row can only be started after laying miles and backfilling the previous one.

Types of seams. Depending on the method of laying and subsequent finishing, there are three types of seams.

If the wall is to be plastered, then for a better connection of the plaster layer with it, the seams from the side of the front surface of the wall to a depth of 10-15 mm are not filled with mortar, such masonry is called "waste". If the solution in the seams reaches the front surface, then the laying is done "undercut". At the same time, the excess mortar is squeezed out with a brick on the face of the wall and cut with a trowel or smoothed out with a “joint”. Depending on the type of "sewing", a concave and convex seam is distinguished.

This method is mainly used when laying on a single-row dressing system. However, in order to facilitate the work, the following order is recommended: after laying the bonder bricks of the outer verst, the spoon bricks of the 2nd row of the outer verst are laid, then the inner versts and the filling of the wall. Observing this sequence, it is less often necessary to switch from external to internal versts than when laying first completely one row, and then another.

The stepped method consists in the fact that first they lay out the tychkovy verst of the 1st row and on it the outer spoon versts from the 2nd to the 6th row. Then they put the inner tychkovy verst of the row and about five rows of the inner verst and the backing. The maximum step height for this sequence is six rows. This method is recommended for multi-row dressing of masonry.

The masonry seam is characterized by the shape of its meniscus (the outer surface of the seam). When the meniscus is formed by indentation (joining), the outer part of the seam is compacted, which increases its strength characteristics, thereby increasing the resistance of the seam to atmospheric precipitation. The recommended joint thickness is 8 mm, the maximum is 10…12 mm. At the same time, it must be remembered that with an increase in the thickness of the seam, the thermal conductivity of the masonry also increases (by approximately + 1.5 ... 2% for every 4 mm), which reduces the thermal characteristics of the facade.

In order to avoid the appearance of white deposits on the brickwork, in order to preserve the appearance and ensure the durability of the facade, it is necessary to follow the basic rules for masonry:

Use a cement mortar without any additives based on PC 400-500 cement.

It is advisable to use cement made in the summer.

Use sand and water that do not contain water-soluble salts (do not use river water).

Apply a "hard" solution, avoiding excessive dilution with water (the mobility of the solution should not exceed 7 cm). When applying the solution, do not fill voids.

Do not add antifreeze additives to the solution.

Use only freshly prepared mortar for masonry.

Do not use recessed seams for the sake of aesthetics. The maximum depth of the seam is up to the depth of the chamfer (up to 3 mm deep). Such seams are recommended to be performed using special jointing.

The walls are laid out in a mixed way with multi-row dressing. The first seven to ten rows of masonry are laid out in order. With a masonry height of 0.6-0.8 m, starting from 8-10 rows, it is recommended to use a stepped masonry method, since it becomes difficult to continue laying in an orderly way, especially with a wall thickness of two bricks or more.

In this case, laying out the upper rows of outer versts, you can rely on the lower steps of the masonry, which greatly facilitates the work.

Brick laying sequence: a - single-row dressing system; b - multi-row dressing system; c, d - multi-row dressing system in a mixed way

Wall and corner masonry. General rules wall masonry. Bricklaying begins with fixing corner and intermediate orders. They are installed along the perimeter of the walls and calibrated by plumb and level or level so that the serifs for each row in all orders are in the same horizontal plane. Orders are placed at the corners, at the intersections and junctions of the walls, as well as on straight sections of the walls at a distance of 10-15 m from each other. After fixing and reconciling the orders, beacons (safety lines) are laid out on them, placing them at the corners and at the border of the site being built. Then mooring cords are moored to the orders.

When laying the outer versts, a mooring cord is installed for each row, pulling it at the level of the top of the row being laid, indented from the vertical plane of the masonry by 3-4 mm. The mooring cord at lighthouses can also be strengthened with the help of a mooring bracket, the sharp end of which is inserted into the masonry seam, and the mooring is tied to the blunt, longer end, resting on the lighthouse brick. The free part of the cord is wound around the handle of the staple. By turning the staples to a new position, a line of tension is obtained for the mooring cord for the next row. So that the mooring cord does not sag between the beacons, a wooden beacon wedge is placed under the cord, the thickness of which is equal to the height of the masonry row, and a brick is placed on top of it, with which the cord is pressed.

Installation of the mooring cord: a - mooring bracket; b - permutation of the bracket; c - prevention of sagging cord

Beacon wedges are laid every 4-5 m with a protrusion beyond the vertical plane of the wall by 3-4 mm. The mooring cord can also be strengthened by tying it to nails fixed in the masonry seams. After the orders are established, the beacons are laid out and the mooring cords are stretched, the laying process at each workplace is carried out in the following sequence: bricks are laid out on the wall, the mortar is spread under the outer mile and the outer mile is laid. The further process of masonry erection depends on the accepted masonry order: sequential, stepped or mixed. During the laying process, the following general requirements and rules must be observed. Walls and piers should be made according to unified system ligation of seams - multi-row or single-row (chain).

For laying pillars, as well as narrow piers (up to 1 m wide) inside buildings or hidden by decoration, a three-row system of dressing seams should be used. Bonded rows in masonry should be laid from whole bricks. Regardless of the adopted system for dressing seams, laying bonded rows is mandatory in the lower (first) and upper (last) rows of structures under construction, at the level of wall and pillar trims, in protruding rows of masonry (cornices, belts, etc.).

With multi-row dressing of seams, laying bond rows under the supporting parts of beams, girders, floor slabs, balconies and other prefabricated structures is mandatory. With a single-row (chain) dressing of seams, it is allowed to support prefabricated structures on the spoon rows of masonry. The use of brick halves is allowed only in the laying of backfill rows and lightly loaded stone structures (sections of walls under windows, etc.). Horizontal and transverse vertical seams of brickwork of walls, as well as all seams (horizontal, transverse and longitudinal vertical) in lintels, walls and pillars must be filled with mortar, with the exception of hollow laying. When using three-quarters and other incomplete bricks, it is necessary to lay them with the chipped side inside the masonry, and the whole side out.

When erecting using a single-row (chain) ligation of straight walls having an odd number of half-bricks in thickness, for example, one and a half, the first - the outer verst of the 1st row is laid with bonded bricks, and the second - with spoon bricks. When laying walls that have an even number of half-bricks in thickness, for example, two, the 1st row begins with laying pokes across the entire width, walls, in the 2nd row, verst bricks are laid with spoons, zabutki - with pokes. When laying walls of greater thickness in verst rows in the 2nd row, spoons are placed above the pokes, and pokes are placed above the spoons.

Zabutka in all rows is performed by poking. A vertical restriction (an even cut of a wall along a vertical plane) when laying with a single-row dressing system is obtained by laying three-quarter walls at the beginning. When erecting a half-brick wall, at its beginning, halves are placed through one row. To lay the vertical limit of the wall in one brick in the spoon row at the beginning, two three-quarters are placed in the longitudinal direction, and in the bond row, as usual, a whole brick. In the butt row at the beginning of the wall, three-quarters are placed in the corners in the transverse direction, in the spoon row - three three-quarters in the longitudinal direction of the wall.

Laying the corners of the walls is the most responsible work, which requires sufficient experience. The first row of one of the walls that make up a right angle starts from the outer surface of the second wall with three-quarters; The 1st row of the second wall is attached to the 1st row of the first wall. In the second row, the masonry goes in the reverse order, i.e., the masonry of the 2nd row of the second wall starts from the outer surface of the first wall with three-quarters. As a result, the spoon rows of one wall come out poking on the front surface of the other wall. A wall that passes to the front surface of another wall should end with three-quarters located longitudinally. The outer spoon rows are skipped, the outer bonder rows are adjacent. With this brick layout scheme, the corners are laid out without quarters, but with a significantly larger number of three-quarters.

The adjunction of walls with a single-row dressing system is performed as follows. In the 1st row, the masonry of the adjoining wall is passed through the main wall to its front surface and finished with butts and three-quarters, if three-quarters and quarters are used to comply with the dressing, or the passed masonry is finished with one three-quarters. In the second row, a row of an adjoining wall adjoins the spoons of the main wall. The intersection of walls with a chain dressing system is performed alternately, passing the rows of masonry of one wall through another.

With multi-row dressing, the 1st row is laid out in the same way as with single-row dressing, with pokes. With a wall thickness that is a multiple of a whole brick, in the 2nd row, the outer and inner versts are laid out with spoons, and the backfill with pokes. With a wall thickness that is a multiple of an odd number of bricks, the 1st row is laid out with pokes on the facade, and with spoons inside the room: the 2nd row, on the contrary, with spoons on the facade, and with pokes inside. The subsequent 3-6th rows are laid out only with spoons with dressing of vertical transverse seams on half or a quarter of a brick. When laying lightly loaded walls in areas under windows when filling frame walls it is allowed to use halves and brick battle in the backfill.

The vertical boundary of the wall is obtained by laying out the first two rows using three-quarters at the beginning of the 1st and 2nd rows. In the rest of the spoon rows, incomplete bricks at the restrictions alternate with whole ones, the brick is laid out so that the spoons overlap each other by half a brick. Right angles are laid out using three-quarters and quarters. They begin laying the corner with two three-quarters, of which each is placed with a spoon in the outer verst of the corresponding mating wall. The gap formed between the three-quarters and bonded bricks is filled with quarters. In the 2nd row, versts are performed with spoons, and backfilling with pokes.

The laying of the following spoon rows is carried out with dressing of vertical seams. Adjacencies of the inner walls to the outer ones during non-simultaneous erection can be made in the form of a vertical multi-row or single-row shtraba. In these cases, three steel rods with a diameter of 8 mm are laid in the outer walls to strengthen the masonry, which are placed at least 2 m apart along the height of the masonry, as well as at the level of each floor. They must have a length of at least 1 m from the junction angle and end with an anchor. Often masonry outer wall they are made of ceramic bricks 65 mm thick or bricks (stones) 138 mm thick, and the laying of internal walls is made of thickened bricks 88 mm thick. At the same time, the junction of the inner walls with the outer ones is tied up every three rows of bricks with a thickness of 88 mm. Thin, half a brick or one brick, the walls inside the buildings are laid after the outer capital ones. To attach them to the main wall, a groove is arranged into which a thin wall is inserted.

There is another way of pairing, when the groove is not left, and reinforcement bars are laid in the seams of the main wall during the masonry process to connect with the adjacent walls.

Laying the corner of the wall in two bricks with a double-row dressing

Masonry ledges walls (pilaster). This laying is carried out according to a single-row or multi-row dressing system, if the width of the pilaster is four bricks or more, and with a width of the pilaster up to 3 1/2 bricks, according to a three-row dressing system, like laying pillars. At the same time, for ligation of the protrusion with the main wall, depending on the size of the pilaster, incomplete or whole bricks are used, using brick layout techniques recommended for ligation of adjunctions (crossings) of walls.

Wall masonry with niches. The laying of walls with niches (for example, for placing heating devices) is carried out using the same dressing systems as for continuous sections. At the same time, niches are built, interrupting the inner verst in appropriate places, and in places of corners of the niche, to connect them with the wall, incomplete and bonded bricks are laid.

Wall masonry with channels. When laying walls, it is necessary to simultaneously arrange gas ducts, ventilation and other channels in them. They are placed, as a rule, in the internal walls of the building: in walls 38 cm thick - in one row, and in walls 64 cm thick - in two rows. The cross section of the channels is usually 140x140mm (1/4x1/4 bricks), and the flues of large stoves and stoves are 270x140mm (1x1/2 bricks) or 270x270mm (1x1 bricks) . Gas and ventilation ducts in walls made of bricks, solid and hollow concrete stones are laid out of solid ceramic bricks with an appropriate dressing of the channel masonry with the wall masonry. The thickness of the walls of the channels must be at least half a brick; the thickness of the partitions (cuts) between them is also at least a quarter of a brick. The channels are made vertical.

Channel outlets are allowed at a distance of not more than 1 m and at an angle of at least 60 ° to the horizon. The cross section of the channel in the withdrawal section, measured perpendicular to the axis of the channel, must be the same as the cross section of the vertical channel. The laying of inclined sections is made of bricks hewn at a certain angle, the remaining sections are made of whole bricks.

Channels in walls 2 bricks thick

Smoke and ventilation ducts are laid out on the same solutions as the internal walls of the building. In low-rise buildings, chimneys are laid out on a clay-sand mortar, the composition of which is determined depending on the fat content of the clay. In all places where wooden parts come close to chimneys ( chimneys), arrange cuttings from fireproof materials (brick, asbestos) and increase the thickness of the channel walls. The same cutting is done in places where the structures are close to ventilation ducts passing next to the flue. The gaps between the wooden structures of the building (floor beams) and the smoke channel, i.e. the inner surface of the flue, must be at least 38 cm if the structures are not protected from fire, and at least 25 cm if they are protected.

Sections of brick walls with channels are laid out, having previously marked them on the wall according to a template - a board with cutouts corresponding to the location and size of the channels on the wall. The same template periodically checks the correct placement of the channels. When erecting walls, inventory buoys are inserted into the channels in the form of hollow boxes made of boards or other material. The cross section of the buoy is equal to the dimensions of the channel, and its height is 8-10 rows of masonry.

The use of buoys ensures the correct shape of the channels and protects them from clogging, while the seams are better filled. When erecting walls, the buoys are rearranged after 6-7 rows of masonry. Seams of a laying of channels have to be well filled with a solution. As the masonry is erected, the seam is overwritten using a mop. Do this when rearranging the buoys. Wetting the surfaces of the channels with water, rub the solution with a mop and smooth the seams. As a result, less roughness remains on the masonry surface, where soot can settle. After the masonry is completed, the channels are checked by passing a ball with a diameter of 80-100 mm through them, tied on a cord. The place of clogging of the channel is determined by the length of the cord with the ball lowered into it.

Masonry walls when filling frames. Such walls are laid out using the same dressing systems and labor methods as when laying ordinary walls. The masonry is fastened to the frame in accordance with the project. Usually, for this, reinforcing bars are laid in the seams of the masonry and attached to the embedded parts of the frame.

Laying columns under the logs. When installing plank floors on the first floors, an underground is made between the ground and the floor, protecting the floor from ground dampness. Floor boards are laid on logs laid on brick columns with a section of one brick. The use of silicate bricks and artificial stones, the strength of which decreases with moisture, is not allowed. The columns are installed on dense soil or on a concrete base. They cannot be placed on bulk soil, because due to the possible settlement of at least one or two columns, the floor will sag and be unsteady. Columns erected on the ground should be 2 rows of masonry above the ground level in the underground.

Prior to the start of laying, the places for installing the columns are marked, and the extreme rows of columns, along which the logs will be laid along the walls, are installed close to them, and the extreme columns of each row are indented by half a brick. Laying columns is best done with single-row dressing together. One person prepares the place, lays out the brick and supplies the mortar, the other leads the masonry. The top of the columns should be at the same level, according to the given mark. The masonry is checked with a two-meter rail and level, which are applied to the posts in all directions.

Laying pillars and piers. A multi-row dressing system when laying poles is prohibited because it does not provide solidity and the required strength of the poles. A single-row dressing system with a shift of alternating rows by a quarter of a brick, which is achieved by laying three-quarters for dressing vertical seams in all rows, is unprofitable for laying pillars, since this method of laying requires the use of a large number of three-quarters. Such masonry is made of a whole brick with the addition of only a certain number of halves. With this masonry system, the coincidence of external vertical seams in three rows of masonry in height is allowed. At the same time, the tychkovy row is placed through 3 spoon rows. For such masonry, the smallest amount of incomplete brick is required.

For example, when laying pillars with a section of 2 × 2 bricks, the dressing is done only with whole bricks, and when laying pillars with a section of 1 1/4 or 2 x 2 1/4 bricks, only two halves are laid in every 4 rows of masonry. Walls up to 1 m wide are laid out according to a three-row dressing system, and more than four bricks wide can also be laid out according to a multi-row system. With a three-row dressing, for the formation of quarters in the walls, quarters are laid in the first bond row, and halves in the spoon rows. Due to the fact that pillars and piers are usually loaded more than other structures, it is not allowed to lay them out empty. Incomplete filling of only vertical joints to a depth of 10 mm from the front surface is allowed. Pillars and piers with a width of 2 1/4 bricks or less are laid out only from selected whole bricks. If thin walls adjoin the poles, they are connected by a stab released from the pole or steel rods laid in the poles.

Lightweight wall masonry. When erecting external walls, in order to save bricks and reduce the mass of the building, along with masonry made of lightweight hollow and hollow, efficient bricks, ceramic and lightweight concrete hollow stones, foam silicate stones, lightweight masonry is used, in which some of the stones are replaced with lightweight concrete, backfill or air gaps. Masonry is also used on warm solutions prepared on porous sand.

The laying of lightweight walls is carried out with jointing from the front side. In the window sill sections of the outer walls, in the areas near the edge of the basement, to protect them from moisture, the upper 2 rows are laid out with solid brickwork. Lightweight brick-concrete masonry consists of two quarter-thick brick walls and lightweight concrete placed between them. The walls are tied with rows of bonders that go into the concrete for three bricks and are placed every 3 or 5 spoon rows of masonry.

Bonded rows (diaphragms) can be placed in the same plane and staggered apart, depending on the accepted wall thickness, which can be from 380 to 680 mm. Instead of solid rows of rows, the connection between the longitudinal walls is allowed to be carried out with separate bricks laid in the longitudinal walls with butts at least every 2 rows in height and at least two bricks laid in spoons along the length of the longitudinal walls.

Lightweight brick-concrete masonry: 1 - bonder rows; 2 - spoon rows; 3 - lightweight concrete

Brick and concrete masonry used in the construction of buildings up to four floors high. The composition of lightweight concrete is chosen depending on the number of storeys of the building under construction, the quality of aggregates and the brand of cement. The walls are erected with belts, the height of which is determined by the transverse dressing of the masonry with bonded rows. If the bonded rows are spaced apart, then first lay out the outer bonded verst and the inner spoon, then 2 outer and 2 inner spoon rows, after which the space between the laid out rows is filled with concrete. Having finished laying the concrete in this belt, they again bring out 3 rows of masonry, and first the outer spoon verst, and then the inner one, in which the tychkovy row is laid first, and then 2 spoon ones. Then the laying process is repeated.

Lightweight well masonry consists of two longitudinal walls with a thickness of a quarter of a brick each, located at a distance of 140-340 mm from each other and interconnected through 650-1200 mm along the length by transverse walls with a thickness of a quarter of a brick. The laying of the transverse walls is tied up with the longitudinal walls in one row. The resulting wells between the longitudinal and transverse walls are filled with light backfill mineral heat-insulating materials (crushed stone and sand of light rocks, expanded clay, slag) and lightweight concrete liners in the form of stones. The backfill is laid in layers with a thickness of 110-150 mm, and compacted by layer-by-layer tamping and watered with a solution every 100-500 mm in height.

Brickwork lined with thermal insulation boards is 1 1/4 and 1 1/2 bricks thick. The wall from the inside is insulated with foam silicate and other tile heat-insulating materials, which are installed either close to the tile or indented from it by 30 mm, creating air layer between masonry and slabs. Methods for attaching tile insulation to brickwork depend on the material of the plates and their dimensions. Masonry with broadened seams is used in the construction of walls made of bricks or lightweight concrete stones. The widened seam is located closer to the outer surface of the wall. It is filled with inorganic heat-insulating materials or mortar (if the masonry is performed on light mortars prepared on porous aggregates).

Laying lintels and arches. The part of the wall that spans a window or doorway is called a lintel. If the load from the floors is transferred to the wall directly above the opening, load-bearing precast concrete lintels are used. In the absence of such a load, to cover openings with a width of less than 2 m, reinforced concrete non-bearing or ordinary brick lintels are used in the form of masonry on high-strength mortars with reinforcing bars to support the bricks of the lower row. Instead of ordinary ones, wedge-shaped lintels are sometimes made, which at the same time serve as architectural details of the facade.

For the same purpose, with spans up to 3.5-4 m, arched lintels are often erected. Arched masonry is also used for flooring in buildings; such ceilings are called vaulted (vaults). When laying jumpers, all longitudinal and transverse seams must be completely filled with mortar, since such masonry works not only in compression, but also in bending. With a weak filling of vertical joints with mortar, under the influence of loads, individual bricks first shift, and then the masonry is destroyed.

Ordinary jumpers. Ordinary jumpers are laid out from selected whole bricks in compliance with the horizontal rows and the rules for dressing ordinary masonry. The height of an ordinary jumper is 4-6 rows of masonry, and the length is 50 cm more than the width of the opening. For laying lintels, a solution of grade not lower than 25 is used. Under the bottom row of bricks in the lintel in a layer of mortar with a thickness of 2-3 cm, at least three reinforcement rods made of round steel with a diameter of at least 6 mm are laid, usually at the rate of one rod with a cross section of 0.2 cm 2 for every half-brick of wall thickness, unless the project requires stronger reinforcement. The reinforcement perceives the tensile forces that occur in the masonry. The ends of the round rods are passed beyond the edges of the opening by 25 cm and bent around the brick.

A
Ordinary jumper: 1 - 4 cm solution layer; 2 - reinforcement bars; 3 - laying an ordinary jumper; 4 - formwork	Wedge-shaped jumper: 1 - the corner of the wedge-shaped masonry; 2 - castle brick
	Laying ordinary lintels (continued): b - section; c - laying on plank formwork; g - masonry on inventory circles; 1 - reinforcing bars; 2 - boards; 3 - wooden circles; 4 - tubular circles

Ordinary jumpers are made using temporary formwork from boards 40-50 mm thick. A solution is spread over it, into which reinforcing bars are then embedded. The ends of the formwork rest on bricks released from the masonry; after removing the formwork, they are cut down. Sometimes the ends of the formwork are inserted into the grooves on the slopes of the openings, which are laid after the formwork has been removed. If the width of the opening is more than 1.5 m, then a rack is placed under the formwork in the middle or the formwork is supported on wooden circles (boards placed on edge). Inventory tubular supports-circles are used.

They are made from two pieces of pipes with a diameter of 48 mm inserted into a third piece of pipe with a diameter of 60 mm. When laying, the circled pipes are moved apart so that the ends of a smaller diameter go inside the grooves left in the masonry. Two circles are placed on each opening; they can also be installed in the case when there are already window and door blocks in the opening. With other types of circles, the opening can be filled with blocks only after the lintel formwork has been removed.

Wedge and bow lintels. Wedge and bow lintels are laid out of ordinary ceramic bricks by forming wedge-shaped seams, the thickness of which at the bottom of the lintel is at least 5 mm, at the top - no more than 25 mm. The masonry is carried out in transverse rows along the formwork held by the circles. Before laying the lintels, the wall is erected to the level of the lintel, simultaneously laying out its supporting part (heel) from the hewn brick (the direction of the supporting plane is determined by the template, i.e., the angle of its deviation from the vertical). Then, rows of masonry are laid out on the formwork in such a way that their number is odd, taking into account the thickness of the seam.

Beam masonry of the lintel: 1 - wedge-shaped masonry; 2 - masonry beam jumper	Onion arched lintel: 1 - "castle"; 2 - curve of the arch of the jumper; 3 - heel; 4 - wedge-shaped seams; 5 - cord; 6 - the point of intersection of the lines of the supporting parts of the masonry; 7 - opening width

The rows of masonry in this case are not considered vertically, but horizontally. The central odd row of bricks is called a castle row. It should be in the center of the jumper in vertical position. The laying of wedge and bow lintels is carried out evenly from both sides from the heel to the castle in such a way that it is wedged in the castle by the central odd brick. The correctness of the direction of the seams is checked with a cord fixed at the point of intersection of the mating lines of the supporting parts (heels). With spans of more than 2 m, the laying of wedge-shaped lintels is not allowed.

Arched lintels and vaults. Arched lintels, as well as arches and vaults, are laid out in the same sequence as wedge-shaped lintels. The seams between the rows should be perpendicular to the curved line forming the bottom surface of the arch and the outer surface of the masonry. The masonry seams are given a wedge shape with a broadening at the top and a narrowing at the bottom. This arrangement of rows of masonry and the beds separating them corresponds to the first rule for cutting masonry, since in arches and vaults, the force from the load changes its direction, acting tangentially to the curved arch. Beds of rows are perpendicular to the direction of pressure. The laying of arched lintels is carried out along the formwork of the appropriate form in the same sequence as the laying of wedge-shaped lintels. The direction of the radial seams and the correct laying of each row is checked by a cord fixed in the center of the arch. A cord and a square template, one of the sides of which has a shape corresponding to the curvature of the arch, determine and check the position of each row of masonry.

The design of the formwork for laying vaults and arches must be such that it can ensure uniform lowering when it is stripped. To do this, wedges are placed under the circles, with the gradual weakening of which the formwork is lowered. The terms of keeping arched and wedge-shaped lintels on the formwork, depending on the outdoor temperature in summer conditions and the brand of mortar, can be from 5 to 20 days, and the lintels of ordinary ones - from 5 to 24 days.