Non-woven fabric. Non-woven synthetic material (NSM). Methods for producing nonwoven fabric
NON-WOVEN MATERIALS, fabrics and products made from fibers, threads and (or) other types of materials (textile and their combinations with non-textile, for example films) without the use of spinning and weaving. Compared to traditional production methods in the textile industry - weaving and spinning - the production of non-woven materials is characterized by simplicity of technology (including a reduction in the number of technological stages), an increase in equipment productivity and, consequently, lower capital and labor costs, a variety of assortment linens, the possibilities of the diet. use diff. raw materials, lower production cost, possibility of max. automation of production, i.e. creation of production lines and automatic factories, and the nonwoven materials themselves have good exploitation. sv. Therefore, non-woven materials have become one of the main types of modern textile products, although a large prom. production of them appeared only in the 40s. 20th century World production of nonwovens approx. 16 billion m 2 (1985), and the US accounts for 59% of all produced in the capitalist. countries of nonwoven materials, the share of countries Zap. Europe-32%, Japan-9%.
There are non-woven materials of the type (canvas-stitched, thread-stitched, fabric-stitched, needle-punched, glued, combined) and batting (canvas-stitched, needle-punched, glued), as well as household and technical. destination.
The properties of nonwoven materials depend on their structure and method of production, the nature of the raw material. Non-woven materials are made from nature. (cotton, linen, wool) and chemical. (e.g. viscose, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene) fibers, as well as recycled fibrous raw materials (fibers regenerated from rags and rags) and short-fiber chemical waste. and other branches of industry.
Main technol. operations for obtaining nonwoven materials: 1) preparation of raw materials (loosening, cleaning from impurities and mixing fibers, rewinding yarn and threads, preparing solutions for chemicals, for example, fiber agents, surfactants, etc.); 2) the formation of a fibrous base (eg, a canvas, a system of threads); 3) bonding the fibrous base in single system(getting nonwoven fabric); 4) non-woven fabric finishing.
Obtaining a fibrous base. Fibrous canvas layer (surface density 10-1000 g / m 2 and more) - fur is most often obtained. way: on a carding machine, a comb, or a fleece (a continuous thin layer of fibers with a surface density of approx. 20 g / m 2), is formed from fibers 45-150 mm long, to-ry with the help of special. devices are stacked "on top of each other" at different angles, as a result of which a longitudinal or longitudinal-transverse orientation of the fibers is obtained in the canvas.
With aerodynamic In this way, combed fibers are entrained by the flow and transferred through the channel () to a mesh or conveyor, where they are laid to form a non-layered structure canvas (non-oriented arrangement of fibers). Hydraulic (wet) way the canvas is formed from water short notspinnable fibers on a paper machine mesh. Electrostatic canvas is obtained by laying charged fibers in a uniform layer on a conveyor having a charge of the opposite sign. In the fiber-forming way, the canvas is obtained by laying continuous fibers (threads) on the mesh surface of the conveyor immediately after they are formed from or solution.
A fibrous base of threads (a system of threads) is formed by stacking several. layers of yarn or ready-made chem. thread ordering, eg. in the form of a grid, or chaotically.
Obtaining and application of nonwoven materials. Fibrous basis fiz.-mekh., fiz.-chem. or combined methods.
F and z.-x and m. ways of fastening the fibrous base in the production of non-woven materials are the most common; they are used to obtain glued non-woven materials. Fibers (threads) in the canvas into a single system due to adhesive (autohesive) interaction. at the contact boundary - fiber (thread). As used, thermoplastic and in the form of dispersions, solutions, fusible and bicomponent fibers. Sometimes not used; in this case, the basis of non-woven materials is subjected to special. processing (thermal, chemical,), leading to a decrease in the flow temperature, from which the fibers (threads) of the fibrous base are made, or to the appearance of "stickiness" on their surface as a result, plasticization, etc., which promotes bonding fibers at their points of contact.
Distinguish several. main methods for obtaining glued nonwoven materials. The method of impregnating the canvas with liquid (dispersions and solutions of butadiene-acrylonitrile, acrylic, or others) is widespread. Impregnation methods are varied: the canvas is immersed in co; is fed into the gap of two shafts, through which the canvas continuously passes; sprayed on the surface of the canvas special. devices; applied by printing using engraved rollers, templates (similar to drawing a picture on). After impregnation, the canvas is subjected to heat treatment with hot or IR radiation in special. cameras or on .
In the papermaking method, nonwoven materials are obtained from short (2-12 mm), to which wood is sometimes added, on conventional paper-making equipment (see) and from fibers of increased length (40 mm or more) on paper machines with an inclined mesh. -synthetic , low-melting fibers (usually polyvinyl chloride), fibrids (see) and bicomponent fibers are introduced into the web before or after it is cast on a paper machine. The fabric is then dried and subjected to heat treatment, as in the previous impregnation method. The resulting nonwovens are paper-like; the use of longer fibers improves their textile properties. This method produces (at high productivity - up to 300 m/min) disposable non-woven materials, for example. tablecloths, bed linen, .
More progressive than impregnation is the method of thermal bonding, because. the use of liquid is excluded, waste treatment is not required, etc. In this case, it is possible to obtain non-woven materials decomp. structures and St. The canvas is formed from the so-called. base fibers - polyamide, viscose, polyester or their mixtures with low-melting (polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride) and bicomponent fibers. On the canvas or individual layers of the comb, special is applied. resin devices (phenol- or melamine-formaldehyde) and (or) either only solution for the surface layer of fibers. After that, the canvas enters the heat chamber, and then on, on which, as a result of pressing, occurs.
A variation of the method is local heating of the canvas or the ribs of the shaft, when fusion zones are formed (), canvas (powder is not used). can also be carried out with currents high frequency, beam . In this way, more voluminous materials are obtained than discussed above.
The spunbond method for the production of non-woven materials from solutions is developing at an accelerated pace (it already accounts for 30% of the production of non-woven materials from their total volume). This method combines the production of chemical. fibers and nonwovens. The fibers (threads) in the canvas formed on the mesh of the receiving, moving conveyor (after the fibers exit the spinnerets) are glued to each other at the intersections autohesionally, if they have not lost their "stickiness", otherwise they are knitted, needle-punched or any physical.-chemical. way. The spunbond method can be used to form a canvas from fibers of any length, even almost infinite. Increasing the length of the fibers dramatically increases the coefficient. their use in non-woven materials, which allows you to reduce the requirements for sv-you or reduce its content in the material, resulting in an increase in material. Spinneret installations can be used to form at high speed not only fabrics, but also products of complex configuration.
Naib. promising glued non-woven materials produced by new technology from films (polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide), excluding the production of fibers. The essence of the method lies in the fact that they are split into fibrils (on a needle-punching machine or special fibrillators) and then.
Glued non-woven materials are used as heat and sound insulating, filtering, container and wiping cloths, as a base for polymer coatings (art., linoleum, oilcloth) and abrasive materials, as cushioning materials for clothing, canvases for printing, materials for reinforcement.
F and z.-m e x. s s o b s - knitting, needle piercing, felting.
Knitting-stitched non-woven fabrics are produced on a special basis. machines by knitting threads or fiber bundles of fibrous canvases (canvas-stitched non-woven materials), systems of threads (thread-stitched non-woven materials), as well as their combination with other materials (frame-stitched non-woven materials), for example. with (fabric stitched), films (film stitched). On all machines for the production of knitting-stitched non-woven materials, the process of loop formation is carried out, as in the production of knitwear, except that a separate thread is laid on each. All machines move simultaneously, pierce the fibrous base and return to their original position, pulling the knitting thread through it. For knitting, cotton yarn, kapron, lavsan, chlorine and other complex threads are used.
Naib. the canvas-stitched method is economical, and the thread-stitched non-woven materials are similar in terms of St. you and knitwear. The range of fabrics produced using this technology is unusually wide: substitutes for clothes, terry towels, arts. fur, decorative fabrics, etc.; in heat and sound insulation technology. materials, basis for synthetic coatings, etc.
Needle-punched nonwovens are made on needle-punched machines. The bonding of the fibers in the canvas is carried out as a result of their fur. entanglement during repeated piercing of a jagged canvas. Features of needle punching machines, nozzle design.
This method produces, for example, filter cloths for decomp. environments, heat and sound insulation. and tech. cloth, floor coverings, geotextile materials with high permeability (like sand) and (they are used as drainage and filtering material for the construction of roads, dams, bridges, buildings, etc.).
The felting method produces non-woven materials from pure wool fibers or their mixture with chemical (up to 40%) by fur. impacts on the fibrous layer in a humid environment at elevated t-re. Under these conditions, woolen fibers are felted (moved, intertwined, compacted), forming felt. The resulting semi-finished product is subjected to roll on decomp. machines for further compaction, shrinkage and giving it a given shape and size. Then the felted fabric or product is sent to a wet finish and a dry finish. In this way, felts, felted and felt products (shoes, hats) are obtained.
K o m b and n and r. ways of obtaining nonwoven materials, including several. methods for bonding a fibrous base are used to obtain non-woven materials of increased quality (for example, greater dimensional stability, increased, with better deformation properties). Thus, electro-flocked non-woven materials are produced by oriented application in electric. high voltage field of relatively short fibers (length 0.3-10 mm) onto a pre-coated substrate (e.g. textile or film). The final fixing of the fibers in the adhesive layer is carried out in a drying chamber. This method is used to produce non-woven materials that imitate natural suede, fur, packaging materials, etc.
Depending on the purpose, non-woven materials are produced in an unbleached (harsh) form or subjected to finishing (eg, bleaching, shearing the pile).
Lit .: Bershev E.N., Kuritsina V.V., Kurylenko A.I., Smirnov G.P., Technology for the production of nonwoven materials, M., 1982; Ozerov B. V., Gusev V. E., production of non-woven materials, M., 1984.
V.M. Gorchakov.
The first samples were created in Europe. These were canvases made of viscose fibers fastened together with chemical binders. Somewhat later, other methods of their production were mastered, differing both in the type of raw material and in the method of bonding.
Classification
Non-woven materials, depending on the bonding methods, are divided into four classes:
- fastened mechanically;
- bonded in a physical and chemical way;
- bonded together
- fastened thermally(thermal bonding).
Raw material
Non-woven materials are produced from both natural (cotton, linen, wool) and chemical fibers (for example, viscose, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene), as well as secondary fibrous raw materials (fibers regenerated from rags and rags) and short- fibrous waste from chemical and other industries.
Receiving technologies
Main technological operations production of nonwovens:
- Preparation of raw materials (loosening, cleaning from impurities and mixing fibers, rewinding yarn and threads, preparing binders, chemical solutions, etc.).
- Formation of the fibrous base.
- Bonding the fibrous base(directly obtaining non-woven material).
- Non-woven fabric finish.
Methods for producing nonwoven fabric
The main stage in the production of nonwoven materials is the stage of bonding the fibrous base obtained by one of the methods: mechanical, aerodynamic, hydraulic, electrostatic or fiber-forming.
Methods for bonding nonwoven materials:
- Chemical or adhesive bonding ( adhesive method) - the formed web is impregnated, coated or irrigated with a binder, the application of which can be continuous or fragmented. The binder is usually used in the form of aqueous solutions, in some cases organic solvents are used.
- Thermal bonding - this method uses the thermoplastic properties of some synthetic fibers. Sometimes the fibers that make up the nonwoven material are used, but in most cases, a small amount of fibers with a low melting point (“bicomponent”) is deliberately added to the nonwoven material at the spinning stage.
Mechanical (friction) fastening:
- needle punch method.
- knitting-stitching method.
- hydrojet method (Spunlace technology).
Spunlace technology
Spandget Technology
Technology in which the final fixation occurs with the help of water jets under high pressure. The strength of the finished material is incomparably higher than that of a non-woven fabric bonded by any other means.
Thermopol technology
The essence of the technology is the impact of high temperatures (up to 260 ° C) on polyester (including hollow, "hollow + fiber") and other chemical fibers through multi-section furnaces, in which the fibers different types are melted and vulcanized tightly connected to each other in an environmentally friendly, glue-free way.
Strutto technology
"Strutto" refers to the vertical laying of fibers in the production of nonwovens.
AirLay Technology
AirLay technology is a fiber formation system ready for needling and heat setting. This technology is intended as a replacement for obsolete cards and lappers. The capacity of such a line allows to produce about 1500 kg finished products at one o'clock. The weight of the produced material varies from 150 g/m² to 3500 g/m². The use of AirLay technology is diverse. For example, the automotive industry, agriculture, upholstered furniture (B-Coconut material), construction, clothing and packaging.
Airlaid technology
Airlaid is a type of nonwoven fabric that got its name from the method of its production - air (air) laying (laid). Airlaid material is a non-woven fabric made from natural softwood pulp, bicomponent staple fiber and additives. Unlike the conventional fiber manufacturing process, Airlaid does not use water as a medium for fiber production.
Technology Aerodynamics
In the aerodynamic method, combed fibers are carried away by the air flow and transferred through a channel (diffuser) to a mesh drum or conveyor, where they are laid to form a layerless canvas (non-oriented arrangement of fibers).
Nonwovens textile products from fibers or threads connected to each other without the use of weaving methods (See Weaving).
Large-scale industrial production of N. m. appeared in the 40s. 20th century Modern N. m. is one of the main types of textile products in many countries. In 1972, more than 3 billion tons of m were produced in the world. m 2.
Materials obtained by physicochemical methods. Most N. m., so-called. glued N. m., are produced by methods in which the connection of fibers is carried out with the help of binders (adhesives). The most common are glued N. m., the basis of which is the so-called. fibrous canvas (a layer of textile fibers, weight 1 m 2 which ranges from 10 to 1000 G and more). Most often, the canvas is formed mechanically ( rice. 1
) from several layers of carding coming from the doffer drum of the carding machine (See Carding machine). The canvas is obtained by the aerodynamic method, in which the fibers are removed from the drum of the carding machine by an air stream and, to form the canvas, are transferred to a mesh drum (condenser) or to a horizontal mesh with maximum speed up to 100 m/min and more ( rice. 2
). Canvas can also be obtained from an aqueous dispersion of fibers on a paper machine mesh (See paper machine).
Depending on the characteristics of the gluing of the fibers, several methods are distinguished for obtaining glued N. m. The most common method is based on the impregnation of the canvas with a liquid binder - synthetic latex. The canvas is immersed in a binder bath or the binder is sprayed over the surface of the canvas. Sometimes impregnation is used, similar to drawing a pattern on the surface of a fabric by printing. The impregnated material is dried and processed in thermal chambers heated by hot air or infrared emitters. The canvas is usually formed from cotton, a mixture of viscose and polyamide fibers, or from textile waste, including non-spun ones. N. m obtained in this way (speed 50 m/min and more) are used as bead and gasket materials, for filters, as heat and soundproofing materials in the automotive industry, etc. With the method of hot pressing, the gluing of fibers is carried out with thermoplastics (polyamides, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc.) under pressure up to 2 MN/m 2(20kgf / cm 2) at elevated temperatures, usually on special Calenders. Bonding is preceded by heat treatment of a layer of fibers containing a binder, which is introduced into the canvas at the stage of its formation (in the form of low-melting fibers, mesh, threads, etc.) or into an already formed canvas (in the form of powder). Upon receipt of N. m. using paper machines (speed 100 m/min and more), a binder (latexes, fusible fibers, etc.) is introduced into the mass supplied to the machine, or into an already cast web. Such N. m. are cheap, widely used in the manufacture of single-use products ( bed linen for hotels, towels, tablecloths, dressings). With the spunbond method, the synthetic fibers formed at the outlet of the spinnerets of the spinning machine pass through channels in which they are drawn in the air stream, and then, when laid on a moving conveyor, they form a web. The formed material is most often fixed with a binder; in some cases, the stickiness of the fibers themselves is used. With the structure-forming method, N. m. can be obtained without the use of fibers: the canvas is formed as a result of the formation of condensation structures from solutions or aerosols of polymers (in the form of a porous, sometimes fibrous precipitate, which may contain fillers, then washed out) or by curing foam, etc. Such N m. "breathe" like a fabric. They can be used instead of cloth or paper in technology (for filters, etc.) and for domestic purposes. Materials received by mechanical means. In the manufacture of canvas-stitched N. m. (Malywatt technology - GDR, "arachne" - Czechoslovakia, etc.) in a canvas moving through a knitting and stitching machine, the fibers are fixed as a result of stitching them with threads, which are laid and connected in the same way as in warp knitting on a knitting machine. Such N. mats are used as heat-insulating (instead of woven batting, etc.) or packaging materials, as the basis for the production of artificial leather (see Artificial leather), etc. The productivity of one unit is 3-8 m/min and more. Thread-piercing N. m. (materials "malimo" - GDR) are obtained by flashing one or more systems of threads. These N. m. are used for decorative purposes, for beach and outerwear, towels, etc. Of particular interest are thread-sewn N. m. Fabric-stitched fabrics are made by stitching a textile fabric with tufted yarn (material "malipol" - GDR), the use of which helps to improve the structure and properties of the fabric. For this purpose, fabric, “malimo” material, etc. are used. N. m. cm) -
carpet yarn with needles that pull it through the fabric. When the needle moves back, the yarn is caught in the holder, resulting in loops. To fix the loops on the wrong side of the carpet, a binder is applied. Machine performance 5 m 2 /min and more. With the help of knitting and stitching machines, N. m. is made without the use of threads (materials "Voltex" - GDR, "Arabeva" - Czechoslovakia, etc.). Such N. m. may consist, for example, of fabric and canvas obtained from long fibers. After pulling the fibers from the canvas through the woven frame, strong loops are formed on the wrong side of the N. m., and a fluffy and high pile is formed on the front side. Such N. and. used as a warming pad in sportswear and demi-season coats, for the manufacture of hats, warm shoes, etc. The most promising are needle-punched fabrics, which are made by entangling the fibers in linen and stitching it with notched needles. The material is pierced when the board with the needles moves down (to the stop). When it moves up, the material moves forward (the productivity of the machines is 5 m/min). Such N. mats are used as carpets, which successfully compete not only with woven, but also with tufted carpets, since they do not require yarn for manufacture. Needle-punched N. mats are also used as blankets, felts for paper machines, filters, etc. N. m. also include felting and felt textile materials (see Felting) ,
in the manufacture of which the ability of wool fibers to felting is used (during mechanical or heat-moisture processing). The structure of such N. m. sometimes enter the framework of the fabric. The technology for their production has a long history (in this way, for example, felt boots are obtained). Lit.: Technology for the production of non-woven materials, M., 1967; Tikhomirov V. B., Chemical Technology production of nonwoven materials, M., 1971; Perepelkina M. D., Shcherbakova M. N., Zolotnitskaya K. N., Mechanical technology for the production of nonwoven materials, M., 1973.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what "Non-woven materials" is in other dictionaries:
Cloths and products made from fibers, threads and other types of textile materials (sometimes in combination with non-textile, such as films) without the use of spinning and weaving. Nonwovens: carpets, blankets, fabric substitutes… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Nonwovens- NON-WOVEN MATERIALS, textile materials from fibers and threads, made without the use of weaving processes. Non-woven products: carpets, blankets, insulation pads for clothes, shoes, paper machine felts, filters, etc… Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
This article should be wikified. Please format it according to the rules for formatting articles ... Wikipedia
Textiles made of fibers or threads joined together without the use of traditional methods weaving. Industrial production of nonwoven materials appeared in the 40s. 20th century Modern nonwovens are one of the main products ... ... Encyclopedia of technology
nonwovens- Textile materials made from natural and chemical fibers without the use of weaving methods (mechanical, physico-chemical and combined methods). The production of nonwoven materials includes the preparation of the base (canvas, ... ... Textile glossary
Nonwovens- textiles made from fibers or threads obtained without the use of weaving. For the production of N. M., low-grade and non-spun fibers, textile production waste can be used, which leads to a high economic ... ... Encyclopedia of fashion and clothing
Cloths and products made from fibers, threads and other types of textile materials (sometimes in combination with non-textile materials, such as films) without the use of spinning and weaving. Nonwovens: carpets, blankets, substitutes… … encyclopedic Dictionary
Cloths and products made from fibers, threads and/or other types of materials (textiles and their combinations with non-textiles, such as films) without the use of spinning and weaving. Compared to traditional production methods in the textile industry ... ... Chemical Encyclopedia
Text. materials made from nature. and chem. fibers without the use of weaving methods (mechanical, physical, chemical and combined methods). The production of N. m. includes the preparation of a base (canvas, a system of threads, a film of fibrous structure, etc.), ... ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary
Non-woven textiles are materials made from fibers or threads joined together without the use of weaving methods. Contents 1 The history of the development of the nonwovens industry 1.1 Classification ... Wikipedia
Nonwovens: classification and methods of application
Non-woven fabrics are found not only in industrial production but also in everyday life. These are individual gowns and caps that are issued in the emergency room of any hospital, wet wipes for wiping hands, cleaning cloths, baby diapers and a lot of other things that you have to deal with daily. Consider the main types of nonwoven materials, methods of their production, characteristics and scope.
Non-woven materials include materials for the manufacture of which traditional weaving technologies are not used. For the first time such a product made of viscose fibers bonded with chemical substances, was obtained in the mid-30s of the twentieth century in France. At present, in many countries there are large enterprises that produce all kinds of nonwoven materials.
According to their purpose, they are classified into the following categories:
- technical. These are various filtering, cleaning, insulating, upholstery and other products used in construction, agriculture and many industries;
- household. These include all kinds of materials for tailoring, artificial fur, the basis of leather substitutes, batting, felt, felt, terry cloth, etc.;
- medical. In any hospital, disposable napkins, towels, diapers and sheets are widely used. In addition, various dressings, tampons, pads and diapers can also be non-woven.
Many businesses Catering purchase non-woven tablecloths, aprons, bathrobes and caps for service personnel. Some companies sew uniforms for their employees from such canvases.
Methods for the production of nonwovens
As raw materials for the production of non-woven fabrics, natural ones are used: cotton, linen, wool or silk - as well as synthetic and artificial fibers. In addition, textile waste is often recycled.
The manufacturing process includes several stages:
- Cleaning and sorting of raw materials. At the same time binder solutions are prepared.
- Forming the canvas - laying the fibers in different directions.
- Binding material.
- Fabric processing - drying, dyeing, bleaching, etc.
The classification of technologies for connecting fibers into a monolithic product includes several methods.
glue method
It is most often used for making the base for oilcloth, leather substitute or linoleum, for interlining fabrics - non-woven fabric, dublerin, as well as in the printing industry. The decomposed fibers are impregnated with special adhesives, which, when solidified, form a web.
The materials obtained in this way have high strength, rigidity and elasticity. They are resistant to heat, dry cleaning and washing. characteristic feature is a sufficient level of aeration and significant hygroscopicity.
Knitting and punching method
Prepared and shaped fibers are knitted with nylon or cotton threads, forming rigid frame. In this way, flannel, baize, batting, drape and cloth are obtained.
The materials from which clothes are subsequently sewn have a number of positive qualities. They do not shrink, do not wrinkle, pass air well and have high wear resistance.
A variant of the method is thread stitching, in which the fabric is obtained by interlacing a system of two or more threads. This is how many fabrics are made for sewing dresses, blouses, men's shirts and even swimwear. Products from them keep their shape well and have low thermal conductivity.
Needle-punched method
The prepared material is laid out on special machines and subjected to numerous piercings with highly heated jagged needles. As a result, the fibers are chaotically entangled, the fabric is fastened together.
In the needle-punched way, most heaters are obtained - synthetic winterizer, batting and others. Their significant disadvantage is that during operation, individual fibers can penetrate through upper layer. This not only affects appearance product, but also reduces its thermal conductivity and durability.
thermal method
At the preparatory stage add a certain amount of fibers having a melting point lower than the bulk. When heated, they quickly melt and form a solid product. 
This technology is used to obtain some types of fillers for upholstered furniture, as well as inexpensive insulating materials for outerwear. They are distinguished by low density, but significant elasticity and resistance to chemicals.
Hydrojet method
Products obtained using this innovative technology are used in medicine, cosmetology: disposable underwear, gowns, dressings, napkins, tampons, sponges, etc. The most famous are sontara, novitex and fibrella.
The method is based on weaving and binding fibers with high-pressure water jets. Its pioneer is the famous American company dupont.
Interesting to know! For the production of baby diapers, the airforming method is used. The fibers enter the air stream and turn into cotton wool, which is then sprayed onto a special adhesive tape.
Felt felting method
It allows you to get non-woven materials from pure wool or blended raw materials. In conditions high humidity at a certain temperature, the fibers are subjected to mechanical stress, as a result of which they are felted.
In this way, felt is obtained, which is used for the production of shoes, warm clothes, blankets and other products. In addition, felt is widely used in the construction of buildings, since it not only retains heat well, but also provides sound insulation for rooms.
The most famous nonwovens
These products have many advantages: softness, elasticity, strength, wear resistance and durability. Modern technologies allow you to create products with pre-programmed characteristics. Let us dwell briefly on the most common materials.
Even 50 years ago, batting was practically the only insulation. It is noteworthy that even coat hangers for evening dresses and elegant suits were made from it.
Now batting is used only in work clothes - padded jackets, mittens, balaclavas, etc. Some manufacturers orthopedic mattresses also do not forget about this material.
Raw materials for batting are natural or mixed fibers, as well as some textile and garment production. They are connected into a fabric by a needle-punched or knitting method. The highest quality is considered batting with gauze sizing. Such a canvas is not deformed and has a significant service life.
The disadvantages of batting is its big weight, the ability to absorb moisture and dry for a long time. In addition, moths can start in wool fibers. Therefore, modern manufacturers of workwear prefer synthetic insulation.
This is a light, voluminous and elastic non-woven fabric that has good heat-shielding properties. It is often used not only for sewing jackets and coats, but also in the furniture industry, in the manufacture of pillows, blankets, soft toys, sleeping bags, shoes. 
The synthetic winterizer is obtained by gluing or thermally from synthetic fibers. Its main advantages compared to batting are light weight, good dimensional stability and a high degree of heat saving.
It is important to know! Adhesive composition used in the production of synthetic winterizer can cause allergic reactions. Therefore, it is not recommended to buy clothes or toys with such a filler for small children.
Spunbond
Disposable gowns, caps, napkins and sheets made from this material are water-repellent. The soft, pleasant to the touch surface of spunbond is associated with cotton fabrics.
Fibers are obtained by forcing molten polypropylene through a plurality of spinnerets. The cured threads are spun and thermally bonded into a web. Modern technologies make it possible to obtain spunbond fibers several tens of times thinner than human hair.
Spunlace
Cotton, viscose or polypropylene fibers, which form the basis of such a fabric, are joined under high pressure by the hydrojet method. The fabric is characterized by increased strength, breathability and the absence of static electricity.
The material is widely used in hairdressing and cosmetology. The most famous spunlace product is wet wipes.
Thinsulate
In terms of heat-saving properties, this non-woven material is comparable to swan or eider down. The name "tinsulate" is translated as "thin heat". It consists of the thinnest hollow polyester fibers, each of which is twisted in a spiral. It is thanks to this that the filler keeps its shape perfectly, instantly returning the product to its original appearance after washing.
The thermal characteristics of the material are also noteworthy. In a jacket with thinsulate, a person feels comfortable even at a frost of 40o. A strikingly thin thickness does not hinder movement and allows you to freely ski or run.
The negative qualities of thinsulate include its ability to accumulate static electricity. But with the help of appropriate processing, this problem can be eliminated.
Isosoft
Another modern insulation, which was developed by the Belgian concern Libeltex, the largest manufacturer of nonwovens. Isosoft consists of the finest polyester fibers, connected in such a way as to ensure maximum heat saving.
The thickness of the isosoft is 4 times less than that of the padding polyester, and the warming capacity is 10-12 times higher. The material has all quality certificates, so it can be used without fear even in children's clothing.
Isosoft easily tolerates washing in the machine, without getting lumpy and without penetrating the front side of the product. Clothing dries quickly and returns to its original shape. The only drawback of the material can be considered its high cost, but it more than pays off with its excellent performance and durability.
From thin and delicate rabbit and goat down, a beautiful material called felting is obtained by felting. It is used for the manufacture of outerwear, shoes, hats, children's toys and decor items.
Sometimes, to give the product additional strength and resistance to deformation, viscose or synthetic threads are added to the fluff. This felt is different smooth surface with a pleasant sheen.
Felt is actively used to create a variety of crafts. This is facilitated by the fact that the material is well colored, does not crumble when cutting, and looks the same both from the front and from the wrong side.
It is important to know! When washing, felt products can shrink and shed. Therefore, to care for them, it is best to use dry cleaning using special products.
Nonwovens, the list of which becomes more extensive every year, are rightly considered the product of tomorrow. The numerous advantages that they possess make them indispensable in various spheres of human life.
Many summer residents strive to plant and sow everything as soon as possible. In this case, non-woven covering materials of foreign and domestic production come to their rescue. It can be various types of agrospan, spanbond, agrotex. They provide reliable protection against frost and create an optimal microclimate for active plant growth.
What are the types of fabrics
The modern summer resident today has huge selection products that protect plants from the weather. Covering nonwoven materials are presented in a very wide range, and among the most popular types it is necessary to highlight:
- lutrasil;
- spunbond;
- agril;
- agrospan;
- Lumitex.
Each of these types of materials has its own specific features that must be taken into account when choosing them.
What is the difference between covering sheets
Covering non-woven materials are outwardly quite similar, but still differ from each other. When choosing them, it is imperative to take into account the product marking, which is indicated by numbers. The higher it is, the denser the material. It will also retain heat much better.
The thinnest and lightest covering materials are well suited for frameless shelter. In addition, they have very excellent light transmission, help create favorable conditions for growing plants. And such products can protect plants from pests and birds.
Covering nonwovens, marked #23, have the same qualities as thinner products, but they are much stronger. To provide protection from severe frosts, products marked #30 and #42 are ideal, as they help provide the most best conditions.
It should be noted that without a frame, only light non-woven covering material can be used, and for denser and more durable products, a reliable and stable frame is required. Models marked No. 60 and No. 80 are considered the most durable products.
The quality of covering materials
The quality of the covering non-woven material can be judged by several criteria. First of all, you need to take into account the presence of UV stabilizers, as well as pay attention to uniformity in density. The best choice of products well-known manufacturers that have already established themselves in the market.
It is worth remembering that shelter is required not only for garden crops, but also for heat-loving young trees and shrubs. In addition, such material may be required for roses. In this case, it is worth choosing agrotex or agrospan.
Density of covering material
If you have a greenhouse, covering non-woven material must be selected very carefully. In particular, this product differs in density. The following options are distinguished:
- lungs;
- medium;
- dense.
Light products are produced only white color. They can be applied without supports and laid directly on the seedlings immediately after they are planted in the soil. Under such shelter, a comfortable microclimate is formed. The material is especially light, it does not damage the stems, and the plants will independently lift the canvas from the ground as they grow. Such a shelter will help protect plantings from the sun, severe frosts and insects.
Products of medium density are also white. They have a density of 28-42 g/m2. Such material is ideal for covering greenhouses and greenhouses. They cover berries, shrubs, as well as crops for the winter.
Black non-woven covering material is characterized by high density. This fiber is ideal for soil mulching. It prevents the growth of weeds. Not getting enough sunlight, they cannot develop normally and simply die. Seedlings must be planted in special slots. In addition, it is worth noting that the non-woven covering material from weeds warms up very well and provides the seedlings with the required heat.
White durable material is used for greenhouse equipment, it is stretched over supports, as well as over a frame for plant protection. A modern innovative material is a two-layer canvas, the lower layer of which is black and the upper one is white. The black side of such a canvas is laid on the soil to avoid the appearance of weeds. The white side will reflect the light. In this case, the crop will grow much faster.
Appointment of covering material
Non-woven covering material for greenhouses is in great demand among summer residents, as it supports comfortable temperature and moisture needed to grow a rich crop. Taking into account the use of modern innovative technologies covering materials allow:
- increase productivity;
- protect plants from frost;
- retain moisture in the soil;
- reduce the effort spent on processing the beds.
In order for such a product to be useful, you need to choose the right non-woven covering material for the beds. When buying the required option, you need to consider many different parameters.
Lutrasil
Lutrasil is a non-woven covering material for beds that looks like a cobweb. Its advantage is that there is absolutely no condensation under it. If necessary, it can be left on the ground for a long time.
The density of lutrasil can be different. The easiest option is considered thermoselect, which is able to withstand frosts down to -2 degrees. A denser option is considered frostselect, which helps protect seedlings from hail, pests, birds and frost.
Black non-woven covering material provides the greatest degree of protection, therefore it is most often used when planting plants in the soil, having previously made holes in the canvas. It helps to create the most favorable thermal regime at the roots.
Spunbond
In the past few years, spunbond non-woven covering material has begun to enjoy great demand.
As a result of a special manufacturing method, a wear-resistant, durable and strong material is obtained, which is widely used in various fields Agriculture. Depending on the density of the canvas, it can be used in open or protected ground. You can highlight the main areas where this product can be used. It is used for:
- acceleration of soil warming;
- obtaining the earliest shoots;
- protection of the surface layer of soil from drying out;
- protection of plants from severe frosts.
Before applying sanbond to protect plants from bad weather conditions, you need to consider its main technical characteristics:
- good breathability;
- light transmission;
- low weight;
- homogeneous structure;
- resistance to adverse factors;
- does not undergo putrefactive changes and bacteria.
Spunbond can be used at any time of the year. In spring, it contributes to a better warming of the soil for carrying out early crops. In addition, high-density spunbond can be used to cover greenhouse and greenhouse frames.
Agril
Agril is a covering material that has a high degree of light transmission, but it also diffuses ultraviolet well. That is why in the hot season the plants will not be steamed, and during frosts they will not be supercooled. The cloth well passes air and moisture. In addition, it is durable and easy to use.
Agril helps protect the soil from erosion, soil crusting, compaction, and shortens the maturation period of plants. Black agril does not let in light and eliminates the need for frequent weeding.
Agrospan
Agrospan covering material is suitable for use at any time of the year. This canvas combines the best qualities of other products. In the cold season, it helps protect seeds, seedlings and seedlings from frost. In summer, it provides protection from excessive ultraviolet radiation.
Agrospan is a synthetic fiber that looks like interlining. Manufacturers produce canvases in black and white. white material ideal for sheltering seedlings in a greenhouse or greenhouse. The black material is used for soil mulching. It provides protection against weeds and pests.
With the help of new technologies used in the production process, a strong and durable canvas is obtained. It has the following advantages:
- creation of the required microclimate;
- protection against overheating and excessive cooling of the soil;
- decrease in watering;
- protection from pests and diseases;
- durability.
However, this fiber also has certain disadvantages. The main disadvantage is the low level of thermal insulation, which is very bad for the growth of heat-loving plants.
Lumitex
Lumitex is transparent material various colors, which helps to enhance the flow of light. At the same time, the canvas delays and reflects part of the infrared radiation, thereby protecting plants from overheating. It passes moisture and carbon dioxide very well.
This material looks rather unusual, as it is presented in different colors and has a ribbed texture. This product is very convenient to use and is suitable for sheltering strawberries and cucumbers. It can last for a long time.
Mulch covering material
Mulching material for sheltering plants is very often used in horticulture. It can be organic or inorganic. Organic canvas can gradually rot. The soil covered by it is enriched beneficial substances. Thus, the characteristics of the soil and its acidity gradually change. Given this fact, organic mulch should be used very carefully.
Inorganic covering material performs additionally decorative function. As a mulch, you can use colored and black film, which can be combined with decorative plantings.
Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate coating is the best alternative to greenhouse film. It is a reliable material that is able to protect plants from rain, bacteria, wind, while creating the best conditions for optimal growth and development of garden crops.
Polycarbonate, in fact, is a sheet of plastic that has cavities inside, which are somewhat reminiscent of a honeycomb. Such sheets are characterized by high strength and lightness.
