feudal system. feudal society
Feudal society in the Russian centralized state consisted of two main classes - the class of feudal lords and the class of feudal-dependent peasants.
The feudal class was divided into four social groups:
Serving princes ("princes"); boyars; servants under the court; boyar children.
Servant princes are former appanage princes. After joining their destinies to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, they lost their political independence. However, they retained the right of patrimonial ownership of their lands and were large landowners. The princes were obliged to serve the Grand Duke. Gradually they merged with the top of the boyars.
The boyars, as before, remained large estate owners. They also belonged to the service class, occupied important positions in the grand duke's administration.
The children of the boyars and the servants of the court formed a group of medium and small feudal lords and carried out personal service to the Grand Duke.
During the formation of a centralized state, the feudal lords had the right to leave, they could choose a stronger prince as overlord. As the power of the Moscow Grand Dukes strengthened, their attitude to the right to leave changed. They viewed it as a manifestation of separatism, a desire for independence. Therefore, those who departed were deprived of their estates and were considered traitors. The confiscated lands were transferred by the grand dukes to the lower group service people. For example, Ivan III from 1483 to 1489 confiscated the lands of 8,000 families of boyars and guests of Veliky Novgorod, who were in opposition to Moscow. On their lands, Ivan IV "placed" "Muscovites of the best of many guests and boyar children."
In the XV century. - early XVI V. in the conditions of the centralization of the state, since all groups of feudal lords turned into a service estate, the meaning of the word, "boyar", changed. In a single state, belonging to the boyars was associated with public service and began to mean a court rank granted by the Grand Duke. The highest rank was the "boyar introduced" (passed through the procedure of solemn introduction, announcement). This rank was received by the princes and well-born boyars for special merits. The next rank - "rounder" was given to small specific princes and noble boyars who were not included in the boyars introduced. Other ranks are stewards, city nobles.
During the period under review, a new group of feudal lords took shape - the nobles. Ivan III and other great princes gave land under the condition of serving free people and even serfs, mainly servants under the court (hence the name - nobles).
Nobles received land for service under the condition of local law, that is, without inheritance. They did not have the right to freely move from prince to prince and occupied minor positions. The nobles could not be the main leaders of the troops, the heads of the regiments. They could only command dozens or hundreds. They were responsible for protecting the borders of the state. Nobles could hold the positions of "messengers" - persons sent to different places with instructions from "non-workers", whose duties included subpoenaing the parties, executing court decisions, arresting and torturing "tateyas". The nobles performed various positions in the court service, took part in princely hunting as kennels, baptismal workers, and falconers. In the Russian centralized state between the Grand Duke and the rest of the feudal lords, not contractual, but service relations developed. The following principles were in effect: “in service is honor!”, “serve to death”.
The clergy belonged to the large feudal lords, which was divided into white - the clergy of churches, and black - the clergy of monasteries.
During the period under review, there was an expansion of monastic land ownership due to the grant of princes and boyars, as well as the seizure of undeveloped lands, especially in the north-east of the country, numerous monasteries scattered throughout the country, enjoyed the support of local feudal lords and merchants, could exist comfortably at the expense of cash and in kind contributions to "remembrance of the soul", "about health".
Peasants. To designate the rural population, starting from the 14th century, the term peasants (from "Christians") is gradually gaining popularity.
The peasants were divided into two categories - black and privately owned. Black peasants lived on the lands of the princes and did not legally belong to any feudal lord. They paid the Grand Duke a tax - a nationwide tax. They were entrusted with the plowing of tithes - corvee for the Grand Duke, the maintenance of feeders, underwater duty, the construction of city walls, command huts, the construction of bridges, logging, the supply of "subsistence people".
The main measure in the distribution of taxes and duties on the community was a plow, a certain amount of land - from 400 to 1300 quarters (a quarter ½ tithe). Black peasants lived in communities ("world" "volost").
Privately owned peasants belonged to individual feudal lords. In the XIV century - XVI century. the feudal lords strive to attach the peasants to themselves, to their possessions. In this case, both economic and non-economic measures are used. Most often, the grand dukes assigned certain groups of peasants to individual owners with special letters. However, a single form of feudal dependence has not yet developed. Privately owned peasants were divided into groups. One of them were peasants-old-timers. These included peasants for a long time (from ancient times), who lived on the land of the feudal lord, performed duties in his favor and paid taxes. Until the middle of the 15th century, the old-timers were legally free. Then the princes began to issue charters, attaching them to the landowner.
Another category of peasants are new arrivals, new orders. These are peasants who were attracted by the feudal lords to their possessions by establishing benefits for them. For example, exemption for a year from taxes and feudal duties. The new orderers, who had lived in one place for many years, became old-timers.
Silversmiths are peasants who borrowed silver from their feudal lords, which was divided into “growth” and “product”. The first was given with the condition of payment of interest, the second - with the condition of repayment of interest by the "product", i.e., work on the land of the feudal lord. Until the debt was paid, the pieces of silver could not leave the owner
The newcomers are poor peasants who are forced to go to a rich master. They concluded agreements, "decent" letters, according to which they became dependent on the masters. The newcomer took "help" to equip. Within one year, he was either exempted from paying the quitrent to the master, or paid him "half", in a reduced amount. For this, he was obliged to acquire a household, build a house. If he did not do this, then he paid a "charge" - a penalty. After the expiration of grace years, newcomers merged with old-timers
Polovniki did not have their own land, they cultivated the master's land and gave half of the harvest to the owner.
Bobyls are landless peasants who did not have a farm and the ability to pay state service. They received housing and land from the feudal lord. For this they paid dues and performed corvée.
The bulk of the peasantry in the XV century. enjoyed the right of transition (“exit”) from one feudal lord to another at any time of the year (“low summer and always”). This did not suit the feudal lords, they began to demand the establishment certain period peasant outlet.
Ivan III in the Sudebnik of 1497 established a single deadline for the exit ("refusal") of the peasants - St. George's autumn day (November 26), when usually all agricultural work was completed. To receive a "rejection", i.e. the right to exit, the peasant had to pay the feudal lord "old" (for the use of the yard) in the amount of one ruble in the steppe areas and half in the wooded areas, if he lived with the owner for four years or longer.
The autumn St. George's day was extremely inconvenient for the peasants to leave and, in fact, tied the peasants to the feudal lord even more strongly. Without exaggeration, we can say that the Sudebnik of 1497, having established St. George's Day, marked the beginning of the legal registration of serfdom in Russia.
Serfs. During the formation of a centralized state, slowly but steadily there is a process rapprochement of servility with the feudal-dependent peasantry. So-called "suffering people" or "sufferers" appear - serfs planted on the ground. The number of sources of servility is reduced. The serf, who had escaped from the Tatar captivity, was released. “Keykeeping” in the city, birth from the free did not lead to servility. Another manifestation of the rapprochement between servility and the peasantry was the appearance of bonded people. This category of dependent population appeared at the end of the 15th century. The essence of bonded relations was the exploitation of the debtor by creditors on the basis of a special promissory note (“service bondage”). The debtor had to repay the interest on the borrowed amount by his labor (“service”). Often the amount of debt was fictitious, covering the transition into feudal dependence. In the XVI century. bondage acquires the features of complete servility. Therefore, bonded people began to be called bonded serfs. However, unlike a full serf, a bonded serf could not be passed on by will, his children did not become serfs.
Urban population. Residents of cities in the Russian centralized state were called townspeople. The fact is that the city at that time was divided into two parts: 1) a place enclosed by a fortress wall - "detinets", "kremlin", representatives of the princely power lived here, there was a garrison; 2) posad - a settlement outside stone walls citadel, merchants lived here, artisans - townspeople.
Socially, the townspeople were heterogeneous. The top - rich merchants (some princes were debtors of merchants) - guests, sourozhans, clothiers. There were merchant associations - the so-called hundreds.
The bulk of the urban population are black townspeople (artisans, small traders). Craftsmen united in communities, "brothers" on a professional basis (masons, armored workers, carpenters, etc.). They were given the right to judge.
The townspeople formed the townspeople's black hundred, whose members, on the principle of mutual responsibility, paid the national tax - the townsman's tax, and carried other duties.
§3 Political system
The formation of the Russian centralized state included two interrelated processes - the formation of a single state territory through the unification of fragmented principalities and the establishment of the power of a single monarch of this territory.
The dynamics of the formation of the power of the Grand Duke of Moscow is characterized by a steady increase in his autocracy. Before the unification, the Moscow princes were absolute masters in their own domain. Relations with the rest of the princes were built on the basis of the principle of suzerainty - vassalage - treaties, immunity letters. As the process of unification develops, the power of the Moscow Grand Duke is strengthened. Specific princes turn into servants, Russian state from a complex of feudal estates becomes single state. Specific princes cannot conduct independent external and internal politics. The power of the Grand Duke of Moscow acquired the character of the real power of the entire Muscovite state. The state began to be divided not into destinies, but into counties, in which officials of the Moscow Grand Duke ruled.
From the point of view of the form of government until the middle of the XVI century. The Russian centralized state can be considered as a transition from the early feudal monarchy to the class-representative monarchy
Bodies of power and administration. The supreme legislative and executive power belonged to the Grand Duke. There were two sources of strengthening the power of the Grand Duke: 1) internal - by limiting the immunity rights of specific princes and boyars; 2) external - the elimination of vassal dependence on the Golden Horde.
Moscow Grand Duke and legally and in fact became the bearer of sovereign power on the territory of Rus'. Beginning with Ivan III, Moscow princes call themselves "sovereigns of all Rus'." The rise of the power of the Moscow Grand Duke received an ideological justification. This was the theory put forward in the message of the monk of the Pskov Elizarov Monastery Philotheus “Moscow is the third Rome”. Two Romes (Western and Eastern - Constantinople) fell. The Russian people remained the only custodian of Orthodoxy, and Moscow became the third Rome and will be forever. “Two ubo Romes fell, and the third stands and the fourth will not be.” Philotheus addressed the Moscow prince: "You are the only king in the whole Celestial Empire".
A kind of practical confirmation of this position of Ivan III was his marriage to Sophia Paleolog, the niece of the latter Byzantine emperor- Constantine Palaiologos.
The Grand Duke had the right to appoint to the main government posts, including the Boyar Duma. He also headed the armed forces and was in charge of foreign affairs. Laws were issued on his behalf, and the Grand Duke's court was the highest court. The strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke was facilitated by the fact that in the 90s of the XV century. Ivan III managed to secure the appointment of a Russian metropolitan independent of the Patriarch of Constantinople.
The Boyar Duma is a permanent advisory body under the Grand Duke, which arose in the 15th century. It grew out of the Council of Boyars under the prince, which existed earlier, but was convened from time to time.
The Boyar Duma had a permanent composition, it included the highest hierarchs, boyars, okolnichy. Number of members Boyar Duma at the beginning of the XVI century. did not exceed 20 people.
The competence of the boyar duma was not clearly defined. She could consider important national issues. In particular, the role of the Boyar Duma in foreign affairs was great. The boyars were put at the head of the embassy missions, corresponded, attended the receptions of the ambassadors of the grand dukes.
In the Boyar Duma and the system in general government controlled the principle of parochialism operated, according to which the position of members of the Boyar Duma and other officials was determined by their generosity, nobility, and not business qualities.
During the formation of the Russian centralized state, feudal congresses were still convened, as a rule, to resolve issues related to the unification of Russian lands. The last feudal congress was convened by Ivan III in 1471.
“Ways” are peculiar departments that combine both the functions of state administration and the functions of meeting the needs of the grand ducal court (falconer, trapper, stable, bowl, etc.). The “paths” were headed by the “worthy boyars” appointed by the Grand Duke from among the most well-born and trusted persons of the prince.
The "ways" were in charge of certain areas, which they were in charge of "court and tribute."
The presence of “paths” is an indicator that elements of palace and patrimonial system. However, over time, this archaic system did not meet the requirements of centralized power. In the XV century. early 16th century there are new bodies - orders. These were bureaucratically centralized bodies in charge of certain branches of government. Officials were formed in orders - people in orders - professionally engaged in public administration.
The first of the orders was the Treasury order (yard). In 1450, the state clerk was first mentioned, and in 1467 - the state clerk, as officials. Initially, the Treasury Department had extensive functions: it was in charge of yamsk, local, serfs and embassy affairs. Following Kazenny, other orders began to appear.
Local government was built on the basis of the feeding system. In cities there were governors, in volosts - volosts. They had administrative and judicial power. The population provided the governors and volosts with everything they needed - "food". Its size was determined in special princely charters. “Fodder” consisted of: entry feed (“who will bring what”), periodic in-kind and cash requisitions several times a year - at Christmas, Easter, Peter’s Day, trade duties from out-of-town merchants, marriage duties (“output merchant” and "new ubrus"). The feeding system was a relic of the early feudal monarchy and did not satisfy the population, the nobles were especially unhappy with it.
The armed forces consisted of the Grand Duke's army, which consisted of the children of the boyars, servants under the court. The basis of the army was the sovereign regiment. In addition, it could be convened civil uprising- "Moscow army", mainly consisting of residents of cities. However, if necessary, it was replenished with villagers. The judiciary was not separated from the administrative. The highest was the court of the Grand Duke - for large feudal lords, as well as the highest court of appeal.
Judicial functions were carried out by the Boyar Duma, worthy boyars, orders. Governors and volostels judged locally. At the same time, their judicial rights were not the same. Governors and volostels with the right of a "boyar court" could consider any cases, without a "boyar court" - they did not have the right to accept cases of serious crimes - robberies, tatba, cases of serfs, etc. In such cases they had to report to the Grand Duke or the Boyar Duma.
Feudalism is a social system that existed in Western and Central Europe in the era of the Middle Ages, although the characteristic features of feudal society can be found in other regions of the world, and in different eras. The term "feudalism" arose before the French Revolution and meant " old order"(absolute monarchy, domination of the nobility). German Feudalismus, French feodalite are formed from the Latin feodum (feudum) - feud. In Marxism, feudalism is seen as a socio-economic formation preceding capitalism.
Fundamentals of feudalism
Feudalism is based on interpersonal relations: vassal and lord, subject and suzerain, peasant and large landowner. Feudalism is characterized by class-legal inequality, enshrined in law, and a knightly military organization. The ideological and moral basis of feudalism was Christianity, which determined the nature of medieval culture. The formation of feudalism covered the 5th-9th centuries - the period after the destruction of the Roman Empire by the barbarians. During the heyday of feudalism (12-13 centuries), cities and towns were strengthened economically and politically. urban population, estate-representative assemblies took shape (the English Parliament, the French States General), the estate monarchy was forced to reckon with the interests of not only the nobility, but also all estates. The confrontation between the papacy and the secular monarchy created space for the assertion of personal freedom, which gradually undermined the class-hierarchical structure of feudalism. The development of the urban economy undermined the subsistence foundations of the dominance of the aristocracy, and the growth of free thought led to the outgrowth of heresies into the Reformation of the 16th century. Protestantism, with its new ethics and value system, favored the development entrepreneurial activity capitalist type. The revolutions of the 16th and 18th centuries marked basically the end of the era of feudalism.
Marxism considered feudalism as a class-based structure of society, characteristic of an agrarian in nature and predominantly a subsistence economy collective. In the ancient world, feudalism replaced the slave system, in a number of cases, in particular, in Rus', feudal relations developed directly on the basis of the primitive communal system. The feudal system of economic, social and political-legal relations is characterized by conditional ownership of land, the presence of a feudal hierarchy, legally unequal and socially closed estates. Significant civilizational and historical features distinguish the Western European model of feudalism from similar social systems not only in Asia and Africa, but also in Eastern Europe.
With all the variety of specific historical and regional varieties, stadial features can be distinguished common features feudal system. First of all, it is feudal property, which is the monopoly of the feudal class on the main means of production - land. Ownership of land is associated with dominance over the direct producers - the peasants. For the feudal lord, land was valuable not in itself, but in combination with the worker who cultivated it. The peasant ran an independent household on a plot of land formally granted to him by the feudal lord, but this plot was actually in the hereditary use of the peasant family. Without ownership of the land, peasant family was the owner of their tools and working cattle. Out of relationship feudal property the right of the feudal lord to land rent, which acted in the form of corvée, natural or cash quitrent, followed. The feudal mode of production is based on a combination of large landed property of the feudal class and individual farming of the direct producers, the peasants.
Non-economic coercion
An important feature of the feudal system was non-economic coercion of the peasants, which could take the form of class inequality and serfdom. The established economic independence of the peasant, in comparison with the position of a slave under the slave system, opened up opportunities for increasing labor productivity and developing the productive forces of society, but in general for feudalism, as for social order with the predominance of the agrarian economy, subsistence farming, small-scale individual production - the slow development of agricultural technology and crafts was characteristic. The feudal mode of production determined the following features: the social structure of the feudal society (estate, hierarchy, corporatism), the political superstructure (public power as an attribute of land ownership), the ideological life of society (the dominance of the religious worldview), the socio-psychological makeup of the individual (communal connectedness of consciousness and traditionalism). worldview).
The world-historical era of feudalism is traditionally associated with the Middle Ages and dates from the end of the 5th to the middle of the 17th centuries, but in most regions of the world feudal relations dominated and persisted in the subsequent era, while the content of the modern era was determined by the increasing degree of capitalist relations. For all peoples, feudalism went through the stages of genesis (formation), developed feudalism, late feudalism, and the chronological framework of these stages for different regions world are different. In countries Western Europe the feudal system developed on the ruins of the Western Roman Empire, conquered during the Great Migration of Nations by barbarians, mainly Germans - Franks, Visigoths, Burgundians, Lombards, Angles, Saxons. The genesis of feudalism here covered the period from the end of the 5th to the 10th-11th centuries. In the question of the ways of the formation of the feudal system in Western Europe, historiography has developed three directions dating back to the 18th century. The direction of the novelists believe that feudalism comes to the socio-legal and political institutions of the late Roman Empire, the direction of the Germanists - that feudalism was established as a result of the predominance of German institutions in the social and political organization of medieval society. The third direction adheres to the theory of synthesis, which is understood as mixing in the process of feudalization of ancient and barbarian orders. In the 20th century, the concept of continuity prevailed in Western historiography - the slow, smooth evolution of the Roman and German orders, during which a feudal society took shape.
I. The essence of the feudal system
78. The Essence of Western Feudalism
84. Feudal Society
The feudal ladder of lords and vassals rested below on the rest of the population. Feudalism sharply divided the country's population into gentlemen class And commoner class. The first was the nobility or the noble class, the class of well-born people (gentiles homines, from the French gentilhomme), from which the later nobility. It was first of all military estate, which should have protect the rest of the population. The higher clergy also belonged to the class of masters, who also possessed feuds and put up warriors from their lands (the real calling of the clergy was considered prayer). The rest of the mass, that is, farmers, artisans and merchants, was dependent on the feudal lords and owed their labor feed seniors and spiritual. Thus, feudal society was divided into three classes, of which one prayed, another fought, and the third worked.
Mutual relations between suzerains and vassals were determined many customs and rituals. The establishment of a vassal relationship was accompanied by the following ritual: the vassal knelt before the overlord and put his hands in his hands; this was tantamount to declaring oneself a “man” (homo) of the seigneur, hence the name of the oath Hommagium(or homage). At the same time, the lord kissed his vassal and gave him some gift that symbolized the feud (a ring, a glove, etc.). After that, the vassal sealed his allegiance with an oath of allegiance (foi). Feudal law developed a whole code of mutual "duties of the lord and vassal. For example, the vassal had to help the lord in the war for at least forty days a year, redeem him from captivity, appear in the curia to give advice at least three times a year, etc.
85. Military life of the feudal era
Western feudal lords were in general class of privileged warriors. One of the reasons for the development of their power over the population of certain areas was that they protected it from all sorts of attacks and invasions. For the sake of this, the population itself helped them build fortified castles where, if necessary, one could hide. However, these same castles allowed the lords, in addition, to defend their independence from the state and strengthen their power over the surrounding residents. Having become sovereigns, the feudal lords became wage wars among themselves attack each other and plunder the possessions of their enemies. In occasions of private wars (fedam) there was no shortage; even the feudal relations themselves often gave rise to them when, for example, one party violated a vassal treaty. Feudal strife was a real scourge for the civilian population. However, the church came to his aid, which, after unsuccessful attempts to establish a common peace, limited itself to the establishment Truce of God(treuga Dei), which consisted in the prohibition to attack opponents and fight in general on the days of the week dedicated to the memory of the suffering, death and resurrection of the Savior.
Castle of Carcassonne, France
The feudal militia consisted mainly of cavalry, and the very name rider, or knight(German Ritter, i.e. Reiter) began to denote lower ranks of the feudal nobility. But the knighthood received another meaning. Knights have become over time honorary military class, entry into which was made through a special rite dedications and belonging to which imposed a duty obey certain moral requirements. Sons of knights (Damoiseau, i.e. gentlemen, barchuks) were brought up at the courts of their future seigneurs as privileged servants (pages) And squires, until they received knighthood in compliance with a rather complex ritual, which had a religious character. The initiate gave at the same time vows of knighthood to defend the church, widows and orphans, in general, all the innocently oppressed, to always tell the truth, to keep the given word, to avoid unclean methods of enrichment, etc. Life has even worked out whole line special knightly honor And courtesy even towards opponents. Especially developed in chivalry was polite treatment of ladies, that is, ladies (dame - from Latin domina), which even turned into a special lady cult. Further, each knight had the right to coat of arms, as its emblem and decal. However, knights who fully corresponded to their ideal met more in the then poetry, than in reality. The knights spent their time in wars, hunting and in exemplary battles, called tournaments. Their mental culture was very weak, and their attitude towards the subject was far from being the fulfillment of a vow to protect the weak and oppressed.
Knight Tournament. 14th century miniature
86. Rural population of the feudal lordship
Establishment of senior power equalized the position of all the class rural population of the seigneury. The peasantry of the feudal era was formed in the West from the descendants of both slaves and columns as far back as Roman times, and from landless or landless free barbarian era. From the very beginning, slaves and columns did not enjoy civil freedom, but free enslaved themselves by way of a comment. The seigneur, who was both a sovereign, and a landowner, and a master of unfree people, equalized everyone under his authority. The rural population of individual lords became serfs. villany, as they were now called, were in a better position than the slaves, but still their position was difficult. The lords farmed only a small part of their lands, but most of them consisted of small peasant farms. Villans paid from their plots dues and served corvée, i.e., they worked on the land of the lord, and although the amount of dues or work was for the most part determined custom, nevertheless, often the lords demanded one or the other at their discretion. On the other hand, the peasants who lived in the same village formed from themselves rural communities, jointly owned various lands and even ran their own internal affairs.
87. Feudal tenure and peasant duties
A feature of western feudal landownership was that every"kept" the earth from someone higher. Free property disappeared and was replaced conditional property. The former free owners converted their lands (the so-called allods) in beneficiation, giving himself under guardianship strong people and the large landowners also distributed beneficiaries to small people. For his feud, each had to carry out a certain service. The peasants also kept the land under the same conditions, but only they did not serve, but paid or worked. They paid their dues for the most part not in money, but in kind(bread, livestock, etc.). The barshchina consisted not only of field work on the seigneur, but also from the work of building or repairing castles, etc. While the holder of the land performed his duties, the land remained with him and passed on by inheritance from father to son. Thus, if the peasant was attached to the land, then the earth was attached to it. The rights of the lord in relation to the peasant were not limited to their one connection on the ground. The lord was also a sovereign in his possession, and in relation to some classes of the rural population, his power even had the character of the power of a slave owner. As a sovereign, the seigneur could establish whatever taxes he liked and subordinate the peasants any order, in the genus, for example, the obligation to grind grain without fail at a lordly mill and bake bread in a lordly oven (banality) or at night disturb the frogs with their croaking and disturb the sleep of the inhabitants of the castle. As a sovereign, the seigneur used various duties, fines, etc. In the worst situation were those peasants who were, as it were, in a slave position (serfs). The lord was for them not only a landowner-sovereign, but also a master. Such peasants in France were called menmortables(deadhanders), since their "hand was dead" to pass on the inheritance to children. They could not marry without the consent of their masters, and when a serf of one lord married a serf of another, the children from such a marriage were divided equally between both masters.
88. Feudal power in cities
Western cities also entered the general feudal system. In general, urban life fell into decay in the era of the barbarian kingdoms, and rural life took precedence over urban life. Feudal lords lived in castles among their estates with their retinues and servants. Constant unrest and wars have caused a terrible trade blow. The industry also fell especially since the feudal owners had among their servants artisans who worked for themselves and for all their households. As a result, the population of cities decreased. With the fragmentation of the country into feudal possessions, the cities found themselves under the rule of individual counts, power was established in many cities bishops. The situation of the townspeople therefore worsened, for not infrequently the counts and bishops sought to reduce even the urban population to the level of villans.
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King Mayordom - First Councilor of the Palace Kingdom
Charlemagne and his empire
During the reign of Charlemagne (768 - 814), the Frankish state became one of the largest states in Europe. Karl's army made more than 50 campaigns in neighboring countries.
Carolingian Renaissance - the time of Charlemagne
· 800 - the Pope proclaimed Charlemagne Emperor. For the first time after the fall of the Roman Empire (476), the power of the emperor in the West was restored. Karl began to apply for
France in the 11th - 14th centuries
The struggle of the kings of France for the "gathering" of the lands of the XI century. – France was divided into a number of large fiefs: duchies – Normandy, Burgundy, Brittany, Aquitaine
England in the XI-XII centuries
Norman conquest of England After the conquest of Britain by the Angles and Saxons, 7 kingdoms were formed there, warring with each other. In the ninth century they united in the kingdom of England
Features of warring armies
The English army The basis is foot soldiers recruited from free peasants, archers. The knightly cavalry received a salary from the royal treasury. Benefits: o High
War of the Scarlet and White Roses
(1455-1485) Cause Rivalry between two groups of feudal lords - the old aristocracy and the new nobility, connected by economic interests with the bourgeoisie. TO
Absolute monarchy
In the XV - XVI centuries. absolute monarchies are formed in the countries of Western Europe. Absolutism is a form of government under conditions feudal state when the monarch belongs
The main features of an absolute monarchy
1. Creation of an extensive bureaucracy. 2. The creation of a professional army - the pillars of absolutism. 3. Strengthening of punitive bodies. 4. Activity class-pr
Causes of feudal fragmentation and their manifestation in the countries of Western Europe in the early Middle Ages
causes process manifestation result 1. Development of private land ownership Transformation of land grants into
Glossary of terms
Absolutism is an unlimited monarchy; a form of government in which the executive, legislative and judicial powers belong to one person - the monarch. Antique
Major Events in World History
Foreign countries IV millennium BC I millennium BC - middle of the 5th century AD 527-565 Con. 5th - 8th century 7th-10th centuries 800-84
- (feudalism and feudal society) a type of agrarian society in which land ownership is conditioned by military or other service, in which there is a hierarchy political power, based on contractual rights and obligations, usually with a monarch at the head, and ... ... Big explanatory sociological dictionary
Developed feudal society in France in the XI-XIII centuries.- With the emergence and development of cities, which began to take shape as centers of crafts and trade as early as the 10th century, and from the end of the 11th century. began a struggle with their feudal lords, France, like other countries of Western Europe, entered into new period its history... ... The World History. Encyclopedia
SOCIETY- society, society (society, society wrong.), cf. 1. The totality of certain production relations, forming a special stage of development in the history of mankind. “... Marx put an end to the view of society as a mechanical unit ... ... Dictionary Ushakov
FEUDAL STATE- - one of the historical types of the exploitative state; the organization of the political domination of the economically dominant class of landowners, the feudal lords, in order to suppress and exploit the serfs. "In order to maintain their dominance... Soviet legal dictionary
FEUDAL LAW- historical type of law, corresponding to the economic and socio-political relations of feudal society. With all the variety of historical and cultural and civilizational variations of feudalism, the essence of the feudal system can be reduced to a special ... ... Law Encyclopedia
Society- in a broad sense large group people united by some common goal with stable social boundaries. The term society can be applied to all mankind ( human society), to the historical stage of development of all mankind ... ... human ecology
FEUDAL SOCIETY- see FEODALISM. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology
SOCIETY- SOCIETY, a, cf. 1. A set of people united by historically determined social forms joint life and work. Feudal about. Capitalist about. 2. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
SOCIETY- 1) a set of historically established forms of joint activity and communication of people; 2) as a stage of human history (primitive, feudal or medieval, bourgeois, socialist, communist, slave or ancient ... ... Thematic philosophical dictionary
society- A; cf. 1. A set of people united by specific historical conditions of life common to them. Human about. Society history. Society development. The science of society. // Historically specific type social system, determined by the public ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Feudal Society, Mark Block. The book of the famous French researcher presents a conceptual look at historical processes, the evolution of estates, analysis of the development and structure of property relations, the history of law, ... Buy for 750 UAH (only Ukraine)
- Sun Wukong - Monkey King, W. Cheng'en. 1982 edition. The safety is good. Wu Cheng'en's fantastic novel "Sun Wukong - the Monkey King" (XVI century) is one of the most remarkable works of Chinese classical literature. He…
