How do plants react to electricity? "Electric garden" - a device for stimulating plant growth The use of direct current in growing plants
The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used for electrical stimulation of plants.
Purpose of the method: intensification of the vital activity of plants in test tubes, for example, potatoes grown by the "in vitro" method.
There is a known method of electrical stimulation of plant life, when metal particles in the form of powder, rods, plates are introduced into the soil to a depth convenient for further processing in appropriate proportions. various shapes and configurations made of metals various types and their alloys, which differ in their relationship to hydrogen in the electrochemical voltage series of metals, taking into account the composition of the soil and the type of plant, while the value of the resulting currents will be within the parameters of the electric current, which is optimal for electrical stimulation of plants (prototype RU 2261588 C2, A01G 7/04, 06/05/2002).
The essence of the invention
There is a known method of electrical stimulation of plant life, when metal particles are introduced into the soil to a depth convenient for further processing, differing in their relationship to hydrogen in the electrochemical series of metal voltages, while the value of the resulting currents will be within the parameters of the electric current, which is optimal for electrical stimulation of plants ( prototype RU 2261588 C2, A01G 7/04, 06/05/2002).
The method claimed as a prototype involves electrical stimulation of plants and is based on the property of changing the pH of water when it comes into contact with metals.
The disadvantage of the above method is its applicability to soil plantings.
The objective of the proposed method is to create a system for electrical stimulation of the vital activity of plants grown by the "in vitro" method.
The technical and biological result of the method lies in the possibility of effective use electrical energy for intensification of growth of plants of micropropagation.
This technical and biological result is achieved by using a specially designed test tube for growing the meristem and electrical circuit to create an electrical circuit passing through a test tube with a plant. The electrical stimulation system of plants grown by the "in vitro" method is shown in the drawing.
The system includes a battery 1, a switch 2, a current regulator 3 with a current detection device, a time relay 4, an electrically conductive test tube 5 with a metal tip, a nutrient solution with a plant 6, a plug with an electrical conductor 7.
The electrical stimulation system for plants grown by the "in vitro" method operates as follows.
The electrically conductive test tube 5 is mounted on a tripod so that the metal tip touches the metal base of the tripod, to which the conductor from the positive terminal of battery 1 is connected. is set using the time relay 4, operating according to the specified mode. Electrical stimulation begins from the period when the meristem slice is placed in the nutrient solution, then the electrical conductor 7 of the plug touches the mirror of the nutrient solution 6. As the root system forms and the sprout appears, the conductor must touch the plant stem. After the plug, the conductor is connected to the negative terminal of the battery 1, thus providing a closed electrical circuit. The system functions until the plant reaches the required level of development, after which it is transferred to open ground.
A method for electrical stimulation of plant life, characterized in that plants are grown "in vitro", an electrically conductive test tube for growing plants with a metal tip and a stopper is installed on a tripod so that the metal tip touches the metal base of the tripod, to which the conductor from the positive battery terminal is connected, for stop the current supply, use a switch, regulate the current supply using a current regulator with current and voltage recording devices, set the current supply using a time relay, and electrical stimulation is started when the plant meristem cut is placed in the nutrient solution, so that the electrical conductor of the plug touches nutrient solution mirrors, a plug with an electrical conductor is connected to the negative terminal of the battery, after the plant reaches the required level of development, it is transferred to open ground.
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The invention relates to the field of processing plant materials, namely to devices for processing growing plants with light radiation. The proposed device is a container in which there are several chambers light-isolated from each other, arranged in a multi-storey structure. Each chamber is equipped with its own container with a substrate for growing plants, a light source of its own wavelength and its own video camera. The light source on the bracket - radiator and the video camera are mounted on the walls of the camera at right angles to each other. Growing plants are illuminated by a light source through the transparent side wall of the container, and the video camera is observed through another side wall perpendicular to it. The common power supply for all cameras and the monitoring and control unit are mounted on the same board and fixed inside the container. This invention makes it possible to study the phototropic and gravitropic reactions of plants to their irradiation. various types light, visible and invisible spectra, at different levels of gravity, both in terrestrial conditions and in conditions close to weightlessness, on spacecraft. 3 w.p. f-ly, 2 ill.
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The invention relates to the field of agriculture. The method includes exposure to constant electric shock with a density of 0.25-1.0 μA/mm2 at a voltage of 1.5-3 V for 72-144 hours directly on a rooted plant when a negative potential is applied to the scion, and a positive one to the rootstock. At the same time, stimulating energy is supplied to provide an S-shaped nature of increasing the degree of fusion of the scion and rootstock, depending on the absorbed energy. Stimulation ends when the degree of fusion reaches a value of 0.8-0.9 by reducing the voltage inversely proportionally square root from the stimulation time to values of 0.12-0.08 from the initial voltage. The method allows to ensure a high degree of survival rate of plant grafting in the spring-summer period. 1 ill., 1 pr.
The group of inventions relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to plant growing and beekeeping. The lighting light emitting diode (LED) device is configured to emit at least one spectral peak (401, 402 and 403) at a wavelength that matches the increased reflectivity of flowers of pollinated plants (710, 711). Moreover, the specified LED lighting device is configured to emit at least one spectral peak (401, 402 and 403) at a wavelength coinciding with the increased sensitivity of the light perception of the insect's vision (840). In the method, plants (710, 711) are illuminated with an LED lighting device. EFFECT: inventions make it possible to improve pollination efficiency, reduce insect mortality and increase crop yield. 2 n. and 18 z.p. f-ly, 12 ill.
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The invention relates to the field of agriculture. The device contains an uninterruptible power supply connected by its output to the input of a stabilized power supply, the positive and common terminals of which are connected to the power circuit of logic elements, circuits and blocks, and through the first toggle switch, the output is connected to the input of the first high voltage source, the negative terminal of which is connected to a common bus associated with the input of the current limiting element, the first and second keys, the control inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the first and second drivers, respectively, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth diodes. The input of the first switch is connected to the positive terminal of the first high voltage source, and the output to the anode of the first diode, the cathode of which is connected to the first terminal of the first storage capacitor, to the cathode of the second diode and the first terminal of the third switch, the second terminal of which is connected to the anode of the second and the cathode of the third diodes , with the first output of the fourth key, and through the primary winding of the current transformer and the inductor winding connected in series with the second output of the first storage capacitor. The second output of the fourth key is connected to the anode of the third diode. The secondary winding of the current transformer through an active rectifier is connected to the discharge current indicator, a programmable master oscillator connected through a limiting amplifier with galvanic isolation to the control signal generator, the fourth and fifth terminals of which are connected to the first terminals of the first and second, respectively, synchronously connected switches, the second and the third outputs of which are connected together and connected to the sixth output of the control signal generator, and their fourth outputs, respectively, through the third and fourth drivers are connected to the control inputs of the third and fourth keys, a DC voltage amplifier, the output is connected to the first input of the comparison device, the second input of which is connected to the output of the reference level adjuster, a single vibrator, a control panel connected to the control input of a digital timer, the output of which is connected through the "NOT" element to the input of the sound signaling unit. Additionally, a second high voltage source is introduced into the device, the input is connected to the input of the first high voltage source, the positive output of the second high voltage source is connected to a common bus, and the negative output is connected to the input of the second switch, the output of which is connected to the cathode of the fourth diode, the anode of which is connected to the second terminals of the fourth key and the second storage capacitor, the first terminal of which is connected to the second terminal of the first storage capacitor, the second and third toggle switches, the first terminals of which are connected respectively to the cathode of the fifth and the anode of the sixth diode. The second terminals are connected respectively to the first and second terminals of the first and second storage capacitors, the anode of the fifth and the cathode of the sixth diodes are connected together and connected to the second and first terminals of the first and second storage capacitors, respectively, the charge current regulator is connected to the output of the current limiting element, and output with the second and first conclusions, respectively, of the third and fourth keys. The Hall sensor is located in the working area of the inductor and is connected through a pulse amplifier to the input of the peak detector, the output of which is connected through the absolute value generator to the input of the DC voltage amplifier, the third and fourth switches are synchronously connected to the first and second switches, the first and second "AND" elements , the first inputs of which are connected together and connected through a resistor to the digital timer output, the fourth toggle switch, the first output of which is connected to the first inputs of the first and second "AND" elements. Its second output is connected to a common output, the first outputs of the third and fourth switches are connected respectively to the first and second outputs of the control signal generator, the third output of which is connected to the second and third outputs of the third and fourth switches, respectively, and through a single vibrator is connected to the peak detector reset control input . The third and second outputs of the third and fourth switches, respectively, are connected to a common output, and their fourth outputs are connected to the second inputs of the first and second "AND" elements, respectively, the outputs of which are connected to the inputs of the first and second drivers, respectively. The device allows you to fix the active frequencies of exposure that affect the functional activity, stimulation of metabolic processes and adaptation of plants to external factor environment. 3 ill.
The invention relates to lighting devices, namely to lamps with a certain spectrum of emitted light, used to illuminate plants that lack sunlight, to the so-called phytolamps. The LED phytolamp consists of a housing 1, on the upper surface of which is placed solar battery 2, and on the lower surface there is a reflector 3, in which at least one LED is located, which is connected through a switch to battery 6, located inside the case, and the solar battery 2. The connection of the solar battery 2 with the storage battery 6 is made through a diode. The body along its length is conditionally divided into two unequal parts, on the most part of which, on its upper surface, there is at least one solar battery, and on the lower surface there is a reflector, in which at least one blue LED with a wavelength of 400-500 nm is placed and one red LED with a wavelength of 600-700 nm. The storage battery 6 is placed inside the housing 1 in a smaller part along its length, perpendicular to its length and along its side wall. A hole 7 or a sleeve is made in the housing from below, located in the space between the battery and the reflector, through which the housing can be put on top of the holder 8, made in the form of a vertical rod, the lower end of which is adapted for sticking into the ground. This design provides ease of installation, positioning and operation of the device, the possibility of more convenient charging, as well as cost reduction. 2 w.p. f-ly, 2 ill.
The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to crop production. The photoelectrochemical cell contains photoelectrodes, an electrolyte, and an electrolyte bridge. In this case, the photoelectrodes are a plant with leaves, stem and roots saturated with metal nanoparticles having giant Raman scattering properties, for example, Au, Cu with sizes of 0.2-100 nm. Moreover, the electrolyte and the concentration of nanoparticles allow the plant to carry out photosynthesis. The plant is saturated artificially, namely by soaking the seeds before planting, planting cuttings of the plant in a nano-containing medium or watering. The use of the device makes it possible to simplify the design of the photoelectrochemical cell. 1 z.p. f-ly, 2 pr.
The invention relates to the field of breeding and seed production, as well as to forestry. The method includes a two-stage selection during thinning. At the first thinning, promising trees are left that have differences in the electrical resistance of the scion and rootstock from 10 to 20 kOhm. Trees having differences in electrical resistance of more than 30 kΩ are removed. At the second thinning, testes are left that have indicators of the bioelectric potentials of trees with intense metabolic processes, potential growth opportunities and seed productivity. The method allows to increase the selection effect when creating seed plantations. 5 tab., 1 pr.
The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to horticulture, plant physiology and nursery. The method includes measuring the dynamics of electrical conductivity of graft tissues. At the same time, the electrical conductivity of the grafting tissues is measured at three grafting sites: scion, grafting site and rootstock, on the first day and 14-16 days after its implementation. Qualitatively accustomed are those in which the correlation of the values of the electrical conductivity of the scion and rootstock tends to unity, the standard deviation from the initial values within the variety-rootstock combination does not exceed the limits of 75-85 μS, and the nature of the dynamics has a monotonous growth. The method allows for an early assessment of the quality of fusion of grafting components and to increase the yield of quality planting material. 4 ill., 1 tab.
The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used for electrical stimulation of plant life in test tubes. In the method, plants are grown "in vitro", an electrically conductive test tube for growing plants with a metal tip and a stopper is mounted on a tripod so that the metal tip touches the metal base of the tripod, to which the conductor from the positive battery terminal is connected. To stop the current supply, a switch is used, the current supply is regulated using a current regulator with current and voltage recording devices. The current supply is set using a time relay, and electrical stimulation is started when the plant meristem cut is placed in the nutrient solution, so that the plug electrical conductor touches the nutrient solution mirror, the plug with the electrical conductor is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. The plant is transferred to open ground after reaching the required level of development. The method allows efficient use of electrical energy to intensify the growth of plants of micropropagation. 1 ill.
Let's start with the fact that the agricultural industry is destroyed to the ground. What's next? Is it time to collect stones? Isn't it time to unite all creative forces in order to give the villagers and summer residents those novelties that will allow them to dramatically increase productivity, reduce manual labor, to find new ways in genetics... I would invite the readers of the magazine to be the authors of the column "For the village and summer residents." I'll start with the old work "Electric field and productivity."
In 1954, when I was a student at the Military Communications Academy in Leningrad, I became passionately interested in the process of photosynthesis and carried out an interesting test with growing onions on a windowsill. The windows of the room in which I lived faced the north, and therefore the bulbs could not receive the sun. I planted in two elongated boxes of five bulbs. He took the earth in the same place for both boxes. I didn’t have any fertilizers, i.e. were created, as it were, the same conditions for growing. Above one box from above, at a distance of half a meter (Fig. 1), he placed a metal plate, to which he attached a wire from a high-voltage rectifier +10,000 V, and stuck a nail into the ground of this box, to which he connected the "-" wire from the rectifier.
I did this so that, according to my theory of catalysis, the creation of a high potential in the plant zone will lead to an increase in the dipole moment of the molecules involved in the photosynthesis reaction, and the days of testing dragged on. Already after two weeks, I discovered that in a box with an electric field, plants develop more efficiently than in a box without a "field"! Fifteen years later, this experiment was repeated at the institute, when it was necessary to grow plants in a spaceship. There, being closed from magnetic and electric fields, plants could not develop. I had to create artificial electric field, and now on spaceships plants survive. And if you live in a reinforced concrete house, and even on the top floor, don't your plants in the house suffer from the absence of an electric (and magnetic) field? Stick a nail into the ground of a flower pot, and connect the wires from it to a paint or rust-free heating battery. In this case, your plant will approach the conditions of life in the open space, which is very important for plants and for humans too!
But my trials didn't end there. Living in Kirovograd, I decided to plant tomatoes on the windowsill. However, winter came so quickly that I did not have time to dig up tomato bushes in the garden to transplant them into flower pots. I came across a frozen bush with a small living process. I brought it home, put it in the water and... Oh, joy! After 4 days, white roots grew from the bottom of the process. I transplanted it into a pot, and when it grew with shoots, I began to get new seedlings in the same way. All winter I enjoyed fresh tomatoes grown on the windowsill. But I was haunted by the question: is such cloning possible in nature? Perhaps, old-timers in this city confirmed to me. Possibly, but...
I moved to Kyiv and tried to get tomato seedlings in the same way. I didn't succeed. And I realized that in Kirovograd I succeeded in this method because there, at the time when I lived, water was supplied to the water supply network from wells, and not from the Dnieper, as in Kiev. ground water in Kirovograd have a small proportion of radioactivity. This is what played the role of a growth stimulator of the root system! Then I applied +1.5 V from the battery to the top of the tomato sprout, and "-" brought the vessel where the sprout stood to the water (Fig. 2), and after 4 days a thick "beard" grew on the sprout in the water! So I managed to clone the offshoots of a tomato.
Recently, I got tired of watching the watering of plants on the windowsill, I stuck a strip of foil fiberglass and a large nail into the ground. I connected wires from a microammeter to them (Fig. 3). The arrow immediately deviated, because the earth in the pot was damp, and the copper-iron galvanic pair worked. A week later I saw how the current began to fall. So, it was time for watering ... In addition, the plant threw out new leaves! This is how plants respond to electricity.
Dissertation abstract on the topic "Stimulation of root formation of cuttings of grapes by electric current"
As a manuscript
KUDRZHOV ALEKSANDR GEORGIEVICH
STIMULATION OF ROOT FORMATION OF GRAPE CUTTINGS BY ELECTRIC CURRENT
Specialty 05.20.02 - electrification of agricultural production
Krasnodar -1999
The work was carried out at the Kuban State Agrarian University.
Scientific advisers: candidate of technical sciences, professor PEREKOTIY G.P. Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor RADCHEVSKY P.P.
Official opponents: Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Gaytov B.Kh. candidate of technical sciences, associate professor Eventov S.Z.
Lead Enterprise:
Crimean selection and experimental station.
The defense of the dissertation will take place "/■?" 999 at "hour. on
meeting of the dissertation council K 120.23.07 of the Kuban State Agrarian University at the address 350044, Krasnodar, st. Kalinina, 13, faculty of electrification, council meeting room.
The dissertation can be found in the library of KSAU.
Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor * ¿/I.g. Strizhkov
rm -Sh ZL o yaSU-S.^ 0
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK
Relevance of the topic. prospects further development viticulture in our country require a sharp increase in the production of planting material, as the main factor delaying the development of new areas for vineyards. Despite the use of a number of biological and agrotechnical measures to increase the yield of first-class native root seedlings, to date, their yield in some farms is extremely low, which hinders the expansion of vineyard areas.
The current state of science makes it possible to control these factors by means of various kinds of stimulators, including electric ones, with the help of which it is possible to actively interfere in the life process of a plant and orient it in the right direction.
The studies of Soviet and foreign scientists, among which the works of V.I. Michurina, A.M. Basova, I.I. Gunara, B.R. Lazarenko, I:F. Borodin, it has been established that electrophysical methods and methods of influencing biological objects, including plant organisms, in some cases give not only quantitative, but also qualitative results. positive results, unattainable by other methods.
Despite the great prospects for the use of electrophysical methods for controlling the life processes of plant organisms, the introduction of these methods in crop production is delayed because the stimulation mechanism and the issues of calculating and designing appropriate electrical installations have not yet been sufficiently studied.
In connection with the foregoing, the topic being developed is very relevant for grape nursery.
Purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the dissertation work is to establish the regime and design parameters of the installation for stimulating the root formation of grape cuttings by electric current.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set and solved in the work:
1. Investigate the conductive properties of grape cuttings.
2. Determine the intensity of stimulation of root formation of grape cuttings from the parameters of the electric current acting on them.
3. To investigate the influence of regime and design parameters of the circuit for supplying electric current to the cuttings on the effectiveness and energy indicators of the stimulation process.
4. To substantiate the optimal design and operating parameters of the electrode systems and the power source of the installation for stimulating the rooting of grape cuttings by electric current.
Object of study. Studies were carried out on cuttings of wine-| rlda varieties Perienets Magaracha.
Scientific novelty of the work. The dependence of the current density penetrating through the cuttings of grapes as an object of electrical processing, on the voltage electric field and exposure. The modes of electrical processing (electric field strength, exposure) are established, corresponding to minimal cost energy at maximum stimulation efficiency. The parameters of electrode systems and power supply for electrical stimulation of grape cuttings are substantiated.
practical value. The practical value of the work lies in substantiating the possibility of improving the root formation of grape cuttings.
by stimulating them with an electric current. The obtained dependencies and the developed calculation method allow us to determine the parameters of the installation and energy-efficient modes of electrical processing of vinsg-grad cuttings.
Implementation of research results. On the basis of the research carried out, recommendations were developed to justify the operating modes and parameters of the installation for pre-planting processing of grape cuttings with electric current, which were used in the development of a prototype installation.
Installation for pre-planting processing of cuttings of grapes was introduced in 1998 in CJSC "Rodina" of the Crimean region Krasnodar Territory. The manufacture of the installation for pre-planting electrical processing of cuttings was carried out at the Department of "Application of Electric Energy" of the Faculty of Electrification of the Kuban State Agrarian University.
Approbation of work. The main provisions and results of the dissertation work were reported, discussed and approved at:
1. Annual scientific conferences of the Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, 1992-1999
2. Regional conference on scientific support of agricultural production within the framework of the "Second School-Seminar of Young Scientists", Kuban All-Russian Research Institute of Rice, Krasnodar, 1997
3. International scientific and technical conference "Energy saving in agriculture”, VIESH, Moscow, 1998
4. Scientific and practical conference "Resource saving in the agro-industrial complex of Kuban", Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, 1998
Scope and structure of work. The dissertation is presented on 124 pages of typewritten text, contains 47 figures, 3 tables and consists of an introduction
niya, five chapters, conclusions, a list of used literature of 109 titles, including 7 on foreign languages, applications.
The first chapter discusses ways to stimulate the root formation of grape cuttings; analysis state of the art the process of processing plant objects by electrophysical methods.
The results of the analysis of literary sources show that viticulture and its component- nursery needs to increase the yield and quality of planting material of grapes. To obtain first-class grape seedlings, preliminary preparation of cuttings before planting is required. Among a number of well-known methods pre-training grape cuttings, which are based on the stimulation of metabolism and the release of auxins, the most promising is their treatment with electric current.
The work of such scientists as I.F. Borodin, V.I. Baeva, B.R. Lazarenko, I.I. Martynenko and others.
The flow of electric current through plant tissues causes various aftereffects, the specificity of which is determined by the dose of treatment. At present, the fundamental possibility of electrical processing of plant objects has been established in order to stimulate the development and growth of plants, stimulate seed germination, intensify drying, destroy unwanted vegetation, thin out seedlings, accelerate the ripening of tobacco and sunflower leaves, and sterilize cotton roots and stems.
However, the results available in known literary sources earlier
The conducted studies are not sufficient to substantiate the regime and design parameters of the installation for pre-planting electrical stimulation of grape cuttings for a number of reasons, the main of which are:
The study of grape cuttings, as objects of electrical processing, was carried out without taking into account the specificity of their anatomical structure under conditions that differ from the actual conditions of electrical processing;
The mechanism of the effect of stimulating factors of electric current on plant tissue is not fully disclosed, and there is no information about the optimal processing conditions determined by this mechanism;
Working bodies for which the operating and design parameters have been investigated and substantiated, or are intended for electrical processing of plant objects that differ significantly from grape cuttings, or have features that preclude their use for preplant electrical processing of grape cuttings.
All this made it possible to determine the tasks to be solved in the dissertation work.
In the second chapter, on the basis of the known dependences of the effect of electric current on plant objects, a theoretical study of the process of treating grape cuttings with electric current was carried out.
Plant tissues have active-capacitive conductivity only at low levels of electric field strength. With an increase in tension to a value necessary for the manifestation of the stimulating effect of an electric current, the polarization properties of the plant tissue disappear and it can be considered as an element of an electrical circuit with active conductivity.
The reduction of energy and material costs in the electrical processing of plant tissues can be achieved by exposing them to both direct and alternating current. With regard to the pre-landing electro-
In the processing of grape cuttings, when choosing the type of current, one should dwell on the processing of cuttings with alternating current of industrial frequency (50 Hz), the implementation of which is achieved by simple technical means.
For pre-planting electrical treatment of grape cuttings, the most acceptable is the supply of electrical energy to the cutting through a current-supplying liquid (Fig. 1), since this method does not require complex
Fig.1. Scheme of supplying electrical energy to the cuttings of grapes.
1 - electrodes; 2 - cutting; 3 - current-carrying liquid.
technological equipment and combines the electrical processing of chsrgnkos with "such an operation as soaking. The container for electrical processing of cuttings is made of non-conductive material.
In this case, the equivalent circuit can be represented as resistors connected in series and in parallel (Fig. 2).
The power absorbed by the handle is spent on stimulating vital activity and is used usefully for the technological process of electrical processing. The power absorbed by the rest of the processing chain elements is not used for a direct purposeful action in the performed technological process and is in this case lost power, which reduces the energy efficiency of the process.
In this case, the efficiency of the processing chain m) is determined by the ratio:
2P, + P2 + P3
where P[, Rg, Pz - the amount of power absorbed by the resistors Rb K2,
Fig.2. The equivalent circuit of the electrical processing circuit. Bch - the total resistance of the current-carrying fluid between the electrodes and the sections of the handle; Kg - cutting resistance; Rz is the resistance of the current-carrying fluid shunting the handle; Yap - the sum of the transition resistances of the contacts "electrode - current-carrying liquid" and "current-carrying liquid - handle".
In the case under consideration, we neglect the values of transient resistances.
Converting the power P through the product of the square of the current and the resistance R and making the appropriate transformations, we get
2-11,-Кз-я;,-1*3+ (211,+112)2
The values of the resistors Rb From, 11z are determined by the relations K] = 1^x; K2=L_Rch. (3)
where 1) is the distance between the electrode and the cut of the handle, m; b - cutting length, m; b is the distance between the electrodes, m;
Rzh - specific resistance of the current-carrying liquid, Ohm-m; RF - specific resistance of the handle, Ohm-m;
The area of the electrode covered by the current-carrying liquid, m2; 82 - cutting section, m2.
Substituting (3) into (2), we obtain
12-P4-i3-Px"S?-S2
21i-Pac-b-S,-Sl + l2-p4-l3-pÄ-S?-S2+4lf-p|c-Sl-(S1-S2) +
41, Rzh h ■ RF "S, S2 (S, - S2) + \\ ■ p2h Sf ■ (S, - S2)
Let's introduce coefficients A = l2-13-S?-S2; B=21j-13-S1-S2; C = 41?-S2-(S,-S2); D=41rl2-SrS2-(S1-S2); E = ll-S?-(S,-S2).
Assuming that = k and carrying out the appropriate transformations, we obtain Pch
F ■ k + Q k + E
where, F=B+C; Q=D+A. To determine the value of the ratio to the corresponding maximum value d), we differentiate expression (5)
A (E - F k2)
(R-k + ()-k + E)
Finding the critical point
It follows from this that one of the ways to achieve the maximum efficiency of the installation for the electrical processing of cuttings of grapes is the selection of the optimal ratio between the specific resistances of the current-carrying liquid and the processed cuttings.
In order for electricity to be consumed with the maximum efficiency, it is necessary to calculate the optimal ratio between the volume of the current-carrying liquid and the total volume of processed cuttings.
The formula for calculating the electrical conductivity of a system of two components (liquid-cuttings) is represented as
Usr \u003d 71-X1 + y2-X2, "(8)
where y| - electrical conductivity of cuttings; X] - volumetric concentration of cuttings; y 2 is the electrical conductivity of the liquid; X2 is the volumetric concentration of the liquid.
this implies
¿(Yi-YcpVX^O. .(10)
Let's accept X-f<Х|,тогда
2>1-Usr)-HG*=0 (11)
where Yi is the electrical conductivity of the i-th component of the system; Yep - electrical conductivity of the system; X;-volume concentration of the i-th component of the system;
X?* - effective volumetric concentration of the i-th component of the system. From here
X-f \u003d X ", (12)
where f(y) > 1 and limf(y) = 1. (13)
Representing the function f(y) as a series, we obtain
t(Yi-Vcp)-=0. (14)
Having solved the equation (for our case i=2) and assuming d; = i, we get _(3Xi-l)-Yl+(2-3X,)-Y2
[(ZX,-1)-71+(2-ZX])-y2]2 y,.y2
With a high concentration of liquid, part of the electricity is spent on heating it. It is necessary to optimize the process to increase efficiency.
Day of calculation of energy consumption \U5 we use the Joule-Lenz formula
Usr u2, (16)
where Ws is the energy consumed by the installation. Using the law of conservation of energy, we write
M^TU.-TU, (17)
where \\ "„ - useful energy used for electrical processing of cuttings; Y / - energy spent on electric heating of the liquid.
For optimization, it is necessary to solve the equation eX,
Solving (18), we get /
Y X: Z2 ■y2(l-X1)-U2. (19)
Let's set it in the form
X, -y, +(1 -X,) -y2
where X, - the optimal value of the concentration of cuttings. Using (15), (16), (17), (20) from (18) we obtain the equation
X5:+A1-X, + B]=0,
2 2y2 - 7| . 1 ~ -->
(2y2 "Y.) .1 (Y2~Y\)
Wu! "(A-ug + memory!) ^
here A \u003d 4K-3
The solution of this equation determines the optimal value of the concentration of cuttings and has the form
"_ 1 2U2 ~ U1 1 A" U2 + 3U1
s U2-U, 9 72-71 ,9-A2 ZA + 9
I--U 2 + --U 2
In the case y2 >y[, Eq. (25) is simplified 1 3
Thus, the ratio optimal from the energy point of view: liquid-cuttings for the considered case has the form
The third chapter describes the methodology and technique of experimental
study of the process of pre-planting electrical treatment of grape cuttings.
The determination of specific resistances was carried out for each of the three layers of the grape cutting. Freshly cut cuttings were used as objects of study.
In order to identify the boundary conditions for a full-scale experiment to study the effect of electric current on the root formation of grape cuttings, an experiment was conducted on single
Fig.3. The plan of the experiment, grape cuttings according to the plan (Fig. 3).
Based on the results of the experiment on single cuttings, an experiment was planned for processing cuttings in a current-carrying liquid. At the same time, the voltage levels were chosen taking into account the results of the experiment on single cuttings and amounted to 5,10,15,30 volts.
An installation has been developed and the parameters of the electrical circuit for processing grape cuttings have been investigated. The maximum efficiency and the optimal ratio of efficiency are determined.
The determination of the specific resistance of the current-carrying liquid and grape cuttings was carried out according to the standard method.
Observation of the shoot and root formation of grape cuttings and accounting was carried out according to the generally accepted methodology.
The fourth chapter presents the results of experimental studies of the process of pre-planting electrical treatment of grape cuttings and the rationale for the regime and design parameters of the installation for processing cuttings with electric current.
The value of impedance depends on the type of plant tissue. The phloem and xylem impedances are the same, but different, from the pith impedance.
When exposed to a handle placed in a current-carrying liquid, alternating current and direct current (of different connection polarity) over time and at different electric field strengths, the value of the current density does not change.
Experimental studies have confirmed the theoretical calculations on the selection of the optimal ratio between the specific resistances of the current-carrying liquid and the processed cuttings. It has been established that the efficiency will reach its maximum value in the case when the ratio of the specific resistance of the current-carrying liquid to the specific resistance of the cuttings (k) will be in the range of 2...3.
Examining the results of root formation, it can be seen that the number of rooted single cuttings treated with electric current with an electric field strength of 14 to 33 V / m increased by 20 percent compared to the control. The preferred processing mode is alternating current (Fig. 4).
When processing cuttings placed in a current-carrying liquid with alternating current of industrial frequency, the maximum root formation is observed with an exposure of 24 hours and an electric field strength of
Rice. 4. Dependence of root formation of single cuttings of grapes on the electric field strength and the type of current supplied to the cuttings. "
14"m 28"m 43"m 86"m control
Fig.5. Dependence of the degree of root formation of grape cuttings on the electric field strength and treatment exposure. AC treatment (50 Hz).
14 V/m. In this mode, one hundred percent rooting of the cuttings occurred. In the control batch of cuttings, rooting was 47.5% (Fig. 5).
Thus, to stimulate the root formation of grape cuttings, the most acceptable treatment of cuttings is with an alternating current of industrial frequency with an electric field strength of 14 V/m and a treatment exposure of 24 hours.
The fifth chapter deals with the development and testing of an installation for pre-planting processing of grape cuttings with electric current, the results of production tests are given, agrotechnical and economic evaluation the results of its use in the economy.
Fig.6. Capacity for electrical processing of grape cuttings.
1 - side walls; 2 - stiffeners; 3 - end walls; 4 - yoke; 5 - clamping bar<3; 6 - регулировочный винт; 7 - сливное отверстие.
Based on the requirements formulated based on the results of the research, the design of the electrode system (capacity) was developed for the electro-processing of grape cuttings in a current-carrying liquid (Fig. 6).
A block diagram of a stabilized power supply unit for the electrical processing of grape cuttings has been developed (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7 Structural diagram of a stabilized power supply unit for electrical processing of grape cuttings. "PN - voltage increase device; URN - voltage regulation device; UP „N - voltage reduction device; BU - control unit [ia; N - load.
The UPN increases the voltage of the network, and U ^ N, connected in series with the load, extinguishes the excess voltage. The control unit, which is a feedback loop, generates a signal that carries information about the level of the output voltage.
An electrical circuit diagram has been developed and manufactured (Fig. 8).
Production tests of the installation for electrostimulation of root formation of grape cuttings were carried out. 5,000 cuttings of the Pervenets Magarach variety were processed. After digging, appropriate measurements were made on 30 seedlings of the control and experimental variants.
They showed that the treatment of grape cuttings with alternating electric current had a positive effect on the yield and quality of wine.
Fig.8. Electrical schematic diagram of a stabilized power supply unit for electrical processing of grape cuttings.
saplings. Thus, the output of standard seedlings in the experimental variant seemed to be 12% higher than in the control one.
Based on the results of production tests, the economic effect of using the installation for electrical stimulation of root formation of grape cuttings was calculated. Calculations show that the seasonal economic effect is 68.5 thousand rubles per 1 ha.
CONCLUSION
1. It has been established by research and production tests that vine-adaptive electrical stimulation of grape cuttings improves the root formation of cuttings, which contributes to a higher yield of standard seedlings from shkolki.
2. For electrical stimulation of grape cuttings, it is advisable to apply an alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz, bringing it to the cuttings through a current-carrying liquid.
3. The optimal operating parameters of the installation for electrical stimulation of grape cuttings are substantiated. The electric field strength in the treatment period is 14 V/m, the treatment exposure is 24 "hours.
4. Production tests carried out at CJSC "Rodina" of the Crimean region showed that the developed installation is operational and drives to increase the yield of standard seedlings by 12%.
5. The economic effect of using the installation for electrical stimulation of root formation of cuttings of grapes is 68.5 thousand rubles from 1 ~a.
1. Perekotiy G.P., Kudryakov A.G., Vinnikov A.V. The stimulating effect of electric current on the root formation of planting material of grapes.//Electrification of agricultural production. - (Tr. / Kub. GAU; Issue 346 (374). - Krasnodar, 1995. p. 153 - 158.
2. Kudryakov A.G., Perekotiy G.P. Electrostimulation of root formation of grape cuttings.// New in electrical technology and electrical equipment of agricultural production. - (Tr. / Kub. GAU; Issue 354 (382). - Krasnodar, 1996. - p. 18 - 24.
3. Perekotiy G.P., Kudryakov A.G. Vinnikov A.V. Electrified semi-automatic plant for bandaging grape grafts.// New in electrical technology and electrical equipment of agricultural production. - (Tr. / Kub. GAU; Issue 354 (382). - Krasnodar, 1996. - p.68 -75.
4. Perekotiy G.P., Kudryakov A.G. Vinnikov A.V. et al. On the mechanism of the impact of electric current on plant objects.// Scientific support of the AIC of Kuban. - (Tr. / Kub. GAU; Issue 357 (385). - Krasnodar, 1997. - p. 145 - 147.
5. Perekotiy G. P., Kudryakov A. G., Khamula A. A. On the question of the mechanism of the influence of electric current on plant objects.// Questions of electrification of agriculture. - (Tr. / Kub. GAU; Issue 370 (298). - Krasnodar, 1998.
6. Kudryakov A.G., Perekotiy G.P. Search for optimal energy characteristics of the electrical circuit for processing grape cuttings.// Issues of electrification of agriculture. - (Trzhub. GAU; Issue 370 (298). - Krasnodar, 1998.
7. Perekotiy G.P., Kudryakov A.G. Study of the energy characteristics of the electrical processing circuit of cuttings of grapes.// Energy-saving
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1. CURRENT STATUS OF THE ISSUE AND OBJECTIVES
1.1. Status and prospects for the development of viticulture.
1.2. Technology for the production of own-rooted planting material of grapes.
1.3. Methods for stimulating root and shoot formation of grape cuttings.
1.4. Stimulating effect on plant objects of electrophysical factors.
1.5. Substantiation of the method of stimulation of grape cuttings by electric current.
1.6. State of the art of constructive development of devices for electrical stimulation of plant material.
1.7. Conclusions on the review of literary sources. Research objectives.
Chapter 2. THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS
2.1. The mechanism of the stimulating effect of electric current on plant objects.
2.2. Grape cutting replacement scheme.
2.3. Study of the energy characteristics of the electrical circuit for processing grape cuttings.
2.4. Theoretical substantiation of the optimal ratio between the volume of current-carrying liquid and the total volume of processed cuttings.
Chapter 3. METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUE OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
3.1. Study of grape cuttings as a conductor of electric current.
3.2. Methodology for conducting experiments to study the effect of electric current on the root formation of grape cuttings.
3.3 Methodology for conducting an experiment to identify the electrical parameters of the electrical processing circuit.
3.4. Methodology for conducting records and observations of the shoot and root formation of grape cuttings.
Chapter 4
4.1. Study of the electrophysical properties of the vine.
4.2. Stimulation of root formation of cuttings of grapes.
4.3. Research and substantiation of the installation parameters for electrical stimulation of root formation of grape cuttings.
4.4. The results of the study of root formation of cuttings of grapes.
Chapter 5
GICAL, AGROTECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF ITS USE IN FARMS
5.1. Structural development of the installation.
5.2. The results of production tests of the installation for electrical stimulation of root formation of grape cuttings.
5.3. Agrotechnical assessment.
5.4. Economic efficiency of using the installation for electrical stimulation of root formation of grape cuttings.
Introduction 1999, dissertation on processes and machines of agro-engineering systems, Kudryakov, Alexander Georgievich
Currently, 195 specialized vineyards are engaged in the cultivation of commercial grapes in the Russian Federation, 97 of which have plants for the primary processing of grapes.
The variety of soil and climatic conditions for growing grapes in Russia makes it possible to produce a wide range of dry, dessert, strong and sparkling wines, high-quality cognacs.
In addition, winemaking should be considered not only as a means of producing alcoholic beverages, but also as the main source of financing for the development of viticulture in Russia, providing the consumer market with table grapes, grape juices, baby food, dry wines and other environmentally friendly products that are vital for the population of the country ( suffice it to recall Chernobyl and the supply of red table wines there - the only product that removes radioactive elements from the human body).
The use of fresh grapes during these years did not exceed 13 thousand tons, that is, its per capita consumption was 0.1 kg instead of 7-12 kg according to medical standards.
In 1996, more than 100 thousand tons of grapes were not harvested due to the death of plantings from pests and diseases, about 8 million decalitres of grape wine were not received for a total of 560-600 billion rubles. (the purchase of crop protection products required only 25-30 billion rubles). It makes no sense for winegrowers to expand plantings of valuable industrial varieties, since with the existing pricing and taxes, all this is simply unprofitable. Winemakers have lost the point in making high-value wines, since the population does not have free money to buy natural grape wines, and countless commercial stalls are littered with dozens of varieties of cheap vodka, it is not known by whom and how it was prepared.
The stabilization of the industry currently depends on the solution of problems at the federal level: its further destruction must not be allowed, it is necessary to strengthen the production base and improve the financial standing of enterprises. Therefore, since 1997, special attention has been paid to measures aimed at preserving existing plantations and their productivity by carrying out all work to care for vineyards at a high agrotechnical level. At the same time, the farms are constantly replacing low-profitable plantations that have lost their economic value, cultivar renewal and improvement of their structure.
The prospects for the further development of viticulture in our country require a sharp increase in the production of planting material, as the main factor delaying the development of new areas for vineyards. Despite the use of a number of biological and agrotechnical measures to increase the yield of first-class native root seedlings, to date, their yield in some farms is extremely low, which hinders the expansion of vineyard areas.
Growing own-rooted seedlings is a complex biological process that depends on both internal and external factors of plant growth.
The current state of science makes it possible to control these factors through various kinds of stimulators, including electrical ones, with the help of which it is possible to actively intervene in the life process of a plant and orient it in the right direction.
The studies of Soviet and foreign scientists, among which the works of V.I. Michurina, A.M. Basova, I.I. Gunara, B.R. Lazarenko, I.F. Borodin found that electrophysical methods and methods of influencing biological objects, including plant organisms, in some cases give not only quantitative, but also qualitative positive results that are not achievable using other methods.
Despite the great prospects for the use of electrophysical methods for controlling the life processes of plant organisms, the introduction of these methods in crop production is delayed, since the stimulation mechanism and the issues of calculating and designing appropriate electrical installations have not yet been sufficiently studied.
In connection with the foregoing, the topic being developed is very relevant for the grape nursery.
The scientific novelty of the work carried out is as follows: the dependence of the current density flowing through the cuttings of grapes as an object of electrical processing, on the electric field strength and exposure has been revealed. The modes of electrical processing (electric field strength, exposure) corresponding to the minimum energy consumption are established. The parameters of electrode systems and power supply for electrical stimulation of grape cuttings are substantiated.
The main provisions that are submitted for defense:
1. Treatment of grape cuttings with electric current stimulates root formation, due to which the yield of standard seedlings from the school increases by 12%.
2. Electrostimulation of grape cuttings should be carried out with an alternating current of industrial frequency (50 Hz) with the supply of electricity to them through a current-carrying liquid. 8
3. The maximum efficiency during electrical stimulation of grape cuttings with the supply of electricity to them through the current-carrying liquid is achieved when the ratio of the volume of liquid to the total volume of processed cuttings is 1:2; in this case, the ratio between the specific resistances of the current-carrying liquid and the processed cuttings should be in the range from 2 to 3.
4. Electrical stimulation of grape cuttings should be carried out at an electric field strength of 14 V/m and a treatment exposure of 24 hours.
Conclusion thesis on "Stimulation of root formation of cuttings of grapes by electric current"
105 CONCLUSIONS
1. Research and production tests have established that pre-planting electrical stimulation of grape cuttings improves the root formation of cuttings, which contributes to a higher yield of standard seedlings from the school.
2. For the implementation of electrical stimulation of grape cuttings, it is advisable to use an alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz, bringing it to the cuttings through a current-carrying liquid.
3. The optimal operating parameters of the installation for electrical stimulation of grape cuttings are substantiated. The electric field strength in the treatment area is 14 V/m, treatment exposure is 24 hours.
4. Production tests carried out at CJSC "Rodina" of the Crimean region showed that the developed plant is efficient and allows increasing the yield of standard seedlings by 12%.
5. The economic effect of the installation for electrical stimulation of the root formation of cuttings of grapes is 68.5 thousand rubles per 1 ha.
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26.04.2018
Electrical phenomena play an important role in plant life. Even more than two hundred years ago, the French abbot, later an academician, P. Bertalon noticed that the vegetation near the lightning rod was lusher and juicier than at some distance from it. Later, his compatriot, scientist A. Grando, in 1848 grew two completely identical plants, but one was in natural conditions, and the other was covered with a wire mesh that protected it from an external electric field.
The second plant developed slowly and looked worse than the one in a natural electric field, due to which Grando concluded that for normal growth and development, plants need constant contact with an external electric field.
More than a hundred years later, the German scientist S. Lemestre and his compatriot O. Prinsheim conducted a series of experiments, as a result of which they came to the conclusion that an artificially created electrostatic field can compensate for the lack of natural electricity, and if it is more powerful than natural, then plant growth even accelerates thus helping in the cultivation of crops.
Why do plants grow better in an electric field? Scientists of the Institute of Plant Physiology. K. A. Timiryazev of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR established that photosynthesis proceeds the faster, the greater the potential difference between plants and the atmosphere. So, for example, if you hold a negative electrode near the plant and gradually increase the voltage, then the intensity of photosynthesis will increase. If the potentials of the plant and the atmosphere are close, then the plant ceases to absorb carbon dioxide. The electric field affects not only adult plants, but also seeds. If they are placed for some time in an artificially created electric field, then they will quickly give friendly shoots.
Understanding the high efficiency of using electrical stimulation of plants in agriculture and household plots, an autonomous, long-term source of low-potential electricity that does not require recharging was developed to stimulate plant growth.
The device for stimulating plant growth is called "ELECTRIC ROAD", is a product of high technology (has no analogues in the world) and is a self-healing power source that converts free electricity into electric current as a result of the use of electropositive and electronegative materials separated by a permeable membrane and placed in a gas environment without the use of electrolytes in the presence of a catalyst. The specified low-potential electricity is almost identical to the electrical processes occurring under the influence of photosynthesis in plants and can be used to stimulate their growth.
The device "ELECTRIC GARDEN" was invented in the Interregional Association of War Veterans of the State Security Bodies "EFA-VYMPEL", is its intellectual property and is protected by the law of the Russian Federation. The author of the invention V.N. Pocheevsky.
"ELECTRIC GROUND" allows you to significantly increase the yield, accelerate the growth of plants, while they bear fruit more abundantly, as sap flow becomes more active.
"ELECTRIC GROUND" helps plants grow both in open ground and in greenhouses, and indoors. The range of one ELECTRIC ROAD device depends on the length of the wires. If necessary, the range of the device can be increased using a conventional conductive wire.
In case of adverse weather conditions, the plants in the garden with the ELECTRIC GROUND device develop much better than without it, which can be clearly seen in the photographs below, taken from the video " ELECTRIC ROAD 2017 ».
Detailed information about the device "ELECTRIC ROAD" and the principle of its operation is presented on the website of the Interregional People's Program "Revival of Russian Springs".
The ELECTRIC ROAD device is simple and easy to use. Detailed instructions for installing the device are given on the packaging and do not require any special knowledge or training.
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Experiments with electricity, dear comrade, should be done at work, but at home, electrical energy should be used for exclusively peaceful, domestic purposes.
Ivan Vasilievich changes profession
Do not count the experiments on the effect of electric current on plants. Even I. V. Michurin conducted experiments in which hybrid seedlings were grown in large boxes with soil through which a constant electric current was passed. It was found that the growth of seedlings is enhanced. In experiments conducted by other researchers, mixed results were obtained. In some cases, the plants died, in others they gave an unprecedented harvest. So, in one of the experiments around the plot where carrots grew, metal electrodes were inserted into the soil, through which an electric current was passed from time to time. The harvest exceeded all expectations - the mass of individual roots reached five kilograms! However, subsequent experiments, unfortunately, gave different results. Apparently, the researchers lost sight of some condition that allowed in the first experiment with the help of an electric current to get an unprecedented harvest.
The essence of the experiments - osmotic processes in the roots are stimulated, the root system grows larger and more powerful, respectively, and the plant. Sometimes they also try to stimulate the process of photosynthesis.
In this case, the currents are usually microampere, the voltage is not too important, usually fractions of volts ... volts. Galvanic cells are used as a power source - at operating currents, the capacity of even small batteries is enough for a very long time. The power parameters are also well suited for solar cells, and some authors recommend that they be powered from them, so that stimulation occurs synchronously with solar activity.
However, there are also ways to electrify the soil that do not use external energy sources.
So, the method proposed by French researchers is known. They patented a device that works like an electric battery. Soil solution is used only as an electrolyte. To do this, positive and negative electrodes are alternately placed in its soil (in the form of two combs, the teeth of which are located between each other). The conclusions from them are short-circuited, thereby causing heating of the electrolyte. Between the electrolytes, a current of low strength begins to pass, which is quite enough, as the authors convince, in order to stimulate the accelerated germination of plants and their accelerated growth in the future. The method can be used both on large sown areas, fields, and for electrical stimulation of individual plants.
Another method of electrical stimulation was proposed by the staff of the Moscow Agricultural Academy. Timiryazev. It consists in the fact that within the arable layer there are strips, in some of which elements of mineral nutrition in the form of anions predominate, in others - cations. The potential difference created at the same time stimulates the growth and development of plants, increases their productivity.
It should be noted one more method of soil electrification without an external current source. To create electrolyzable agronomic fields, it involves the use of the Earth's electromagnetic field; for this, they are laid at a shallow depth, such that they do not interfere with normal agronomic work, along the beds, between them, at a certain interval of steel wire. At the same time, a small EMF, 25-35 mV, is induced on such electrodes.
In the experiment described below, an external power supply is still used. Solar battery. Such a scheme, perhaps being less convenient and more costly in terms of materials, nevertheless, allows you to very clearly monitor the dependence of plant growth on various factors, has activity synchronous with the sun, probably more pleasant for the plant. In addition, it makes it easy to control and adjust the impact. It does not involve the introduction of additional chemicals into the soil.
So. What was used.
Materials.
Mounting wire, any section, but too thin will be vulnerable to accidental mechanical stress. A piece of stainless steel for the electrodes. LEDs for solar cells, a piece of foil material for its base. Chemicals for etching, but you can do without. Acrylic lacquer. Microammeter. A piece of sheet steel for its fastening. Related stuff, fasteners.
Tool.
A set of locksmith tools, a 65W soldering iron with accessories, a tool for radio installation, something for drilling, including holes for LED leads (~ 1mm). A glass drawing pen for drawing tracks on the board, but you can get by with a thick needle from a syringe, an empty ampoule from a ballpoint pen with a softened and drawn-out nose. My favorite tool, a jewelry jigsaw, also came in handy. A little tidiness.
Electrodes - stainless steel. Marked, sawed, sawed off burrs. Immersion depth marks, this is perhaps superfluous - I recently acquired a set of hallmarks with numbers and my hands itched to try.
The wires were soldered with zinc chloride (soldering acid flux) and the usual POS-60. I took thicker wires with silicone insulation.
It was decided to make a solar cell independently. There are several designs of homemade solar cells. The cuprous oxide element was rejected as low reliable, there was an option from ready-made radioelements. It was a pity, long and dreary, to open diodes and transistors in metal cases, besides, they would have to be sealed again later. In that sense, it's a miracle how good LEDs are. The crystal is filled to death with a transparent compound, although it will work under water. There was just a handful of not particularly convenient LEDs lying around, purchased for a pittance on the occasion, even during the time of "initial accumulation of capital." They are inconvenient, with a relatively weak glow and a very long-focus lens at the end. The angle of the field of view is quite narrow, and from the side and in the light, sometimes you can’t see at all what is glowing. Well, from them I got a battery.
Preliminarily, of course, after conducting a series of simple experiments, I connected it to the tester and turned around on the street, in the shade, in the sun. The results seemed quite encouraging. Yes, it should be remembered that if you simply connect the multimeter to the legs of the LED, the results will not be particularly reliable - such a photocell will work on the input resistance of the voltmeter, and for modern digital devices it is very high. In a real circuit, the performance will not be so brilliant.
Blank for printed circuit board. The battery was intended for installation inside the greenhouse, the microclimate there, at times, is quite humid. Large holes for better "ventilation" and dripping of possible drops of water. It should be said that fiberglass is a very abrasive material, drills become dull very quickly, and small ones, if drilled with a hand tool, also break. You need to buy them with a margin.
The printed circuit board is painted with bituminous varnish, etched in ferric chloride.
LEDs on the board, parallel-serial connection.
The LEDs are bent somewhat to the sides, from east to west, so that the current is generated more evenly during daylight hours.
Lenses on LEDs are sharpened to eliminate directionality. Everything was under three layers of varnish, however, urethane, as expected, was not found, it had to be acrylic.
I cut out and bent the mount for the microammeter in place. I sawed out the seat with a jewelry jigsaw. Painted from a can.
