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Soldering or coupling on a copper pipe. How is the connection (soldering) of copper pipes carried out correctly? Types of connecting elements for copper pipes

The method is based on the capillary rise of a liquid (molten solder) along the thinnest gap between the pipe walls. There are two types of soldering copper pipes: low-temperature and high-temperature soldering. The difference in soldering mainly depends on the melting temperature of the solder. For high-temperature solders, refractory solders are used, for low-temperature solders, soft solders rolled into coils are used. Accordingly, acetylene and propane torches are used to heat pipes during high-temperature soldering, sometimes it is enough for low-temperature ones, fire from blowtorch. High temperature brazing can be used for all types of copper wiring, including solar heating collectors, where pipes can be heated up to 250 ° C, low temperature brazing is more demanding on pipe heating temperatures, nevertheless it is successfully used in hot water and heating systems. There are no structural differences in these types of soldering, however, high-temperature soldering is more often used for socket pipe joints, and low-temperature soldering is used for pipe joints with fittings with solder fused into them, although vice versa is also possible.

For the installation of copper pipelines, three types of pipes are used: soft (R 220), semi-solid (R 250) and hard (R 290). As a hardness (hardness) parameter, the tensile strength in MPa (N/mm²) is proposed. Soft pipes are sold rolled into bays, semi-solid and hard - straight rods. The fundamental difference in these types of pipes is the pressure of the transported medium that the pipes can withstand. Hard pipes withstand the highest pressure (290 N/mm²), soft pipes withstand the lowest pressure (220 N/mm²). The pressure that is created in apartment and even cottage pipelines will successfully withstand any of these pipes. And if you need to build a steam boiler house or a mini-production, then you can’t do without calculation and drafting a project, but that’s another topic.

When socket soldering (Fig. 36), soft, semi-solid or hard copper pipes with a pre-annealed end. One of the ends of the pipe with an expander is shaped into a socket, similar to a socket sewer pipes, the end of another pipe will be inserted into it. It must be remembered that when you anneal the ends of hard pipes, you release the metal and the pipe at the junction acquires the properties of a soft pipe. This circumstance must be taken into account when designing a pipeline according to pressure criteria.

Rice. 36. Connection of copper pipes by socket soldering

To make a socket, you need to use only those heads on the expander that are designed for a given pipe diameter, then the diameter of the socket will automatically turn out to be slightly larger than the outer diameter of the pipe. Typically, the gap between the inner walls of the socket and the outer walls of the pipe inserted into the socket is approximately 0.2 mm. Such a gap provides "drawing in" of the molten solder and its uniform distribution over the entire inner surface of the socket at any position of the pipe. In other words, pipes can be soldered in any position, even with the socket down, the capillary gap between the pipes will still "suck" the molten solder into itself, which will be evenly distributed over the place of soldering. Using the “correct” expander head is 80% of soldering success - the gap between the pipes and the depth of the socket is set by this particular tool.

Today, pipe manufacturers produce ready-made fittings and couplings, on which sockets are already made (Fig. 37). The use of such parts makes the pipeline more expensive, but completely eliminates the "human factor" present during self-manufacturing expander socket.

Rice. 37. Fittings made of copper and its alloys for socket soldering

The pipes at the place of the solder are covered with a flux (Fig. 38), which will act as a lubricant for the solder and a “pickle” (cleansing of the metal) for copper. When high-temperature soldering with silver or bronze solders, borax is used as a flux. It is mixed with water until a viscous slurry is obtained. The flux is applied without excess only to the collar of the pipe that will mate with the fitting or socket, and not into the fitting or socket. After applying the flux, it is recommended to immediately articulate the parts to prevent foreign particles from entering the wet surface. If, for some reason, soldering will take place a little later, then it is better for the parts to wait for this moment already in the articulated form. It is recommended to rotate the pipe in the fitting or socket, or vice versa, the fitting around the axis of the pipe, in order to make sure that the flux is evenly distributed in the mounting gap and to feel that the pipe has reached the stop. Then it is necessary to remove visible flux residues from the outer surface of the pipe with a rag.

Rice. 38. Coating pipes with flux and soldering

For soldering copper pipes, solder rods with a diameter of 3 mm from copper and silver or bronze alloys are used. After the socket is made, or when using a ready-made fitting with a socket, the pipes are inserted into each other. The junction is heated from all sides with a propane or acetylene torch. Heating is carried out until the solder bar brought up and pressed against the socket begins to melt. With the acquisition of experience, the heating time of the pipes is determined by the change in color of the pipe - until a "red glow" is reached. Threaded fittings for connecting them to other pipelines or to plumbing fixtures are made of bronze and brass and require a longer heating time when soldering. To determine the solder consumption per joint, the following method is usually used: the solder bar is bent in the form of the letter G, making the bend slightly larger than the socket diameter. As soon as the place of soldering is warmed up to desired temperature, the solder is pressed against the gap between the socket and the pipe inserted into it and lead it around the pipe, without stopping the heating of the joint. The solder melts and flows into the gap. It is necessary to melt the entire bent end of the solder into the gap, no more and no less. An increase in solder consumption leads to the fact that it can flow through the slot and melt the inner section of the pipes. A decrease in solder consumption leads to non-soldering of the joint.

When soldering pipes, you must follow basic safety measures for working with open flames. It is necessary to work in canvas gloves, it is better together with an assistant, to hold the pipe away from the place of heating. When working alone, use clamps to temporarily secure the pipes.

After cooling, the assembly is ready for operation - this is the most reliable connection of copper pipes and is not difficult at all. The experience of soldering copper pipes comes quickly, and for those who already know the technique of gas welding, it is immediately clear. True, to heat pipes, you need equipment for gas welding. Sometimes (for soldering joints of small diameters) you can use the hot air of a powerful building hair dryer, using a nozzle that limits the hot air cone, in order to achieve heating faster. Another way of heating without a flame are electrocontact devices. Outwardly, they resemble large tongs with interchangeable copper heads for covering pipes. different diameters.

Upon completion of soldering of the assembly or the entire pipeline, it must be flushed to free the internal cavities from flux residues. As already mentioned, the flux works not only as a lubricant for solder, but also as an etchant for copper, that is, in fact, it is an aggressive oxidizing agent. And if so, then there is nothing more for him to do inside the pipes, he must be removed from there by washing with water. From the outer surface of the pipes, the leaked flux is removed with a rag.

Butt soldering of pipelines is not allowed. If it is necessary to connect the parts end-to-end, then they do not solder the pipes, but weld them. In principle, almost the same operations are done as in high-temperature soldering, except that no flux is required, and the heating of pipes and fittings is increased to the melting temperature of the metal.

For low-temperature soldering, fittings with solder fused into them are used. Outwardly, these are the same fittings for socket soldering, but a belt is squeezed out along the surface of the socket (Fig. 39), inside which manufacturers poured solder even at the stage of fittings manufacturing. Both refractory and low-melting solder can be poured into the fitting, thanks to which both types of soldering can be performed. However, most often, low-melting solder is poured into the fittings, so the joints on such fittings are classified as low-temperature soldering.

Rice. 39. Fittings with solder melted into them

The technology for connecting copper pipes on fused solder fittings is even simpler than on conventional fittings. Pipes and fittings are processed in exactly the same way as described above. The pipes are then inserted into fittings or couplings. The fittings are heated by the fire of a blowtorch or the hot air of a building hair dryer, the solder embedded in the fittings melts and spreads along the socket, soldering the parts (Fig. 40). That's the whole technology: I stuck the cleaned and fluxed parts into each other, heated the assembly with a blowtorch and let it cool.

Rice. 40. Connection of copper pipes with fittings with solder fused into them

Soldered copper pipe connections can be used for all types of house piping, with the exception of pipelines with high temperatures (about 150–250 ° C), which are not found in an ordinary house.

There are many methods for joining copper pipes in single system pipeline. The market provides a huge number of fittings, solders, fluxes, fasteners, allowing you to create detachable and non-detachable, serviced and unattended connections.

Work with copper pipes consists of:

• sizing - if the pipe is incorrectly measured, it is impossible to cut it correctly;
• cutting - made strictly perpendicular with a pipe cutter, given that it is better to make more turns than to apply force;
• stripping - removing burrs after cutting and oxide film (it is better to do this with a special napkin);
• connections.

Ways of connecting copper pipes:

• capillary soldering;
• high-temperature soldering;
• various fittings.

Connection by soldering

For connecting copper products by soldering flux should be applied to the cleaned surface and the parts should be immediately connected. Heat the connection unit evenly with a gas burner (blowtorch, soldering iron) until the flux begins to change color and the solder melts. The burner fire is diverted, the solder fills the gap between the elements.

In order for the amount of solder to be optimal, experts offer a simple guideline - the length of the solder rod should be equal to the diameter of the pipe. You can cut the bar of the required length before soldering. If one of the elements is a fitting that has already been soldered at the factory, then it does not need to be added.

After filling the gap with solder, it is necessary to allow time for cooling without exposing the assembly to mechanical stress. Once the solder has completely cured, remove any remaining solder and flux with a damp cloth. After the entire system is mounted, it should be flushed hot water. Flux contributes to corrosion, so its presence on the inner surface is undesirable.

Soldering copper pipes

Types of fittings for connecting copper pipes

Connection without soldering is made using fittings, which are divided into two large groups- direct (connection of elements of the same diameter) and transitional (connection of elements of different diameters). Diameters can be from 8 to 100 millimeters.

Based on the configuration, a fitting (connector) for copper pipes is called:

• coupling - must be made of the same material as the pipes, can be used both for elements with the same diameter and for elements with different diameters, used when there is no need to change direction;
• square - designed to change the direction of the system by 30, 45 or 90 degrees;
• tee - used to connect three ends located relative to each other at an angle of 45 or 90 degrees;
• cross - joins together four pipes located perpendicular to each other on the same plane;
• adapter ("American", futorka, sgon, nipple) - for combining pipes from different material using various methods;
• plug - a cap, a plug for sealing the end of the tube;
• fitting - for connecting a pipe and a flexible hose.

Based on the method, the connection of copper pipes with fittings can be:

• using a soldering fitting, under the thread of which there is tin. A flux-treated pipe is inserted into it, the assembly is heated until the solder becomes liquid and fills the gap;
• using threaded (equipped with threads);
• crimp (compression), allowing you to connect elements of different diameters. The pipe is fixed with a fitting using an O-shaped seal and a detachable or one-piece ring. Conventional tools are suitable for installation;
• press - fitting, consisting of a body and a sleeve and mounted using press - tongs;
• self-locking fitting, which is based on internal rings, one of which is equipped with teeth. When pressed with a special key, the teeth enter another ring, forming a secure connection. Just as easy as putting on, taking off.

Features of copper products: what to consider

When installing a copper pipeline, it is important to know not only how to connect copper pipes, but also to fulfill several additional conditions:

• to extend the life of the system, only copper and its alloys should be used;
• if it is necessary to use products from other materials, then it should be taken into account that copper cannot be combined with galvanized steel, as this leads to corrosion in steel elements;
• if the use of steel products cannot be avoided in any way, then they should be mounted in front of copper elements;
• safe connection of copper and acid-resistant steel.

Fasteners

For final installation any pipeline requires fixings for copper pipes

• clamps and brackets.

For domestic pipelines are used:

• metal C-shaped (fastening with one bolt) and O-shaped (fastening with two bolts) clamps made of steel and equipped with a rubber coating that neutralizes mechanical and acoustic vibrations;
• plastic clamps (movable and stationary) - for internal systems, equipped with dowel and screw;
• brackets - for hanging or arranging system elements.

It is obvious that for each system it is necessary to select its own methods of installation and fastening. Only when choosing quality materials And correct installation the pipeline will be reliable and durable.

Production of copper pipes

Copper components for the installation of pipelines are not inferior to analogues from other materials, and even outperform in terms of durability and resistance to temperatures. However, the reliability and functionality of copper communications depends entirely on the quality of the connection nodes.

Fittings and pipes made of high-quality copper are not inferior in technical qualities to components for pipelines made from other popular materials. Unlike iron-based alloys, copper does not rust at all. In addition, she is not afraid of ultraviolet, extremely low and high temperatures, while for polymer compounds they are equally detrimental sunlight, frost and intense heat. Copper pipes weigh little, are easy to transport, store and install.

All these positive traits allow copper pipe products to remain popular as components for the installation of systems:

• hot and cold water supply,
• air conditioning,
• gas distribution,
• heating.

Features of connecting elements for copper pipes

Since copper components are used in areas where even the slightest leakage is unacceptable, high requirements are placed on copper pipeline assemblies. When connecting pipes, it is important to ensure not only maximum reliability and tightness, but also to prevent chemical processes that will adversely affect the composition working environment and condition of the pipeline.

For the installation of the pipeline, you can use shaped elements from different materials:

Note! Black steel fittings cannot be used to mate copper pipes, even if it is chrome-plated or galvanized. Copper reacts with unalloyed steel, which can result in the shaped element being destroyed.

Types of fittings

All connecting fittings are divided into several types according to their functions:

• Straight - for direct connection of two pipes of the same diameter. Such fittings are called couplings, the body is usually in the form of a cylinder.
• Transitional - for direct connection of two pipes of different diameters. Adapters, or reducers, have a complex shape: two short cylinders of different sizes are connected by a truncated cone.
• Angled, or rotary, - for connecting identical pipes at an angle. Such fittings are called bends or corners, the body bending angle is from 15 to 90 degrees.
• Branching - to combine two or more streams or split one stream into several. Tee bodies have three branch pipes, the diameters of which may vary. Cross body housings consist of four or more nozzles connected at right angles.
• Sealing - for blocking free branch pipes. These shaped elements, called plugs, are a lid or stopper.

Despite the development of technology and the popularity of the use of polymers, metal is successfully used in the manufacture of pipelines for water supply and heating systems. For these purposes, steel, brass and copper are usually used. The latter has excellent resistance to corrosion, mechanical strength and high temperature and pressure resistance. Therefore, despite some high cost of this material, its use is fully justified.

Before connecting copper pipes, you need to decide whether to do this with or without soldering.

Solder connection

One of the first options to consider is connecting pipes by soldering. It should be noted right away that there are two ways to solder copper pipes - this is a low-temperature and high-temperature method. As you might guess, the difference between them lies in the temperature at which soldering occurs. In the low-temperature regime, the elements are heated up to 300 °C and solders with a low melting point are used. High-temperature soldering is used for the installation of systems that are under significant stress, for example, in industry, the use of this technique for private purposes is impractical.

When connecting copper pipes by soldering, as a rule, connecting elements called fittings, tin-based solders and fluxes are used. The pipe connection process is as follows.

• First you need to cut the pipes right size. In this case, it is worth being careful and be sure to take into account the dimensions of the fitting itself.
• The ends of the pipes to be joined must be carefully examined for the presence of various defects such as cracks, chips or burrs. Their presence is unacceptable, as it can affect the tightness of the connection, therefore, if detected, all defects must be eliminated.
• If the ends of the pipes are in order, then you can proceed to the connection. It should be noted that there are several connection options, for example, you need to connect more than two pipes or pipes of different diameters, so fittings must be selected that suit the purpose.
• pipe end and inner part connecting element is processed with a flux - special composition, which acts as a degreaser that prepares surfaces for a stronger connection.
• After that, the end of the pipe is inserted into the fitting and heated. The fitting is selected in such a way that its diameter is 1–1.5 mm larger than the diameter of the pipe. Pipes are heated with gas burner. The space between the connected elements is filled with consumable solder. Modern market offers a variety of ready-made solders that are easy to use, so this should not be a problem.
• After the solder is evenly distributed over the entire circumference, the parts to be joined should be left until the solder has completely solidified, forming a strong connection.
• The final step should be to check the connection, that is, the water must be turned on. Thus, not only will there be a check, but also the removal of flux residues that may remain on the inner surface of the pipes, which is undesirable, as it can cause corrosion.

Connection without soldering

It should also be noted that, despite the fact that the connection of copper pipes by soldering is the most reliable and appropriate in most cases, there are times when soldering is not possible and in such cases it is possible to resort to a connection without soldering using special fittings. Their principle of operation is based on the clamping effect resulting from the threaded connection. The connection process is as follows.

• First, the fitting, which usually consists of two parts, must be disassembled.
• One of the parts is put on the pipe. To be more precise, a nut and a clamping ring are put on.
• After that, the pipe is inserted into the connecting fitting, and the nut is tightened along the thread.

As a rule, an instruction is attached to fittings of this kind, in strict accordance with which all work must be carried out.

Note! The connection of pipes in this way is not reliable enough, therefore even the slightest distortions in the connection, as well as a violation of technology, are unacceptable. To achieve greater tightness of the threaded connection, it can be sealed with special threads, while it is unacceptable for excess to get inside the pipe, as this may prevent the free passage of water.

Whichever method of connection is chosen, the work should be carried out, observing a number of general rules:

• Pipes of the same metal must be used for the connection. If you need to connect a copper pipe to another, you need to choose the appropriate method. For example, to connect copper and PVC pipes soldering is not suitable.
• If it is intended to connect copper and steel pipes, then steel should be placed in front of copper.
• When tightening threaded connections care must be taken, especially if thin-walled pipes are used.
• In order not to be mistaken with the amount of solder, the length of the wire must be taken equal to the circle pipes.
• To heat the pipes, it is best to use a special burner. The use of a conventional blowtorch is in principle acceptable, but there is a risk of overheating the junction, which will complicate the work.
• Copper pipes are somewhat costly from a material point of view, therefore, before starting work, it is advisable to carry out preliminary calculations amount of material. At the same time, one should not forget that the connecting elements also have certain dimensions, which must also be taken into account.

In conclusion, it should be said that the connection of copper pipes is not a very complicated process from a technological point of view, but some difficulties may arise for the first time. In order to have the most complete picture of the process, you can consult with professionals or at least watch a video on this topic.

Video

This video shows the process of soldering copper pipes.

Many, in my opinion, erroneously, believe that copper pipes for installing plumbing or heating a house are quite expensive, and some that the age of copper for these purposes is a thing of the past. In this post, we will try to prove to you that this is not so, precisely because copper is enough comfortable material for the installation of any structures, and if we take its durability into account, then it is indispensable in many cases and it will be chosen by diligent host for your own home.

If we compare copper with other materials from which water pipes and other communication pipes are made (for example, with plastic or), then its advantages are obvious. First of all, it is an unusually long service life: copper pipes and fittings often last as long as the building itself exists.

Copper is very plastic, which increases the safety of the water supply and retains its properties over a wide temperature range (from -200 to +250 ° C), which makes the pipes resistant to freezing when filled with water.

Copper pipes are resistant to ultraviolet radiation (unlike plastic), have a low roughness coefficient, which allows them to be used in similar conditions

Copper pipeline practically unaffected various kinds viruses and bacteria, he is not afraid of oils, fats and various harmful substances. Even chlorine, which is inevitable for our water pipes, is not able to destroy a copper pipe, but, on the contrary, due to the formation of an oxide layer on its inner walls, chlorine helps to extend the life of the pipe.

Pipes

Water supply copper pipes of circular cross section are produced both in coils (25 and 50 m long) and in segments (rods of various lengths). The most commonly used pipes have diameters from 8 to 28 mm with a wall thickness of 1 mm. It is worth emphasizing that copper pipes due to thin walls are much lighter than steel pipes. They may be insulated.

Installation of copper pipes does not cause any particular difficulties, mainly due to the fact that they are well cut and bent. Copper pipes can be connected in two ways: detachable and one-piece. The second includes soldering, welding, crimping.

To connect pipes, connect to fittings, various fittings are used to existing water supply.

Fitting

There are a large number of varieties of connecting and transitional fittings. Examples of some are shown in photos 1-12. So, for soldering, not only ordinary and adapter couplings are used, but also various elbows, tees, crosses, contours, rolls and plugs. There are fittings with the transition of a soldered connection to a threaded one, for example, an “American” with a cone seal (15 × 1/2 ″). Threaded press fittings often use a ferrule, which, when the union nut is tightened, compresses the pipe, thereby sealing the connection.

Soldering copper pipes

Soldering is carried out due to adhesion between molten copper-phosphorus or silver solders and heated pipes to be joined. The solder is distributed at the junction under the action of capillary forces, "wetting" the base metal. To improve the quality of soldering and increase the adhesion coefficient, special fluxes are used, and the soldering surfaces are pre-cleaned. When soldering, you need to evenly heat the parts to be joined to the required temperature.

Therefore, when soldering, the type of burner flame is important, which indicates the balance of the gas mixture. A decreasing burner flame indicates an excess amount of fuel in the mixture that exceeds the oxygen content. A supersaturated gas mixture, due to an excess of oxygen, forms a flame that oxidizes the surface of the metal. A sign of this phenomenon is a black coating on the metal. A balanced gas mixture, when burned, forms a flame that heats the metal without any other effect.

When working on soldering copper pipes, also note that:

• The application of flux promotes adhesion of the solder to the metal.
• The place of soldering is preliminarily serviced.
• For high-quality soldering, the necessary heating of the soldered parts is required.
• For soldering copper pipes, cleaning of the joint is required.

Copper soldering tools

For soldering copper, special soldering irons and gas burners are used.

When working with copper pipes, in addition to soldering and crimping, they have to be cut, bent, expanded, beaded. Pipe bending to avoid wrinkling and flattening is performed using a lever pipe bender. Moreover, for pipes with a diameter of up to 15 mm, the bending radius must be at least 3.5 diameters. For pipes of large diameters, the bending radius must be at least 4 diameters. You can also cut pipes with a hacksaw, but it is best with a pipe cutter, which allows you to do this exactly at the mark and without distortions. After each revolution, it is necessary to tighten the cutting roller by tightening the set screw. Burrs appearing during the cutting process must be removed.

To ensure the insertion of the pipe into the pipe, special expander pliers and mandrels are used.

How to bend copper pipes

In the photo above, the numbers indicate

1. The pipe is inserted and fixed in the grip of the pipe bender at the start of the bend.
2. Applying force, gradually turn the movable handle of the lever pipe bender, bending the pipe around the mandrel.
3. You can also bend the pipe using a spring with a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the pipe.

Pipe expansion

In the photo below, the numbers indicate

To connect pipes with fittings with union nuts (especially when repairing connections), it is necessary to do flaring.

1. If necessary, remove the union nut by cutting off the flared end of the pipe.
2. You can cut off the flaring with a roller pipe cutter by sliding the nut along the pipe.
3. To restore the flaring, the pipe is clamped in the matrix so that the end of the pipe protrudes above the surface of the matrix by about 1 mm.
4. By screwing the fixture screw, the end of the pipe is deformed with the formation of a conical expansion.
5. After removing the screw clamp, check the funnel flare, which must have the correct shape.
6. The end of the pipe can be flattened with light blows of a hammer, again clamping the pipe in the matrix.
7. smooth and flat surface flaring can be obtained with a velvet file.
8. It remains to put the sealing gasket, and the pipe can be connected.
9. If necessary, flaring can also be done on fittings, for example, couplings, squares.

How to expand a copper tube

To connect pipes by soldering without the use of connecting fittings, the end of one pipe can be expanded using special pliers.

Having inserted the pipe into the tongs with the head of the required diameter, force is applied to the tongs handles, expanding the end of the pipe.

After the expansion of the pipe, a mandrel-caliber is inserted into the pipe and with light hammer blows on the mandrel, the expansion diameter is adjusted to the required expansion using special pliers.

How to cut copper pipes with a pipe cutter:

The pipe is placed between the jaws of the pipe cutter and the cutting roller is pressed with a set screw.

Having made one or two turns around the pipe with a pipe cutter, the roller is tightened with a screw and the pipe cutter is turned again.

With a folding knife, burrs are removed from the inside of the pipe.

Continue cutting the pipe until the part of the pipe to be cut can be separated by hand.

Typical types of copper pipe connections

When performing installation work, for example, a water supply system using copper pipes, it is necessary to provide connections, make bends, bypasses, and install plumbing fittings.

In the photo, types of “copper” connections

1. Flexible hose connection.
2. Connection of pipes of different diameters by soldering with a straight coupling.
3. The outlet is made using a tee and a single-pipe bypass.
4. square with wall mount and the valve provides connection of a flexible eyeliner.
5. Outline with extended sockets.
6. Insertion of a ball valve connected with union nuts.

Also read on the topic:

A variant of the plumbing system using copper components

In order to optimize plumbing system, equalization of pressure in the system, reduction of additional loads on the pump and the cost of the system, the diameters of copper pipes are selected depending on the water flow at each point of consumption. Usually, at a flow rate of up to 50 l / min, pipes with a diameter of 10 mm are used, at a flow rate of up to 160 l / min - pipes with a cross section of 16 mm, at a flow rate of 250 l / min - pipes with a cross section of 20 mm. The variant of the plumbing system and the diameters of the copper pipes are shown in the figure.

For pipes of different diameters, threaded fittings of the appropriate sizes are usually used. For example, turnkey fittings 15 × 22 mm can be used for solder joints with pipes with a cross section of 10-18 mm (table).

Fitting	Pipe diameter, mm
12×18	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22
15×22	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22
20×28	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22

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