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The concept of "affiliated firm". Reasons for creation and various forms of leadership. What is affiliation of legal entities

Affiliation legal entities- this is a situation where two enterprises (or more) are dependent. That is, one company can exercise significant influence over another in economic activity, which affects the nature of the decisions made by the business entity.

Signs of affiliation of legal entities

Legislative regulation of the concept of affiliation is given in Art. 53.2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, art. 20, art. 105.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the law on competition dated March 22, 1991 No. 948-1. The last legal act defines affiliation in Art. 4, and clarifies that not only legal entities, but also citizens can be dependent.

In relation to enterprises, the following can be recognized as affiliated:

• Members of the supervisory board of the company, representatives of the collegial or sole executive body.
• Members of the group of persons to which a particular firm belongs.
• Shareholders who are entitled to participate in voting at general meetings, if the votes of such shareholders account for more than 20%.
• Investors with a capital share of 20% or more.
• The affiliation of legal entities can manifest itself if the company is a member of the FIG (financial-industrial group). In this situation, affiliates may be representatives of the management bodies of other companies participating in FIGs.

For the purposes of taxation, the concept of "interdependent persons" is applied to affiliation. The following are recognized as such (clause 2, article 105.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

• organizations that have a share of more than 25% in the capital of another company;
• legal entity and individual, if the individual owns more than 25% of the capital;
• several legal entities, with the participation of one of them in several companies, if its share in each of them is more than 25%;
• legal entity and its head;
• an organization and a person authorized to appoint its head, or half of the leadership;
• legal entities in which more than half of the management (board of directors) are the same citizens;
• several companies in which the same individual is appointed as the head;
• several legal entities in which the first owns more than half of the capital of the second, the second, in turn, owns more than half of the capital of the third, etc.

The presence of signs of affiliation suggests that companies coordinate organizational or economic decisions with each other.

In relation to the relationship of individuals, interdependence can manifest itself in relatives - for example, in married spouses, between an adopted child and his adoptive parent.

There is another option of dependence - labor. What is the affiliation of officials - this is a situation where one individual is obliged to obey the decisions of another citizen within the framework of labor relations and the hierarchy of management according to staffing. This principle of dependence is voiced in Art. 20 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Affiliation of legal entities: consequences

Legislative regulation of relations between affiliated persons is necessary to solve the following tasks:

• prevention of economic collusion in the field of pricing and competition;
• prevention of situations with the emergence of hidden monopolistic structures on the market.

Checking the affiliation of legal entities may be carried out by the Antimonopoly Service or tax authorities. IN fiscal system identification of interdependent enterprises is necessary to assess the objectivity and economic feasibility of controversial business transactions. For example, the Federal Tax Service may challenge the legality of a sale and purchase transaction between affiliated parties if the price of the products sold is understated. The provision of special benefits in cooperation with a dependent structure may also be outside the legal field. Transactions made under such conditions may be declared invalid in court, as they entail an artificial underestimation of tax liabilities and damage to the state budget.

The risks of affiliation of legal entities may manifest themselves in the receipt of services by a company from an affiliated expert organization. In this situation, the opponents of the firm that used the services of such an expert may reasonably challenge the results of the expert opinion and demand a review of the case. The results of auctions may also be recognized as invalid if affiliated persons take part in them. The basis may be the existence of a collusion between dependent enterprises, which led to the winning of one of these firms. If the affiliation of legal entities is revealed, the evidence will turn out to be irrefutable, the results of the auction will be canceled, and the illegally winning enterprise will have to compensate for the losses incurred by other participants.

The presence of interdependence between the debtor and his creditor may be the basis for reviewing the bankruptcy case. The reason is that the parties, by colluding, get the opportunity to create fictitious debt in order to receive Money partner. This procedure infringes on the rights of other creditors.

Checking the affiliation of legal entities is free of charge on the website of the Federal Tax Service and on other Internet services. Some sites provide an opportunity to explore the relationship between two counterparties, including the analysis of transactions implemented with the participation of intermediaries. Other services allow you to view general characteristics counterparty of interest by name or TIN, for example:

• registration data;
• information about the founders;
• information about the executive body;
• the presence or absence of enforcement proceedings, arbitration cases;
• statistics of participation in public procurement;
• list of established organizations;
• data on inspections carried out at the enterprise and the number of violations detected;
• related institutions and trademarks.

Checking the affiliation of legal entities on the website of the Federal Tax Service can be done by everyone - for this you need to know the basic details of the counterparty. Services tax authority(for example, “]]> Information on state registration of legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, peasant farms ]]> ”) will help identify unscrupulous business entities, detect “]]> mass founders ]]> ”.

How to prove the affiliation of legal entities:

• conduct a search for information about companies in open sources of information, including the website of the Federal Tax Service;
• check the data on the founders and their shares in other enterprises;
• explore family ties between managers and founders of cooperating firms;
• explore economic condition firms - this way you can identify the financial dependence of the company on another enterprise (this can be seen in the structure of purchases and sales, in the analysis of the client base, in receivables and payables).

The institute of affiliated persons is a fairly new phenomenon both in theoretical and practical terms. The article reveals the very definition and scope of its application.

Attention will also be paid to the accounting rules for this category, responsibility for their failure to comply, as well as the relationship between the main and subsidiaries.

Affiliates. Concept and types

The phrase itself appeared in Russian in the 90s. For the first time the concept of an affiliated person was mentioned in 1992 in the appendix to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. It was about investment funds. In a broad sense, affiliation implies proximity to something, since English verb to affiliate, from which the word comes, is used in the sense of "to join, connect."

Also, this term can be interpreted as joining a membership. Affiliated persons influence each other to some extent, whether it is economic or economic activity. In general, they represent a certain group.

This term found legislative reflection in 1995, and the official definition appeared only in 1998 as a result of amendments to the Law on Competition. Affiliates are individuals or businesses that can influence entrepreneurial activity other people or companies. There are some aspects in accordance with which the entity is considered to be controlling in relation to the organization. Affiliated persons of OJSC are citizens or entrepreneurs:

• Owning more than 20% of voting shares. At the same time, affiliated persons of the Joint Stock Company have the ability to influence the decision-making process in this organization.
• Owning more than 50% of voting shares.

It is believed that an individual is able to have a significant impact on the organization, having the ability to participate in decision-making, even without controlling its activities.

The legislative framework

Article 4 of the Federal Law, as mentioned above, defines what affiliates are. Besides, normative act deciphers the possible composition of this category. The list of affiliates primarily includes entities closely associated with the control mechanism.

These may include holders of a large block of voting shares, direct participants in the enterprise management process. Affiliation implies, as a rule, the possibility of unilateral influence of one side of economic activity on another.

It should be emphasized that we mean relations that are not of a property, but of a managerial nature. Property dependence can rather be defined as a consequence, and not at all a condition for the emergence of dependence on control. Not the last role in this issue play relationships of a kindred nature.

Classification

According to the Competition Law, affiliates may have:

1. Enterprises:

One of the owners of this legal entity;

Member of any governing body (for example, the board of directors);

Persons having at their disposal at least 20% of the total number of decisive shares;

An organization in which the subject in question acquires the right to dispose of the number of votes in excess of 20% of the total;

The party exercising the powers of the sole body.

2. An individual doing business:

Citizens who belong to the same group as the subject;

An organization in which the entrepreneur in question has the right to dispose of 20% or more of the total number of votes expressed by decisive shares, contributions, shares in the authorized capital.

3. Entrepreneurs participating in financial and industrial groups:

Members of supervisory bodies or boards of directors;

Collegial management structures;

Entities that exercise the powers of the sole divisions of the group.

Scope of this category

The category of affiliated persons can often be found not only in the theoretical, but also in the practical part of the activities of entrepreneurs. Meanwhile, as practice shows, many do not have a clear idea about this category. This, in turn, often causes quite serious errors in the process of economic activity of the subject. The term "affiliates" is predominantly associated with corporate law. It is most often used for:

• the process of identifying persons knowingly having an interest in the actions of the company, which presumably will lead to the conclusion of the transaction;
• identification of directors having the right of a decisive vote in relation to a transaction of interest to them, which an open joint-stock company with more than a thousand participants intends to make;
• determining the list of entities about which information must be provided to the business entity;
• the process of identifying persons, the provision of information about which the joint-stock company is obliged to provide;
• determination of the list of participants who overcame the 30% milestone in the course of the acquisition of shares in OJSC; in this case, certain procedures must be observed, the course of which is regulated by law.

Relationship between the parent company and the subsidiary

How do affiliates interact? An example of such a relationship can be considered by taking the predominant (main) company and the subsidiary (dependent on the main). When creating the latter, the company gets ample opportunities to increase the volume of its activities. The main difference between the main company and branches is legal independence.

Responsibilities

Affiliates have not only rights and opportunities. By virtue of their status, they have a number of responsibilities. First of all, they are charged with informing the public about their shares. This must be done in writing and with specified details (exact number, types of papers, etc.).

The information must go to certain period from the date of acquisition of the shares. Despite the fact that such persons are not liable before the law in connection with the failure to provide within the allotted time necessary information, certain sanctions against them still exist.

If, through the fault of affiliated persons, the joint-stock company has suffered losses of any nature (for example, property damage), then compensation for the entire amount of damage caused (in accordance with Article 15 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) will act as a punishment.

Accounting responsibilities of businesses

The company is required to maintain a list of affiliates. The list is mandatory submitted to the relevant authorities responsible for the regulation of this market. Antitrust law provides for the imposition of a fine for violation existing rules providing the necessary information. The same rules apply to the list of affiliated persons of the LLC. Lists should be publicly posted on a web page.

Such requirements are quite understandable. Such information is in great demand within a certain procedure for concluding transactions in which affiliates participate. These include, in particular, agreements with interest. A logical question arises: "Is a closed joint-stock company obliged to submit information about affiliated persons?"

After all, it is usually not engaged in public placement. valuable papers. Accordingly, the rule relating to an open joint-stock company does not fully apply to a CJSC. Nevertheless, his duties include keeping records of the subjects in question, albeit in an arbitrary form. If a CJSC carries out a public placement of bonds, then it is also obliged to publish the register of affiliated persons on the website on the Internet.

Accounting procedure

If we take any example of a list of affiliates, then the list will contain the following information:

1. Company name (short and full), postal address.

2. Surname and initials of the subject, address of residence (for individuals);

3. Grounds for being an influential party, the date of occurrence of these grounds.

Responsibility

Exist different types penalties for breaking the rules.

1. Administrative responsibility. It occurs if the information is provided incompletely or in violation of the deadlines specified in the legislation.

2. Tax Liability. It occurs in relation to related parties and concerns unreasonable price adjustments that run counter to the real situation on the market. If, according to the results of the audit, it turns out that the value of the completed transaction deviates from the existing one on the trading floor by more than 20%, this fact entitles the regulatory authority to charge additional tax and penalties. In this case, the collection is made in a non-acceptance manner.

3. Civil liability may also be imposed for violation of the procedure for the implementation of transactions, the participants of which are affiliated persons.

in civil law and real life relatively new phenomenon - affiliates. It is usually understood that these are private citizens or firms, companies (legal entities) that can influence individuals or legal entities involved in commercial activities. Examples and a list of such persons are in this article.

Based on keyword“affiliated”, which is translated from English as “joining a larger, more significant”, therefore, each person can be affiliated only in relation to another specific person. At the same time, both parties to such relations can act both as individuals and companies. So in general there are:

• affiliated citizens (including individual entrepreneurs);
• affiliated companies or individual entrepreneurs.

A party may be designated as such if it can, and therefore does, have a strong influence on the business of the other party:

• economic;
• entrepreneurial;
• economic.

Thus, if a citizen, entrepreneur or company can influence another party doing another business, this is an example of affiliation. This refers to the impact on the adoption of the most important commercial decisions:

• about sales;
• o redistribution of income;
• about planning expenses;
• on the appointment of employees to key positions;
• about interaction with suppliers;
• about marketing policy and many others.

For legal entities

The specific list of such persons may vary depending on the characteristics of the enterprise management organization and the form of its ownership. IN general view The company's affiliates include the following:

1. Parties that are members of the management body of the company of a collegiate (collective) nature. Usually we are talking on the supervisory board, as well as on the board of directors of a public joint stock company. That is, any members of such structures directly affect the management of the company and participate in the adoption major decisions- reorganization, change economic policy, pricing, personnel issues and many others.
2. Members of the executive body, including if it is represented by one employee - i.e. It's about unilateral control.
3. A firm in which the company in question has at least 20% of shares or a share in the capital is also at least 20%. IN this case we are talking about mutual affiliation, since both parties mutually influence each other and have corresponding business interests.
4. Management of financial and industrial groups. For example, often banks and manufacturing companies are combined into such integrated groups for more effective interaction and fast decision making. Of course, it is top management that is directly involved in the development of these decisions and obliges both parties to act in accordance with them.
5. Persons who represent the executive bodies of such financial and industrial groups in one person.

Approaches to the definition of criteria for such persons are still being developed. In general, they can be formulated as follows:

• the ability to dispose of half of the votes (or more) while owning the corresponding number of shares;
• ownership of half of the share of the authorized capital, or b O more quantity;
• company management (sole);
• company management (collegiate - for example, through the Board of Directors).

Video commentary on the topic:

For citizens

An individual citizen can also carry out commercial activities, and more recently, he can be registered not only as individual entrepreneur, and not as self-employed (i.e. he is looking for a job himself, and at the same time there are no other employees in the state).

In relation to him, affiliated persons are:

• private citizens belonging to the same group as the entrepreneur himself;
• a company in which this citizen has more than 20% of the shares (voting) and / or more than 20% of the authorized capital.

Rights and obligations

Clear rights for such persons are not spelled out, since the legislation does not need to reflect this particular aspect. In practice, their rights are expressed in the possibility of influencing the adoption of key decisions. And among the responsibilities, the main one is that the firm itself must maintain and provide full list its affiliates to the territorial branch of the FAS. A specific form of notification was developed by the same department, but it is advisory, not mandatory.

The affiliates themselves are obliged to notify the company in writing, providing information about the shares or shares that they own. In this case, such notification is received once within 10 calendar days from the date on which the share was officially purchased.

Maintaining a list of participants

Each company is required to maintain a list of both all its participants and specifically affiliated persons, as well as provide this data to the inspection authorities upon request. Usually a special employee is appointed, who is engaged in compiling and updating this information. His responsibilities include:

• constant replenishment of the list with new information in compliance with the terms of their update;
• storage of all related documents (certificates of the purchase of shares, contracts and others);
• interaction with stakeholders and inspectors: providing the requested information or a reasoned refusal with a written explanation of the reasons;
• other duties as specified in the job description.

Usually, each company maintains a complete, i.e. a detailed list in which all members of the society appear. At the choice of the firm itself, it is also possible to maintain selective lists, one of which is affiliated persons. At the same time, the classification of parties is usually given in accordance with their share in the authorized capital.

Typically, the list of persons is listed in a document with the appropriate title, which includes the following sections:

1. A complete list of participants as of the reporting date.
2. Data on the share of each participant.
3. A journal where all these persons are listed by surname (in alphabetical or other order).
4. Journal, which reflects the movement of all incoming correspondence.
5. Registered persons (legal and natural, including holders of pledges).
6. Other journals required for registration of workflow.

Liability of affiliates

Interestingly, the very qualification of an activity as an affiliation, i.e. actual influence on the acceptance of important economic relations, is not given in either the Tax Code or the Civil Code. Therefore, strictly speaking, neither cooperation of activities nor close interaction are illegal acts, since the element of mutual participation itself cannot be considered illegal.

Thus, only the Federal Law “On Protection of Competition” can be taken into account, but only general information on illegal methods of combating economic competition:

• abuse of a leading economic position;
• illegal restrictions on competition, etc.

Therefore, we can say that even at the legislative level, strict criteria for an affiliate and its activities as such have not been developed. Therefore, one should be guided primarily judicial practice on such matters.

In the media, we all constantly come across tables of affiliates, banks and not only, they cause alertness and misunderstanding among many people. Which persons are affiliated and for what purposes are these lists compiled?

Definition

An affiliate is an individual or legal entity that has the ability to influence legal entities or individuals that are engaged in commercial activities. A more accessible explanation is that affiliates, whether an organization or an individual, have the right to participate in the control of joint-stock companies.

The very name "affiliated person" now used in Russian law was taken from English-American law. Translated from in English the word affiliate means: to connect, to join, to connect. In European law, affiliated firms are those that are dependent on other firms. But within Russian law the word affiliated can be applied to both dependent and dominant companies. The most important sign of an affiliate is the right to directly influence commercial activity.

Signs of an affiliate

One of the main characteristic features an affiliate is the presence of a relationship in which an individual or entity is dependent on an affiliate of the same individual or entity. This dependence is manifested in the following cases:

• when an individual or legal entity owns a certain part of the main capital of the legal entity and the opportunity to have votes in the board of directors or founders;
• at some legal status natural or legal person (for example, CEO or fund manager) when he has the right to issue binding orders;
• if physical persons present any family relationships or family ties.

Affiliate of a legal entity

Affiliates of legal entities persons may be:

• member of the boards of the company (supervisory or directors), as well as a collegial executive body;
• individuals/legal entities that manage 20% or more of all votes attributable to shares with voting rights or are a share capital contribution from a part of a legal entity;
• a legal entity, provided that it is a member of a financial-industrial group (FIG).

Under such circumstances, the affiliated person for him will still be members of the committees of directors, members of collegiate management structures FIGs and FIG participants who have the powers of executive authorities

Affiliate of an individual

Affiliated individuals business entities may be:

• physical persons belonging to a group of persons to which the given natural person also belongs;
• a legal entity in which an individual can dispose of 20% of all votes that fall on voting shares or constituents authorized capital contribution from the share of legal entities. faces.

At the moment, joint-stock companies regularly submit data on their affiliates to the Federal Commission for the Securities Market. It is stipulated that each joint-stock company must compile registers of its affiliates for publication in the media, which take place annually. In addition, these registers must indicate the number and types of shares owned by affiliates.

Section 1. Concept of affiliation.

Section 2Accession enterprise, company to another, larger, related enterprise as a branch. Affiliates.

Section 3 Affiliation websites by Yandex and .

Concept of affiliation

The use of a word as an economic term is related to its forms as a verb and an adjective.

Affiliate - accept as an affiliate; accept membership; unite, join. Affiliated organization- branch company, subsidiary firm, an organization with which there are ties, a participating company controlled by . Affiliate network - partner network, branch network, regional network Affiliate agreement - licensed agreement for organizations with a branched structure. Affiliated persons - individuals and legal entities capable of influencing the activities of other persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities. For example, according to the law (including Russian), affiliates legal faces- a member of its board of directors, supervisory board or other collegiate management body.

Difficulties in use are due to the possible and acceptable broad interpretation of an affiliated organization as a firm associated in some way with another company. At the same time, its narrow definition is an organization in which another firm has a minority interest, that is, it owns less than 50 percent of voting shares. Therefore, two organizations are affiliated if one has a minority, the other has a majority of voting shares, or both are subsidiary companies, i.e. companies with more than 50 percent voting shares are owned by a third firm, called the parent.

Therefore, a subsidiary is always affiliated by definition, but the term subsidiary is preferred when it exists from outside over the majority of the shares of the organization in question.

An appeal to the etymology of the concept makes it possible to assume a meaningful relationship between the concepts and phenomena denoted by the words "affiliated firm" and "associated organization".

Difficulties in use are due to the possible and acceptable broad interpretation of an affiliated firm as an organization related in some way to another company.

At the same time, its narrow definition is a firm in which another organization has

minority interest, that is, in its ownership - less than 50 percent voting shares.

Accessionenterprise, company to another, larger, related enterprise as a branch, affiliates

An affiliated firm, as follows from the primary meaning of the word affiliated, is an organization that depends on another firm. An affiliated company is a controlled organization, that is, a company participating in a joint business that is not completely free in its actions.

In a broad sense, two organizations "A" and "B" are affiliated if they cross-own each other's shares. But if "A" has more than 50 percent of the shares of "B" and "B" - less? In this, a narrower definition would be more accurate. "A" - parent company, and "B" - a subsidiary, subsidiary organization.

If both firms are subsidiary, that is, companies in which more than 50 percent of the voting shares are owned by a third organization, called the parent, then they can also be considered as affiliated. Broadly speaking, a subsidiary firm as a division of a multinational firm is always by definition affiliated, but the term "subsidiary" is preferred when there is control from outside over the majority of the shares of the organization in question from the other.

Affiliates are legal and individuals connected in organizational and property terms. By virtue of such connections, they are able to influence each other, which affects the formation of economic relations. The concept of "affiliates" appeared in our country during the transition to a market economy, in the context of the expansion and complexity of economic ties between business entities.

The concept of "affiliated persons" is widely used in business legislation. For example, in accordance with Art. 93 of the Federal Law "On joint-stock companies» affiliates of the company are obliged to notify the company in writing about the shares they own, indicating their number and categories (types) no later than 10 days from the date of acquisition of the shares. In the event that this is not done or is done untimely, the affiliated person is obliged to compensate for the damage that the company has incurred as a result of this. The Company is obliged to keep records of its affiliates and submit reports on them in accordance with the requirements of the law.

The concept of affiliated persons was formulated in the Federal law dated May 6, 1998 No. 70-FZ, which amended and supplemented the Antimonopoly. Changes and additions were, in particular, made to Art. 4 Antimonopoly law, which defines the concept of affiliated persons. In connection with the adoption of the law on the protection of competition, most of the provisions of the Antimonopoly Law were repealed, but the provisions on affiliates remained in force. In Art. 4 of the Antitrust Law is first cited general definition, and then it is specified in relation to affiliated persons of legal and physical persons.

IN general plan legal and individuals capable of influencing the activities of other legal entities and individuals.

Affiliates legal entity are:

members of its board of directors (supervisory board) or other collegial management body, members of its collegial executive body, as well as a person exercising the powers of its executive body;

persons who have the right to dispose of more than 20% of the total number of votes attributable to shares (deposits, shares) that make up the authorized (share) of this legal entity. faces;

the organization in which this legal the person has the right to dispose of more than 20% of the total number of votes attributable to shares (deposits, shares) constituting the authorized (share) capital this company;

if a legal entity is a member of a financial and industrial group, its affiliates also include members of the board of directors (supervisory board) or other collegial management bodies, collegial executive bodies of participants in the financial and industrial group, as well as persons exercising the powers of sole executive bodies of participants in the financial and industrial groups;

persons belonging to the group of persons to which this legal entity belongs. face.

Thus, it proceeds from the fact that the concept of "affiliated persons" is broader than the concept of "group of persons". The first is generic and the second is specific.

The definition of the concept of affiliated persons through the concept of a group of persons leads to the complication of this definition and the repetition of the same provisions mentioned in different aspects. So, if in relation to financial-industrial groups in the definition of the concept of affiliated persons, only executives of organizations included in the financial-industrial group are assigned to them, then according to the definition of a group of persons, these firms themselves also belong to them.

Individuals who are spouses, parents and children, brothers and sisters are also indicated as members of a group of persons. These entities, related to each other by family relations, are related to affiliated persons by recognizing them as constituting a group of persons. Meanwhile, it would be more logical to directly recognize them as affiliated persons, since accounting family relations more typical for affiliation.

The concept of affiliated persons and the concept of a group of persons express varying degrees legal relations between subjects. Affiliates do not constitute a single subject of law, but the links between them have legal significance. On the contrary, a group of persons has the right of a subject, although not in all business relations, but only in those related to the field of antimonopoly law. Therefore, the concept of affiliated persons is considered, as noted above, as a generic one, and the concept of a group of persons - as a specific concept.

Website affiliation by Yandex andGoogle

If you came up with the idea that TOP search results can be filled with your sites for any query, then I want to disappoint you. You are not the first to come up with this move. AND search engines They have been struggling with this for a long time, and the term affiliated sites has appeared.

Affiliation - involvement in something, the ability to influence someone's activities.

Affiliated sites - these are sites for one reason or another have the same common goals and objectives within a particular person or group of persons. Examples for one person - an organization that promotes several sites for one key phrase.

An example for a group of people is sites tailored for some kind of affiliate program. I think that the train of thought here is clear to everyone. I want to note that the affiliation of the site is determined not only by the content, but also by the total income of the recipient (let's call it that). Affiliate sites are in the index, but they are not in the top search results for some queries. Search engines combine them into one group (i.e. as one site) and look at the relevance of the pages of all affiliated sites from the group in the aggregate. Therefore, only one site from one group of affiliated sites can appear in the top. Moreover, in one region one site can be affiliated, but not in another.

The question arises, how do search engines affiliate sites? Here one can only guess, there are obvious answers - one contact information, one registration data domains, one hosting. There are other questions. Let's take affiliate programs of shops. The degree of similarity between your site and the site of a donor-partner is important here. Yandex says the following...

“... At the same time, sites are recognized as similar if a significant part of the range of goods offered on the sites sold in the same region coincides, and / or there are other signs that suggest that the same goods are offered by the same supplier, regardless of a slight difference range".

But how Yandex puts this rule into practice can only be guessed at. The only thing you definitely shouldn't do is use turnkey solutions from a partner. It is better to have a unique design, do the product descriptions yourself, make your own structure, for this you need to take goods through rss channels.

Yandex does not allow you to simultaneously advertise in Yandex-Direct and/or Yandex-Market systems the same goods/services to several different sites of the same organization, even though it loses . Similar sites are grouped in the search, completely or partially removed from Yandex.Direct, Market. IN Google Affiliate sites are underestimated in search due to non-uniqueness information and removed from advertising program AdSense due to dishonest "cheating" advertising.

And most importantly... a free service has appeared that allows you to check the site for affiliation for free.

Factors affecting affiliation.

Yandex (Yandex employees) compares two sites according to the following criteria:

Whois match

Matching contact details indicated on the sites, i.e. phone numbers, addresses Email etc.

same content

Similar link mass

Sites are located on the same hosting.

Sources

Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, WikiPedia

tolkslovar.ru - Explanatory Dictionary

dic.academic.ru - Academic Dictionary

vedomosti.ru - Dictionary of business

Encyclopedia of the investor. 2013 .

Synonyms: