Technological practice. Enterprise structure: workshops, divisions. KTC staff. Operational personnel headed by the shift manager of the CTC (CS CTC). We carry out KTC of the battery KTC decoding
ST. PETERSBURG STATE
POLITECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Report
Based on practice completed at
Pervomaiskaya CHPP of JSC Lenenergo
During the period from 06/26/07 to 07/23/07
In position
Driver-inspector of the 4th group
Student gr. 3034/2
Zakharova E.N.
Head of Practice
Deputy head of the KTC
Pervomaiskaya CHPP
Dunaev A. A.
Saint Petersburg
1 general characteristics Thermal power plant and its place in the energy system of Russia and St. Petersburg.
General information about Pervomaiskaya CHPP.
Initially, the design and construction of the thermal power plant was carried out as the thermal power plant of the Kirov plant. Due to the increase in heat loads in the surrounding areas and the need to increase electrical and thermal capacities, in August 1956 the thermal power plant was transferred to the Lenenergo system, after which it was given the name “CHP-14”.
The first May Day in Russia was held on the territory of CHPP-14 in Russia. The thermal power plant was launched on March 27, 1957.
Pervomaiskaya CHPP is located in the southwestern part of St. Petersburg and is, in whole or in part (depending on the season), the source of heat supply to 5 districts of the city.
The electricity generated by the thermal power plant is supplied via 110 kV lines to the system of JSC Lenenergo and via cable routes of various voltage levels to consumers directly connected to the output buses of the thermal power plant.
In addition to urban consumers, Pervomaiskaya CHPP supplies energy to such large enterprises, such as JSC Kirov Plant and JSC Severnaya Verf.
Heat supply to consumers is carried out hot water and steam with a pressure of 8-13 ata in the mains.
The share of heat supply from Pervomaiskaya CHPP in the total heat supply from all CHPPs in the city is about 15%.
Main design technical and economic indicators
Installed power:
electric - 330 MW;
thermal - 1755 Gcal/h.
The number of hours of use of the installed capacity is 5950 hours.
Volume of production:
annual electricity generation – 1787 million kWh;
annual electricity supply – 3869 thousand Gcal.
Specific consumption of equivalent fuel per holiday:
electricity - 231 g/kWh;
thermal energy - 177.76 kg/Gcal.
The following main equipment is installed at the thermal power plant:
Boilers of the 1st stage: 2 boilers of type TP-230-2 and 1 boiler of type TP-230-4;
Stage II: 3 boilers of type TP-80 and 1 modernized TP-87.
Turbines: 3 turbines type T-50-130;
2 turbines type PT-60-130/13;
2 turbines type PT 30-90/10;
PVC: 4 boilers type PTVM-100 and 2 boilers type PTVM-180.
Safety precautions when working at thermal power plants and CTC
General requirements security.
The labor safety instruction is the main document that establishes for the head of the CTC the rules of conduct at work and the requirements for the safe performance of work by operating personnel.
The head of the CTC is obliged to:
follow these instructions;
immediately inform the head of the CTC, the NSS and the chief engineer about the accident that occurred and the measures he took;
if violations of instructions are detected by the CTC staff when making a tour of the workshop, remove from duty operational personnel who do not ensure the fulfillment of their duties or grossly violate the requirements of PTE, PTB, PPB or apply disciplinary measures to violators;
if disturbances are detected in the operation of thermal mechanical equipment of the CTC, the condition of structures, or protective devices that contribute to the occurrence of injuries to KTC service personnel, organize work to restore the normal operation of the equipment; if it is not possible to restore the normal operation of the equipment, take urgent measures to remove the emergency area or equipment from operation.
remember personal responsibility for failure to comply with safety requirements;
Maintain cleanliness and order in workplaces and equipment;
ensure the safety of protective equipment, fire extinguishing equipment and occupational safety documentation at your workplace:
ensures control of compliance with safety regulations by subordinate personnel.
It is prohibited to carry out orders that contradict these instructions and the safety regulations.
Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone training for the position, a preliminary medical examination and who have no contraindications to performing the work are allowed to work as the head of the CTC.
The workplace of the head of the CTC is the building of the main building of the CTC, a hot water boiler room, an electric precipitator room, a tank pumping station, hydraulic fracturing, a slag and ash dump, a pumping room for battery tanks, a sewage pumping station, a rotating screen building, a fire pumping building, a receiving head, maintenance areas for overpasses and pipelines of the CTC,
as well as the office premises of the KTC.
When hired, the head of the CTC undergoes an introductory briefing. Before admission to independent work The head of the CTC must pass:
initial instruction
testing knowledge of this labor protection instruction; instructions for providing first aid to victims in connection with accidents when servicing power equipment; instructions for the use of protective equipment for safe performance of work; PTB sections specified in the internship program for the profession;
training under the internship program in the profession.
After passing the exams, a qualification certificate is issued, which contains information about testing knowledge of safety regulations, technical regulations, safety regulations, instructions and rules, as well as the right (if any) to perform any special work.
The head of the CTC who did not pass the exam to test knowledge of documents and instructions in fixed time, independent work is not allowed.
Admission to independent work is issued by order of the thermal power plant.
The head of the CTC, who received an unsatisfactory assessment during the qualification test, is not allowed to work independently, and must undergo a re-test within one month.
During the work process, the head of the CTC is required to undergo:
testing knowledge of labor safety instructions and the current “Instructions for providing first aid to victims in connection with accidents when servicing power equipment” - once a year;
testing knowledge on safety regulations - once a year;
knowledge testing on PTE, PPB and instructions - once every three years
medical examination - once every 2 years.
The head of the CTC who fails to undergo a medical examination or fails to pass the knowledge test within the prescribed period is suspended from performing work.
If safety rules are violated, the head of the CTC, depending on the nature of the violations, is subject to an unscheduled briefing or an extraordinary knowledge test.
In the event of an accident, the head of the CTC is obliged to:
release the victim from the traumatic factor;
provide first aid immediately medical care to the victim before arrival medical personnel;
inform the director of the thermal power plant about what happened.
In the event of an accident with the head of the CTC, depending on the severity of the injury, he must seek medical help at the first aid station or provide first aid to himself.
The head of the CTC must know the location of the first aid kit and be able to use it.
If faulty devices, tools and protective equipment are detected, the head of the CTC must remove from service the tool (device) that does not meet the requirements of the safety regulations and organize the issuance of a new one that meets the requirements of the safety regulations.
Personnel are not allowed to work with faulty devices, tools and protective equipment.
To avoid exposure to electric current, the head of the CTC should not step on or touch dangling wires.
Failure to comply with the requirements of the Labor Safety Instructions for the head of the CTC is considered as a violation of production discipline. For violation of the requirements of the instructions, the head of the CTC is liable in accordance with current legislation.
The head of the CTC, while performing his official duties in the workshop, may be exposed to hazardous and harmful production factors:
increased noise and vibration levels,
increased dust and gas pollution in the air,
increased and decreased air temperature in the working area,
increased thermal radiation,
rotating and moving machines and mechanisms
differences in height.
when working with a computer
elevated levels electromagnetic radiation;
increased levels of x-ray radiation;
elevated levels ultraviolet radiation;
increased level of static electricity;
increased content of positive aerons in the air of the working area;
reduced content of negative aerons in the air of the working area;
increased level of direct gloss;
increased level of reflected gloss;
uneven distribution of brightness in the field of view;
increased brightness of the light image;
increased level of light flux pulsation;
increased voltage in the electrical circuit;
To protect against the effects of dangerous and harmful factors, the head of the CTC is obliged to use appropriate protective equipment or techniques.
While on the workshop premises:
1. When in rooms with technological equipment, you must wear a protective helmet fastened with a chin strap.
2. If the air in the work area is highly dusty, use an anti-dust respirator;
3. If it is necessary to be near hot parts of equipment, precautions against burns and actions should be taken. high temperatures:
equipment fencing,
ventilation,
warm workwear
4. Work in areas with low ambient temperatures should be done in warm overalls and alternate time with being in a warm room.
5. When servicing rotating mechanisms, there should be no flying parts of clothing or long hair, not retracted into the headgear, which can be captured by moving parts of the mechanism;
6. If the noise level is high, you should use antiphons (headphones), earplugs, or limit the time you spend in the high-noise zone.
When working on a PC:
1. Electronic equipment should be located at the workplace at a distance of at least 1.5 m from heating devices and prevent direct sun rays into its components.
2. A condition for electrical safety when working with electronic equipment is the presence of a grounding circuit, the connection to which is carried out using a special socket with a grounding contact. It is strictly forbidden to use water pipes, gas pipes, radiators and steam heating pipes as a grounding loop. Failure to do so may result in electric shock or damage to the electronic equipment.
3. Area per one workplace must be at least 6.0 m2 and volume at least 20.0 m3.
4. The design of the work chair (chair) should ensure the maintenance of a rational working posture when working on a PC, allow you to change the posture in order to reduce the static tension of the muscles of the cervico-brachial region and back to prevent the development of fatigue. The work chair (chair) must be lift-swivel and adjustable in height and angles of the seat and backrest, as well as the distance of the backrest from the front edge of the seat. The dimensions of the table and chair must comply with SanPiN 2.2.2.542-96.
The head of the CTC is issued in accordance with the “Standard industry standards for the free issuance of special clothing, special shoes and other equipment to workers and employees personal protection» for the period indicated below:
Cotton suit – for 12 months;
Canvas boots - for 12 months
Canvas mittens - for 2 months;
Jacket with insulated lining - for 30 months
Respirator, earplugs,
Hard hat – for 24 months.
The head of the CTC must know the labor protection instructions for subordinate personnel and be guided by them.
Smoking at the power plant is permitted only in designated areas.
The head of the CTC is obliged to comply with hygiene requirements himself and demand this from subordinate personnel:
wash your hands with soap before eating and smoking;
do not use gasoline, kerosene and various solvents for washing hands;
DO NOT drink raw tap water.
Safety requirements before starting work.
The head of the CTC arrives at work, guided by a safe route approved by the chief engineer of the station.
Checks personal protective equipment in the workplace.
Before you start using your computer:
inspect and put the workplace in order;
adjust the lighting in the workplace, make sure there is sufficient illumination, no reflections on the screen, and no oncoming light flow;
check that the equipment is connected correctly to the electrical network;
make sure that there is protective grounding and that the shield conductor is connected to the processor case;
wipe the surface of the screen and protective filter with a special cloth;
check the correct installation of the chair, footrest, music stand, equipment position, screen angle, keyboard position and, if necessary, adjust the desktop and chair, as well as the arrangement of computer elements in accordance with ergonomic requirements and in order to avoid uncomfortable postures and prolonged body strain .
When turning on the computer, observe the following sequence turning on the equipment:
turn on the power supply;
turn on peripheral devices (printer, monitor, scanner, etc.);
turn on system unit(CPU).
It is prohibited to start work when:
disconnected grounding conductor of the protective filter;
lack of grounding of electronic equipment;
DO NOT come to work while intoxicated.
Safety requirements during operation.
The head of the CTC conducts a walk-through and inspection of the equipment, monitors compliance with safety and labor protection requirements by the personnel of the CTC and other workshops working on the territory and premises of the CTC.
When touring the workshop, the head of the CTC is obliged to:
put your overalls in order: sleeves and tails of the overalls should be fastened with all buttons, hair should be tucked under the helmet. Clothes must be tucked in so that there are no dangling ends or flapping parts. Shoes must be closed and low-heeled;
IT IS PROHIBITED to roll up the sleeves of workwear,
monitor the safe operation by workshop personnel of the main and auxiliary thermal mechanical equipment, and the condition of fences, rotating mechanisms, platforms, flights of stairs, the presence of numbering on equipment and pipeline fittings;
check at workplaces the availability and serviceability of duty clothing and protective equipment, tools and devices, as well as the availability of electrical equipment. flashlight, fire extinguishing equipment, posters and safety signs;
remove from service protective equipment, tools and devices with defects or
expired verification period;
take urgent measures to eliminate detected deficiencies.
It is PROHIBITED during inspection and walkthrough:
perform any operations that create a danger for inspection;
jump or climb over pipelines. You should only cross pipelines in places where there are crossing bridges; if necessary, use ladders, platforms, ladders;
move in an unlit area without a flashlight.
lean and stand on platform barriers, railings, coupling and bearing safety covers, walk on pipelines, as well as on structures and ceilings that are not intended for passage over them and do not have special handrails and fences,
be without production needs on the platforms of the units, near hatches, manholes, water indicators, as well as near shut-off and safety valves and flange connections of pipelines under pressure, open hatches and manholes on the boiler.
If there is insufficient lighting, the head of the CTC calls the electrician on duty, and before his arrival uses an electric flashlight.
During the walk-through, the head of the CTC monitors the quality of cleaning of workplaces and the condition of the equipment assigned to the CTC personnel.
In order to avoid a fire or explosion, the head of the CTC does not allow the use of flammable and combustible substances (kerosene, gasoline, acetone, etc.) when cleaning the workshop.
IT IS PROHIBITED to operate faulty equipment, as well as equipment with faulty interlocking, protection and alarm devices.
During rounds and inspections, the head of the CTC uses only serviceable personal protective equipment (PPE).
During the start-up of rotating mechanisms, the head of the CTC himself is at a safe distance from the coupling halves, terminal boxes of electric motors and monitors compliance with safety regulations and labor protection requirements by subordinate personnel.
If gas is detected in the air of gas-hazardous premises, the head of the CTC immediately informs the person responsible for the safe operation of the gas facility and the NSS.
If fistulas or loose flange connections are detected on pipelines and fittings, the dangerous area must be fenced off and safety posters must be posted: “CAUTION! Dangerous area.”
The head of the CTC monitors the implementation by subordinate personnel of safety precautions for servicing assigned equipment, in accordance with the instructions in the operating instructions for each specific equipment, section - “Safety precautions”.
Safety requirements in emergency situations.
In case of emergency situations at a thermal power plant, the head of the CTC arrives to the area of the emergency site in order to assist the operating personnel in eliminating the emergency situation, where it is possible for the CTC service personnel to get into the zone of damaging factors such as:
superheated steam under pressure;
gas explosion;
collapse of ceilings and metal structures;
In an emergency situation, the head of the CTC must behave in the following order:
assesses the situation, taking into account personal safety;
takes into account the possibility of an emergency situation developing;
takes measures to preserve the life and health of personnel (use of PPE);
removes personnel from the emergency zone;
informs the NSS and the chief engineer about what happened and measures taken;
after eliminating the damaging factor and taking personal safety measures,
provides first aid to victims.
It is necessary to inform the power plant personnel on duty about a noticed fire at a thermal power plant and begin to extinguish the fire using available fire extinguishing means, observing safety measures. When extinguishing a fire, you must act in accordance with operational plan. Remove unauthorized people from the fire site.
In all cases of detection of broken power wires, faulty grounding and other damage to electrical equipment, or the appearance of a burning smell, immediately turn off the power and report the emergency to the electrician on duty.
If you find a person who has been exposed to traumatic factors or voltage, immediately release him from the action of the current by turning off the power supply and, before the doctor arrives, provide first aid to the victim, immediately notify the NSS, report to the director and chief engineer of the thermal power plant, ensure the safety of the accident situation, if it does not pose a danger to life and health
people and equipment.
In the event of a malfunction of technical equipment or software PC immediately call a software engineer or technical support technician;
If the equipment catches fire, turn off the power, call the fire brigade, report the incident to the chief engineer of the thermal power plant and begin extinguishing the fire with a carbon dioxide or powder fire extinguisher.
There are very few articles on how to do a control-training cycle, that is, KTC battery for short. Winter is coming and you need to prepare your battery so that it doesn’t die in the first frosts... Take a little time and your battery will work for many more years...
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR EVERYONE TO KNOW!
- 1) It is unacceptable to leave a discharged battery in the cold. A low-density electrolyte will freeze and ice crystals will render it unusable. When the electrolyte density is 1.2 g/cm3 and below (this means the battery is discharged by more than 60%), the freezing point of the electrolyte is about -20°C. And if the density decreases to 1.09 g/cm3, which will lead to its freezing already at a temperature of -7°C. For comparison, an electrolyte with a density of 1.28 g/cm3 freezes at t = -65°C.
- 2) The average service life of modern batteries, provided that operating rules are followed - and this means preventing deep discharges and overcharging, including through the fault of the voltage regulator - is 4-5 years. Otherwise, your battery will fail much faster.
- 3) Tipping over the battery and draining the electrolyte can lead to the short circuit of the plates and its failure.
- 4) Before long-term winter parking, also service the battery, but do not store it in a warm room, but leave it on the car with the terminals removed. The lower the temperature, the lower the rate of self-discharge.
One of important components normal operation Any car is equipped with a rechargeable battery (AB). It is the key to comfort and safety of your car. Often for a long time entertains you with music. It “guards your car” for several weeks by providing power to your alarm system. Starts your engine many times every day, causing a lot of “stress.”
But when the battery, exhausted by life, loses its charge and does not want to start you... One half of motorists are looking for those who will “light them”, the other half simply starts the car with a pusher. And as soon as the car starts up, most people immediately forget about the poor battery, which was already on the verge.
Having traveled a little or just After letting the car run for 15 minutes, they think that it is all charged... But after such an unpleasant incident, a good motorist will charge the battery, and others will simply forget it until the next time, which will inevitably happen soon. Almost every motorist has been in this situation. But what do you do to ensure that the battery does not let you down?
Everyone knows that the engine must be monitored and maintained. Change oil, add different fluids, etc. But few people know that the battery must also be monitored and a battery test must be carried out at least once a year and at least monitor the electrolyte level during operation.
But now on the market There are many different batteries that are divided into 4 types: serviced, low-maintenance, hybrid and maintenance-free.
This article will discuss low-maintenance batteries . The vast majority of motorists have them installed. If you have a different type of battery, I think you know this; if you are not sure which battery you have installed, contact a specialist.
And so we decided that the CTC of the battery must be produced at least annually. If you have experience working with electrical equipment, you can try to do it yourself. If you don't understand what we're talking about, you haven’t seen what a multi tester looks like and you don’t have a charger. It’s better to contact the service station.
To carry out CTC on a battery, you must have: a hydrometer, a multitester, a battery charger, a load for discharge (low beam lamp 45-65W) and a little meta-mathematics)))
CTC is an operation that allows, in most cases, to restore the functionality of used and severely discharged batteries, as well as determine their suitability for further use.
The CTC includes a full charge, a test discharge and a recharge of the battery. First, the battery removed from the car is fully charged from an external charger.
Stage No. 1 of the CTC (full charge of the battery)
There are quite a few automatic chargers on the market now. If you use it, you will make this procedure several times easier. Simply place the battery on charge and wait for the automatic charger to fully charge the battery. But I still advise you to check the density of the electrolyte after fully charging. And make sure that your device has fully charged the battery. The density of a fully charged battery is 1.27-1.28 g/cm3, voltage is 12.7 V
How to determine how much to charge and how?
There is a formula by which you can find out the approximate battery charging time.
First, we check the density of the electrolyte in the battery using a hydrometer. For example, a hydrometer showed a density of 1.21 g/cm^3.
This means that the battery is half discharged. Based on the battery capacity, for example 65Ah, we calculate the amount of battery capacity loss.
65Ah * 50% / 100% = 65Ah * 0.5 = 32.5Ah
The value of the charging current I (A) should not exceed 1/10 of the battery capacity (simplified). In our case, no more than 6.5A.
Now we simply substitute all the values into the required formula and the approximate charging time is known:
t = 2 * 32.5Ah / 6.5A = 10h (hours)
Charged with a current of 4A
But still this is an approximate charging time. And it cannot be said that during this time the battery will be fully charged. During the entire charging process, it is necessary to check the battery. And since only the battery shows 12.7 V, we check the density, it should be 1.27-1.28 g/cm3. The battery is fully charged and you can proceed to the next stage of the CTC.
Stage No. 2 of the CTC (battery discharge)
A fully charged battery is connected to a device consisting of a powerful rheostat, voltmeter and ammeter and discharged with a current of the so-called 10-hour mode, the value of which is 9% -10% of the battery capacity, in our case it is 6.5A.
But where can I get this device? Not everyone has a rheostat))). You can go to others more in a simple way. Buy a regular car light bulb. But for everything to be as correct as possible, it is necessary that the light bulb provides a load of 6.5A. How to calculate it.
I = P / U, where P is power measured in W, U voltage is 12 Volts.
P = I * U = 6.5A * 12v = 78 W.
Now you need to buy a lamp that is as close as possible to this power. I had a 65 W lamp, so I didn’t buy anything. Connect the light bulb to the ABC and begin the discharge.
Battery discharge
We periodically check the battery voltage. The first measurement is carried out at the beginning of the discharge, the second after 4 hours. When the voltage at the terminals drops to 11 V, measurements are taken every 15 minutes or more often to catch the moment the discharge ends.
Reduced discharge time indicates that the battery parameters have deteriorated. For example, if the discharge time of a 65 Ah battery with a current of 5.4 A was 6 hours 20 minutes (6.3 hours), then the amount of electricity supplied to the load is equal to: Q = 5.4 x 6.3 = 34.0 Ah . This is the real value of the battery capacity, which is in this case noticeably less than the passport value (65 Ah).
IT IS FORBIDDEN! Leaving a discharged battery for a long time. Calculate the time so as to charge it at least a little.
Now we have completely discharged the battery and are charging it again as in Stage No. 1.
After recharging the CTC is complete, but in best case scenario Carry out the entire cycle 2-3 times. But at least try it once. What will this give you:
1) You will fully and correctly charge the battery.
2) you can find out what condition your battery is in.
The whole process took me two days, the first day I recharged the battery and discharged it, the next day I charged it. Never leave the battery while charging or discharging. You might ruin it. DO NOT over-discharge the battery. And you also can’t charge the battery with high current; the battery will boil. All this can lead to battery destruction.
Dear readers, it is also important to know that the topic of batteries is very broad and it is very difficult to describe it; this article only touches on the topic of conducting CTC.
All the best…
Lecture No. 8 Basic elements of central air conditioners type KT and their calculation.
Central air conditioners
As central air conditioners for industrial purposes, the type KTC 3 manufactured by the Kharkov Machine-Building Plant is mainly used (K - air conditioner, T - standard, C - central, 3 - third design modernization) and recently, along with them, air conditioners from the Domodedovo plant "DoKON". As an example, consider an air conditioner of the KTC type. The air conditioner is designed for a nominal air flow of 10; 20; 31.5; 40; 6.3; 80; 125; 160; 200 and 250 thousand m3/h. In accordance with this, they are designated KTC 3-10, KTC 3-20, etc. The maximum air flow of these air conditioners is 12.5; 25; 40; 50; 80; 100; 150; 200; 250 and 315 thousand m3 / h, respectively.
The equipment is usually located in the housing of central air conditioners, which are assembled from standard sections and chambers - metal or reinforced concrete. Typical sections are assembled from base sections with dimensions: width 1655 m, height 2000 or 2500 mm. The throughput capacity of each base section is 30 and 40 thousand m3/h, respectively. The layout of basic sections into standard sections with different air throughput capacities is shown in Fig. 11.1.
Since the air conditioner operates in different periods years in different regimes, then two periods of the year are to be considered - warm and cold. The transition from a warm period to a cold period and vice versa occurs when the outside air temperature reaches + 8 C.
Rice. 11.1 Basic typical sections In Fig. 11.2. shown general form central air conditioner type KTC3.
1 – insulated intake valve; 2 – intermediate section; 3 – double valve with drive; 4 – first heating section; 5 – mixing section; 6
– irrigation chamber; 7 – filter section; 8 – section of the second air heating; 9 – supports for sections; 10 – vibration-damping frame; 11 – transition section to the fan; 12 – fan unit; 13 – fan valve; 14 – air duct to the room; 15 – bypass air duct; 16 – straight-through valve with drive; 17 – recirculation air duct.
In Fig. Figure 11.3 shows a complete diagram of an air conditioner with recirculation and bypass lines.
During the warm period of the year, the air entering the serviced premises must undergo dehumidification (a decrease in moisture content d, g/kg) and cooling. In the profile section, the air conditioner is a series of sections connected in series.
In order to understand how the central air conditioner type KTC3 works, let’s consider the complete design diagram, presented in Fig. 11.3.
1, 8 – louvered grilles; 2 – filter; 3 – recirculation air duct; 4 – bypass air duct; 5 – air heater of the first
heating; 6 – grid for flow alignment; 7 – irrigation chamber; 9 – nozzles; 10 – droplet eliminator mesh; 11 – air heater
second heating; 12 – fan; 13 – electric motor; 14 – tray with water; 15 – circulation pump; 17 – ball valve; 18 – drain neck.
This happens as follows (we consider the operation of an air conditioner with the recirculation and bypass lines completely closed - in direct-flow mode).
Outside air, passing through filter 2, is cleared of dust and enters the irrigation chamber 7. B summer time air heater 5 is switched off. In the irrigation chamber, the air meets cooled water finely sprayed by 9 nozzles. Heat and mass exchange of air occurs with water droplets having a temperature less than the dew point temperature of the air at the entrance to the irrigation chamber. Air humidity at the exit from the irrigation chamber (usually it lies in the range of 92 - 97%). The required (calculated) temperature of water in the droplets is automatically maintained by mixing the supplied cooled water with recirculation from the pan by changing the position of the working body of the three-way valve 15. Spraying of water by nozzles 9 is ensured by the supply of pump 16. Water droplets are separated from the air flow on the droplet eliminator 10 and flow into the pan
The air dried and cooled in the irrigation chamber is brought to the required temperature and relative humidity using an air heater - closer 11. Air with such (calculated) parameters is called prepared and fan 12, which is driven by electric motor 13, is supplied to the serviced room. In the room, the prepared air is mixed with the air inside the latter. As a result, heat inflows and excess moisture content in a given room are compensated. Thus, temperature and relative humidity are automatically maintained at the required sanitary standards.
in room.
IN During the cold period of the year, as a rule, the same air conditioner is used as for the warm period. The only design difference is that air heater 5 (Fig. 11.3.) of the first heating is switched on. Another technological difference is that cooled water is not required in the irrigation chamber. Water is taken from pan 14 and circulation pump 16 is supplied for spraying into the irrigation chamber.
The air conditioner works as follows. The outside air through filter 2 enters the first heating air heater 5, where it is heated to the calculated temperature necessary to ensure the processes in the irrigation chamber. Next, heat and humidity treatment of the air occurs in the irrigation chamber. Since in winter period year, moisture from the outside air freezes out (moisture content is reduced), it should be humidified. This process will take place in the irrigation chamber if the temperature in the sprayed water droplets is approximately equal to the wet thermometer temperature of the air at the entrance to the irrigation chamber. A process close to isenthalpic (adiabatic) is ensured by repeated recirculation of water from the pan into the volume of the irrigation chamber automatically. Excess water in the irrigation chamber is removed through the drain funnel 18, maintaining a constant level in the pan. The rest of the air path and its processing are the same as in the warm season.
If allowed sanitary standards Based on the content of harmful substances in the indoor air, in order to save heat and cold, recirculation 3 and bypass 4 lines should be used, if possible.
Let us sequentially consider the design of the basic sections, following the flow in Fig. 11.3.
Filters for ventilation and air conditioning systems
It is recommended to provide for cleaning the supplied air from dust in public buildings(with appropriate sanitary and hygienic justification); V production premises when required technological process and when the air dust content exceeds 30% of the permissible dust concentrations in work area premises.
For this purpose, in the supply chambers, installed before the heaters (in the direction of air flow), special filters are used - oil,
paper, fabric, etc. The degree of air purification from dust is assessed by the air purification efficiency coefficient, %
E (c 1 c 2 ) /c 1 100,
where c1, c2 is the concentration of dust in the air before and after cleaning, mg/m3.
Based on cleaning efficiency, all filters are divided into three classes (Table 11.1.). The operating principle of a dry air filter is based on passing dust-laden air through a layer of filter material, the pores of which smaller sizes dust particles.
Table 11.1. |
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Dimensions effectively | Efficiency |
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captured dust | cleaning the outside |
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filters |
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particles, microns | air,% |
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Self-cleaning oil filters for air conditioners (see table 11.2) consist of two endless, continuously moving metal mesh(filter panels) moistened with mineral or viscine oil. The nets are stretched between two shafts. The top one is the driving one, driven by an electric motor using a gearbox. The first mesh along the air flow moves at a speed of 16 cm/m, the second - 2 times slower.
Dust particles, passing through the mesh with air, stick to them, and then, while passing through the tank, are released into the air - about 100 N/m2. The filters are easy to use, but require periodic changes of oil in the tank.
Table 2.3 |
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worker | Quantity | ||||
Air conditioner | poured | Weight, kg |
|||
oil, kg | |||||
air, m2 | |||||
Change frequency in the tank z, h, self-cleaning oil
where is the permissible concentration of dust in oil, kg/l; s 0 - initial air dust content, mg/m3; - filter cleaning coefficient; V - useful
tank capacity, l; V - hourly, air flow through the filter, m3 / h. Filter cleaning ratio
1(s/s0),
where s 0 and s is the dust concentration before and after the filter, mg/m3. From the expression it follows
s s 0 (1).
IN air conditioning installations last after cleaning
should have s 0.25 mg/m 3.
The required filter front section area for air passage,
m2,
Fф V/ ,
where V is the hourly air passage, m3 / h; - specific load of the filtering surface of the filter, m3 / (m2 s).
Latest times for air conditioners oil filters are beginning to be replaced with air, dry ones (filters of the FRU and FR-2 types). In Fig. Figure 11.4 shows the FR-2 filter, consisting of a frame (body) and a fixed grid, on which clean filter material made of synthetic fibers is manually laid in the form of deep folds.
1 – frame; 2 – clamps; 3 – coils; 4 – electric drive; 5 – pusher; 6 – stand; 7 – support grid; 8 – filter material.
After spraying, this material is wound into a roll onto a reel using an electric drive. Initial air resistance of the filter
is 60 N/m2, the limit is 300 N/m2. After cleaning, the filter material can be used again.
Roll filters are designed to clean air from dust under conditions of average annual air dust content of up to 1 mg/m3 and short-term dust content of up to 10 mg/m3.
Heating sections KTC 3
Air heating in central air conditioners is carried out using fin-tube air heaters, consisting of one or more one-meter, one-and-a-half-meter and two-meter-high base heat exchangers (Fig. 11.5).
Rice. 11.5.Basic heat exchangers In a one-meter heat exchanger there are 4 water passes, in a one and a half meter heat exchanger there are 6
passages, in a two-meter one - 8. One or two rows of tubes can be made along the air path.
The coolant is hot water flowing inside the pipes. Basic heat exchangers are made of bimetallic finned tubes (steel tubes with rolled aluminum fins), providing multi-pass water movement.
In Fig. Figure 11.6 shows a heating section with a bypass channel and a single-row base heat exchanger.
Rice. 11.6. Heating section with bypass channel.
1 – section frame; 2 – heating element; 3 – bypass channel; 4 – cover; 5 – partition; 6 – tube sheet.
The selection of the standard size of the section is made in accordance with the calculated air flow required to ventilate the room.
Selection and calculation of air heaters
In the process of calculating a single-stage irrigation chamber, the concepts of air irrigation coefficient B, kg water/kg air and heat transfer efficiency coefficient E (dimensionless value) are used. They are found by calculating the thermal balance of the irrigation chamber in the absence of heat loss to the environment and analyzing the processes in the chamber.
The heat balance looks like this:
G air(i 1– i 2) = G water(c water(t w.k– t w.n)), | |
B = G water/ G air= (i 1– i 2)/ (c water(t in. to – t in. in)), | |
where c water is the heat capacity of water, kJ/(kg K); |
G air – the amount of air passing through the irrigation chamber, kg/s; G water – the amount of water supplied to the irrigation chamber, kg/s;
i 1 and i 2 – initial and final enthalpies of the processed air, kJ/kg;
t w.k and t w.n – final and initial water temperature, C.
In the warm period of the year (for a polytropic process with a decrease in air enthalpy), the heat transfer efficiency coefficient in the chamber
where t c1 is the temperature of the air entering the irrigation chamber, C; t c2 is the temperature of the air leaving the irrigation chamber, C;
t m1 – air temperature according to a wet thermometer at the entrance to the irrigation chamber, C;
i w.n – enthalpy of saturated air, kJ/kg, at the initial temperature of water t w.n supplied to the chamber.
The selection and calculation of air heaters of the first and second heating is carried out in accordance with the order, which is shown in the form of a block diagram in Fig. 11.7.
From the tables (block 2), select an air heater that corresponds to a specific brand of air conditioner (for example, KTC3 - 160). Find
air heater parameters: live | cross-section for air passage | fB, |
m2, and from the table the open cross-section for the water flow of the base heat exchanger | fT, |
|
m2. | ||
Determine the air mass velocity υ ρ, kg/(m2 × s) (block 3): | ||
υ ρ =L K ρB /f B . | ||
If there are several selected air conditioners, determine the thermal |
||
load on the air heater of one air conditioner Q K, kW (block 4). | ||
QК = Q/ n, | ||
where Q is the total heat consumption for air heating, kW; | ||
n is the number of selected air conditioners. | ||
Find (block 5) the water flow through the air heater Gwater, kg/s: | ||
G water = Q K/ (c T(t G – t O)), | ||
where Q K – thermal load for air heater, kW;s T – specific heat water, kJ / (kg × K);
t Г – water temperature in heating networks, ° C;
t O – return water temperature in heating networks, t O = 70° C.
Rice. 11.7. Block diagram of the verification thermal calculation air heater.
Determine the speed of water movement in the air heater tubes (block 6). It is recommended to connect the base heat exchangers with water pipelines.
Quite often it happens that many car enthusiasts, using the batteries installed in their cars, limit themselves to periodically recharging them and, at best, replenishing the electrolyte level (on serviced and low-maintenance products), forgetting that in order to maintain the battery in a truly operational state and To ensure maximum service life, it is necessary to carry out a full control and training cycle on the battery at least once a year. It is especially important to carry out such an event on the eve of winter operation, when an unprepared and simply “tortured” battery can fail at the most crucial moment.
General information
In general, the control-training cycle (CTC) is technological operation, aimed at restoring the characteristics of the battery (especially severely discharged and used ones). As well as assessing their suitability for further use. As for practical implementation, the CTC consists of fully charging, discharging and finally charging the battery to its nominal capacity using an external charger.
To conduct CTC, you must have the following equipment on hand:
- Charger;
- Hydrometer for checking electrolyte density;
- Load to ensure discharge (a lamp for low beam of 45-65 W is suitable);
- Device for measuring voltage and current.
First stage of CTC (full charge)
Most modern chargers allow you to charge the battery automatically and you just need to connect the battery and wait until the charger turns off. However, in any case, it is recommended to make sure that everything went well and the electrolyte density is 1.27-1.28 g/cm3, and the voltage at the terminals is 12.7V.
When using a simpler charger, you will have to apply some knowledge of mathematics, although in this case there is nothing complicated in performing the first stage, the main thing is to know the basic formula and meet a few simple conditions.
With this option, first of all, you should measure the initial density of the electrolyte (let, for example, be about 1.21 g/cm3, which means the battery is half discharged).
65Ah*50%/100%=65Ah*0.5=32.5 Ah
Do not forget that the charging current should not be more than 1/10 of the battery capacity (for our case, no higher than 6.5A), which means that when all parameters are put into the original formula, we get next value time required for charging:
t= 2*32.5 Ah/6.5A=10h
It is quite clear that the estimated time may differ from the actual one, which means that the main criterion for completing the full charge stage will be the achievement of a density of 1.27-1.28 g/cm3 and a voltage of 12.7 V (based on measurements made with a hydrometer and voltmeter).
Stage two (full discharge)
After the battery is completely discharged, it is connected to a device that includes an ammeter, a voltmeter and a powerful rheostat, capable of providing the so-called 10-hour discharge mode with current, the value of which is about 10% of the main battery capacity (again, for our case it will be 6.5A). If you don’t have such a rheostat, it’s okay; instead, you can take a regular car light bulb, the main thing is that it gives a load of about 6.5A (a 65W low-beam lamp is perfect, or you can take several light bulbs of a lower value).
During the discharge process, it is necessary to periodically check the voltage at the battery terminals, with the first measurement performed at the very beginning of the discharge, and the second after 4 hours. After the voltage reaches 11V, measurements are performed every 15 minutes (or even more often) so as not to miss the end of the discharge. Attention is drawn to the fact that a decrease in discharge time indicates a deterioration in battery performance (if the discharge lasted 5-6 hours, then on the eve of cold weather it makes sense to think about purchasing a new battery).
Stage three (final charge)
This one, in terms of its implementation technology, is practically no different from the first one, the only thing you should remember is that you should start doing it as early as possible (the battery should not be left in a discharged state for a long time). In addition, it will be much more useful if the entire CTC cycle is repeated one or two more times. In any case, after performing such a preventive control and training cycle, you should carefully remove any remaining electrolyte from the surface of the battery, clean the terminals and check the condition of the plugs.
I APPROVED
Director
CJSC "Name"
____________ P.P. Petrov
"___"___________G.
Job description
head of department
design and technology center
1. General Provisions
1.1 This job description establishes the rights, job responsibilities, service relationships, and responsibilities of the head of the electric drives department (hereinafter referred to as the Department of Electric Drives), which is part of the design and technology center (hereinafter referred to as the KTC) of CJSC "Name" (hereinafter referred to as the enterprise).
1.2. A person with a higher technical education in the department’s profile and at least 5 years of design work experience, including leadership positions at least 2 years.
1.3. The head of the OEP is directly subordinate to the head of the KTC - chief technologist of the enterprise (hereinafter referred to as the head of the KTC).
1.4. The appointment, transfer and dismissal of the head of the EPD is carried out by order general director enterprises on the recommendation of the director of technology and quality or the head of the CTC.
1.5. Subordinate to the head of the EPD are:
— leading design engineers;
- design engineers.
1.6. In the event of a temporary absence of the head of the EPD (illness, business trip, vacation), his functions are performed by the leading designer on the recommendation of the head of the KTC and on the order of the general director. When performing the functions of the head of a department, the person replacing him must be familiar with these instructions.
1.7. The head of the EPD in his activities fulfills the requirements and is guided by:
— current labor legislation;
— an approved annual plan for mastering the production of new products, modernizing manufactured products and introducing new technologies;
— the enterprise’s quality policy and documentation of the enterprise’s quality management system;
— orders, instructions and instructions from the general director of the enterprise, director of quality and technology, head of the CTC;
— regulations on the CTC;
— regulations on the department of electric drives;
- real job description.
1.8 In addition to the orders of the head of the CTC, the head of the OEP carries out oral and written orders of the director for quality and technology.
2 Job responsibilities
In his labor activity The head of the OEP is obliged to:
2.1.Manage design and engineering developments in the department.
2.2. Implement measures to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of developments, reduce the time and cost of design, and reduce volumes technical documentation through the use of progressive design methods, the use of standard and repeated use of cost-effective designs, standardized and unified parts and assemblies, computer technology, advanced methods of copying and reproducing design documentation.
2.3. Analyze the activities of the department and bring the results of the analysis to the attention of the head of the CTC.
2.4. Determine the actions that need to be taken in relation to any problems that require preventive and corrective actions.
2.5. Manage the work on the feasibility study of the projects being developed.
2.6 Review documents related to design outputs prior to their release.
2.7 Determine, together with other departments, the scope of design work, a list of source documentation and other data necessary for the high-quality implementation of design and engineering work.
2.8. Determine the need for training of subordinate personnel and evaluate the effectiveness of personnel training.
2.9. Determine the responsibilities, duties and powers of subordinate personnel.
2.10.Develop organizational and methodological documents for product design and development of design documentation.
2.11. Organize and take part in the development of technical specifications for product design, coordinate with customers, submit for approval and defend the developed technical and working projects in front of enterprise managers and customers.
2.12.Ensure quality and reliability, high level standardization and unification of developed products, compliance with patent purity in developed projects.
2.13. Organize exploratory developments to determine promising directions for the development of research and design work, bench and industrial tests of products being developed.
2.14. Manage the preparation of materials for concluding contracts and agreements for the involvement of third-party institutions and organizations to perform contractor work.
2.15.Study and summarize the latest achievements of domestic and foreign science and technology for use in design.
2.16.Promote the development of rationalization and invention, creative initiative of employees, increasing the scientific level and qualifications of department employees.
2.17. Determine the responsibilities, duties and powers of subordinate personnel in accordance with the job description.
2.18.Constantly improve your professional level and qualifications.
2.19. Comply with the documentation requirements of the enterprise's quality management system.
2.20.Ensure understanding of the Quality Policy by department personnel.
2.21.Ensure that EPD personnel are aware of the relevance and importance of their activities and contribution to achieving quality goals.
3 Professional requirements
The head of the EPD must know:
3.1.Managing and regulations concerning the direction and topics of ongoing developments.
3.2.Organization and planning of design and engineering work.
3.3. A unified system of design documentation and other guidance materials for the development and execution of technical documentation.
3.4. Labor organization requirements for design and engineering developments.
3.5.Modern technical means designing and performing computational work, copying and reproducing design documentation.
3.6. Fundamentals of technical aesthetics and artistic design.
3.7.Domestic and Foreign experience designing and designing similar types of products and products.
3.8.Technical characteristics and economic indicators of the best domestic and foreign samples of products and products similar to those being designed.
3.9. Technical requirements for the products being developed, the procedure for their certification.
3.10. Equipment used in the industry and at the enterprise, equipment and tools used.
3.11. Fundamentals of organization of production, labor and management.
3.12.Fundamentals of labor legislation.
3.13. Labor protection rules and standards.
3.14. Relevant documentation of the quality management system.
3.15. Internal labor regulations.
4 Rights
The head of the EPD has the right:
4.1.Draw up, change, approve and control execution individual plans the work of department employees subordinate to him, give them orders and instructions within his competence.
4.2. Request and receive from employees of the electronics department and from employees of other departments of the enterprise the information necessary for him to perform his official duties.
4.3.Use the benefits established by law and provided for in the collective agreement of the enterprise.
5 Service relationships
Head of the Electric Drives Department to carry out his job responsibilities interacts:
5.1. With the tool shop on the issues of submitting draft documents and other documentation within the framework of the QMS.
5.2. With the industrial safety and security department environment regarding compliance with safety regulations.
5.3. With the director of technology and quality, the head of the CTC, managers and specialists of other structural divisions. The system of official relations is determined by the following documents:
regulations on the department of electric drives;
relevant standards and methodological instructions of the enterprise;
this job description.
6 Responsibility
The head of the EPD is responsible in the manner prescribed by the laws of the Russian Federation for:
6.1. Violation of the conditions and failure to fulfill the obligations of paragraphs. 2.1.- 2.21., established by this job description and employment contract, violation of current legislation, violation of safety rules, fire safety rules.
6.2. Violation of the timeliness and completeness of execution of orders, assignments, instructions and instructions of senior managers.
6.3. Untimely and unreliable provision of information to managers, as well as employees of departments of the enterprise functionally related to them, for the latter to solve general production problems.
6.4. Violation of regulatory documents adopted by the enterprise.
Head of KTC T.T. Technologists
Head of Department K.K. Business
Agreed:
Head of HR Department I.I. Ivanov
Head of Legal Department S.S. Sergeev
Leading QMS engineer V.V. Vasiliev
