Do-it-yourself hydro electric station. Homemade hydroelectric power plant on a water wheel. Do-it-yourself mini-hydroelectric power station - it's real
In the event that close to your country house there is a small river or stream, you can independently build a low-power hydro generator for your home. A self-made hydroelectric power station will provide free electricity.
It may not save you a lot of money, but understanding what you have own source electricity is much more expensive. There are cases when there is no central power supply to the house. Then even very small power capacities can be very useful.
Sources of electricity for a small hydroelectric power station can be:
- Rivers or streams.
- Elevation differences on lake spillways.
- Drains for technical purposes.
Compared to other devices for generating electricity that operate from a renewable source, hydroelectric generators are the most complex. In the event that you decide to build a mini-hydroelectric power station, the first step is to measure the speed of the river flow. The easiest way to do this is to determine how many seconds an object will swim 10 meters. If the speed turned out to be less than 1 meter per second, a productive hydroelectric station will not work. But if you artificially narrow the channel or make a small dam, then the flow rate may increase slightly.
A microhydroelectric power station requires a certain force of water pressure - a jet, falling on the blades of a hydroturbine, starts the generator. Acting on this principle, the installation generates electricity. The power of the water flow depends either on the natural difference in water levels (derivation), or on the artificial narrowing of the channel with the help of a dam.
In order to generate some electricity, the height difference must be approximately 1-2 meters, and the water flow must be 90 liters per second. In conditions of hilly terrain, minihydroelectric power plants are simply irreplaceable. The installation process is quite simple and does not require special knowledge and skills.
Depending on the design and principle of operation, several main types of home-made hydroelectric power plants can be distinguished.
- Garland. It consists of a cable that is stretched from one side of the river to the other. It has fixed rotors that rotate due to the flow of water. In turn, the rotors rotate the cable, one end of which is connected to the bearing, and the other to the generator shaft.
- Water wheel. Important detail for a homemade hydroelectric power station. The wheel has blades that are perpendicular to the surface of the water. Water exerts pressure on the blades, as a result of which the wheel itself rotates.
- Propeller. Great option for mini-hydroelectric power plants in the event that the riverbed has a width of more than 10 m. The propeller rotor is installed in vertical position. The propeller has small blades, approximately 2 cm. If the river flow is more than 2 meters per second, it is recommended to select other blade sizes.
- Rotor Daria. It is a vertically mounted rotor that rotates due to the pressure difference on its blades.
These varieties of mini-hydroelectric power stations are united by the fact that their structures do not require the construction of a dam. The dam is a high-precision and expensive object, the construction cost of which is several times higher than the cost of homemade. It should be noted that the capacity of the mini hydroelectric power station must meet the needs of electrical energy.
Hybrid hydroelectric power plants
In the event that your needs require more electrical energy than a home hydroelectric power station generates, best option– Installation of a hybrid power plant and a diesel generator. But this design has several disadvantages, including:
- Large noise level and no risk of pollution.
- Their operation requires significant material costs. The price of electrics, which is generated using such equipment, will be approximately 20 rubles. per kWh.
- With regular shutdowns of diesel generators, their service life is significantly reduced, and the efficiency of the generator drops significantly.
The optimal solution when installing a hybrid power plant is to use diesel generators as a backup. They will be disabled if the consumer is given required power. As soon as the self-made hydroelectric power station stops generating energy of the required power, the diesel generator turns on and makes up for the lack of electricity.
Advantages of a mini hydroelectric power station
- During the construction of the mini hydroelectric power station and during its use, there is no disturbance of the natural landscape.
- The installation of a mini hydroelectric power station does not degrade the quality of water: it retains its natural properties.
Weather conditions do not affect the operation of the power plant. - There are absolutely no problems that are observed in large-scale energy: the construction of expensive structures or flooding of the area.
How to increase the efficiency of hydroelectric power plants
If you need to slightly increase the amount of electricity generated, you can organize an increase in the flow by forming a height difference. The simplest solution to this problem is to install a drain pipe in the reservoir. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the diameter of the pipe itself, because it will directly affect the flow rate. The smaller it is, the greater the speed. This method allows you to install a mini hydroelectric power station even if a small stream flows near the house. Using quality materials when creating a generator, mini-hydroelectric power station, you can successfully operate this equipment for home needs.
Micro HPP is a power plant with low power(up to 100.0 kW), serving for the production of electrical energy by converting the kinetic energy of water.
Operating principle
The principle of operation of micro-hydroelectric power stations is similar to the operation of large and small hydroelectric power stations. The only difference is power installed equipment and the amount of electricity generated.
Production electric current carries out the generator, the rotational movement of the rotor of which is transmitted from the hydraulic turbine.
In order for the turbine to come into rotational motion, a water pressure is created in the reservoir where a mini hydroelectric power station is installed. This can be a pressure created by the natural flow of water masses, or created by the construction of a dam or other technical structure. IN certain cases, both methods of generating pressure can be used at the same time.
Under the action of pressure, water flows rush in the required direction, a turbine is mounted in the alignment of their movement, on the blades of which the energy of moving water masses enters. This kinetic energy of water is converted by the turbine into rotational motion, which is transmitted to the generator shaft by means of a mechanical transmission (reducer).
The source of energy can be:
- rivers various sizes and the intensity of the currents and streams,
- height differences on the spillways of reservoirs for various purposes;
- technological watercourses;
- height differences on pipelines for various purposes.
Depending on the type of equipment used and how it is installed, the principle of operation of a hydroelectric power plant may vary. These may be the following options:
- The principle of "water wheel" - with this option, the receiving wheel is partially immersed in water parallel to its surface. Water flows, moving along a natural channel, put pressure on the blades placed on the wheel and cause it to rotate. The wheel, in turn, through a gearbox and other mechanical devices, creates a rotational movement of the generator.
- Construction in the form of a garland - a cable is mounted from opposite banks, on which special rotors are installed. Water, moving, rotates the rotors, the rotational movement of which is transmitted to the cable. The cable, rotating, transmits rotational motion to the generator installed on the shore.
- With the use of the Darrieus rotor - the principle of operation of the turbine is based on the use of the pressure difference on the rotor blades.
- Using the propeller principle, the blades of the device are placed in water and, under the influence of water, come into rotation, which is transmitted to the shaft of a generator that generates electric current.
Benefits of using micro-hydro power plants:
- There is no need to change the natural landscape of the area;
- The quality of water is not affected by third parties, it retains its properties;
- Not dependent on the impact of natural phenomena;
- Possibility of use in a year-round cycle of work;
- There is no need to build expensive hydraulic structures.
Types
Depending on the method of using water energy, micro-hydroelectric power plants are divided into:
- Dam.
The method of creating water pressure is based on the construction of a dam, from which water flows through a special chute (pipe) to the turbine. - Derivative.
When constructing a micro hydroelectric power station of this type, natural water pressure is used (fast, mountain rivers). In this case, part of the water is diverted from the riverbed and directed to the turbine, after which the water is discharged into the mainstream. - Dam-derivation.
In this type of power plant, both the natural head and the pressure created by the dam are used. - Free flow.
This type of micro-hydroelectric power station does not involve the construction of pressure structures, the kinetic energy of water is used in its free flow, by installing special devices, floating or submersible.
Manufacturers and prices
At present, everything large quantity people are interested in alternative energy sources, and, accordingly, the demand for equipment used for energy production is increasing. In this regard, companies in many countries of the world, including Russia, are engaged in the production of such equipment.
Equipment for micro-hydroelectric power plants, both for individual units and in sets, in our country are engaged in:
- AEnergy LLC, Moscow.
The company manufactures equipment for various areas of electrical energy production using alternative sources(wind generators, solar power plants, etc.). In the line of manufactured goods, power equipment for micro and mini hydroelectric power stations. - Intersectoral scientific and technical association "MNTO INSET", St. Petersburg.
The company performs the whole range of works from design to turnkey delivery of finished
construction object. In the product line of micro-hydro power plants with various
impeller types and power from 5.0 to 180.0 kW, as well as various
hydraulic units.
The cost of a set of equipment, depending on the type of power plant and its capacity, is from 350,000.00 rubles.
Among foreign manufacturers, the most famous products of such companies as:
- CINK Hydro-Energy Czech Republic.
The company manufactures hydroelectric power plants with horizontal and vertical turbines, from 5.0 to 3000 kW, as well as microturbines.
The cost of sets is from 500,000.00 rubles. - "Micro hydro power" China.
The company manufactures hydroelectric power plant kits with power from 1.0 to 3000 kW. The cost is from 300,000.00 to 4,000,000.00 rubles. - Engineering and technical company OsOO Hydroponics, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
The company produces hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 0.5 to 5.0 kW. The cost is from 60,000.00 to 300,000.00 rubles.
How to DIY
In order to make the simplest device for generating electrical energy, you need to have the skills to work with hand tool, free time, desire and body of water.
As a source of electrical energy, you can use a car generator, for the rotation of the rotor of which, it is necessary to make the following design.
- In accordance with the available reservoir, it is necessary to decide which wheel option will be used - vertical or horizontal. This affects the spatial design of the assembled installation.
- As a wheel, any available is used. Good for a bicycle wheel.
- Blades are attached to the wheel rim, which are made of metal, hard plastic or other material available.
- A gear or pulley is attached to the wheel shaft. Depending on the fixed element, chain or belt transmission will be performed in the future.
- The wheel is mounted on the structure and placed in the water, so that when the wheel is placed horizontally, 1/3 is above the water surface, when placed vertically, water enters the blades, and the wheel axle is out of the water.
- Depending on the water body, the generator is installed. This can be done directly on the assembled metal structure or set up on the shore.
- A gear or pulley is installed on the generator shaft, which must be of a smaller diameter than those installed on the wheel.
- Pulleys or gears mounted on the wheel and generator shaft are connected.
The installation is ready to go.
This option for obtaining electrical energy can be used by tourists and travelers to recharge mobile phones, tablets and other non-power-intensive equipment.
Micro-hydroelectric power station on the stream
When living in countryside or having country cottage area, near which the stream flows, it is possible to solve the issue of power supply to these objects by installing a micro-hydroelectric power station on such a water body.
For the power supply of such an object, it will no longer be enough car generator, because the installed power, even country house much more than a similar device can produce.
The most correct solution is to purchase a set of micro-hydroelectric power stations with a capacity of up to 10.0 kW, and perform the installation yourself. This will reduce costs, and the installation process itself can be performed even by a person with minimal knowledge in mechanics and electrical engineering. 
A set of such equipment, as a rule, includes the following elements:
- Hydro turbine.
- Multiplier to increase the generator shaft speed in relation to the turbine speed.
- A device that provides self-acceleration of the turbine.
- Piping kit.
- Generator.
- Control and automation system.
Depending on the flow of water that the stream provides, the type of turbine is selected, this is usually a propeller or diagonal design.
In accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, equipment is installed and consumers are connected.
Micro - whirlpool hydroelectric power station
Installations operating on the principle of a whirlpool, it is advisable to install on small rivers and full-flowing streams. The power of this type of micro hydroelectric power station is up to 100.0 kW.
During the construction of such stations, a special chute is mounted into which water masses from a river or stream enter. IN lowest point gutter, a cylindrical structure is made at the bottom of which a hole is made. Water enters through the chute into the receiver-cylinder, moving tangentially to the walls of the latter, as a result of which, inside the cylinder, it spins in a whirlpool, its speed increases, and it flows out through the lower hole, falling on the turbine blades. 
Due to the constant rotation of water, hydroelectric power plants of this type operate in a year-round cycle. The disadvantage of whirlpool micro hydroelectric power plants is high price due to the large volume of concrete work.
Advantages and disadvantages
The use of micro hydroelectric power plants allows you to get a positive effect from their use in the economic and social spheres and environmental safety of the territories where such facilities are being built.
The production of electrical energy allows you to ensure the energy independence and security of the territory, an individual enterprise or a property. During construction, the construction of large hydraulic structures is not required, and as a result, the cost of construction and installation works is reduced.
An important advantage of small hydropower is environmental Safety similar settings. There are no harmful effects on flora and fauna, and the quality of the water remains unchanged.
Summing up the advantages of using micro hydroelectric power plants, their positive properties include the following:
- Environmental friendliness and safety of installations;
- Water energy is a renewable and inexhaustible source of energy;
- The ability of installations to work offline;
- The generated electrical energy has a low cost;
- Long terms of operation;
- Technical reliability of installations.
Anyone technical facility, along with positive properties, there are always negative ones. For complex technical structures, which are micro hydroelectric power plants, there may be emergency situations, as a result of which, the production of electrical energy may be stopped, and therefore, consumers will be de-energized.
The seasonality of the operation of stations is also a disadvantage of such installations. This determines the regions of use or the need for special devices and structures.
Combining the disadvantages of using micro hydroelectric power plants, their negative properties can be related to:
- High cost of equipment and construction and installation works;
- Derivation from common use significant areas (flooding, during the construction of dams and reservoirs);
- Limited use due to the possibility of installation of installations and the climate of the region where the equipment is installed;
- The presence of a potential hazard to living organisms living in water bodies.
The use of small hydroelectric power plants is one of the directions for the development of renewable energy sources and today it competes with traditional sources of electricity generation, being effective direction development of alternative energy.
Due to the constant rise in the cost of carbohydrate energy carriers, experts are paying more and more attention to the benefits that the use of electricity generated by more than in an economical way. One of the most economical and environmentally friendly ways to generate electricity is a hydroelectric power plant for the home, the costs of which are reduced to the primary construction and maintenance of equipment. But not every locality has natural opportunities for the construction of such structures, which require a powerful water flow and a large elevation difference created by the dam, in this case, mini hydroelectric power stations come to the aid of power engineers.
The principle of operation and mini hydroelectric power station
The principle of operation of this equipment is quite simple, which adds to its reliability. The water flow, falling on the blades of the turbine, rotates the hydraulic drive, coupled with the electric generator, which ensures the generation of electricity under the control of the control system.
Modern mini hydroelectric power plants are equipped with a control system that makes it possible to operate in automatic mode with an instant transition to manual control in the event of an emergency. A multi-level protection system allows you to avoid equipment overloads when external conditions change. The design of the stations allows minimizing the conduction construction works during the installation of the necessary equipment.
Varieties of mini hydroelectric power stations
A mini hydroelectric power plant is equipment with a capacity of 1 to 3000 kW, which includes a water intake device (turbine), a generating power unit and an equipment control system.
Depending on the water resources used, mini hydroelectric power plants are divided into several categories:
- run-of-river stations using the energy of small rivers with organized reservoirs. They are mainly used on flat terrain;
- stationary stations using the energy of a fast current in the operation of mountain rivers;
- stations using water flow differences at industrial enterprises;
- mobile stations using reinforced hoses to organize the flow.
According to the expected pressure of the water flow, the hydroelectric unit and its turbine are designed to match the power of the power generating unit to provide the required generator speed and facilitate the creation of the required current frequency.
For various conditions the operation of mini hydroelectric power plants, the corresponding designs of turbines have been developed:
- with a large water flow pressure of more than 60 m, radial-axial and bucket turbines are used;
- at an average flow intensity of 25 - 60 m, turbines of a rotary-blade and radial-axial design have proven themselves well;
- on low-pressure flows, it is more profitable to use rotary-vane and propeller structures placed in reinforced concrete chambers.
Video homemade hydroelectric power plant
Features of connecting a mini hydroelectric power station
The device of this equipment allows you to connect stations directly to the power supply network, in this case a synchronous generator is used. For creating local network an asynchronous unit is used, which is equipped with a ballast load unit necessary to dissipate excess power in order to avoid failure of power supply systems and abrupt changes in the main network parameters.
Advantages and disadvantages of mini hydroelectric power plants
The advantages of such systems include:
- environmental safety of equipment and no need to flood large areas;
- low cost of generated electricity, which is several times cheaper than that generated at thermal power plants;
- simplicity and reliability of the equipment used and the possibility of its offline operation;
- inexhaustibility of the natural resource used
The disadvantages include:
- interruptions in the power supply of certain regions in the event of equipment failure, in the case of using a mini hydroelectric power station as a local source. This is compensated by the presence of an emergency power supply, connected automatically;
- weak production and repair base of this branch of energy supply in our country.
The regular increase in electricity prices makes many people think about the issue of alternative sources of electricity. One of best solutions V this case- hydroelectric power station. Finding a Solution this issue concern not only the scale of the country. Increasingly, you can see mini-hydroelectric power plants for the home (cottage). In this case, the costs will be only for construction and Maintenance. The disadvantage of such a structure is that its construction is possible only under certain conditions. Water flow is required. In addition, the construction of this structure in your yard requires the permission of local authorities.
Scheme of a mini hydroelectric power plant
- Channel, characteristic of the plains. They are installed on rivers with a slight flow.
- Stationary use the energy of water rivers with a fast flow of water.
- Hydroelectric power plants installed in places where the water flow drops. They are most often found in industrial organizations.
- Mobile, which are built using a reinforced sleeve.
For the construction of a hydroelectric power station, even a small stream flowing through the site is enough. Home owners with central water supply should not despair.
One of American companies a station has been developed that can be integrated into the water supply system of the house. A small turbine is built into the water supply system, which is set in motion by the flow of water moving by gravity. This reduces the flow rate of water, but reduces the cost of electricity. In addition, this installation is completely safe.
Even mini-hydroelectric power plants are being built in sewer pipe. But their construction requires the creation certain conditions. Water through the pipe should flow naturally due to the slope. The second requirement is that the pipe diameter must be suitable for the equipment. And this cannot be done in a detached house.
Classification of mini hydroelectric power plants
Mini hydroelectric power plants (the houses in which they are used are mostly in the private sector) most often fall into one of the the following types, which differ in the principle of operation:
- The water wheel is the traditional type and is the easiest to make.
- Propeller. Used in cases where the river has a channel with a width of more than ten meters.
- The garland is installed on rivers with a slight flow. To increase the speed of the flow of water, additional structures are used.
- The Darrieus rotor is usually installed in industrial plants.
The prevalence of these options is due to the fact that they do not require the construction of a dam.
Water wheel
This classic look HPP, which is most popular for the private sector. Mini hydroelectric power plants of this type are a large wheel that can rotate. Its blades are lowered into the water. The rest of the structure is above the channel, forcing the whole mechanism to move. Power is transmitted through a hydraulic drive to a generator that generates current.
propeller station
On the frame in a vertical position there is a rotor and an underwater windmill, which is lowered under water. The windmill has blades that rotate under the influence of the flow of water. The best resistance is provided by blades two centimeters wide (with a fast flow, the speed of which, however, does not exceed two meters per second).
In this case, the blades are set in motion due to the emerging and not due to water pressure. Moreover, the direction of movement of the blades is perpendicular to the direction of flow. This process is similar to how wind farms work, only it works underwater.
Garland hydroelectric power station
This type of mini-hydroelectric power station is a cable stretched over the channel and fixed in a thrust bearing. Turbines are hung and rigidly fixed on it in the form of a garland. small size and weight (hydraulic torches). They consist of two semi-cylinders. Due to the alignment of the axes, when lowered into the water, a torque is created in them. This leads to the fact that the cable bends, stretches and begins to rotate. In this situation, the cable can be compared to a shaft that serves to transmit power. One end of the rope is connected to the gearbox. Power is transferred to it from the rotation of the cable and hydraulic torches.
The presence of several "garlands" will help to increase the power of the station. They can be connected to each other. Even this does not greatly increase the efficiency of this HPP. This is one of the disadvantages of such a structure.
Another disadvantage of this species is the danger it creates for others. This kind of station can only be used in deserted places. Warning signs are mandatory.
Rotor Daria
A mini-hydroelectric power plant for a private house of this type is named after its developer, Georges Darier. Patented this design was back in 1931. It is a rotor with blades on it. For each of the blades, the necessary parameters are selected individually. The rotor is lowered under water in a vertical position. The blades rotate due to the pressure drop that occurs under the action of water flowing over their surface. This process is similar to the lift force that makes airplanes take off.
This type of HPP has good indicator efficiency. The second advantage is that the direction of the flow does not matter.
Among the shortcomings of this can be identified complex structure and difficult installation.
Advantages of a mini hydroelectric power station
Regardless of the type of construction, mini-hydro power plants have a number of advantages:
- Environmentally friendly, do not produce substances harmful to the atmosphere.
- The process of obtaining electricity takes place without the formation of noise.
- The water stays clean.
- Electricity is generated constantly, regardless of the time of day or weather conditions.
- Even a small stream is enough to equip the station.
- Surplus electricity can be sold to neighbors.
- You don't need a lot of permissive documentation.
Do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station
You can build to generate electricity yourself. For a private house, twenty kilowatts per day is enough. Even a do-it-yourself mini-hydroelectric power station can handle this value. However, it should be remembered that this process characterized by a number of features:
- Precise calculations are difficult to make.
- The dimensions, thickness of the elements are selected "by eye", only empirically.
- Homemade structures do not have protective elements, which leads to frequent breakdowns and related costs.
Therefore, if there is no experience and certain knowledge in this area, it is better to abandon this kind of idea. It may be cheaper to purchase a ready-made station.
If you still decide to do everything with your own hands, then you need to start by measuring the speed of the flow of water in the river. After all, it depends on the power that can be obtained. If the speed is less than one meter per second, then the construction of a mini-hydroelectric power station in this place will not justify itself.
Another step that should not be omitted is the calculations. It is necessary to carefully calculate the amount of costs that will be spent on the construction of the station. As a result, it may turn out that the hydroelectric power plant is not the best option. Then you should pay attention to other types of alternative electricity.
A mini hydroelectric power plant can become optimal solution in terms of energy savings. For its construction, it is necessary to have a river near the house. Depending on the desired characteristics, you can choose suitable option HPS. At right approach you can even make such a construction with your own hands.
Since electricity tariffs have recently begun to rise, renewable sources of electricity are becoming increasingly important among the population, allowing them to receive electricity almost free of charge. Among such sources known to mankind, it is worth highlighting solar panels, wind turbines, as well as home hydroelectric power plants. But the latter are quite complex, because they have to work in very aggressive conditions. Although this does not mean at all that it is impossible to build a mini-hydroelectric power station with your own hands.
To do everything correctly and efficiently, the main thing is to choose the right materials. They should ensure maximum durability of the station. Do-it-yourself home hydro generators, the power of which is comparable to that of solar panels and windmills can produce much more energy. But although a lot depends on the materials, everything does not end there.
Varieties of mini hydroelectric power plants
There are a large number of different variations of mini-hydroelectric power plants, each of which has its own advantages, features and disadvantages. There are the following types of these devices:
- garland;
- propeller;
- rotor Daria;
- water wheel with blades.
The garland hydroelectric power station consists of a cable on which the rotors are fixed. Such a cable is pulled across the river and immersed in water. The flow of water in the river begins to rotate the rotors, which in turn turn the cable, at one end of which there is a bearing, and at the other - a generator.
The next type is a water wheel with blades. It is installed perpendicular to the water surface, immersing less than half. Since the flow of water acts on the wheel, it rotates, and makes the generator for the mini-hydroelectric power station spin, on which this wheel is fixed.
Classic water wheel - well forgotten old As for the propeller hydroelectric power station, it is a windmill located under water with a vertical rotor. The width does not exceed 2 centimeters. This width is enough for water, because it is this value that allows you to produce the maximum amount of electricity with minimal resistance. True, this width is optimal only for flow rates up to 2 meters per second.
As for other conditions, the parameters of the rotor blades are calculated separately. And the Darrieus rotor is a vertically positioned rotor, which operates on the principle of differential pressure. Everything happens similarly with the wing of the aircraft, which is affected by the lifting force.
Advantages and disadvantages
If we consider the garland hydroelectric power station, then it has a number of obvious shortcomings. Firstly, the long cable used in the construction is a danger to others. Rotors hidden under water also pose a great danger. Well, in addition, it is worth noting the low efficiency and high material consumption.
As for the disadvantages of the Darier rotor, in order for the device to start generating electricity, it must first be untwisted. True, in this case, the power is taken directly above the water, so no matter how the flow of water changes, the generator will generate electricity.
All of the above are factors that make the hydro turbine for mini-hydro power plants and water wheels more popular. If we consider the manual construction of such devices, then they are not so complicated. And in addition, when minimal cost such mini-hydroelectric power plants are capable of producing maximum efficiency indicators. So the criteria for popularity are obvious.
Where to start building
The construction of a mini-hydroelectric power station with your own hands should begin with measuring the speed indicators of the flow of rivers. This is done very simply: just mark a distance of 10 meters upstream, pick up a stopwatch, throw a chip into the water, and note the time it takes for it to cover the measured distance.
Ultimately, if 10 meters is divided by the number of seconds elapsed, you get the speed of the river in meters per second. It should be borne in mind that there is no point in building mini-hydroelectric power stations in places where the flow velocity does not exceed 1 m / s.
If the reservoir is far away, you can build a bypass channel If you need to figure out how mini-hydroelectric power stations are made in an area where the river speed is low, then you can try to increase the flow by organizing a height difference. This can be done by installing a drain pipe into the reservoir. In this case, the diameter of the pipe will directly affect the rate of water flow. The smaller the diameter, the faster the flow.
This approach allows you to organize a mini-hydroelectric power station even if a small stream passes near the house. That is, a collapsible dam is organized on it, below which a mini-hydroelectric power station is directly installed to power the house and household appliances.
