Innovation management. Innovation process
The concepts of "innovation", "innovative process", " innovative activity". Types of innovations and subjects of innovation activity
The concept of "innovation" appeared in the scientific research of the XX century. and originally meant the penetration of some elements of one culture into another. In Russia, initially, innovation was understood as a newly formed word in the language that arose in given language later
Innovation and innovation are identical categories. Innovation and innovation are different categories.
An innovation can be a discovery of fundamental science or an invention of an innovator, a regularity established by a scientist or a new property and (or) phenomenon found in a product, substance, a design solution, and also an innovation will be new way in the organization, in production management.
Innovation is embedded new product, new method of production, mastered new material implemented implementation a new way of organizing and managing the activities of the enterprise. Therefore, innovation (innovation) is an innovation (idea, discovery) introduced into practice.
At the same time, the concept of innovation is identical to the concept of the innovation process. The innovation process is a sequential chain of events during which the idea of a proposed innovation is transformed into a specific product, technology or service, implemented and distributed to consumers. Thus, the stages or stages of the innovation process are sequentially carried out:
1. Origin (recognition of the need and search for innovation, ideas, discoveries, inventions). To start the innovation process, it is necessary to choose the goals of innovation and the tasks that innovation should solve, to search for the idea of innovation, its feasibility study, that is, to show economic feasibility, technical capability creating a new product. The search for the idea of innovation is a creative process that is closely related to intuition and insight (enlightenment);
2. Development and implementation of innovation. The materialization of an idea is the transformation of an idea into a new product, into a document of property rights (a license for the right to use know-how, technology) or into a document for technological operation;
3. Multiple replication. Thanks to advertising, the organization of the innovation trade process, the implementation and promotion of innovation is carried out;
4. Routinization - subsequent improvement. Innovation is spreading in new regions, new markets and in a new financial and economic situation.
The innovation process is completed if all stages from the birth of innovation to routinization have been passed.
The effectiveness of the innovation process depends on the time aspect of the stages of the innovation process in their strict logical sequence and at the same time in a complex.
Innovative activity - activity for the creation, development and implementation of the results of intellectual work, scientific research, new products and technologies. Innovative activity is ensured by: production of competitive products, new level interaction of factors of production, satisfaction of social needs. There is a change or improvement of the world, new ideas and knowledge acquire real forms, have a practical result. Innovative activity includes the promotion of the implementation of the innovation process.
Realization of the product of the scientific sphere in material production subject to the protection of intellectual property rights and the right to the product of scientific activity, it is provided by the innovative sphere of the economy. The result of the innovation sphere is an innovative product, the value of which is determined by its novelty.
Consider the classification of innovations by features.
Classification of innovations according to the degree of innovative impact on areas of activity:
1. Revolutionary or basic. These are fundamentally new scientific ideas, technologies, types of products or management methods. They conquer new markets, they are the guarantor of the company's survival. At the heart of the basic innovation is “disruptive technology”, which attracts buyers with low cost, ease of use. Often a hitherto unknown firm enters the market with “disruptive technology”. In our time, the “disruptive technology” is the personal computer, in the 1950s the transistor, and so on.
2. Based on the change in the generation of technology, the emergence of new technologies based on the original fundamental principle.
3. Modifying, associated with updating models and modifications of products, technologies, forms of economic activity, its improvement.
Innovations (2) and (3) of the class in life are necessary, since they significantly improve the properties of the product, but do not significantly increase the competitiveness of the company in the market. The basis of these innovations is “supporting technologies”.
Another kind of classification according to the type of innovation or the scope of its offer:
1. Technical and technological. This is the production of new products due to the improvement of technological processes, saving resources, solving problems of improving the quality of products, reducing costs, expanding the range. They are the basis of technological progress and technical re-equipment of production. They are carried out through the modernization of equipment, reconstruction and new construction.
2. Organizational and managerial. This is the organization of new departments, services, new forms of employment, contracts, methods of remuneration, methods of work of the management apparatus as a result of accelerating the solution of the tasks assigned to the enterprise. They are carried out due to the effective connection of labor (workers) with the elements of production (objects of labor).
3. Environmental. Recently, they have become of paramount importance for society as a whole and for each person individually, especially in industrialized countries. These include changes in technology, organization and management of the enterprise, excluding and preventing negative impact on the environment.
4. Financial. These are economic innovations, expressed in a positive change in the financial, accounting areas of activity, in planning, pricing, and performance evaluation. And also - new forms of control and accounting, new financial transactions, a new financial product.
Typically, innovation modern enterprise are complex in nature, there are interconnected changes in the range of products, technologies, in the organization and management of personnel, sales, finance, and the environment.
There are ostensible innovations that make a difference under the influence of fluctuating consumer preferences.
The subjects of innovation activity are:
Individuals (citizens of the Russian Federation, foreigners) engaged in innovative activities;
Legal entities(domestic and foreign enterprises, organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms, engaged in innovative activities);
Owners of objects of intellectual property;
Investors;
Intermediaries that support innovation activities (marketing, advertising, leasing, personnel, information);
Specialized subjects of innovative activity (incubators, technoparks, technopolises);
Government departments.
TOPIC 2. Formation of the theory of innovation (historical aspect)
The foundations of the theory of innovation were laid by the Russian scientist-economist N.D. Kondratiev. He substantiated the theory of large conjuncture cycles (economic situation).
Nikolai Dmitrievich Kondratyev was born in 1892 into a peasant family, the first of 10 children. He studied at the parochial, church-teacher's schools, at the college of agriculture, received a certificate of maturity as an external student. From 1911 to 1915 he studied at the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, where he remained to work after graduation. thesis dedicated to the agriculture of his native Kostroma province. Since 1917 he worked under the Provisional Government in the Land Committee. The October Revolution was not accepted immediately. From 1919 to 1920 he taught at the Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazev, at the same time was a member of the All-Russian Purchasing Union, dealt with the problems of cooperation, food supply. After 1920, he headed the Institute of Market Studies under the Narkomfin, which carried out an analysis of the economic situation in the USSR. During this period, he wrote the main works, which received reviews from the leading economists of the West (J. Keynes, S. Kuznets, M. Fisher, W. Mitchell). He developed the foundations for the development of agriculture and plans for the industrialization of the economy. He proposed to materially interest the peasants and all producers in the results of their labor, to develop light industries, to participate in the world market, and he equated the growth of wages with the growth of labor productivity. For these ideas he was criticized, for example, Zinoviev called him a "fist", a "liberal bourgeois". In 1930 he was arrested, in 1931 he was sentenced to 8 years in prison, in 1938 the case was reviewed, and N.D. Kondratyev was sentenced to death. At present, he has been rehabilitated posthumously, his works have been recognized worldwide, the journal Cycles is being published in America, conferences dedicated to his name are being held in Russia, and an entire institute has been organized in Austria to study cycles.
N.D. Kondratiev processed by methods of mathematical statistics economic indicators(commodity prices, interest on capital, wages, turnover foreign trade) of the most developed countries of the USA, England, Germany, France for 150 years (since the end of the 18th century). He received two complete and one incomplete cycle of the conjuncture and made an assumption about the cyclic regularity of the development of society. In the 20-30s, a crisis erupted in the West, called the Great Depression in America, which allowed the USSR to confidently assert the decay of capitalism and its imminent end, at this time Kondratiev refutes this thesis, proves the cyclical development of the capitalist (market) economy, which also served as a pretext for his arrest and execution.
Each cycle was 48-55 years long. The long cycle of conjuncture breaks up into upward and downward parts of the cycle lasting 25-30 years. His explanation of the alternation of crises, recovery, boom and recession in the economy is associated with the emergence of new inventions and innovations that entail a change in the passive part of capital (buildings, structures, bridges, canals, railways, qualifications work force). Moreover, these inventions are revolutionary, affecting the fundamental principles of human existence, sometimes changing the conditions of society. In an upward wave, there is the necessary availability of savings, a low percentage of loans, a low level of prices for goods that activate the scientific and technical potential of society. As the economy recovers, there is a gradual increase in the interest on loans, a situation of a shortage of loan capital arises, as a result of which the curtailment of economic activity, entrepreneurs are looking for ways to reduce the cost of production, there is an accumulation of technical inventions, which will be possible to implement under the condition of cheap loan capital.
These ideas were developed by the outstanding American scientist Joseph Schumpeter.
J. Schumpeter was born in 1883 in the family of a manufacturer in Austria-Hungary. He received a law degree, but became interested in economic theory and began to study science while working at the university. In 1912, he taught in Chernivtsi (in the backyard of the empire), where he was sent for using mathematical techniques in economic analysis, which was not welcomed by the then elite of scientists. Later he was a professor at Graz University, his friend and scientific mentor was the famous economist Böhm-Bawerk. After the First World War, the states of Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary in their original form no longer existed. The socialist government of Germany and the head of the economic commission, Kautsky, invited Schumpeter in 1918 to be an adviser on the question of the socialization of industry. Then, after coming to power in 1919 in Austria, the socialist government, J. Schumpeter was the minister of finance in it, then the director of the bank, which went bankrupt in 1924. As a professor in Bonn, he founded the journal Econometrics. The arrival of the Nazis and relative recognition forced Schumpeter to emigrate overseas, where from 1932 he was a professor at Harvard University. Schumpeter died on January 7, 1950. His works: "The Theory of Economic Development", written by him at the age of 29 in 1912, "Economic Cycles" (1939), "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy" (1942), "History economic analysis"(1944).
He fully agreed that development in the world occurs in waves, the cycle is approximately 50 years. J. Schumpeter noted that these waves of development are innovative waves. Each new wave brings a new economic era, which is characterized initially by an increase in economic activity, a sharp increase in investment. Companies specializing in new technologies on the “upward” wave receive excess profits, become leaders in their industry, then at the “downward” stage of the wave, the market becomes saturated and mature, excess profits turn into profit and then decrease, and subsequently investments are transferred to new technologies. He proposed new economic concepts: "creative destruction" (competition based on innovation leads to the destruction of existing industries and markets through the research activities of corporations and innovative entrepreneurs who are able to turn new ideas into effective technical solutions); efficient monopoly (using innovation and profiting from it, and not at the expense of special rights or possession of any good) and efficient competition (not on prices, but on innovations).
Over the past two centuries, the following innovative waves have successively changed in the world:
1. The first wave of innovation from the 1780s to the 1840s. Associated with new technologies in the textile industry, metallurgy.
2. The second wave of innovation from the 1840s to the 1900s. Initiated by the development of railway transport, the steel industry and the advent of the steam engine.
3. Third wave of innovation from 1900 to 1940s. It is based on the use of electrical energy and an internal combustion engine in industrial production and in everyday life. Radio communication, telegraph, automobiles, airplanes are widely used, non-ferrous metals, aluminum, and plastics are used. Large firms, cartels, and trusts formed on the market. The concentration of banking and financial capital began.
4. The fourth innovation wave from the early 1950s to the late 1980s lasted about forty years. If the duration of the previous wave was 50 years or more due to the coincidence of the recession period of the outgoing wave with the growth period of the new one, then this wave accelerated due to the emergence of transnational and international companies that themselves actively developed new technologies, made direct investments. The main achievements in the fields - aerospace, electronics, chemical industry. The wave is characterized by the mass production of automobiles and aircraft. The first computers and software products for them appear. The atom is used for peaceful purposes. Organized conveyor production.
5. The fifth innovation wave began in 1988. An even greater reduction in its duration compared to the previous one is expected due to the greater acceleration of scientific and technological progress. The wave will last 20-25 years. It is based on achievements in the field of microelectronics, the spread of corporate networks, the development software, biotechnology, genetic engineering, telecommunications, multimedia, new types of energy, space exploration.
6. At present, the contours of the sixth innovation wave are outlined, which will be established in the 20-30s of the 21st century. If the fifth innovative wave arose in the bowels of an industrial society, the basis of which was microelectronics, the processes of collecting, processing and transmitting information, then the sixth innovative wave will be based in its development on a post-industrial society whose priority is the spiritual development of man, solving the problem of irretrievably destroyed planetary material and technical resources, smoothing the global material and spiritual inequality of the planet's population.
The basis of this wave is initially microelectronics, then nanoelectronics, human genetic engineering, non-traditional energy, second-level informatization (post-Internet), a biocomputer compatible with the human mind. Society and the state are being integrated into the global socially interconnected system. We are already observing the globalization of the world today, when, thanks to the concentration of production, monopolization, and the functioning of transnational corporations (TNCs), activities cover not only national markets, but regional and world ones.
The concept of market goods has changed, now it is not only material goods, but also computer programs, services, knowledge, ideas.
We have gone through four long cycles, until 2010 we will be in the stage of an upward wave. It is noted that the upward phases are rich in wars of revolutions (1789-1812, 1896-1920).
During the long-term Kondratiev cycle, there is a change of generations of equipment on the main technology base 5-7 times. Meanwhile, periodic crises of 7-11 years correlate with the corresponding phase of the long wave and change their dynamics in accordance with the type of wave, for example, during the upswing period, more time is spent on “prosperity”, and during the downturn, crisis years become more frequent.
Since the mid-1970s, the ideas of N.D. Kondratiev and J. Schumpeter have attracted close attention of economists due to the fact that, under the influence of a new economic and environmental crisis, a wave of basic innovations began.
Gerhard Mensch established that the mass adoption of technical innovations falls in the middle of the depression phase, followed by an increase in economic activity after a certain time, proposed the classification of innovations used by us into basic and improving ones.
A. Kleinknecht processed statistical data and showed that the transition to the next "long waves" in economic development is based on groups (clusters) of basic innovations that are widely implemented during periods of depression and help to overcome the crisis.
The following ideas are important for the modern theory of innovation:
1. Friedrich von Hayek. He believed that the existence of a market competitive environment predetermines the emergence of innovators and inventors. The market reveals, coordinates and uses the knowledge of independent people, competition is of decisive importance in the emergence of a new discovery.
2. Douglas North. He showed that competition based on innovation is facilitated by a developed system of institutions (branched formal relations and mechanisms that ensure higher market efficiency and lower transaction costs), that is, there is a relationship between the intensification of innovation processes and the presence of a system of state institutions that support innovation, that directly and indirectly affect knowledge and technology.
Note that the cyclical development of the economy, in addition to the theory of innovation, is explained by the following theories: monetary theory, according to which cyclicality is determined by the expansion and contraction of bank credit (Hawtrey); psychological theory, interpreting the cycle, as a consequence of the pessimistic and optimistic mood covering the population of the will (Pigou, Bagggot); the theory of underconsumption, which sees the cause of the cycle in too much of the income going to rich and thrifty people compared to what can be invested (Hobson, Foster, Catchings); the theory of overinvestment, whose supporters believe that the cause of the recession is rather excessive than insufficient investment (Hayek, Mises); theory of sunspots - weather - harvest (Jevons, Moore). The listed theories do not contradict the explanation of cycles in the economy by the theory of innovation, they complement it in their own way.
The innovation process is one of the related terms to the word "innovation". And above all, the innovation process is seen as the process of innovation traveling through a certain cycle: “research-production-consumption”.
The innovation process is the process of turning scientific knowledge into innovation, which looks like a chain of events during which innovation grows from an idea to a unique product, technology or service and diverges when used in practice.
There is a difference between scientific and technological progress and the innovation process. It lies in the fact that the innovation process does not find its completion point in implementation.
The innovation process is a continuous process of improving innovation, searching for new effective consumer properties. All this gives access to new areas of application and new consumers.
Sometimes the innovation process can be characterized as an object of management. Its characterization then includes three main aspects:
- 1. Detailed disclosure of the composition of the innovation cycle
- 2. Innovations must be clearly presented in terms of their subject content.
- 3. Highlighting the features of innovative activity and NT developments that are actively aimed at creating innovations
In order to manage various processes, it is necessary to consider these aspects in more detail in order to identify the main directions for the development of processes, the features and patterns of the managed object.
Innovation management directly depends on the innovation cycle. It is necessary to clearly represent the boundaries of the cycle, its constituent parts and their content, as well as the patterns of their further development. The innovation cycle is a continuous process, with successive actions. Consisting of:
Science is a link consisting of four various kinds research (stages): fundamental, search, applied and technical developments. All these stages are quite creative and focused on monitoring the latest scientific and technical solutions.
Production is a link consisting of two stages: development of innovations and production itself. The development of innovations consists of several stages: technical development, economic development and the release of a test batch of goods.
Consumption is a link consisting of two stages: the dissemination of innovations and the use of these innovations by consumers.
The innovation process is driven by two interconnected systems. It is necessary in the conditions of market relations.
The number one system is fairly general aimed at producing for a wide audience. It solves the problems of social production in general, and sometimes it contributes to the development of the innovation process, but does not focus on it.
System number two deals with managing the innovation process.
A system aimed at managing the innovation process will be fundamentally different from managing other processes taking place in the company. It differs both in goals and in functions, content, principles and methods used.
Goals of innovation process management:
- 1. Continuous updating of the product range; purchase of new equipment; invention of new production technologies; search for new ways of organizing work;
- 2. Continuous development of the scientific and technical potential of the state
- 3. Obligatory creation of a scientific reserve
There are a number of principles by which innovation processes are managed:
- The principle of flexibility is one of the most important principles. We live in a period of ever-changing world, scientific and technological progress is also prone to large and constant changes.
- The principle of taking into account the time factor. Conventional time frames cannot be applied to the innovation process.
- · The principle of complexity - means unity in such links as: technology, economics, organization and information.
- The principle of accounting for uncertainty - all innovative work are at high risk, so it is necessary to predict the potential of innovations.
- · The principle of taking into account the creative nature - the creative process of creating innovations directly affects the overall process of managing the innovation process.
The main methods in managing the innovation process are:
- Administrative Methods
- Organizational and planning methods
- · Financial and economic methods
- · Socio-psychological methods.
In general, the innovation process is the transformation of an initial idea into a product that goes through various stages of research, development and marketing.
The innovation process can be viewed from different angles:
- · On the organizational side, this is the simultaneous implementation of such areas as: research, scientific and technical, production activities and marketing activities.
- From a temporary point of view, this is a change various stages the life cycle of an innovation from its inception to its implementation and dissemination.
- · On the resource side, this is the search for investors and independent financing of development and its further distribution as a product or service.
There are three types of innovation process, they are divided on the basis of where this or that innovation is applied (inside the company or outside it):
- * simple intraorganizational (natural);
- * simple interorganizational (commodity);
- * extended.
A simple intra-organizational (natural) process means designing and implementing an innovation within the represented organization itself. Innovation in this case will not appear as a direct commodity. However, the roles of consumers represent the departments and staff that use this innovation, but only within the company.
With a simple inter-organizational (commodity) process, innovation is simply an object of sale and purchase on a foreign market. With this form of the innovation process, the functions of the creator and producer of innovation are separated from the function of its consumer.
The extended innovation process is the creation of new manufacturers, the violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, the further distribution of the product - diffusion. Such a phenomenon as diffusion actively helps the economic development of society and appears as a stimulus for the emergence of a new innovation process.
Now let's move on to the concept of innovation - this is an activity, in the end of which a new product or service acquires the status of intellectual property and marketability.
Innovative activity consists of a set of various activities that are combined into a common chain. Each part of this chain has its own development scenario, has certain features and patterns.
Characteristic features of innovation activity:
- cyclicity
- · Staged. All stages that are part of the stage represent it as part of a single innovation cycle, and on the other hand, as a separate element with a specific set of activities.
Innovative activity, as well as the innovative process, is a related term to "innovation".
One of the definitions of "innovative activity" states that it is an activity consisting of various types of work on the invention of innovations, which include research of a different nature.
There are various actors in innovation activity, such as:
- 1) innovators;
- 2) early recipients (pioneers, leaders);
- 3) simulators, which in turn are divided into:
a) earlier majority;
b) laggards;
Innovators are the main generators of scientific and technical knowledge. They can be: individual inventors, scientific and research organizations, small scientific enterprises. They are interested in generating income from the sale of the intellectual product they have developed, which over time can become an innovation.
Early recipients (pioneers, leaders) ? These are manufacturing firms that were the first to master the innovation, using intellectual product innovators. They seek to obtain super-profits by bringing the innovation to market as soon as possible. Pioneer firms primarily include venture capital firms operating in small businesses. Large corporations that are leaders in their industries also fall into this category.
If such firms have in their structure scientific, research, design departments, they are also innovators. Although in this case they can use the services of purely scientific or design organizations by concluding an agreement with them or by purchasing a patent (license).
The early majority is represented by imitating firms, which, following the "pioneers", have introduced an innovation into production, which also provides them with additional profit.
Laggards are firms that are faced with a situation where a delay in innovation leads to the release of products that are new to them, but which are either already obsolete or are not in demand in the market due to excessive supply. Therefore, lagging firms often suffer losses instead of the expected profit.
Imitator firms do not engage in research and inventive activities, they acquire patents and licenses from innovator firms, or hire specialists who have developed an innovation under a contract, or illegally copy an innovation (“innovative piracy”).
The objects of innovative activity are the development of equipment and technology of enterprises located regardless of the organizational legal form and form of ownership in the country.
The objects of innovation activity are:
- 1) innovative projects and programs;
- 2) results of intellectual creative activity;
- 3) technologies, equipment and processes;
- 4) infrastructure of production and entrepreneurship;
- 5) other new organizational, technical, financial and economic solutions that significantly improve the quality and efficiency of the production, management, commercial or other process.
Innovation process- a set of sequential actions to transform scientific knowledge in innovation; the process associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations.
System properties of innovation processes
To characterize the innovation process, the concept of "life cycle" is widely used, which means stages, a sequential chain of events during which an innovation matures from an idea to a specific product.
The life cycle of an innovation includes the following stages:
- development (research fundamental, applied, theoretical calculations);
- design (creation of structures, documents, drawings, their implementation in material, prototypes);
- manufacturing (installation and complete series);
- use (at the end consumer);
- full implementation in permanent facilities;
- emergence of an alternative.
The stages always follow one after the other. At the same time, in order to reduce the implementation time of an innovation, parallel execution of work is often used.
In relation to innovation, the concept of "life cycle" includes:
- awareness of the need and possibility of changes in the organization;
- search for an appropriate innovation or its development;
- development (implementation) of innovation;
- repeated repetition of innovation on other objects (diffusion).
The life cycles of innovation and innovation are different in range: an innovation can be designed, manufactured, it can even become obsolete, and innovation has not yet begun. The life cycle of an innovation can only begin (as a search for a new means to meet a particular need), but not develop until the innovation reaches the stage of manufacture. Of course, both life cycles are interconnected, interdependent and do not exist one without the other.
The life cycle of an innovation tracks the process of its formation - the life cycle of an innovation characterizes the process of applying an innovation. Together they form the innovation process.
The innovation process does not end with the introduction, i.e. the appearance on the market of a new product, service, technology. This process is not interrupted even after the introduction, because as it spreads (diffusion), the innovation improves, becomes more efficient, and acquires new consumer properties.
The basis of the innovation process is the process of creating and mastering innovation, which begins with fundamental research and covers all stages of creating both innovation and innovation.
The sequence of the innovation process (IP) can be characterized by the expression:
IP → FI - PI - R - Pr - OS - PP - M - Sat,
where FI - fundamental (theoretical) research; PI - applied research; P - development; Pr - design; OS - development; PP - industrial production; M - marketing; Sat - sales.
The purpose of fundamental research is to gain new knowledge and identify the most significant patterns in the development of nature and society, regardless of their specific application. The priority importance of fundamental science in the development of innovative processes is determined by the fact that it acts as a generator of ideas and shows new ways of development. They are held in academic institutions, higher educational institutions and branch specialized institutes, laboratories.
Applied research aims to explore ways practical application previously discovered phenomena and processes. This is the “reification of knowledge”, their refraction in the production process, the transfer of a new product, technological scheme, etc.
As a result of the development, designs of new machines and equipment are created, and the process smoothly passes into the phases of design (Pr), development (OS) and industrial production (IP). The phases "marketing" (M) and "sales" (Sat) are associated with the commercial implementation of the results of the innovation process.
Applied research carried out in all scientific institutions is financed both from the budget (state scientific programs or on a competitive basis) and from customers. Since the result of applied research is by no means always predictable and is associated with a high degree of uncertainty, at this stage and beyond, there is a high probability of obtaining a negative (dead end) result. It is at this stage that there is a risk of losing the invested funds; investments in innovation are risky and are called risk investments, and commercial organizations(funds) involved in them - risk firms (venture).
Each link in the life cycle of innovation and innovation is relatively independent, has certain patterns, and performs a specific function. The starting and defining point of this cycle is science, which generates ideas; technology - the next link - materializes them in a certain system of machines and appropriate technology; production, on the other hand, is a sphere for the use of scientific and technological achievements.
Approximately 85–90% of applied research works give results suitable for further use. At the stage of development work, 95-97% of them end positively.
The positive output of fundamental research in world science is only 5%. Under market conditions, neither branch science, nor even industrial science, can afford to deal with them. Basic Research should be financed from the state budget on a competitive basis and partially use extrabudgetary funds.
Thus, the innovation process covers the cycle from the development of a scientific and technical idea to its implementation on a commercial basis. Innovation processes, to a greater extent than other elements of scientific and technical progress, are associated with market relations. The bulk of innovations are implemented in a market economy by entrepreneurial structures as a means of solving production and commercial problems. Therefore, innovations are focused on the market, a specific consumer or need.
The innovation process can be defined as a set of sequential work from obtaining theoretical knowledge to the use by the consumer of a product created on the basis of new knowledge.
concept "innovation cycle" implies the presence feedback between the consumer of a new product and the scientific sphere. Innovation cycles can have a different length, which depends on which stage of scientific research the consumer turns to in order to improve the way to satisfy his need. The dissemination of innovations, like their creation, is integral part innovation process.
There are 3 logical forms of the innovation process:
- simple intraorganizational (natural);
- simple interorganizational (product);
- extended.
A simple intra-organizational innovation process involves the creation and use of innovation within the same organization; in this case, the innovation does not directly take on a commodity form.
At simple cross-organizational innovation process innovation acts as an object of sale. This form of the innovation process means separating the function of the creator and producer of innovation from the function of its consumer.
Advanced innovation process manifests itself in the creation of new producers of innovation, in violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which contributes (thanks to mutual competition) to the improvement of the consumer properties of the manufactured goods. In the conditions of the commodity innovation process, there are at least two economic entities: the producer (creator) and the consumer (user) of innovation. If an innovation is a technological process, then its producer and consumer can be combined in one economic entity.
A simple innovation process turns into a commodity one during two phases: the creation of an innovation and its dissemination; diffusion of innovation.
The first phase - successive stages of scientific research, development work, organization pilot production and marketing, organization of commercial production; at the same time, the useful effect of the innovation is not yet realized, but only the prerequisites for such an implementation are created.
In the second phase, the socially beneficial effect is redistributed among the producers of the innovation, as well as between producers and consumers.
Diffusion of innovation- this is an information process, the form and speed of which depend on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by business entities, their ability to use this information in practice.
Diffusion of innovation- the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members social system in time. Innovations can be ideas, objects, technologies, etc., which are new for the respective economic entity. In other words, diffusion is the spread of an innovation once mastered and used to new conditions or places of application.
The essence of the innovation process is purposeful actions related to the initiation and development of a new product or service, its implementation on the market and its further distribution.
The innovation process is a sequential set of actions from the idea of innovation to the design, creation, implementation and distribution of this innovation. These stages from conception to implementation will be discussed below. In other words, the innovation process is the activity of an economic entity, that is, a process that consists in the development and implementation of the result of scientific research into a new or improved product or service sold on the market, or a technological process that is used in production activities.
The innovation process includes seven components connected in a single sequential chain, which form its structure. These include:
Marketing research;
Development and release of innovation;
Implementation of the produced innovation;
Innovative promotion;
Spreading.
The innovation process begins with initiation - an activity that consists in defining its goals and objectives, comprehending the corresponding idea and documenting it. The last is its transformation into a document of property rights (author's certificate, license) and into a technological document.
The initiation of innovation is the beginning of the innovation process. After the idea of a new product has been documented, innovation marketing is carried out, during which the demand for a new product or service is examined, the quantity or volume of output, product characteristics and consumer properties that the product entering the market should have are determined. After that, the innovation is sold and a small batch of it appears on the market, which is promoted, evaluated for effectiveness and distributed.
Innovation promotion is a system of activities aimed at its implementation. After that, an economic calculation of its effectiveness is carried out. The innovation process ends with the dissemination
Diffusion (translated from Latin - spreading, distribution) means the spread of mastered innovation in new areas, new markets and in a new economic and financial situation.
The management of innovation processes as a subject of research has gone through 4 main stages in its evolution.
At the first of them, a factorial approach was implemented, where evaluation criteria were considered for each constituent component of the corresponding management. At that time, for the most part, extensive methods of development were used, manifested in a quantitative increase in the scientific and technical potential.
The second stage was characterized by the development of the concepts of functions innovation management who focused on studying the types of management and the process of adopting SD
At the third stage, they began to apply which made it possible to consider the subject of innovative activity (enterprise, organization, etc.) as a system of internally interconnected components focused on achieving specific goals and the feedback principle.
The fourth stage correlates with the growing popularity of understanding the goals, meaning and content of innovation management, which makes it possible to analyze the factors of external and internal environment, systematize and combine in an optimal way various models of behavior of an innovative manager or effective management decisions.
Innovative activity is carried out in any public sphere - from the economy to education, art and even politics. There are various definitions of innovation activity. It can be defined as a set of scientific, technological, organizational, financial, commercial activities that lead to innovation. In private refraction, this is a joint activity of employees of a company (enterprise), aimed at creating and implementing innovations.
Innovative activity is systemic in nature, and this system is formed by society and the subjects of such activity.
It is a set of measures for the development, implementation, development, production, diffusion and commercialization of innovations, united in one logical chain. Each link in this chain has its own content and its own patterns of development. Scientific research, experimental design and technological developments, investment, commercial and production activities are subordinated to one main goal - the creation of innovation.
Innovation activity- the kind of activity associated with the transformation of ideas (usually the results of scientific research and development or other scientific and technological achievements) into a new or improved product introduced to the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practice, or into a new approach to social services.
Innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, and it is in their totality that they lead to innovation. In private refraction, this is a joint activity of employees of a company (enterprise), aimed at creating and implementing innovations. Usually there are the following main types of innovation activities:
1) tool preparation and organization of production, covering the acquisition of production equipment and tools, changes in them, as well as in the procedures, methods and standards of production and quality control necessary for the manufacture of a product or the application of a new technological process;
2) start-up of production and pre-production development, including product and process modifications, retraining of personnel for the use of new technologies and equipment, as well as trial production, if further development of the design is expected;
3) marketing of new products, which includes activities related to the launch of new products on the market, including preliminary market research, product adaptation to different markets, advertising campaign but excluding the creation of distribution networks for placing on the market;
4) acquisition of intangible technology in the form of patents, licenses, know-how disclosures, trademarks, designs, models and services of technological content;
5) the acquisition of embodied technology - machinery and equipment, in terms of their technological content, associated with the introduction of product or process innovations at the enterprise;
6) production design, including the preparation of plans and drawings intended to determine the production procedures, technical specifications, performance characteristics necessary for the creation of the concept, development, production and marketing of new products and processes. It may be part of the original concept of a product or process, i.e. scientific research and development, but may also be associated with instrumental preparation, organization of production and its start-up, marketing of new products.
Innovation activity is characterized by a high level of uncertainty and risk, and the difficulty of predicting results.
Innovative activity, in contrast to conventional production, is characterized by:
Big risk in the commercialization of innovations (up to 50%);
The need for constant monitoring of the intermediate stages of the introduction of innovations, in order to make a decision to stop work in the absence of concrete results;
The difficulty of establishing the dependence of results on the resources expended and the amount of investment (in the first period of implementation, innovative products may not give any profit, and then the profit increases sharply).
Innovation process - the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which innovation matures from scientific ideas to specific new products, technologies or services and spreads through practical use.
Figure 1. Innovation process
The beginning of the i.p. is initiation (generating an idea). Initiation is an activity that consists in choosing the goal of innovation, setting the task performed by innovation, searching for the idea of innovation, its feasibility study and materializing the idea. Sometimes new idea occurs spontaneously. The possibilities of its future application have not yet been explored. It happens the other way around: the problem posed or promising opportunities inspire people to new ideas.
After the justification of the new product (operations) are carried out marketing research proposed innovation (identification of opportunities). In their course, the demand for a new product or operation is studied, the quantity or volume of their release, their consumer properties and product characteristics are determined.
Evaluation of ideas. The following questions must be answered:
Will the idea work?
· Does the organization have the necessary capacity to develop the innovation?
Does the idea appeal to buyers?
Does it correlate with the organization's strategy?
Will the idea make money?
At this stage, business plans are drawn up for the most promising ideas.
The materialization of an idea means its transformation into a product or a document.
Then the innovation is sold (commercialization). The results of the implementation of innovation and the costs of its promotion are subjected to statistical processing and analysis (evaluation of ideas), on the basis of which it is calculated economic efficiency innovation. The innovation process ends with the diffusion of innovation. Diffusion (distribution, spreading) of innovation is the spread of once mastered innovation in new regions, new markets and a new financial and economic situation.
The totality of all stages of the innovation process is called the innovation life cycle.
The innovation process has a social significance, because occurs in a social environment, brings to life social needs and is accompanied by social changes.
It is very important to take into account the speed of the innovation process. The speed of the innovation process is characterized by an indicator called the innovation lag.
The innovation lag is the time interval from the moment an innovative idea arises to the moment the investment returns (positive profit).
The effectiveness of the entire innovation process depends on the value of this indicator.
The main components of the innovation process are presented in the table
MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE INNOVATION PROCESS
| Innovation - new idea, new knowledge | The result of completed scientific research (fundamental and applied), experimental design, other scientific and technical achievements New ideas can take the form of discoveries, rationalization proposals, concepts, methods, instructions, etc. |
| innovation = innovation | The result of the introduction of new knowledge, its implementation in a new or improved product sold on the market, or in a new or improved technological process used in practice |
| Diffusion of innovation | The process of dissemination of an already once mastered, implemented innovation, i.e. application of innovative products, services, technologies in new places and conditions The form and speed of this process depend on the structure and power of communication channels, the ability of business entities to quickly respond to innovations |
Government Russian Federation(Decree of July 24, 1998 No. 832 "On the concept of innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000") determined that the innovation process includes: innovations; innovative activity; state innovation policy; Innovation potential; innovation sphere; innovative infrastructure and innovative programs.
The innovation sphere is part of the system economic relations. This is a set of sectors of the national economy (private and state structures) and types social activities who do not directly participate in the creation of material wealth, but produce special use values necessary for the functioning and development of production.
J. Schumpeter defined as follows functional purpose innovation sphere:
Commercial analysis of potential consumers of innovations;
Search for promising ideas, sources of functioning;
Organization of creation and implementation of innovation;
Replication;
Support and disposal.
The innovation sphere includes scientists and inventors, units that develop and implement innovations; venture and scientific and technical organizations; education system.
The conditions for the functioning of the innovation sphere are determined by intellectual property and ownership of the products of innovation. It forms a specialized material and technical base, accumulates special techniques and methods for organizing and managing innovative activities, separate processes for creating and implementing innovations are combined into a single innovation process that provides the conditions for their development by enterprises and consumers.
Innovation potential. Innovative development each country depends on the intellectual, spiritual, moral and creative potential of society. The basic components of such a potential are the development of science, the level and quality of education of the population, and the innovation potential itself is determined by the share of expenditures for financing research expenditures in the gross national product.
Innovation infrastructure. Production, scientific, technical and innovative activities are closely related, however, the formation of the infrastructure of each type of activity is characterized by specialized organizational elements and mechanisms for their functioning. The process of developing the innovation infrastructure began with the creation of individual laboratories, technology parks and science-intensive technology incubators. IN last years a scientific infrastructure is being created that meets the requirements of a market economy: science cities, special economic zones and special financial structures; system higher education. The sphere of knowledge-intensive services is developing - engineering, leasing, consulting.
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