History of beekeeping. The history of the development of scientific knowledge about the bee
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26.05.2016
Do people often think about the benefits of bees?
Many associate them with honey and other bee products that are used in various purposes: in the treatment of diseases, cooking, cosmetics, simply for food or as a dietary supplement.
Of all the insects living on the planet, the bee is one of the most beneficial to humans. The worker bee not only provides healing and unique products, but also pollinates plants, contributing to the continuation of life on Earth.
All bee products are natural antibiotics. They, unlike pharmaceuticals that destroy pathogenic and beneficial microflora with equal force, act selectively, preventing the growth and development of harmful microorganisms. A bee in the process of life produces the following substances: honey, perga, royal jelly, propolis, wax, bee venom. Even a dead bee has a number of healing properties. Medicinal tinctures are made from bee pestilence. Thus, bees benefit humans by producing all these healing products.
But not every person knows about another value of honey insects in nature.
On planet Earth, the life of bees and flower plants are closely interconnected. Flowers provide bees with nectar and pollen, and in return they pollinate them. It has been calculated that the benefit from bee pollination of entomophilous plants is many times greater than the cost of all the honey harvested worldwide.
Pollination requires more than 200 thousand species of our flora. First of all, these are those that cannot bear fruit and produce seeds without insects.
Products of entomophilous cultures are the main source of vitamins and minerals. They provide 98% of people's vitamin C needs; more than 70% - in lipids, as well as most of the needs in vitamin E, K, A and B.
These foods also meet our calcium needs by 58%; fluorine - by 62%; iron - by 29%, and many other elements.
It must be said that these crops give people 35% of all world agricultural products. Thanks to the pollination work of honey bees, the yield of many crops increases: buckwheat and sunflower - by 50%; watermelons, melons and pumpkins - by 100%; and fruit trees and shrubs - 10 times. And this is not a complete list of the benefits that bees bring.
This means that people get thousands of tons of vegetables, fruits and seeds thanks to bees.
Pollination by bees also improves the quality of seeds, increases the size, juiciness and taste of fruits. The benefits that bees bring in pollinating crops are 10-15 times higher than direct income from beekeeping.
Scientists have calculated that the contribution of bees to the world economy, as plant pollinators, is about 160 billion dollars annually. In the European Union, it was estimated at 15 billion. All this is dozens of times higher than the cost of honey and all bee products combined.
But the trouble is that people easily calculate the cost of honey and all bee products on the world market. And the benefits that bees bring from pollinating plants are not visible at first glance. We buy vegetables, fruits and other agricultural products, eat them - and easily forget that only thanks to bees they got to our table.
Thanks to the bee, man developed agricultural activities. Even the most modern technology cannot replace them and do the job so delicately.
The benefits of bees are obvious. Man cannot survive without these industrious insects. The bee works daily, dying in flight.
Unfortunately, according to official statistics, more than half of the bee species have disappeared in the last 100 years. And today, all over the world there is a threat of extinction of honey insects. In many countries there is a reduction in the number of bee colonies. The reasons for this phenomenon: the uncontrolled use of pesticides, pesticides, selection work to create self-pollinating and genetically modified plants and crops.
Despite the fact that in our time in many countries, in particular in Germany and the United States, there are programs to support beekeeping as one of the most effective ways to increase plant yields, one hears more and more about the collapse of bee colonies. The bees are dying en masse. And now, Chinese farmers have already experienced that pollinating plants without bees is almost a feat.
Although the problem exists worldwide, it has become particularly acute in the mountainous Maoxian county of China's Sichuan province, where all wild bees have died out and farmers are forced to pollinate apple orchards by hand.
Pollination of apple trees in Maoxian must be completed within five days, otherwise the trees will not bear fruit. Now every year thousands of residents come to the gardens to do this hard work.
Using homemade pollinators made from chicken feathers or cigarette filters dipped in plastic bottles filled with pollen, one person can pollinate 5-10 trees a day. Children are also involved in the process. They climb trees to get to higher branches.
The challenges farmers in Maoxian are facing give a glimpse of what could happen on a global scale.
Further extinction of honey insects will lead to a deterioration in global food security around the world. More than 20 thousand species will disappear from the Earth flowering plants that will undermine the foundations of Earth's ecosystems. And 4 years after the complete disappearance of this beneficial insect, according to scientists, humanity will die from hunger and lack of oxygen.
Therefore, let's take care of the bees, whose benefits to humans are invaluable.
Scientific society of students "Newton"
Municipal State Educational Institution "Sargat Lyceum"
Bow to the bee, man!
Completed:
Glebov Zakhar
student 4 "A" class
Supervisor:
R. Sargatskoye settlement 2012
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………3 p.
2. Main body:
2.1. Features of the work of a bee…………………………………4 pp.
2.2. Features of the structure of the body of a bee…………………………4 pp.
2.3. Features of the bee colony……………………………...5 pp.
2.4. The benefits of a bee for humans………………………………...6 p.
3. Bees are a mystery for people of many professions…………………..7 p.
4. Conclusion…………………………………………………………..9 p.
5. References………………………………………………… 10 pages
6. Applications:
Proverbs about bees ……………………………………… 11 pp.
Riddles about bees …………………………………………..13 pp.
Poems about bees………………………………………..……15 pp.
1. Introduction.
When my classmate was looking for information for her scientific work on beekeepers on the Internet, she found out that there is a monument to a bee on earth. It got me interested. Why was the monument erected not to a beekeeper, but to a small bee? What is so special about her? Why did people single out the bee among all insects?
I thought: “What do I know about bees?” It turned out that not very much: bees are insects that collect nectar. It produces honey. Some bees live in hives under the supervision of a beekeeper, while others live in the forest. They have a sting, with which they defend themselves from enemies.
I decided to find out why the man decided to bow before the bee. After all, monuments are erected to those who are respected, who are proud of. A monument is a reminder to humanity of something important.
An object: bees.
Item: features of the life of bees.
Goal of the work: find out for what merits a monument was erected to the bee.
Tasks:
· Find and analyze literature on the structure and life of bees.
· To know:
- Why is she called hardworking?
- Does she have working tools?
- How does a bee live in its family?
- What can a bee teach a person?
Collect proverbs different peoples, riddles and poems about the bee.
· Make a wall newspaper for schoolchildren.
Hypothesis: bees really have features for which you can put a monument to them.
Research methods:
- I read books and articles about bees. He collected proverbs, riddles and poems about bees. Interviewed with beekeepers.
2.1. Features of the bee.
In many literary works, the bee is called the "winged worker", "worker", "hard-working bee". I decided to find out how hard a bee works.
It turned out that throughout its life a bee is never idle and can change several "professions".
The family of bees is divided into two groups: some are busy in the hive (usually young bees), others collect food (middle and older bees, stronger). The older the bee becomes, the more responsible she is entrusted with the work.
Let's trace the change of "professions" of a bee throughout her life:
1. Cleaning ladies. The youngest bees (3-4 days old) clean the cells for larvae and nectar. It must be said that bees are naturally clean. They keep themselves and their home clean, thus protecting themselves from disease.
2. Educators. Bees a little older than the "cleaners" take care of the offspring (larvae). Give them milk and keep them warm.
3. Builders. These bees are 2 weeks old. They repair old cells, build new ones, seal the cells with larvae and mature honey with wax. The builder bees have additional responsibilities: they take nectar from foraging bees, put it in free combs and process honey. In addition, they compact flower pollen in the cells, wetting it with honey.
4. Guards. These bees guard the entrance to the hive, do not let other bees and bees that have returned without nectar.
5. Honey scouts and gatherers(3 week old bees). Their task is to find and collect nectar and pollen.
6. Water carriers. This business is entrusted to the oldest bees. They don't fly far from home.
The bee family is characterized not only by a clear distribution of labor between the bees, but also by the collective performance of work. One group of bees feeds the larvae, the other builds honeycombs, the third gets food. After all, one bee, beekeepers say, does not bring much honey. Groups consist of bees of the same age.
The life expectancy of bees depends on their work. In spring and summer, when insects work a lot, they live 35 days, and in autumn, when there is not as much work as in summer, bees live 40-45 days. Bees born in autumn live 8-9 months.
The bee dies in flight. Until the last moments, she works, works for the good of the family.
2.2. Features of the structure of the body of a bee.
The worker bee has many responsibilities for the care of his family. She must be able to do many types of work and do it well.
Nature helped the bee a little. Over the years, she has modified the body of the bee to make it comfortable for her to work.
If we start to consider the honey bee from the head, then here we will find 5 eyes. Together with the organs of touch and smell, they enable the worker bee to find nectar and pollen.
The proboscis of a bee is slightly lengthened by nature. Now the bee can extract nectar from almost any flower. In addition, the honey stomach, into which the bee sucks nectar, has increased. It holds as much nectar as the bee itself weighs. Contributes to this and the structure of the abdomen. It can lengthen and spread out in width.
It is very interesting that nature arranged all six legs of the bee. They are not only organs of locomotion. Bees have a whole set of tools on their feet. Here are the brushes with which the bee collects pollen, and the baskets in which it carries this pollen, and brushes for cleaning the eyes from the same pollen.
Four wings serve the bee not only for flight. The bees use them when they need to freshen the air in the hive and in order to remove excess water from nectar.
The worker bee has well developed muscles. She can lift twice her own weight into the air. For example, a dead bee is taken away from the hive and thrown away.
To defend or protect the hive, bees have a formidable weapon - a sting.
What I found out is that the body of the bee is designed so that it can cope with its duties - collecting nectar and pollen, transferring them to the hive, guarding the hive, keeping it clean.
2.3. Features of the bee colony.
Since the bee has become a companion of man, it has invariably attracted his attention. Beekeepers say that bees can be watched with great interest from morning to evening and at the same time each time you discover something new that you have not seen or heard before.
One of the objects of observation of the beekeeper is a family of bees.
Honey bees do not live alone, like many other insects, but in large families, communities. They are called social insects.
Many millions of years ago, honey bees are believed to have lived not in families, but alone. Each bee built its own nest, got food, raised offspring, wintered alone. Then, with climate change (cooling), the bees began to group, as they could not adapt to new environmental conditions. After all, together it is warmer and any work is within the power. This association was familial. The bee children did not leave their parent's nest.
The family of bees consists of a mother and her children. In a large bee family there are 70-80 thousand insects. This is about as many as there are inhabitants in a small town. In order for such a number of insects to exist, each member of the family must have his own duties and fulfill certain works. The life of all family members depends on each other. The head and heart of the bee family is the queen. Without it, the bee colony cannot exist. If there is a queen in the family, then the bees clearly fulfill their duties, their work is well-coordinated and organized. But as soon as the queen dies, the bees become confused and helpless. They do not fly for nectar, do not build combs, do not protect the nest from enemies, as they did when they were in the uterus. There is no order and cleanliness in the hive, and the bees run aimlessly around it. After all, the main goal of their work is to raise offspring, and without a uterus it is impossible.
There is equality in the family. Even for the uterus - the head of the family - there is no exception. If she puts fewer eggs, the bees will immediately replace it with a young, more prolific one.
Bees not only work well, but also help each other. With a hungry bee, any one shares food, even the last crumbs; the picker with the burden is unloaded; what one began to do, another will continue, the third bee will finish. If 2-3 bees linger on a blooming flower basket and do not have time to return home for the night, they will try to unite and, cuddling up to each other and sharing nectar, will stay until the morning. At this point, it does not even matter to them that they are from different families.
From all of the above, we can draw a small conclusion: a bee family is a world of great work, discipline and mutual assistance.
2.4. Benefits of bees for humans.
Of all the insects living on Earth, and there are about a million species of them, the bee is one of the most useful for humans. She gives him not only healing, nutritious honey, but also many other useful products.
Not only folk, but also modern medicine uses honey in the treatment of various diseases. It restores and gives strength, helps to accumulate protective means to the body. There are many examples when people who constantly and gradually use honey lived a long time, were active and did not get sick until old age. In addition, honey is a very pleasant medicine for both children and adults.
In ancient Greece and Rome, honey was considered a gift from heaven, the food of the gods. According to the Greeks, he brings wisdom to a person, and gives inspiration to poets and artists.
If honey is liquid gold, then wax is gold ingots. It is no coincidence that in the distant past he played the role of money, was a measure in trade.
Now wax is used in dentistry (it cleans the oral cavity and strengthens the gums). However, wax has found much wider application in the cosmetic industry.
In addition, beeswax is used in more than forty industries. It is also used in aviation, in textile, metallurgical, leather, chemical, perfume and other industries.
Beeswax in pharmaceuticals is used to make various ointments. It is also used in handicraft industries (for example, for the manufacture of parquet mastic, shoe polish).
Even in ancient times, people noticed that wild honey hunters and beekeepers did not suffer from joint diseases and had excellent health. And this, as it turned out, was due to the fact that they were often stung by bees. Bee venom has proven to be an excellent remedy. It reduces inflammatory processes, helps in the treatment of diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Previously, when they wanted to wish health to a person, they said: “May a bee sting you!”
Honey, wax, poison - these are not all bee products that people use. Propolis (bee glue), flower pollen and royal jelly are very healing for humans.
Propolis has the ability to kill some harmful microorganisms. It is used to treat wounds, burns, frostbite, used for pulmonary tuberculosis, tonsillitis, skin diseases, etc. It is also used in the treatment of animals.
Flower pollen is called a miracle product, as it is rich in proteins and vitamins, it contains fats, mineral salts, and growth substances. Doctors recommend pollen for exhaustion and weakness.
And bees are considered helpers of farmers. By pollinating plants, they increase the yield. If the bees did not do this, then there would be few plants on Earth, and perhaps some would not exist at all. Then a person could not receive good harvest apples, pears, apricots, plums, gooseberries, raspberries. Bees play an important role in increasing the yield of buckwheat, sunflower, cotton and forage grasses.
The honey bee is a small piece of wildlife. But what great benefit she brought and brings to man: she gave healing products, due to the bee, nature was replenished with new plants, and the planet Earth was enriched with oxygen.
3. Bees are a mystery to people of many professions.
Bees have been studied and continue to be studied by biologists, chemists, doctors, philosophers, writers and poets.
Much has been written about the industrious bee of serious philosophical treatises, scientific articles and books, poems and fables by poets of different times and peoples. Much can be learned about bees and their lives from proverbs and riddles.
I tried to make a collection that includes proverbs, riddles and poems about bees. This collection is a supplement to the school poster "Bow to the bee, man!"
E. Zalyagin
4. Conclusion.
I came to the conclusion that the bee really deserves to have a monument erected to it. After all, a person has a lot to learn from her. For example, to live in harmony and mutual assistance, to be hardworking, disciplined and take care of your future generation. In Egypt, the honey bee is considered a symbol of fidelity, courage, contempt for death. After all, bees, protecting their home, never retreat in the face of danger and do not take flight, no matter how formidable their opponent may be.
The bee deserved a low bow for bringing healing products to people and helping humanity turn the Earth into a blooming garden by pollinating plants. Only one bee family provides ecologically favorable influence on the environment with an area of 250 hectares.
The monument to the bee already stands in many countries of the world. In Poland, the Beekeeping Museum begins with such a monument. This is a real bee city, it has 140 hives, the oldest of them is 700 years old. In Canada, a monument to the bee was erected in 1993 in the city of Tisdale (it is also called the Capital of Honey). In the city of Ufa, the bee has become a symbol of the celebration of the 450th anniversary of the unity of Bashkiria and Russia, and a monument was erected to it in the central square. Several monuments to the bee stand in Japan. The Japanese are great admirers, connoisseurs and connoisseurs of bee products.
The bee has earned simple human respect. She really deserves to be an object of worship and admiration.
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Bibliography:
1. Big encyclopedia of nature for children. - M .: Grif-fond, Mezhkniga, 1994.
2. Eskov insects. – M.: Knowledge, 1983.
3. Zlotin serve man. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1986.
4. Chainery M. Butterflies / M. Chaineri; per. from English. . - M.::, 2001.
5. Shabarshov to the beekeeper. - M.: Enlightenment, 1983
6. Internet resources:
Annex 1
Proverbs about bees
There is no one more industrious than a bee.
A small bee teaches a person a great mind.
Lead the bees without opening your mouth to walk.
The bee stings only the sinner.
A bee sits on every flower, but not every flower takes a diaper.
A tear-stained face and bees sting.
There is no garden without an apiary and no fruit without bees.
A garden without bees is like a tree without windows.
There is a bee in the garden - there will be an apple on a branch.
The bee does not work for itself.
Every fly buzzes, but not like a bee.
Whoever is happy with a bee will be rich.
What is the uterus, such is the apiary.
The bee does not carry honey from the sedge.
The bee knows where to get honey.
The swarm does not survive without a queen.
For a bee, every lesson is easy.
A good person and a bee does not sting.
The bee is small, small, but knows more than the great.
It is not the food that feeds the bee, but the owner's eye.
There is nothing to teach a bee, she will teach every peasant herself.
Not a bee without a sting, not a rose without thorns.
Approach the bee with meek words, take care of the bee with good deeds.
The bee is God's servant.
The bee works for itself, for people, and for God.
Working like a bee.
A bee was born - I understood all the science.
The bee pays tribute to the bear with honey.
Without a queen, bees are lost babies.
TO good soul and a strange bee grafts itself in a swarm.
They love an apple tree for apples, a bee for honey.
There will be a bee on a flower - there will be an apple on the table.
You will follow the bee - you will reach the honey,
if you follow the beetle, you will reach the manure.
A bee does not fly from honey, but from smoke.
Without bee stings there is no honey.
You can't breed bees in someone else's apiary.
Where there is honey, there are bees.
The snake makes poison from the same flower, the bee makes honey.
People are happy to fly, bees are happy to bloom.
The ant drags the load uncomfortably, but no one says thanks to him; and a bee carries a spark, but pleases God and people.
Appendix 2
Puzzles
***
She can't sleep early in the morning
I really want to work
Here I brought honey
Working… (bee)
***
Come visit us in the garden.
There is a plant under the apple tree,
It has thousands of workers.
They scurry from morning to night.
Buzzing, the plant is working
And he gives us fragrant honey! (Hive)
***
housewife
Flying over the lawn
pat over a flower,
He will share the honey. (Bee)
***
All children want to visit
The sweetest house in the world.
But the owners are buzzing
The house is strictly guarded. (Hive)
***
Black and yellow, striped
The guys live in the house.
Though they sting painfully
We are satisfied with their work. (Bees)
***
Above the flower she buzzes,
It flies so fast to the hive,
I gave my honey to the honeycombs,
What is her name? … (Bee)
***
Born in darkness
And dies in fire. (Wax)
***
In the dark dungeon, the girls are red
Without a thread, without a knitting needle, they knit knitting. (Bees)
***
Feed me to Ivan
I'll make a gentleman out of you. (Bee colony)
***
Born without a father
Can't live without a mother. (Bee)
***
The house is small, but there are no residents. (Bees in a hive)
***
Neither a girl, nor a widow, nor a married wife,
He leads children, feeds people, brings gifts to God. (Bee)
Annex 3
Poems about bees
Sasha Black
About bees
Sweet honey, terribly sweet!
You will lick the whole spoon in an instant ...
Sweeter than melon and sweets
Sweeter than dates and figs!
There is a bee house in the garden -
Everyone calls him Hive.
- Who lives in it? Sweet gnome?
- Bees, honey, live in it.
There are patterned honeycombs,
In the cells - honey, bee labor ...
Cramped, hot ... Darkness of work:
Paws stick, wings shake ...
There is a queen bee
Lays white eggs.
There is always a crowd in front of her
Smart nannies round dance ...
In the tireless bustle
Rummage here and there:
Feed her and wash her
Make porridge for the worms.
In front of the hive on a board
Forever guard on the clock
To the bumblebee through the porch
Didn't rush in.
And around the fluffy carpet
Flowers sway:
Buttercup, clover, cumin seed,
Rain of night blindness...
The bees all fly around them -
Those fit, those don't.
Dive quickly into cups
And with prey back to the light ...
There will be a day - an old woman will come,
Quietly the hive will bypass
Raise on the bees rotten
And transparent honey will collect ...
Enough for everyone - both us and the bees ...
Put on tongue:
You suddenly become, like a siskin, cheerful
And healthy as a bull!
E. Zalyagin
The poem was recited on the 3rd
Congress of Russian beekeepers in 1898.
A bee is a worker, not knowing fatigue,
Mine painstaking work willingly bears,
Giving all the strength for the good of the common,
He serves as an example for others and lives.
And between them there is no strife, no discord,
They live in a friendly family in harmony,
Without hatred, evil, without petty nonsense,
Keeping your good, take care of each other.
The leader of his family, his queen - mother,
And your hive - the fruits of care and labor,
Risking their lives, ready to defend
And then they go to the enemy with determination.
Fragrant sweet honey and wax when preparing,
The bee works and serves people
A proud man, accepting services,
Have you ever thought about what he owes her?
Here is a newborn: and at his font
From pure wax a candle burns in the rays,
Reminding us of our highest purpose:
Love your neighbor and God in heaven.
So how can we not love God's creation,
And how can we not dedicate our worries to her.
That's because we, by our power of knowledge
And they gathered here to discuss all this:
How can we help her and how can we help her?
Hard work to bear, for the common good to live;
For all her goodness, what can we do to her,
How can I help her and what can I do to help her.
Samuil Marshak
Buzzing over the meadow on a hot day
Circling bees.
And a hairy bumblebee, and horsefly,
And the cockchafer is heavy.
And at this time above the ground
A buzzing swarm of bees rushed by.
They fly like bullets.
The bees rush into the dense forest,
To build a new hive.
Soared on a maple bee swarm,
Hanging in the green thicket.
And we'll take an empty bag,
Let's catch a buzzing swarm.
The guys will take the bag
Gift for a beekeeper.
Let them store on the collective farm
More honey for us.
Agniya Barto
bee venom
New house on Neglinnaya -
Green balconies,
Poppies ripen on one
The other is lemons.
Some have a balcony in the spring,
Like a hanging garden
For others, on the contrary,
It's not a garden, it's a vegetable garden.
And on the third, oddly enough,
The bees are bred by the beekeeper.
In the new house - bees!
That's the new settlers!
In the morning on Neglinnaya
A swarm of bees is rushing,
And from there - to the boulevard
Collect nectar from flowers.
The beekeeper breeds bees
He did not take into account one
What are they after all
All residents will be moved.
Grandma carried a pear
little grandson,
Suddenly a bee is on the stairs
How I got into her hand!
And yesterday I was crying out loud
Galya-Komsomol member;
The poor thing's nose is swollen:
Bitten by a bee!
Everyone screams: “From your bees
There is no rest for people!
We'll make a protocol
We will complain!”
Beekeeper in defense of bees
I even read the lecture.
He said: "Bee venom
Many have been prescribed.
The doctors now say
To bite the sick!
And with bee venom
The sisters go home."
If so, said one
The lean citizen
If they are so praised -
Let me be stung!
I rarely get sick
Neighbor says.
I'm afraid of bees, like fire,
But just in case
Let them sting me too.
So, perhaps better!
All the old ladies say
- Bite us too!
Maybe bee venom
Makes you younger?
Fun in the house!
New cure!
The whole house is talking about one thing:
-Let the bees sting!
Even we now go
Right after school
To the bees for injections.
Boston" href="/text/category/boston/" rel="bookmark">Bostons ”,
Ready for another flight.
Not for nectar, not for peaceful honey,
Not for delicate forest flowers -
We fly to bomb fascist factories
And across the Oder there are long bridges.
The earth is trembling from bomb work
In pillars of iron and pillars of water,
So that honeycombs swell with light honey,
So that our Russian gardens live.
Pushkin about bees
Cold winds still blow
And morning frosts are applied.
Just on the thawed spring
Early flowers appeared.
As from a wonderful kingdom of wax,
From a fragrant honey cell,
The first bee flew out
Flew through the early flowers
Tell about the red spring:
Will there be a guest soon, dear,
Will the meadows turn green soon
Soon at the curly birch
Sticky leaves will unravel
Fragrant cherry will bloom.
Timofey Belozerov
forest fairy tale
I drowned in fragrant herbs...
Arms outstretched in silence
Among the beetles, among the goats
I lie on a twilight day.
Powdered with honey pollen,
Angrily otpet bees,
Through the blooming peas
I lie, I look at the white light ...
There is a thorn bush at my feet
Rustling, shaking off the heat,
And clouds of recent sadness
Float, playing, above me ...
Then I'll go out into the clearing,
Shake off the sleepy bumblebee,
And if I get tired of living again,
I'll be back
And in herbs
I'll drown...
E. Erato
All having collected their affairs,
The bee buzzes and spins,
That's important sat on a flower,
She knows a thing or two about it,
The essence of her earthly concerns
Sweet and fragrant honey.
A. Marmazov
The bee was good
When she gave us honey.
But earlier, last summer,
So stung at the same time!
L. Slutskaya
Bees in red vests
Again a fun team
Along the flower river
In the morning they swim light.
And return with booty
In the hive native as usual.
Honey will bring golden
From the flower river home.
S. Bakhrushina
From flower to flower
The bee is flying.
Preparing the honey
Always cheerful.
From dawn to dawn
In labors and worries,
Be known as a loafer
She doesn't feel like it at all.
D. Eiza
The scent of flowers flows
On a clear, warm summer day.
Bees do not sit in hives,
Laziness is not familiar to bees.
They fly from flower to flower
Honeycombs are filled with honey.
Busy buzz
Distributed here and there.
From bee efforts -
Honey useful for colds.
M. Verzhbovskaya
You, of course, well done
golden bee,
Gathering sweet honey
Flying through the flowers.
But I can't stroke
I love you for this
Because you regret
Even good kids!
A. Tolstobrova
A bee sat on a flower.
I approached her with a friend
She asked politely: “Bee,
Did you get a lot of honey?
The bee buzzed angrily:
“I don’t have enough honey, not enough, not enough ...
Don't bother, or I'll sting you!"
And of course we ran.
What a greedy bee!
Not a drop of honey...
N. Lysenko
A bee has a lot of worries!
Only in the morning the sun rose
And the bee is already in labor,
Collects juice in flowers!
Gathers two baskets
It will take it to the hive house,
And again flies to the meadow -
So all day, around the circle.
Where is there to sing like a dragonfly,
Egoza dancer!
It is necessary to pour honey into honeycombs,
Yes, spread out on the shelves!
So all summer and flies,
Amber honey stores.
So that in winter you are my friend
I was able to enjoy them!
A. Alferova
I flew over the chamomile -
She played hide and seek with Olenka ...
Summer, warm, clear day
It was fun for both
And circled and buzzed,
Together we ran to the river...
Olya raced through the dew,
I was sitting on the spit.
Didn't interfere, didn't spin...
It's a pity - the girlfriend got angry:
Started fighting and screaming
Golden scythe download ...
Decided to stomp your feet
And clap your hand for me...
But I don't want to fight
I'd rather go to the hive.
E. Frantsuzova
Busy and bold
golden bee,
Striped workaholic
Has brought a lot of benefits!
Only those who love work
People call "bees"
They are set as an example everywhere
And they are called assistants.
Only the morning comes
Taking flight
The bee people
Everyone is their own pilot.
Here the process is not in vain -
The bee collects honey
Both floral and mustard
And anyone you can find.
Only the linden blossoms
That from her healing honey
For the treatment of colds
The bee will pick it up in no time!
Their profession is to fly.
To saturate the honeycomb with honey,
Yes, even a furry belly
And pollinate the plants.
Those who despise work
Everywhere they call "drones",
After all, they are like drones in a beehive,
Honey in honeycombs is not carried.
Why did he start crying
Disgruntled Bear?
He launched his paw into the hive.
To eat goodies!
For such things
Every bee stings,
Because it's not for this
I brought honey to the honeycombs!
Y. Ponomareva
I caught bees today
Just what I didn't take into account
The bee has a serious look,
It buzzes terribly.
She also has a sting
Her formidable gun.
If someone hurt her,
looked inattentively,
Fast, accurate and easy
The sting will shoot its own.
Here is my hand
Turned into a fat man.
Immediately two bees decided
That their lives were harmed
And they stung me
A weirdo and a simpleton.
I won't catch more bees
I'd rather wash the dishes
And then I'll go for a walk
Look for white butterflies.
Albert Einstein once said that if all the bees one day disappear from the face of the Earth, a person will not be able to live on the planet for more than four years later. If there are no bees, there will be no one to pollinate the plants, the plants will disappear - the animals for which they served as food will disappear. Without the existence of plants and animals, there is no future for man. Due to the significant importance of pollination for literally every corner of the planet, bees become indispensable organisms, without the existence of which it is impossible to continue life.
It is through the process of pollination that plants are able to reproduce, bloom and bear fruit. Honey bees are responsible for pollination more plants of the earth. Scientists have long been saying that at least one-third of all food production relies on these small insects.
Hard work, discipline and organization of the bee can not be compared with any other type of insect. It is not for nothing that such a difficult mission is entrusted to her. Only a bee can pollinate a plant flower for 30 minutes.
The list of plants that exist on the planet only thanks to the efforts of bees can be continued indefinitely. These are watermelon, walnut, cottonseed, cucumber, grapes, beets, blueberries, cherries, celery, broccoli, carrots, cabbage, apple, apricot, onion, pear, papaya, strawberry, avocado, coconuts, lemon, lime and mango. Now imagine that you will never try these vegetables and fruits again and find out the price of a bee in food terms.
However, bees are not only excellent pollinators, they are also the only insect species that produce food directly for humans. All of you have probably heard about honey, perga, pollen, propolis and royal jelly. Which are also excellent drugs of mild action. are directly related to health, prosperity and longevity. They carry the power of nature enclosed in their depths.
Much water has flown under the bridge since bee products and bees began to be valued. According to Russian scientists, the profession of a beekeeper has the largest number of centenarians. This is also the merit of bee venom, which regularly enters the body of the apiary.
Let's get back to pollination. If you want to increase your yield and increase the fertility of garden plants, then you just need to place at least a few hives near your garden plot. From all this we can conclude that bees are able not only to heal, but also to feed the humanity of our planet.
Over the past 15-20 years, panicky and sometimes even hysterical headlines have often appeared in the press, screaming about the extinction of species, environmental degradation, new diseases and the beginning of the apocalypse. Everyone at least once heard about such a phenomenon as the mass death of bees. In scientific circles, this is called the collapse of bee colonies, and beekeepers themselves tend to talk about the so-called gathering of bees. It is observed in autumn, usually in October. In one day, from a completely decent family, there is a completely empty hive with untouched supplies inside. It looks like the bees simply left their home and decided not to come back. There are no insect corpses, just as there are no visible injuries or other reasons that put the little workers to flight. mass death- too loud and unreasonable term, since most beekeepers believe that worker bees do not die, but only disperse into neighboring hives. Nevertheless, the family still dies, it breaks up, all relations between its members are destroyed, and their connecting link, the uterus, does not survive this dissolution.
Reasons for the death of the colonies
Experts tend to see the explanation of this phenomenon in the totality of many factors. Among the reasons for the bees to leave the nest are the untimely replacement of old combs, hypothermia, an unpleasant smell or cracks in the hive, the presence of pests in it, such as ants, mice, attacks by birds, wasps and other natural enemies of the bee, which causes severe stress to insects every day. Also, do not belittle the harmful effects of wax moth and infection with a fungus, nosematosis, foulbrood and others. viral diseases, in the fight against which the beekeeper himself can seriously harm the colonies, using ineffective drugs or, conversely, destroying the bee's immunity by the uncontrolled use of antibiotics. An important role in the well-being of families is played by the forage base, if there is no bribe for a long time or the diet is not diverse due to the cultivation of only one crop, the bees will stop growing brood, as they “think” that they are not ready for wintering. The loss of the queen in the fall can also be fatal for the family, when the bees are simply not able to grow a new one before the cold weather.
Methods for suppressing the gathering of bees
The disappearance of even one family is a tragedy not only for the beekeeper, but for the entire household in the apiary district. The main merit of the honey bee is the pollination of fruit-bearing plants, therefore, along with the colonies, we lose not only honey, but also fruits, vegetables, and beautiful flowers. To avoid this, all apiaries carry out the following preventive measures:
- prevention and treatment of diseases;
- the use of protein supplements (in addition to carbohydrate);
- timely and thorough disinfection of hives;
- replacement of reused combs not suitable for brood rearing;
- conducting breeding work in order to avoid inbreeding;
- control using pesticides within the summer bees.
Microbiologist Louis Pasteur once said: "The progress of science is determined by the work of its scientists and the value of their discoveries." The validity of these words can be seen by studying the history of the development of scientific knowledge about the bee. Honey bees have been of interest to humans since ancient times. The beginning of their scientific study can be considered the 17th century, when the Dutch scientist Johann Swammerdam (1637-1680) studied the anatomy and metamorphosis of insects. His name deservedly stands at the beginning of a series of names of researchers stretching through the centuries, whose life was devoted to the study of honey bees.
Separated from our days by three centuries, Johann Swammerdam immortalized his name not only because he was the first researcher of the bee family, but also because the discoveries he made had great importance for the future development of biological science and, in particular, the knowledge of the laws of life and development of the honey bee.
Swammerdam was born in Amsterdam (Holland) in 1637. His father was a pharmacist. It is known that the apothecary Swammerdam all free time dedicated to his favorite pastime - collecting insects. Johann also inherited his love for this business, who, after graduating from the medical faculty of the University of Leiden in 1667, received a medical diploma and defended his doctoral dissertation a year later, began researching the world of insects. Two years after graduating from university, Swammerdam wrote and published the book General history insects”, and four years later - a treatise on bees. Starting to study honey bees, their internal structure, the processes of development of larvae, Swammerdam achieved remarkable results. Studies of the genital organs of bees made it possible to show that the uterus is a female, and the drone is male. This conclusion, which marked the beginning of scientific discoveries in the study of the bee, was very significant for its time. Having established that the uterus is a female laying an egg, Swammerdam greatly shook the established opinion about the uterus as a creature that enjoys special power in the bee state (some saw it as the "queen" of the family). Swammerdam established the structure of the mouth organs and the sting of the bee, described the development of the bee from the egg, the spinning of the cocoon by the larva, the features of the anatomical structure of the larva in comparison with the bee, etc.
Johann Swammerdam was a master of the technique of anatomical microstudy, and often even the smallest features of the internal structure of insects could not hide from him. This is all the more surprising because the microscope at that time was only invented and was far from perfect.
Having established the sex of all individuals of the bee family, Swammerdam, however, failed to correctly explain the process of insemination of queens. Swammerdam believed that for the fertilization of the queens, it is enough to expose them to those odorous substances that are secreted by drones. This is how he explained the need for a large number of drones in the family. Swammerdam argued that there are three types of eggs, from which queens, worker bees and drones develop respectively. In being wrong, Swammerdam was not entirely wrong. As you know, two centuries later, the fact of the existence of two types of eggs was discovered by Jan Dzerzhon.
Swammerdam was also engaged in practical beekeeping. He intensively increased the number of colonies in the apiary by organizing layers with an old queen, giving the bees of the main colony the opportunity to breed a young queen. Swammerdam is rightly considered the founder of insect anatomy. He wrote the books mentioned above, as well as a work on fly-by-day flies, published in 1675.
Working hard on his research, Swammerdam suffered an early deterioration in his health and died at the age of 43. His collections were sold out, his works forgotten and partly lost. Only half a century after his death, a Leiden physician collected his unpublished works and published them under the title "Bible of Nature." From this book it follows that Johann Swammerdam is known not only for discoveries in the field of beekeeping. For example, he introduced a neuromuscular preparation into the orbit of physiological research.
Figure 1 shows an experiment on the excitability of a neuromuscular preparation as depicted in the Biblia Naturae, first published in 1738. One researcher holds a muscle in his hands and directly observes its condition.
One researcher holds a muscle in his hands and directly observes its condition. Another researcher, cutting the nerve with scissors, inflicts mechanical irritation on it. This experience is a prototype of all countless experiments of subsequent time. In the forward movement of science, both the methods of stimulation and the methods of registering a response were extremely sophisticated. But the main idea of all subsequent research lies in Swammerdam's experiment: to cause irritation and, following the response, to come to a conclusion about the features of the course of the excitatory process.
The scientific research of Johann Swammerdam on beekeeping was picked up and continued by the famous French physicist and naturalist Rene Antoine de Réaumur.
A major French naturalist of the 18th century. René Antoine Réaumur (1683-1757) as an entomologist focused on the study of social insects and devoted much space to the honey bee in his classic Notes on the Natural History of Insects (1734-1742).
Réaumur made observations of bees in a glass hive. Investigating bees, Réaumur pointed out that the uterus is the only full-fledged female in the family and is fertilized by drones, and he defined worker bees as infertile females. He also established the ability of a bee colony to breed a new queen from a worker bee larva by changing the composition of the larval food. Réaumur was the first to suggest that the uterus is not at all the "queen" of the hive, as it was recognized at one time, but only performs the role of a female, whose work is regulated by worker bees. Réaumur's work on the relationship between insects and plants is also known.
An outstanding Swiss naturalist, one of the first researchers in the biology of the bee colony, Francois Guber (1750-1831), was completely blind for twenty years. His wife read to him Réaumur's works on bees, and Huber, beginning by repeating his experiments, with the help of his servant and assistant Burnin, began to carefully study the life of bees. For the convenience of observations and experiments, Huber invented a "book hive", consisting of 12 wooden frames with honeycombs, which, connected on hinges, like the sheets of a book, made up the body of the hive (Fig. 2).
In order to force the bees to build combs inside the frames and in the desired direction, Huber acted as follows: he cut out pieces of combs from log hives and, using special planks and small wooden wedges, strengthened the combs in the upper part of the frames.
Carefully conducting his experiments, Huber established a number of previously unknown facts: worker bees are females and can lay eggs, from which only drones hatch; eggs are fertilized in the reproductive organs of the uterus; the queen mates once, and mating takes place in the air, and without mating, the queen lays drone eggs. Huber established that the antennae are the organs of smell and touch of bees. He wrote: “If you cut off both antennae from the uterus at their base, then the instinct for laying eggs will disappear from it. Instead of laying her eggs in cells, she scatters them here and there." Huber was the first to attempt artificial insemination of queens, and also found that the main food of older larvae is pollen; he first described in detail the wax scales and the process of building a comb by bees, and also established how much honey the bees consume when building a comb. Huber set out his observations in the book "The Newest Observations on Bees" (Russian translation published in 1903 in Kazan), which for many years was the main guide to the biology of bees.
Huber admitted that without Burnen's help he would not have been able to make such deep and extensive observations. “Every fact that I publish,” Huber wrote in the preface to this book, “we have observed several times over many years. There is no way to get a full picture of the patience and skill with which Burnen carried out the experiments I am describing. Many doubted the reliability of Huber's observations, but his research was confirmed by further work of scientists. Huber was elected a member of many European academies.
In the middle of the XIX century. Polish scientist Jan Dzierzhon (1811-1906) made a major discovery of the parthenogenetic development of honey bee drones. He explained the origin of worker bees and drones from eggs of the same queen, the course of fertilization of eggs, the causes of the appearance of tinder bees, and the origin of queens and worker bees from the same eggs, but with different feeding, etc. In addition, Dzerzhon improved the hive with movable combs, for the first time used double and quadruple hives, etc.
For the first time, Dzerzhon reported his views on parthenogenesis in bees in beekeeping journals in 1844. But only in 1898, i.e. 54 years later, his discovery received general recognition at the congress of beekeepers in Salzburg and brought him well-deserved fame and glory.
Dzerzhon's main published works: "Rational beekeeping" (1861), "Theory and practice of modern beekeeping" (1848), "Dzerzhon's improved method of beekeeping", "Double hive" (1890).
The outstanding American beekeeper Lorenzo Langstroth (1810-1895) in 1851 made the discovery of "bee space". He found that the bees leave an empty space in the hive from 4.8 to 9.5 mm, and the wider or narrower passages are built up with honeycombs or sealed with propolis. This discovery became the basis for the invention of a collapsible frame hive, which has received worldwide distribution.
Langstroth invented the top-opening frame hive in 1851 and introduced Italian bees to US beekeeping. Langstroth's classic work The Bee and the Hive has been translated into all European languages (Russian translation made by Kandratyev).
The development of beekeeping in Russia, the development of theoretical and practical issues of keeping and breeding bees and increasing their productivity were greatly influenced by the work of our scientists and public figures. For the first time, domestic beekeeping was studied in detail and described by the Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences P.I. Rychkov (1712-1777).
Before him, only translated foreign articles were published in our journals with propaganda of the pavilion system of beekeeping and some methods of keeping bees that did not meet our conditions. In a work on keeping bees, published in 1767, P.I. Rychkov gave detailed description domestic beekeeping, summarized the experience of the best beekeepers in Russia and outlined personal observations on bees. It was the first original printed work on beekeeping in the country, which testified that beekeeping is developing in our country in an original way.
The founder of rational beekeeping in Russia is P.I. Prokopovich (1775-1850). In 1814 P.I. Prokopovich was the first in the world to invent a frame (sleeve) hive (Fig. 3) and thereby laid the foundation for a broad study of the life and work of bees and the management of their activities in the interests of man. Hive P.I. Prokopovich had a square cross section (Fig. 4). Three walls were made of boards 5-7 cm thick, and the fourth side had doors; inside, the hive was divided across into several compartments, and frames (like modern sectional frames) were placed in the upper compartment-store, and so that the uterus did not enter here, the partition had holes (like a dividing grid) sufficient for the passage of only bees, while the uterus entered the store couldn't come in.
Having a large beekeeping farm, P.I. Prokopovich carried out extensive experimental work in his apiaries on the artificial reproduction of bee colonies, breeding, improving the food supply for bees, combating contagious diseases of bee colonies, and some other issues. In 1828, for the first time in Russia, he opened a school for the training of beekeepers, in which more than 560 people completed a course of theoretical and practical training.
P.I. Prokopovich significantly enriched beekeeping literature with his articles and prepared a large, capital manuscript for publication, but it was not possible to publish it, since he was not allowed to open his own printing house. In total, he published more than 50 articles, including “About bees”, “About rotten”, “About bee queens”, “About types of nests”, “About bee management”, “About beekeeping”, etc.
Activity P.I. Prokopovich was a powerful impetus to the development of domestic beekeeping, and his invention of the frame hive caused the invention of artificial foundation and honey extractor.
The inventor of artificial foundation is the German beekeeper Johannes Mehring (1816-1878), a carpenter by profession. In 1857, he invented and applied artificial foundation in his apiary, made on a home-made press, consisting of two boards. pear tree on which he engraved. The first rollers for the same purpose were also invented in Germany by Wagner in 1861. The invention of foundation almost halved the cost of feed and working time of bees for building combs.
The idea to artificially produce foundation was among beekeepers even before Mering. At least there are reports that already before him, at one of the beekeeping exhibitions in Germany, some beekeeper exhibited an artificial foundation, which consisted of a number of hexagonal wax cups glued together like a honeycomb. These wax cups were prepared in the same way as we now make artificial bowls when hatching queens, i.e. a hexagonal stick, turned like the inside of a cell, was taken and dipped in melted wax. Then the cup was removed from the stick. The cups made in this way were glued together with melted wax.
Franz Grushka (1819-1888), a Czech by nationality, first used centrifugal force in 1865 to pump honey out of honeycombs. He made a number of models of honey extractors (from the simplest to the most complex). In Dolo, near Venice, he kept an apiary of 300 families. Franz Grushka never accepted wooden honeycomb frames, but preferred to use top rulers. He cut the combs filled with honey with a knife to the base and placed them in a filter cloth, through which the honey flowed into a vessel.
There are several versions about the invention of the honey extractor. According to one of them, his little son accidentally put a piece of honeycomb into a basket. A rope was tied to it. Walking from the apiary, the boy twisted the basket of honey around him. Under the action of centrifugal force, all the honey flew out of the basket. This principle was his father and laid the foundation for the invention. Now it was no longer required to destroy the combs and strain the honey in the old way.
According to other sources, Grushka used for this purpose the already well-known method of centrifuging solutions, which was used at that time in sugar factories to separate crystalline sugar from syrup. At that time, pure cane sugar was more expensive than honey, and he, unaware that not cane sugar, but grape sugar, crystallized from honey, he wanted to use centrifugal force to obtain pure cane sugar from honey.
It is difficult now to say anything definite on this issue, but it can be said with confidence that the idea of using centrifugal force to extract honey from combs, as well as the design of the first honey extractor, belongs to F. Grushka.
At the 14th Congress of the German-Austrian-Hungarian beekeepers, held in Brunn (now Brno in the Czech Republic) on September 12-14, 1865, he showed and explained the drawings of his invention, but did not demonstrate the honey extractor itself. All 306 participants of the congress listened attentively to the inventor and were extremely interested. In a short time, the market has different models honey extractor. Franz Grushka actively collaborated with Bollinger's company in Vienna, which began to manufacture the first so-called "Centrifugal apparatus for emptying honey-filled combs" (Fig. 5).
The invention of the honey extractor, together with the invention of the frame hive by Prokopovich and the artificial foundation by Mering, played an outstanding role in the development of completely new methods of beekeeping. These three outstanding inventions served as the basis for the worldwide development of the beekeeping framework system.
The main direction of development of world beekeeping in the XIX century. there was a transition from primitive hives (decks, hollows, sapets, etc.) to frame hives.
A huge and fruitful work on the rise and development of beekeeping in Russia was carried out by Academician, an outstanding chemist, creator of the theory of the structure of organic substances A.M. Butlerov (1828-1886). In 1886, he organized the publication of the journal "Russian Beekeeping Leaf" and was its first editor. He convened and held meetings and congresses of beekeepers, arranged exhibitions, and willingly gave popular lectures. The merit of A.M. Butlerov and in the fact that he opened in 1885 the Burashev Folk School of Beekeeping.
The works of A.M. Butlerov written for beekeepers plain language but on a strictly scientific basis. His book "Bee, her life and the main rules of sensible beekeeping", published in 1871, went through 12 editions and was awarded a gold medal. His guide How to Lead the Bees has been reprinted 11 times.
In addition, Academician A.M. Butlerov invented the swarm, which is included in the set of modern apiary equipment, the queen cell for deck beekeeping. He is a pioneer for Russian and foreign beekeepers of the Caucasian bee, pointing to its great future.
In the second half of the XIX - early XX century. Scientific research in the biology of the honey bee has gained wide scope in connection with advances in the field of general biological sciences and the creation of perfect microscopic technology.
An exceptionally large contribution to the cause of the organization scientific research on the bee and the development of domestic beekeeping were introduced by scientists from Moscow University. The first Russian zoologist who showed great interest in the biology of the honey bee was K.F. Ruler (1814-1858). Roulier considered one of the main tasks in the field of scientific research to be the elucidation of the complex relationships between the organism and the environment. The external environment, in his opinion, influencing organisms, changes them in a certain direction, as a result of which the organisms are adapted ("applied") to the surrounding world. Roulier promoted evolutionary ideas. He was one of the most prominent predecessors of Darwin and played a significant role in preparing the Russian scientific community for the perception of Darwin's theory.
He invented the pavilion hive and described the conditions for keeping bees indoors. Roulier wrote a fascinating popular science book, Three Discoveries in the Natural History of the Bee (1857). The significance of his scientific communications was very great for practical beekeeping. Giving a general assessment of the most important discoveries in the biology of the bee, Roulier comes to the conclusion that thanks to them, bees enter the pure wide path of science and that "with respect to human concerns, they become" simple "livestock." Being a man of great energy, a researcher with a broad outlook, Roulier united around him a large group of young scientists, from whose midst came great figures in beekeeping science. The successor of the works of K.F. Rulye at the Department of Zoology of Moscow University was his closest student - Professor A.P. Bogdanov (1834-1896). He is known in science as an outstanding zoologist and anthropologist.
A.P. Bogdanov took an active part in the activities of the beekeeping department, opened at the Russian Society for the Acclimatization of Plants and Animals. He was one of the initiators of the organization of the Izmailovsky apiary in Moscow (1865) - the first scientific center for beekeeping in Russia, where he personally conducted a number of studies on the biology of the bee colony, organized courses and exhibitions on beekeeping. Special merit of A.P. Bogdanov is that he, as a prominent scientist, pointed out the need to study the biology of the bee colony and beekeeping itself, and managed to instill an interest in this field of knowledge in his students. From the school of A.P. Bogdanov, such prominent Russian zoologists and beekeepers as N.M. Kulagin, G.A. Kozhevnikov, N.V. Nasonov.
Academician N.M. Kulagin (1859-1940) wrote a large number of works on zoology, entomology, and beekeeping. The scientist was concerned about such global problems of biology as the evolution of the animal world, the process of reproduction, embryonic development, and aging of the body.
Beekeeping N.M. Kulagin took up from the very first days of his scientific activity. He wrote the essays “On the Biology of Bees”, “Bee Feeding”, “Bee Swarming”, “On the Choice of a Frame Hive”, the monograph “The Current State of the Question of Russian Wax”, etc.
N.M. Kulagin was deeply convinced that science should serve and solve the problems of practical beekeeping. He understood that beekeeping was not an amateur occupation, but a serious, independent branch of agricultural production that required significant improvement through the widespread promotion of advanced methods and the combined efforts of beekeepers around the world. N.M. Kulagin was the editor of the journal Russian Beekeeping Leaf. In 1905 he organized the All-Russian Congress of Beekeepers, in 1910 he took an active part in organizing the first All-Slavic Congress of Beekeepers in Sofia (Bulgaria). At the congress N.M. Kulagin put forward the idea of organizing the All-Slavic Union of Beekeepers, of which he was elected the main chairman. In 1911, the second All-Slavic congress of beekeepers was held in Belgrade, and in 1912 - the third All-Slavic congress in Moscow.
The influence of Academician N.M. Kulagina on the development of domestic beekeeping is enormous. He was rightfully considered the main beekeeper of the country.
Among the outstanding figures of beekeeping, Professor of Moscow University G.A. Kozhevnikov (1866-1933) takes special place. This theoretical biologist, influenced by the teachings of Darwin and the progressive materialistic ideas of his great contemporaries - I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov and K.A. Timiryazev - for the first time in the history of beekeeping considered the honey bee, its life activity from an evolutionary standpoint.
His work on the evolution of honey bees and their instincts continues to be relevant today. He completed and published such major works as "The structure of the reproductive organs of the drone", "Properties of various breeds of bees", "Life of bees", "Anatomical studies of swarm and fistulous queens", "Materials on the natural history of bees", "The value of the temperature of the surrounding bees air for their life and the temperature of the bees themselves”, “On polymorphism in bees and other insects”, “On the question of instincts”, “Biology of the bee colony”. In 1902 G.A. Kozhevnikov discovered and described the lubricating gland of the square plate of the sting that bears his name.
In 1926 G.A. Kozhevnikov discovered Indian bees in the Ussuri region (Russian Far East). G.A. Kozhevnikov was the first to use the measurement of the chitinous parts of the bee skeleton when studying the morphology of bees. Later, his students (A.S. Mikhailov, V.V. Alpatov, A.S. Skorikov) continued this work.
A significant contribution to the study of the biology of the honey bee was made by N.V. Nasonov (1855-1939). He owns over 150 scientific papers. N.V. Nasonov studied the process of secretion of milk by bees, the development of the intestinal canal of the bee larvae.
He discovered an aromatic gland in bees, located between the last and penultimate segments of the abdomen, which was called Nasonov's odorous gland. In addition, he is known in beekeeping and for his work on the comparative study of hives of various designs, as the organizer of the first floating beekeeping exhibition in Russia in 1887.
An exceptional merit in the dissemination of rational methods of beekeeping among the people and the study of the chemistry of wax and honey belongs to Academician I.A. Kablukov (1857-1942). After graduating from the gymnasium, and then the Moscow University with a gold medal, I.A. Kablukov was sent to St. Petersburg University to Academician A.M. Butlerov to prepare for a professorship, which prompted him to take up practical beekeeping and study the chemical composition of honey and wax. On this occasion, I.A. Kablukov later wrote: “I had the good fortune to be not only a student of A.M. Butlerov, to work in his laboratory at St. Petersburg University (winter 1881/1882), but also to be his modest beekeeping collaborator.
I.A. Kablukov did a great deal of scientific work, and also worked tirelessly social activities and, in particular, in the field of beekeeping. On the initiative of A.M. Butlerova, I.A. Kablukov organized in 1882 the Department of beekeeping at the Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants and was first the Secretary of the Department, and then the Chairman. The beekeeping department played a huge role in the development of rational beekeeping in Russia, and after the death of A.M. Butlerova I.A. Kablukov was the head of all Russian beekeeping.
Along with fruitful scientific work in the field of chemistry, I.A. Kablukov carried out work on applied chemistry and, in particular, on the technology of honey and wax. His works "Honey and wax", "On the composition of beeswax", "Honey", "Beeswax, its properties, composition and simple ways discovery of admixtures to it”, as well as “On honey, wax, bee glue and their admixtures” are a huge contribution to the science of the chemical composition of beekeeping products. Great merit of I.A. Kablukov is to discover a method for determining honeydew in honey.
One of the most prominent researchers of diseases of bees and their populations in the Caucasus was K.A. Gorbachev (1864-1936). He did a great job of studying beekeeping in Transcaucasia and discovered there a wide distribution of European and American bee foulbrood. He organized extensive events for the improvement of apiaries.
On these issues, he published several detailed works: "On the issue of foulbrood in the Caucasus", "Foulbrood and means of combating it", "Foulbrood, its treatment in hollows and frame hives". The last book went through four editions. These works put K.A. Gorbachev to the rank of the country's leading specialists in bee diseases.
K.A. Gorbachev revealed the existence in the Caucasus of two breeds of honey bees: the gray mountain Caucasian and the yellow valley, which came to us from Iran. He first gave a scientific description of the gray mountain Caucasian bee. Based on the materials of these studies, in 1916 the book "Caucasian gray mountain bee" was published. Thanks to his work, this bee has gained worldwide fame.
After G.A. Kozhevnikov's work on the bee at Moscow University was continued by a prominent scientist in the field of beekeeping, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor V.V. Alpatov (1898-1979). Scientific activity V.V. Alpatov proceeded mainly at the Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
In 1931 V.V. Alpatov organized a laboratory of experimental ecology at the Institute of Zoology of this university, where he launched complex studies of the relationship of animals with external environment. Studying many issues of insect ecology, V.V. Alpatov and his students paid great attention to the honey bee as an object of study. In the sixties, he actively participated in organizing and establishing the work of the Institute of Scientific Information of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he was the editor-in-chief of the abstract journal "Biology". On his initiative, the section "Honey bee" was introduced in this journal, which comprehensively reflects the results of the main research on beekeeping carried out in the USSR and foreign countries. For a number of years, V.V. Alpatov worked part-time as a consultant at the Research Institute of Beekeeping.
Professor V.V. Alpatov developed a fundamental method for studying the exterior features of the honey bee, which has now become a classic and is widely used in many countries of the world to study various aspects of the biology of this insect species.
Long-term studies of Professor V.V. Alpatov on the study of various breeds of bees were summarized by him in the book "Breeds of the honey bee", published in 1948. In this book, he outlined the method he developed for the biometric study of bees, the systematics of the honey bee, gave a comprehensive description of the entire complex of economic, biological and morphological signs of the main breeds of bees, and also outlined the main patterns of variability of these signs.
V.V. Alpatov revealed an interesting biological pattern characterizing the level of development of exterior features in bees depending on the latitude of their area of origin, which he called geographical variability. The essence of geographic variability lies in the fact that in the European territory of Russia, when moving from north to south, the length of the proboscis, the relative length of the wings and legs, as well as the tarsal index in local bees consistently increase, while the body size and cubital index decrease.
More than 50 works devoted to the study of various breeds of bees were published by V.V. Alpatov in scientific journals. Some of them were devoted to the study of correlative variability in honey bees and then received further development in research of the Institute of Beekeeping and other scientific institutions. The merit of V.V. Alpatov in that he was one of the first to point out the need for pedigree zoning of bees. Conclusions and suggestions of V.V. Alpatov on bee breeds entered the scientific and educational literature and attracted the attention of foreign researchers, who began to apply the methods he proposed in studying the characteristics of bee breeds.
Much attention was paid by V.V. Alpatov studied pollination by red clover bees and advocated the widespread use of Caucasian bees, which are much more efficient than Central Russian ones in visiting and pollinating this culture.
Of great importance are the studies of V.V. Alpatov on gas exchange in bees. For the first time, he convincingly proved the exceptional flexibility of the metabolism of bees: in a calm state, they can live normally, consuming a very small amount of oxygen, but when they switch to an active state, they increase its consumption many times over. These studies made it possible to scientifically substantiate a number of techniques and methods of practical beekeeping.
Being fluent in several foreign languages, Professor V.V. Alpatov systematically informed Soviet beekeepers about the scientific and practical achievements of foreign countries in the field of beekeeping.
Professor V.V. Alpatov was distinguished by high erudition and great integrity in defending his positions on the most important issues of biological science, in particular, the biology of bees. For outstanding services in the field of study of honey bees in 1965 V.V. Alpatov was awarded the title of honorary member of the International Federation of beekeeping associations - "Apimondia".
Pyotr Mitrofanovich Komarov (1890-1968) entered the history of beekeeping as an outstanding Russian biologist who enriched science with his research on the physiology of honey bees, selection and queen breeding. He studied at the Moscow University at the biological department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, specializing in entomology with Professor G.A. Kozhevnikov. In 1936, he began working at the Research Institute of Beekeeping, where he was in charge of the laboratory of bee biology; until the end of his life he was associated with this scientific institution.
One of the main objects of research by P.M. Komarov - salivary glands of all three individuals of the bee family. The scientist found out which of the salivary glands produces milk, and which produces a secret for the fermentation of nectar.
More than thirty years gave P.M. Mosquito breeding. The artificial hatching of queens was subjected to a comprehensive study, in particular, the influence on their quality of such factors as the age of the larvae, the strength of the foster colony, its food supply, the workload of breeding larvae, the presence of brood in the nest, and the seasonality of the queen hatching process were determined. The information obtained made it possible to offer practice scientifically based methods of breeding queens, which are now used by the mother breeders of the country. According to P.M. Komarov, the best queens in terms of weight and number of egg tubes are obtained from larvae under the age of half a day. More favorable conditions for growing queens are created in strong families. best period for growing them artificially - swarm, when there is an excess of bees in the family and it is physiologically prepared for reproduction. During this period, the uterus turns out to be of a larger mass with a well-developed reproductive system.
P.M. Komarov has developed a new method of breeding queens, which makes it possible to use the same foster colony for a long time. This method of mass production of queens is widely introduced into the practice of southern breeding farms.
Under the guidance of Professor G.A. Kozhevnikov, a talented organizer of research on beekeeping F.A. Tyunin (1891-1960). In 1919, he created the Tula experimental station for beekeeping. At the station during its operation (from 1926 to 1930), the journal "Experimental Apiary" was published, on the pages of which the most important results of research work and methods for their implementation were published, as well as translations of articles by foreign authors on the most pressing problems of beekeeping.
F. Tyunin chose the study of the patterns of growth of the bee colony, the creation of biological prerequisites and scientifically based research methods as the main direction of his activity, which would speed up the solution of the most important issues of practical beekeeping. He developed methods for studying the flight activity of bees, determining the load of honey goiter, fecal load of the intestines, taking into account the attendance of flowers of entomophilous plants by bees as a biological indicator of their nectar productivity, assessing the degree of infestation of bee colonies with nosematosis, acarapidosis and European foulbrood. F. Tyunin improved the methods of feeding and keeping bees, guaranteeing their complete safety in winter, both indoors and outdoors.
Lyudmila Ivanovna Perepelova (1896-1991) graduated from the biological department of the natural faculty of Moscow University. She, under the guidance of Professor G.A. Kozhevnikova successfully defended thesis in the morphology of the ovaries of worker bees and in 1925 she entered the Tula Experimental Station of Beekeeping as a research biologist. The first one made here by Lyudmila Ivanovna fundamental research was devoted to the biology of tinder bees. The regularity of the appearance of anatomical tinder bees in colonies preparing for swarming, revealed by her, convincingly testified in favor of the hypothesis about the origin of natural swarming. In addition, the discovery of anatomical tinder bees in a colony preparing for swarming has made it possible to better understand the mechanism of manifestation of this instinct.
In 1926, for the first time in our country, she discovered acarapidosis in bees. Since then, and almost all his life, these two areas, biology and pathology of the honey bee, have become leading in its research work. Here, at the station, Lyudmila Ivanovna met Fyodor Alekseevich Tyunin and forever united her fate with him. Lyudmila Ivanovna carried out a whole range of studies on such issues as the food-gathering activity of bees and their training to visit the flowers of a certain plant species, the functional differentiation of workers in a bee colony, the influence of various environmental factors on the egg production of queens and rearing of brood, etc.
Already in retirement, Lyudmila Ivanovna and Fedor Alekseevich wrote a magnificent book "Work in the Apiary", which went through several editions.
In 1930, F.A. Tyunin was instructed to draw up a plan for the reorganization of the station into an institute, develop its structure, draw up a work plan, etc. He completed the task on time, and as a result, on October 1, 1930, the Research Institute of Beekeeping was organized (Fig. 6).
Already in the first 10 years of its activity, the institute proposed the organizational and technological foundations of public beekeeping. Its employees carried out fundamental and applied research on genetics, breeding, theory of growth and development of bee colonies, reproduction, bee diseases, pollination of entomophilous crops, etc. In the post-war period, scientists created and implemented methods for accelerated reproduction of bee colonies, which contributed to the rapid recovery of the industry.
In 1950-1960. the institute developed and improved methods of keeping bees in hives various types and carried out research on the biology of behavior and wintering of bees, nectar secretion and the effective use of bees for pollination, the study of breeds, etc. A world discovery was made: the phenomenon of polyandry in the honey bee, and later the technology of instrumental insemination of queens was improved. Together with medical institutions, a production technology was developed dosage form royal jelly - apilaka.
In the 1960s-1970s. the Institute carried out several cycles of research on digestion and metabolism, sound signaling and other communication systems in bees, as well as on the microclimate of the bee colony nest; a plan for breed zoning in beekeeping was developed.
Development of intensive technologies for the production of bee products, design of technological lines for their processing and packaging, as well as other means of mechanization, etc. - this is a far from complete list of issues that the Institute staff worked on in the 1980s-1990s. The intrabreed type of the Central Russian breed of bees "Prioksky" was created and approved.
The pride of the institute is a scientific library with over 50 thousand items, including the earliest and rare beekeeping publications, and a museum-exhibition with more than two thousand exhibits. The basis of the exposition is a collection of beehives and inventory of the former royal Izmailovo apiary. Since 1998, the Institute of Beekeeping has been included in the system of the Russian Agricultural Academy, having received state accreditation of a scientific organization. Today, the institute is a selection center and coordinator of R&D on beekeeping, a body for certification of beekeeping products and beekeeping equipment has been established under it, and a Technical Committee for Standardization "Beekeeping" has been established.
The Institute is the largest center of scientific and technical information, publishes methodological and technological recommendations, brochures and books, participates in scientific seminars, conferences and exhibitions dedicated to beekeeping and related issues. The Institute provides methodological consulting assistance to beekeepers of all skill levels and forms of ownership.
Remarkable scientists worked at the Institute, whose works are famous not only in our country, but also abroad, - A.S. Mikhailov, D.V. Shaskolsky, B.M. Muzalevsky, P.M. Komarov, I.P. Tsvetkov, S.A. Rozov, K.P. Istomina-Tsvetkova, N.I. Ostrovsky, V.A. Temnov, G.S. Bochkarev, S.S. Nazarov, G.V. Kopelkievskiy, L.N. Braines, V.V. Tryasko, M.V. Zherebkin, a great contribution to the development of the institute was made by its directors N.M. Glushkov and G.D. Bilash.
The young generation of scientists continues the traditions of the institute and, using the achievements of scientific and technological progress, conducts relevant developments on critical issues industries.
N.M. Glushkov (1912-1966) was born in Lyubim, Yaroslavl region. Graduated from the Vologda Dairy Institute and the Leningrad Agricultural Institute (agro-pedagogical faculty). In 1941 he was appointed director of the Bitsevsky Agricultural College, and from 1943 to last days life was the director of the Research Institute of Beekeeping. During this time, he performed a series of studies on the enlargement of bees by growing them in cells of an increased size, determining the role of bees in cotton pollination, as well as identifying the effect of growth stimulants and microelements on a bee colony. Speaking at international congresses and symposiums, N.M. Glushkov for many years headed (was chairman) the Coordinating Council for Scientific Research on Beekeeping, which united the creative forces of scientific beekeeping institutions. Constantly caring about expanding ties with production, he paid great attention to attracting a wide range of experienced beekeepers to test progressive methods and techniques of beekeeping. On his initiative, in 1945, the Institute for the Improvement of Livestock Beekeepers was organized, which has now been transformed into the Academy of Beekeeping.
N.M. Glushkov was elected a member of the Executive Committee of the International Federation of Beekeeping Associations "Apimondia" and the head of one of its sections. For services to domestic beekeeping, he was repeatedly awarded government awards. He was awarded the honorary title "Honored livestock specialist of the RSFSR".
N.M. Glushkov was replaced by G.D. Bilash (1925-1998) - a prominent scientist and organizer of beekeeping science. After graduating from the Chisinau Agricultural Institute in 1949, he came to work at the Research Institute of Beekeeping, where he rose from junior researcher to director of the institute (1966).
PhD thesis of G.D. Bilash is dedicated to the selection of bees. He led a team of breeders who worked on the creation of an intra-breed type of the Central Russian breed of bees "Prioksky", which was successfully completed in 1991. G.D. Bilash organized and led in 1964 a large-scale work on the comparative testing of bee breeds and their hybrids in various regions of the country, which resulted in the Plan for breed zoning of bees in the USSR, adopted in 1979 by G.D. Bilash published more than 200 papers on various issues of beekeeping.
Grigory Danilovich paid much attention to the construction and expansion of the institute's experimental base, the creation of a network of experimental stations and strong points in various regions of the country, and the introduction of industrial beekeeping technologies. Favorite brainchild of G.D. Bilash became the museum-exhibition he created, which is rightfully one of the best in the world.
G.D. Bilash paid a lot of attention to coordinating research work on beekeeping throughout the country, working with experienced beekeepers. G.D. Bilash is well known to the world beekeeping community, he headed the National Committee for beekeeping in the USSR for many years, was vice-president of Apimondia, where he adequately represented domestic beekeeping.
For services to the industry, he was awarded the honorary title "Honored livestock specialist of the RSFSR".
Since 1947 A.M. Kovalev (1906-1984) forever connected his fate with the Research Institute of Beekeeping, where until 1969 he was a researcher, teacher at the Institute for the Improvement of Livestock Beekeepers, head of the department of economics and organization of beekeeping, scientific secretary, and in recent years ( 1963-1969) - Deputy Director for Research.
A.M. Kovalev is the author of a typological classification in terms of honey production in the central regions of the country, as well as methods for assessing the honey productivity of various lands and compiling the honey balance of an apiary. His fundamental work "Honey resources and the development of beekeeping in the central regions of the USSR" made it possible to theoretically substantiate the principles of beekeeping zoning and determine the prospects for its concentration and specialization in the zonal section. He revealed the patterns of seasonal changes in the nature of the honey flow depending on the species composition of the honey flora and the timing of its flowering, established the main types of honey flows in the European part of the RSFSR, and also determined the patterns of the influence of economic and geographical conditions on the level of development and organizational forms of beekeeping.
Alexander Mikhailovich developed a scheme for the distribution of beekeeping in the natural and economic regions of the USSR, studied the features of the state and scientifically substantiated the prospects for the development of beekeeping in the country in the zonal aspect. In recent years, A.M. Kovalev led the work on the creation of a new system of link maintenance of apiaries, which significantly increases the productivity of beekeepers, and also carried out scientific supervision of a large work on the study of the honey resources of the country. Peru A.M. Kovalev owns 27 printed scientific papers, over 70 articles and several textbooks, which are very famous.
One of the outstanding scientists who worked at the Research Institute of Beekeeping was G.F. Taranov (1907-1986), doctor of biological sciences, professor. However, it is not these degrees and titles that determine the fame of G.F. Taranov, and over 400 scientific papers on many issues of practical beekeeping. His books - "Biology of the Bee Family", "Anatomy and Physiology of Bees", "Feed and Feeding of Bees" - have become classics of beekeeping literature. They were published in the languages of the peoples of our country, as well as in English, German, Czech, Polish and others. More than 30 people under the leadership of Georgy Filippovich defended dissertations for various academic degrees.
To scientific research on the biology of bees G.F. Taranov started in 1927 at the Ukrainian experimental beekeeping station. Georgy Filippovich worked at the Research Institute of Beekeeping from 1938 until the last days of his life. His research was aimed at studying the most important functions of the bee colony that arose in the process of evolution: thermoregulation, wax secretion, spring growth, swarming, and the use of honey collection. They made it possible to identify a number of biological patterns and theoretically substantiate many methods of practical beekeeping. For research on the physiology of waxing, he was awarded the degree of candidate of biological sciences in 1944. In the 1950s Georgy Filippovich, along with work on the study and selection of various breeds of bees, conducted a complex of studies on the digestibility of various carbohydrate feeds by bees. He also showed that bees grown in weak colonies, in terms of life expectancy and the load of honey stomachs, are noticeably inferior to individuals from strong families. In the same years, G.F. Taranov completed the study of the patterns of growth and development of bee colonies, continued to study the biology of swarming and improved anti-swarm methods of beekeeping, proposed a method for isolating swarm bees from the colony preparing for swarming. In the early 1960s he carried out a series of works on stimulating the flight activity of bees and studying the role of scout bees in this process. Based on the materials of studies of the main social functions of the bee colony, Georgy Filippovich successfully defended his thesis for the competition degree doctor of biological sciences, and in 1966 he was awarded the academic title of professor.
As a leading scientist on breeding and keeping bees, G.F. Taranov repeatedly acted as the organizer and leader of large complex studies, in which specialists from many scientific and experimental institutions of the country, as well as experimental beekeepers, participated. Thus, the effectiveness of industrial crossing of gray mountain Caucasian and Central Russian bees, methods of production and use of batch bees, a multi-hull hive, etc. were tested. Under the leadership of Georgy Filippovich, a technology for the intensive use of bees was developed, a series of studies on the technology of mass production of queens was carried out, and conditions for growing high-quality queens by bees were identified. As a result, a technology for the industrial production of queens was created, which made it possible to significantly improve their quality. He proposed a scientifically based method for determining the quality of queens by their weight. If old technology allowed to obtain queens with an average weight of 188 mg, then the newly proposed - 212 mg.
Research into the process of receiving foreign queens by bees was of great industrial importance. Based on them, the scientist proposed a method that provides 91-93% of their safe reception. Georgy Filippovich was not only a talented researcher, but also an excellent teacher. Lectures on biology, breeding and keeping of bees, which he gave for many years at the Institute for the Improvement of Livestock Beekeepers and the School for Advanced Training of Beekeeping Personnel, were always a success. G.F. Taranov was also a talented editor. For many years he was deputy editor-in-chief of the Bdzhilnitstvo magazine, published in Ukraine (first in Kharkov, then in Kyiv). From 1949 to 1960, Georgy Filippovich headed the journal "Beekeeping", combining editorial work with scientific work. His consulting articles in the Beekeeping magazine were a huge success. These materials still remain fundamental for many authors writing recommendations for beekeepers.
For merits in the development of domestic and world beekeeping science, Georgy Filippovich was the first of the Soviet scientists to be elected an honorary member of the International Federation of Beekeeping Associations - Apimondia.
With the name of Professor V.I. Poltev (1900-1984) are associated with the discovery of varroatosis of bees, the elucidation of the pathogenic role of the tick, and the development of the world's first measures to combat this disease. Since 1959, Vasily Ivanovich headed the laboratory of microbiology organized by him at the Biological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk), and in 1966 he created and headed the Department of Biology and Pathology of Bees and Fish at the Moscow Veterinary Academy. K.I. Scriabin (now the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology).
In the 20-30s, Vasily Ivanovich Poltev took an active part in compiling the first instruction on bee diseases, approved by the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture on June 20, 1929. The current instruction contains a number of provisions of that document.
From 1929 to 1963, Vasily Ivanovich organized and conducted expeditions to various regions of the country to study the epizootic situation in apiaries. Together with his colleagues, for the first time in our country, he studied and described such diseases as varroatosis, honeydew, nectar, pollen, salt toxicosis, protein dystrophy, frozen brood, gregarinosis, amebiasis, rickettsiosis, and viral paralysis.
The great contribution of V.I. Poltev contributed to the study of nosematosis and melanosis, the development of serological diagnostics of European and American foulbrood, the disclosure of the etiology and the creation of a diagnosis of viral paralysis. He put into practice sulfanilamide preparations, phytoncides and antibiotics, showed the possibility of using microbiological methods of pest control, proposed paraformalin chambers for disinfecting hives, combs and beekeeping equipment. For the first time in world practice, the scientist showed the effectiveness of certain enzyme preparations for the prevention and treatment of bee viroses.
IN AND. Poltev wrote about 300 articles, many of which were published abroad. The textbooks and monographs prepared by him received great recognition. Already his first textbook for veterinarians, Diseases of Bees (1934), was highly appreciated by domestic and foreign experts. The fourth edition of this book in 1965 was awarded a diploma of the II degree of the XXIII International Congress on Beekeeping in Moscow (1971). And the textbooks "Diseases and pests of bees" and "Beekeeping" (in the latter, V.I. Poltev wrote the section "Diseases of bees") went through five editions. Vasily Ivanovich - co-author of the monograph "Microflora of insects" (1969). Thanks to his efforts in our country, in 1980, Bergey's Brief Key to Bacteria was published - an extremely important book for microbiologists.
IN AND. Poltev was not only an outstanding scientist, but also a talented teacher. More than 40 Ph.D. and five doctoral dissertations have been completed under his supervision. Professor V.I. Poltev also participated in various international congresses, conferences, symposiums, and colloquia. He organized and conducted the International Symposium on Bee Diseases in Moscow (1966). For many years, Vasily Ivanovich was the Deputy Chairman of the International Commission on the Pathology of Bees "Apimondia". His proposals for the serological diagnosis of foulbrood pathogens, made in the 1950s and 1970s, were reflected in the current "Guidelines for diagnostic testing standards and vaccines", adopted by the International Epizootic Bureau in 1996.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor A.F. Gubin (1898-1956) from 1945 to 1956 headed the beekeeping department of the Moscow Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazev. The very first studies of the young scientist, concerning the issues of crystallization of honey, were widely known not only in the country, but also abroad. The dependence of the results of wintering of bees on the quality of honey, temperature and other conditions was established, and a well-known method for detecting honeydew in honey using lime water was developed.
The range of scientific interests of Alexander Fedorovich was unusually wide. Until now, they have not lost the significance of his work on feeding bees, spending food bee family during the year, identifying the causes of dampness in the hives in winter, the behavior of different breeds of bees on the flowers of red clover and other honey plants, determining the load of honey goiters, flora migration and florospecialization of bees, competitive honey flora and many other issues of scientific and practical beekeeping.
Of particular theoretical and practical interest are the multilateral works of A.F. Gubin on training bees for pollination of plants. These studies, in terms of scale, methodological impeccability and practical significance, made it possible not only to solve the problem of organizing the pollination of the most important fodder crop - red clover, but also to draw attention to beekeeping as a pollination shop for crop production. In 1945, Alexander Fedorovich brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, which was published two years later. In the book “Honey bees and pollination of red clover”, on the basis of numerous data, it was argued that the control of the flight-pollination activity of bees through training makes it possible to increase the flight of foraging bees from the hive by 10-20 times and increase the yield of pollinated plants by two to three times. It can be confidently stated that, largely under the influence of this work, bee pollination, as an obligatory agrotechnical method, was included in the recommendations for the cultivation of a wide variety of entomophilous crops.
A.F. Gubin is known as a staunch supporter of keeping strong colonies and their wintering at relatively low (0-2°C) temperatures, as well as keeping bees of the Central Russian breed in apiaries of central Russia, which are more adapted to long-term cold wintering. Without denying the value of some features of bees of southern origin (including Caucasian ones), he considered their wide distribution in central Russia to be dangerous and undesirable due to their reduced winter hardiness, greater susceptibility to nosematosis, foul diseases and other diseases, as well as possible cross-breeding. nullifying the positive signs and characteristics of both local and imported bees.
In 1937, Selkhozgiz published the book "Beekeeping" prepared by a team of specialists, the title authors of which were P.M. Komarov and A.F. Gubin. In addition to them, well-known scientists I.P. Tsvetkov, M.G. Ermolaev and V.A. Temnov. This voluminous work covered all sections of the industry and made it possible to get answers to a variety of questions. Suffice it to say that the subject index of the book consists of more than 1500 titles. Without exaggeration, it can be argued that this textbook and encyclopedia book has not lost its value to this day.
A.F. Gubin wrote a number of books: "On the biological integrity of the bee family" (1952), "Pollination of agricultural plants by bees" (1954), "Honey bees and pollination of red clover" (1957), "Bees and harvest" (1958). In 1945, the department of beekeeping was organized at the Timiryazev Academy. Alexander Fedorovich was invited to manage it. The auditoriums, when Alexander Fedorovich lectured, were always filled with students.
He passed away in the prime of his creative powers and plans, leaving a rich scientific heritage and students who later became prominent scientists, teachers, and beekeepers. A.F. Gubin represented the middle generation of the beekeeping dynasty. His father Fyodor Ivanovich Gubin (1851-1928) accepted in 1919 an offer to head the department of beekeeping established at the Higher Golitsyn Agricultural Courses. The educational apiary, organized here by Fedor Ivanovich, became a research apiary and played a significant role in the development of beekeeping and the science of bees.
Representatives of the third generation of the Gubin family - Vadim Alexandrovich (1925-2003) and his wife Taisiya Ivanovna. Vadim Alexandrovich combined scientific work with work in the apiary for more than 35 years, and after the retirement of Professor G.A. Avetisyan headed the beekeeping department of the Timiryazev Academy. To beekeepers V.A. Gubin is known as a scientist who devoted himself to the study of Carpathian bees. Taisiya Ivanovna worked for more than eighteen years in the editorial office of the Beekeeping magazine, of which she was the editor-in-chief of this magazine for 13 years.
Looking back over more than a hundred years of activity of three generations of the Gubins, you are convinced that the path chosen at the end of the 19th century. F.I. Gubin, led to beekeeping and contributed to the development of scientific, industrial, teaching and literary activities of his descendants and followers.
After the untimely death of A.F. Gubin in 1956, the Department of beekeeping of the Moscow Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazev was headed by a student of the prominent Soviet geneticist Academician A.S. Serebrovsky Professor G.A. Avetisyan (1905-1984). He and his students conduct a large-scale study of the gene pool of honey bees in the USSR that had developed by that time. These works significantly expanded the geography of scientific research of the department, but required additional funding, which was carried out to a greater extent at the expense of economic contracts with beekeeping organizations and farms interested in these works. The most important result of these studies was that in the early sixties the expedition of the department in the Transcarpathian region revealed a peaceful, well-developed and highly productive bee, later called Carpathian. So the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR approved a new breed of honey bees, "Carpathian". Its testing in different zones of the country showed the prospect of using this breed both in the European part of the USSR and in Siberia, since the Carpathian bees have a satisfactory winter hardiness. Almost all breeding farms in the North Caucasus have switched to reproduction of Carpathian bees. Currently, this is one of the most popular bee breeds in Russia.
The long-term work of the department and the apiary of the academy on the organization and development of beekeeping in the Arctic and Sakha-Yakutia was of great production importance. As a result, many farms Murmansk region, Karelia and Komi widely use honey bees for pollination of protected ground crops.
Under the leadership of G.A. Avetisyan, work was carried out according to the method of analytical selection with the assessment of queens according to the quality of the offspring, developed by the bee genetic laboratory of the All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry and the Department of Beekeeping of the TSKhA. The technology of batch beekeeping, transportation, queen breeding issues was worked out. A method was developed for year-round hatching of queens and drones using greenhouses in winter time, the technique of instrumental insemination of queens was worked out. Here, the experience of winter transplanting colonies into packages and transporting them to the southern regions was successfully carried out, studies were carried out on the effect of chemical mutagens and ionizing radiation on queen bees in order to expand breeding opportunities.
G.A. Avetisyan, studying the nectar productivity of wild-growing honey plants, found that the amount of nectar in the flowers of clover, fireweed and other plants increases as you move north, reaching a maximum at 60 ° north latitude. Accordingly, the yield of honey also increases. Up to 45° north latitude, it is about 60% of the average honey yield in Russia, and to the north of 60° the output is already twice as much.
For two decades he served as Apimondia's Lead Consultant Lecturer. His lectures were listened to with great interest by beekeepers-specialists from all over the world. Gurgen Artashesovich was a member of the Presidium of Apimondia.
“In all the beekeeping science of the world, it is difficult to name another scientist who would have trained such a number of scientists and industry specialists with higher education. Such a volume of various works could be performed only by an outstanding connoisseur of nature, who thoroughly knows the methodology of biological sciences and has great erudition,” wrote about G.A. Avetisyan international journal "Science" ("Science").
Of the recent foreign scientists who have made a great contribution to the science of bees, it is necessary to single out E. Zander, K. Frisch and F. Ruttner.
Enoch Zander was born on June 19, 1873 in Mecklenburg. After graduating from the University of Erlangen in natural history, he decided to study marine biology and worked for some time in the port cities of Kiel and Rostock. However, a serious illness of the hearing organs forced him to change the climate. E. Zander moves to Erlangen and goes to work at the university. Here he became interested in studying the honey bee. The first article of the young researcher was published in 1899. It contained a detailed description of the morphology of the sting of the honey bee. The following year, a work was published on the morphology of the male genital organs of Hymenoptera.
In 1907, Professor Fleischmann organized an experimental beekeeping station in Erlangen and entrusted its scientific management to Enoch Zander, who at that time held the position of Privatdozent at the university. Soon Zander became the director of the station, which later became the Bavarian Institute of Beekeeping. For a long time, E. Zander was the only scientific worker at the station. Only in 1922 did he manage to get another position - an assistant, the second assistant was allowed to take in 1928. With his subtle and deep scientific research, the institute in Erlangen received wide recognition from scientists all over the world.
The scientific interest of Professor E. Zander was extremely wide. He studied the morphology and anatomy of the bee, its diseases and pests, the role of bees in the pollination of honey plants, the variability of color in bees of different breeds, the physiology of the development of the respiratory organs and the mechanism of flight. In 1910, E. Zander discovered and first described the causative agent of spring diarrhea of bees - nosematosis (Nosema apis Zand.).
E. Zander paid much attention to the study of the genital organs and stages of development of three individuals of the bee family, especially the differences in the development and structure of the uterus and the bee. He found that a queen can develop from a larva no older than three days old, and a good queen can be grown from a larva no more than a day and a half old. These data were subsequently confirmed by many researchers.
E. Zander was fond of beekeeping botany. He founded a honey plant nursery and was engaged in the study of pollen forms and pollen analysis.
Scientific research by E. Zander and his collaborators has always been closely connected with practice. Professor Zander was an excellent teacher, his lectures attracted many listeners.
During the years of his activity, E. Zander published about 540 works. The most popular is the “Beekeeping Guide”, published in five editions: “Structure of a bee”, “Life of bees”, “Beekeeping”, “Diseases and enemies of adult bees”, “Foulbrood and its control”.
E. Zander died on June 15, 1957.
An outstanding researcher, biologist Karl Frisch (1886-1982) is widely known to the beekeepers of our country for his studies of the sense organs and behavior of the honey bee.
K. Frisch was born in Vienna (Austria), studied at the University of Vienna and Munich, first at the medical and then at the zoological faculty. In 1911 he became an assistant at the Munich Zoological Institute. He chose the study of the physiology of the sense organs and the behavior of animals as the main direction of his work. His first works, published in 1912 and 1913, were devoted to the study of the sense of color in fish.
Since 1912, K. Frisch became interested in bees as an object of scientific research, and since then he devoted himself entirely to the study of these beneficial insects. In 1913, his first work, "The sense of color in bees and the color of flowers," appeared, which the following year, significantly supplemented, was published under the title "The sense of color and sense of form in bees." In this work, he proved that bees clearly distinguish yellow and blue, but do not distinguish other colors.
In 1920, the well-known work by K. Frisch “On the language of bees” was published, translated into many languages, including Russian (in 1930 and 1935), which brought the author world fame.
In 1921, at the age of 35, K. Frisch became a professor at the University of Rostock, and since 1923 - a professor of zoology and director of the Zoological Institute in Munich.
K. Frisch conducted a series of studies to identify the second sense, with the help of which bees can distinguish flowers - the sense of smell. The results of this work were published in 1921 under the title "On the place of the olfactory organ in insects."
In 1927, Frisch's second book, From the Life of Bees, was published, in which he summarized his numerous studies on the behavior of bees and the physiology of their sense organs. The book went through nine editions. The latter, supplemented by the author, was translated into Russian and published in 1980. In 1966, the seventh edition of the book was translated. In 1955, the book by K. Frisch "Bees, their sight, smell, taste and language" was translated into Russian. The active work of the scientist continued even after his retirement. During this time, he published a two-volume biology textbook (second edition) and a book of his memoirs "Memoirs of a Biologist" and "Selected Lectures and Reports". In 1973, Karl Frisch, together with Professor Lorenz and Tinbergen, was awarded Nobel Prize for the discoveries that formed the basis of a new branch of biological science - ethology - the science of animal behavior. For outstanding scientific work in zoology in 1980, K. Frisch was awarded the Karl Ritner von Frisch medal. The main merit of K. Frisch before science is that he discovered the role of signal movements (dances) of scout bees. Thus, K. Frisch opened a new section in the biology of the bee colony. He revealed a unique and one-of-a-kind communication system in the organic world.
"I think," Frisch wrote, "that was the most meaningful, the most fruitful observation I could make." Fifteen subsequent years were spent on analyzing this phenomenon and clarifying its patterns. Frisch created conditioned reflexes in bees to color, shape, and smells and established to what extent and how the bees are able to distinguish between the studied objects.
K. Frisch applied a new method of observing the behavior of bees by making a six-frame observation hive with combs located in the same plane. He widely used individual labeling of bees, which made it possible to follow the behavior of the same bee on the feeder with sugar syrup and in the hive. The discovery of new research methods led to the fact that a group of talented researchers gather around the scientist, who first help him, and later develop and refine the phenomena and patterns originally identified by K. Frisch.
K. Frisch convincingly showed that bees fly for nectar, orienting themselves by the color and smell of flowers, and distinguish their smells very subtly. Based on the data of K. Frisch, in our country a method was developed for training bees for red clover and other plants that are usually poorly visited by bees. “Russian researchers,” writes K. Frisch (1947), “started from the possibility of training bees for an aromatic substance, and they succeeded in feeding the bees in the hive with flavored syrup and directing them to visit certain plants.”
Friedrich Ruttner (1914-1998) is a famous Austrian biologist who devoted his life to studying the biology of bees. F. Ruttner was born in the town of Luntz am See, in Austria. His father, Professor Dr. Franz Ruttner, was the director of the agricultural experimental station in Luntz am See of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and in his spare time he was passionate about beekeeping.
After graduating from the medical faculty of the University of Vienna, F. Ruttner was left at this faculty as a Privatdozent. At the same time, he led the reception of patients as a neuropathologist. However, a serious illness forced him to abandon his chosen business. Having studied zoology, F. Ruttner turned his attention to beekeeping. In March 1948 he returned to Luntz am See and signed a contract with a beekeeping association. He was in charge of 60 layers and several purebred karnik families. From Queen No. 1012/47 in May 1948, the breeding of purebred queens of the Krajina breed was started here.
In 1948, F. Ruttner, together with his brother Hans, began the reconstruction of the agricultural experimental station in Luntz am See, which in 1955 was transformed into a branch of the Federal Training and Research Institute for Beekeeping in Vienna. In carrying out this work, he was greatly assisted by the Austrian Union of Beekeepers, which made it possible to carry out work that later found wide application in practical beekeeping. Thus, the criteria for the karnika bee breed were formed and refined, which make it possible to distinguish purebred bees from hybrids.
The main areas of work of F. Ruttner were the biology of mating queens and the study of bee breeds. He continued to do this at the University of Frankfurt am Main, where he was invited in the autumn of 1964. In the same year, F. Ruttner became the successor of Dr. G. Gontarsky as director of the Institute of Beekeeping in Oberursel. A year later he was awarded the title of professor.
World fame to Dr. F. Ruttner was brought by research on the genetics of bees, the study of their breed characteristics and the biology of reproduction, experiments that finally proved the multiple mating of queens with drones (the phenomenon of polyandry was discovered by V.V. Tryasko in 1956), the discovery of gathering places drones.
In 1977, when varroosis was recorded in apiaries in Germany and Austria, the scientist came to grips with this problem. Soon he received the first encouraging results and developed practical recommendations. Success practical work F. Ruttner is explained by the fact that he always followed three principles: the utmost accuracy and thoroughness of research; constant selection with a sufficient number of bee colonies; continuity and precise implementation of the planned breeding plans for many years with a critical assessment of the results.
The scientist was very attentive to the recommendations of practitioners, took them seriously and tested them with scientific methods.
F. Ruttner worked fruitfully as Chairman of the Apimondia Standing Committee on the Biology of Bees. On his initiative, the theme of the first international symposium "Apimondia" was instrumental insemination of queens. The materials of this symposium were published in 1969 in the collection "Instrumental insemination of queen bees". F. Ruttner attracted specialists to write this book different countries, including Russian scientists.
In 1982, the publishing house "Apimondia" published a book edited by F. Ruttner "Matkovodstvo, biological bases and technical recommendations." It summarizes the results of scientific research and the experience of the world's major breeders. In 1988, F. Ruttner's monograph "Biogeography and taxonomy of the honey bee" was published - the result of many years of research and reflection of the author on the origin, evolution and distribution of honey bees. Several editions have gone through such books by F. Ruttner as "Zuchttechnik und Zuchtauslese bei der Biene" (Technology of breeding and selection of bees) and "Naturgeschichte der Honigbienen. Biologie, Sozialleben, Arten und Verbreitung "(Natural history of honey bees. Biology, public life, species and distribution). Professor F. Ruttner had many students and followers, some of whom later became outstanding scientists. Among them are scientists such as Dr. W. Maul, Dr. D. Mautz and the spouses Gisela and Nikolaus Königer.
Professor F. Ruttner maintained business and friendly contacts with scientists from many countries of the world.
Associate Professor of the Department of Biology of the East Kazakhstan state university them. S. Amanzholova R.D. Rib
Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
