How to earn passive income. Intellectual or creative product. Financial investments and real estate

What are the ways of passive income? Many people have heard of the concept of passive income. Many people imagine this as something magical, when you don’t have to do anything, and the money will fly into your pocket on its own. Others do not believe in the existence of passive income at all. In their understanding, there is no place for the fact that you can earn money without doing anything. Today we will analyze in detail whether there are ways of passive income, and if so, how you can get it.

How To Create Passive Income That's Right For You!

First you need to understand the very concept passive income. At its core, this is a long-term receipt of dividends from previous work or investments. At its core, it turns out that passive income is not so passive. To get a good profit, you will need to do a lot quality work spending a lot of time and effort on it. The second option is to make large monetary investments, in which case the money will work for you.

The amount of profit will depend entirely on the amount of money invested. But if you approach this process wisely and create several sources of passive income, and gradually increase the most profitable and successful ways of them, then at one fine moment it will be possible to completely abandon active income. If you want to switch immediately to passive income, then you need to operate with very large amounts.

passive income methods. Top 15 ideas for quick money!

Today we will consider a fairly large number of ways to receive passive income that will suit all categories of people. Everyone will be able to choose several ways of the most interesting and suitable specifically for him.

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REIT investment. Money work for you!

REITfunds are a type of mutual funds. The main direction of such organizations is work with foreign real estate. The principle of operation is quite simple:

  • - Management Company creates a common fund and attracts investors to it.
  • - In the future, commercially attractive real estate is acquired.
  • - Income from the sale of real estate and renting it out is divided among all participants in the investment fund.

The simplicity and transparency of the work of such REIT funds ensures their efficient operation.

Traditionally, real estate is considered one of the most reliable assets, which not only does not lose value, but over time, the price only grows. All this ensures the attractiveness and reliability of such investment methods.

If we talk about passive income, then a lot depends on the specific fund and its conditions. If we take the largest Russian fund REITINVEST as an example, then we will see the following conditions:

  • - Deposits are made in British pounds.
  • - Payments are 5-7%, depending on the amount of the deposit.
  • - Payments are also made in British pounds.
  • - Shareholders of the fund, whose investments amount to more than 10,000 pounds, are given the opportunity to use the resort facilities of the fund.
  • - All fund participants are exempt from real estate taxes.

The offer is interesting enough for anyone who wants to receive a high, stable income in a reliable foreign currency. For more details, you can follow the link https://reitinvest.top/.

Minimum costs! Create your own blog

The previous method requires you to make a financial investment. But what if you simply physically have no way to tear off part of the funds from the budget? You can try to create your own blog and lead him.

At first, the costs will be minimal and absent altogether. You can take advantage of free offers, of which there are a fairly large number on the Internet. All this is not the main thing, the main thing is what will be in your blog.

You must be able to write beautifully and interestingly. You have to choose not only hot topic, but also to present it in such a way that it vividly interests the reader, so that it is interesting to him. The most striking indicator of this will be comments and discussions under your blog.

If you manage to interest readers and get a permanent audience. Then you can start monetizing your blog, there are a lot of ways. It can be both direct advertising integrations and displaying advertising banners.

If we talk about any specific amounts, then it is quite difficult to estimate the income of the most popular bloggers. But you can go in and see how much they charge for advertising or mentioning themselves in an article. The amounts there will be very large.

This way of getting passive income is suitable for those who have something to talk about, who want to write and who have time for this. In any case, the method is very interesting and attractive and does not require any cash costs at the start.

bank deposits. Income deposits

If we talk about passive income, then it is impossible not to touch on the most popular and most affordable way - bank deposits. Almost everyone has a bank deposit: salary cards, credit cards, savings for a rainy day. Only now Russian banks have begun to introduce such a thing as an account balance. As a rule, it fluctuates around 2-3% for ordinary debit accounts. This is an extremely small amount, let's consider whether it is possible to get higher interest from banks.

You can get them, and they are available on special profitable deposits. Yes, there are a number of restrictions on such deposits, for example, simply withdrawing your money at any time may not work, you should always remember this. Let's see what kind of passive income you can get from such bank deposits:

  • - If we talk about deposits in Russian rubles, then the average interest rate is from 7.5 to 9.5%.
  • - Deposits in more stable currencies have a lower interest rate. It ranges from 1 to 4.5% depending on the currency and bank conditions.

In general, bank deposits are a fairly reliable way to get a stable income. But when compared with REIT funds, in order to make a profit at the level of mutual funds, you need to invest much more money.

Popular Internet way! Create your own video blog

A little higher, we examined the possibilities of a text blog, but video blogs are no less popular on the modern Internet. Unlike their textual variants, they require a much more serious approach:

  • - You need a good camera to shoot material for your blog. A few years ago, a good camera from a phone was enough, but in modern realities it is no longer suitable.
  • - You must pick interesting stuff which is sometimes more difficult than with text blogs.
  • - In addition to the fact that you should be able to write scripts for your videos well, you should also be able to speak well and beautifully.

You can choose any topic for a video blog: games, travel, health and beauty, music, movies. There are a lot of options.

If we talk about possible earnings, then here you can operate with more real numbers provided by the YouTube service. According to these data, the largest earnings of a video blogger amounted to more than 50 million dollars, if we talk about the Russian-speaking segment of the Runet, then the maximum earnings are about 10 million dollars. All these figures do not take into account direct advertising integration, which is quite often present in the video.

Highly liquid shares. Investment

Speaking of passive income, one cannot fail to mention securities, and more specifically, shares of companies. A lot of films have been made, a huge number of books have been written. And in fact, anyone can earn on highly liquid stocks.

The principle of earning is quite simple. Such companies have a high capitalization, while showing constant stable growth, thereby ensuring an increase in the price of their shares.

It is rather difficult to name any figures, since this market is influenced by a large number of different factors. It is simply impossible to predict them all. At some point in time, the shares of such companies may show rapid growth, in which case the income may be 15-20%, but after a while a sharp decline may begin and you will lose 5-10%.

In order to protect your passive income from such fluctuations, it is worth working with shares of several companies at the same time, this will secure your money. Professional investors call this risk diversification. In this case, you can count on a stable passive income of 5-10%.

Get a good shot! Earnings on photos

This may seem surprising to many, but you can really earn money from your photos by receiving passive income. It should be understood that your family photos can be very good, but no one will pay for them. First of all, we are talking about professional photographs.

There are several services that provide the opportunity to post professional photos. In the future, they can be used in various print and online publications. And you will receive the deductions due to you for this.

In order to make money in this way, you need to have high-quality photographic equipment and the talent of a photographer. In this case, you can fully realize yourself - Do what you love and earn passive income from it. There are many photographs that brought millions to their owners, just enough to catch a good shot.

Renting out real estate. From passive income to reliable investments

As mentioned above, real estate is one of the most reliable investment assets. You can earn passive income from real estate on your own. There are several options here:

  • - Rent out real estate that you own. Most often these are apartments inherited.
  • - If you have a large amount of free funds and can invest them in the construction of new real estate or purchase on the secondary market. In the future, it is also rented out, and you receive passive income.
  • - Sublease work. Here the principle is quite simple: you can rent large areas and rent them in parts for more favorable conditions. For example, renting a floor in mall and rent trade pavilions separately. In the case of residential real estate, this has a slightly different connotation. The apartment is rented for a long time, and rented by the day.

The first method can be called ideal, since you do not need any financial investments. In the second one, you will have to spend a rather serious amount, but this can be considered a long-term investment, since gradually the apartment will pay for itself and you will gradually begin to receive only net income.

If we consider the option of subleasing, then calling it a full-fledged way of passive income will not work, since you will be required Full time job: search for clients. This can already be considered an active business. But with a successful scenario, this whole process can be minimized.

Income at the limit of risk! Earnings on bets

Sports betting, as such, cannot be called a full-fledged passive income, it is more gambling entertainment that helps to experience the thrill and at the same time earn money. But people who approach this issue with a cool head can earn good money.

There is such a thing as betting surebets. These are bets on a match in which, regardless of the outcome, the player remains in the black. Let's look at a simple example of how this works in practice. Bookmaker 1 gives odds of 2.1 for Team A to win. Bookmaker 2 gives odds for Team B to win of 2.05. Regardless of the outcome of the match, team A or B will win, the bettor will be in plus 5 or 10%, depending on the outcome. The process is described rather crudely, but it captures the essence.

In order to consistently make money on surebets, you need to be well versed in many aspects:

  • - the rules of the sport you are going to bet on;
  • - rules for accepting bets in each bookmaker's office;
  • - rules for calculating results.

Not knowing one of these points can lead you to lose all your savings. In addition, you need to have a large enough amount to be able to safely work with betting surebets. But for a knowledgeable person, this can be a good source of passive income.

Credit funds. Loans to organizations and individuals

Another type of mutual investment companies are credit organizations. The principle of operation is similar to REIT funds, only investments will not go into real estate, but into loans to various organizations and individuals.

If we talk about the profitability of this method, then a lot depends on who the organization works with and in which country, but in general, approximately the following conditions are offered:

  • - For ruble-denominated funds, the yield is 10-12%.
  • - For funds in foreign currency, it is significantly lower from 3 to 7%, depending on the currency in which loans are issued.

The only thing to remember when working with credit companies is liquidity in such companies is below average. If you decide to leave the fund, it may take some time for you to receive your assets. Since, unlike real estate, loans are not always so easy to sell to other credit organizations. But in general, credit funds provide their shareholders with a stable passive income.


Creative flight of thoughts! write a book

Is it possible to receive passive income with the help of your creativity - definitely, yes. You don’t have to go far, just remember the author of the book “50 Shades of Grey”. I want to remind you that initially it was a fan craft based on Twilight. But over time, it grew into an independent work and received a multi-million audience. And the author has multi-million dollar royalties.

But how can a novice writer make money on this? Everything is quite simple, there are a large number of sites on the Internet that will publish your works. You can earn income from reader donations or set a small fee for downloading the electronic version. You can also place your works in stores like Google Play.

The next step is to work with publishers. With successful publication on Internet resources, you yourself may be offered to publish in print, as was the case with the Metro 2033 book, but in most cases this will be an independent search for a publisher.

In any case, this way of passive income is only suitable for creative people who really love to write. For others, it may simply result in a waste of their time and effort.

Bonds. Long term passive income

Bonds are another type of securities. These are debt securities, but the main difference from stocks for us is fixed constant payments. At its core, bonds are a hybrid of securities and bank deposits.

That is, you will have securities on hand that have their own value, while you will receive fixed interest from them. In fact, the pricing mechanism is quite complex to calculate. But before you buy bonds, you need to carefully study them, as they are of several types:

  • - Bonds that can be easily traded on the market. This is the most convenient option, since in addition to receiving interest, there is a chance to profitably sell such loans.
  • - Bonds that cannot be traded, but the borrower can redeem them at any time.
  • - Bonds that can only be redeemed at the end of their term.

Therefore, if you buy the last type of bonds for a period of 30 years, you will be able to receive your assets only at the end of the term.

Let's look at the issue of payouts when they occur. If the bonds are issued for a period of up to one year, then the interest is paid in a lump sum along with the receipt of the principal amount. If the bonds are issued for a period of more than a year, then interest payments occur twice a year.

Become a teacher in your favorite field! Create your own online courses

Every person is an expert in some area. And why not try to earn income from it. There are several services on the Internet that allow you to monetize training courses. These can be courses in cooking, programming, trading on the stock exchange, embroidery - any topic can be in demand. But there are several factors to consider:

  • - Your courses should be interesting and in demand.
  • - The information should be interesting, useful and easy for your listeners to perceive.
  • - Everything should be designed accordingly: video and image quality, competent texts, the presence of all kinds of checklists.

One well-designed training course can bring you passive income for a long time.

Currency speculation. Forex trading

Buy low, sell high is a basic principle that applies to any kind of trading. But he acquired his ultimatum appearance on foreign exchange market Forex. Many have heard and know very well how such a system works. But for those who don't know, let's give a more detailed explanation. Unlike banks, where the exchange rate is fixed for a day, in the Forex market all changes in rates occur in real time. During the day, one currency can manage to go a few points into plus, and then sink by the same amount. It is on this difference that the earnings of speculators are formed.

You can trade for the long term, you can constantly engage in speculation during the day. But the Forex market lives according to its own specific laws, in order to learn how to consistently trade in a plus, you need to study it for a long time. In order to make your income truly passive, you can use the services of professional traders. They will take care of your account, trading currencies for you, while receiving a pre-negotiated reward.

Speculation in securities. Price difference income

We have already considered securities as a way to receive passive income. But speculation implies a radically different approach to this issue. In this case, we are not interested in the growth in the value of securities in the long term. Speculation means making a profit on the difference in rates. Anyone who decides to make money on speculation is faced with a choice:

  • - engage in speculation yourself;
  • - entrust it to a professional broker;
  • - invest in mutual funds specializing in working with securities.

The first option, within the framework of the topic of passive income, we will not consider, since independent trade involves a large amount of time. It cannot be called full-fledged passive income.

A professional broker undertakes to trade for you on the stock exchange. You won’t get a fixed income, but if you are interested in a higher income, then perhaps this method will interest you. It is worth noting that experienced brokers start working with at least $10,000 deposits.

The third method is suitable for those who like to receive a stable income. The mutual fund employs many professional brokers. The failures of some are compensated by the successful transactions of others, which provides a stable passive income.

Invest in a young business! Venture investments

This is an investment in a young business. In fact, you not only create a reserve for the future, providing yourself with a full-fledged passive income, but also become a real investor.

In modern realities, the vast majority of venture investments are startups. A group of young, entrepreneurial people have an idea that will make a profit, but they do not have the funds to finance its implementation. They start looking for investors through various platforms and find them quite often.

If you want to try yourself as an investor in a real business, then you have two options:

  • - independent work with startups;
  • - work through venture investment funds.

The first option implies the possibility of making a big profit if the project "shoots". However, independent investments involve a much higher risk.

If you really want to organize passive income, then it is worth working with venture capital companies. They will not be able to provide you with such a high income, but at the same time you will receive your 5-10% consistently.

Conclusion

We looked at 15 different ways to generate passive income. Some of them are very reliable, such as REIT funds or bank deposits. Others have high risks, but can bring big money. And the third are aimed at the realization of creative potential. In any case, passive income at an early stage involves time or financial expenditure.

Constantly and most importantly guaranteed, getting a certain income every month is the dream of any investor. Money works without your participation and any effort and brings even more money. How to achieve this? Answer - you need to know where to invest money. Of course, the amount of profit will directly depend on the amount of invested funds. And let's say, for novice investors, the profit received from their investments will be relatively small. But you need to start somewhere. After all, the very fact of generating very attractive. In order for income to grow, you need 2 things: periodically invest additional money and constant. In law - over time, even the most modest capital can turn into a rather impressive amount, the profit from which will give you a significant financial flow in the form of a monthly income from the placed funds.

Where can you invest money to get a constant monthly income?

We buy with different coupon dates. It is on these dates that you will accrue profit. You can build a portfolio of bonds in such a way that monthly profits will be credited to your account. Usually the duration of the coupon is 91 or 182 days. Every 3 months or half a year, the profit from the purchased bond will go to your account.

Advantages. Higher yield. Clearly predicted and fixed income. High (you can instantly sell bonds without losing accrued profits).

Flaws. Probability of bankruptcy of the issuer that issued the bonds. For blue chips, this probability is small. For OFZ (federal loan bonds) and municipal bonds, it is practically zero. Usually (although very rarely) the so-called third-tier companies (junk bonds) go bankrupt. Avoid buying them and you'll be fine.

4. Dividend shares . Buy, which consistently pay dividends. And not just dividends, but. On average, in the Russian market, this amount is 3-6% of the value of shares. There are companies (but there are few of them) whose dividends are slightly higher and amount to 8-10%. Judging by the latest payments, these are Surgutneftegaz, MTS and M-video.

Of course, the profitability is still small, but if you consider that you are buying a piece of a working (and successful) business, then with the further development of the company, the profit will also grow.

For example. The price of shares in the stock market is very volatile. They can "walk" within 20-30% during the year, both up and down. At the beginning of the year, the shares of SurgutNeftegazP cost almost 50 rubles apiece, then the price fell almost 2 times within six months, to 28 rubles. Considering that the yield on average is 10% per share (at a price of 45 rubles) or 4.5 rubles, buying at the “day” at 28 you would secure a future yield of 17% per annum. And if the company's profit continues to grow, then the annual yield will easily exceed 20%.

Advantages. Having bought a "piece of business" in the form of dividend shares, you will be entitled to count on a share of the company's profits. You can find, thereby obtaining even more annual profitability. With the development of the company, profits will increase, which means that dividends will also grow.

Flaws. Uneven distribution of dividends. The lion's share of payments occurs in the second quarter. Some companies pay dividends twice a year. High volatility in the stock market. Purchased shares can significantly fall in price. But if you are aiming (several years), then it will give you the opportunity to purchase additional shares at bargain prices.

In custody.

It is possible (and even necessary) to receive passive income every month. There is nothing complicated about this. The listed methods are available to everyone. And don't forget. Divide your funds into several parts, and use them to make a profit in each way. So, of course, the overall profit will decrease, but you will greatly reduce the risks when investing.

What is passive income and how to create it for an ordinary person? How can you live on the percentage of your investment and never work again. Read about all this below.

1. What is passive income

Passive income- this is a constant and stable source of income that does not require any time costs (or they are minimal)

The main idea of ​​passive income is to create eternal sources of income for yourself and continue to receive profit from them on an ongoing basis. That is, we once created something and then we do nothing in order to receive money. For example, the work we are all used to is an active source of income, since payment is made only when the employee goes to work. Therefore, you need to constantly spend your time.

The simplest example of passive income is renting out an apartment. You are paid monthly rent. In order to receive this money from you, no further action is required.

The earlier you think about creating a passive income, the more opportunities you have. You will be able to accumulate funds faster and more to implement your plans. And the majority have plans: to create financial freedom for themselves and no longer work, but do what they like.

The benefits of passive income

For example, you can set aside money for a bank deposit every month and save a good amount in a year. For 3 years, this amount will be even more solid and perhaps even a percentage of it will be enough for you for some needs.

3.1. The effect of compound interest

In mathematics, there is such a thing as compound interest. Simply put, this means that over time, your savings begin to grow not linearly, but exponentially. This can be easily achieved by reinvesting the income received.

For example, if we put 1 million rubles at 10% per annum, then in a year the amount will be 1.1 million rubles. Now, putting the same money in the bank at the same 10% per annum, in two years the amount of 1.21 million rubles will be in the account. During the second year, the capital grew by 110 thousand rubles, and not by 100 thousand rubles, as in the first year.

I agree with those who say that it is insignificant. However, if we take a calculator and calculate what will happen in 10 years, in 20 years, it turns out that the effect is already huge.

I cover this topic in more detail in this article:

  • Develop your financial literacy. To do this, read books about investment, trading, the philosophy of wealth. You can start with Robert Kiyosaki and continue with exchange literature.
  • Create new assets regularly. Look for new opportunities, they are always there.
  • Create multiple sources of passive income. Relying on just one carries risks.

3.3. Rules: how to become rich from scratch

There is a basic set of rules that everyone who wants to become rich should follow. They are not difficult at all and can be done by anyone:

  1. Pay yourself. As soon as you have received a salary, first of all set aside a part of the funds for yourself (at least 10%). Usually people, on the contrary, repay debts and spend money, and save what remains. This is a habit of poor people, eliminate it from your life.
  2. Save what you put aside. This rule implies that deferred funds cannot be spent.
  3. Multiply money. It is necessary to invest money in reliable assets in order to constantly increase your capital. We will talk about the sources of passive income below.
  4. Save the multiplied. The resulting profit is best reinvested so that savings grow faster. No need to invest in dubious and overly risky assets.
  5. Create several types of assets to minimize your risks. Whatever your total reliable income, it will be even more reliable if you distribute money among several such sources.

4. Sources of passive income

There are many sources for creating passive income. Each of us has our own knowledge, skills, opportunities, wishes, therefore, only you can decide for you what exactly to do. We will only consider in detail the basic options for stable sources of money (for sure, you have already heard about many). We will focus on a mathematical basis to calculate how profitable each option is.

How many sources of passive income you will have is up to you. I can only say that the more of them, the more reliable and richer your life. Therefore, follow the Pareto principle: 20% bring 80% of the result. Attach little effort in different industries to get the most benefit.

4.1. Bank deposit - a source of passive income

A bank deposit is the most popular means for saving and accumulating funds among the population in Russia. The interest offered by banks is of course not as high as we would like, but nevertheless it is really the most reliable way slightly increase your capital in the absence of any action.

There are a lot of offers on the market of bank deposits. Each bank offers its own line of deposits. If you spend literally 10 minutes, you can choose the most profitable for you. This can increase the yield by 1-3% per annum.

You don't have to worry about losing money. All deposits are insured by the DIA for the amount of 1.4 million rubles (including interest). That is, it makes no sense to deposit 1.4 million rubles in one bank. It is better to put a little less, so that the interest that will accumulate will be insured. For example, if we are talking about a rate of 8% per annum for a year, then it would be logical to put the amount of 1.27 million rubles and sleep peacefully.

How much can you earn

The yield on the deposit will change at each moment of time, so you should check the relevance of the information. As of 2018, you can find deposits with a maximum rate of 8%. In more reliable banks at 7% per annum. These are almost the smallest deposit rates for new history Russia. Previously, there were always offers at 10-12%.

  • Reliability of investment (the amount is insured by DIA)
  • predictable income
  • No action required from the investor
  • You can invest any amount
  • There is no way to "break loose" and spend money, because. it is necessary to break the deposit agreement and then the accumulated interest will "burn out"
  • Low yield
  • It is impossible to close the deposit ahead of time without losing interest
  • You can not store solid amounts of more than 1.4 million rubles in one bank

I also advise you to partially keep money on debit cards, which give interest on the balance. These cards also give cashback on any purchase. I use these cards myself:

  • Tinkoff. 6% per annum on the balance. Amount up to 300 thousand rubles. You can transfer any amount to a special savings account at 5% interest.
  • Benefit (HomeCredit Bank). 7% per annum on the balance. Amount up to 300 thousand rubles.

Summing up, we can say that it makes sense to have some part of the money on deposits, because. it is a liquid and reliable asset.

4.2. Real estate

Real estate has always been and will be in trend among investors. Such purchases can be visually seen, felt. However, their profitability is extremely low, but first things first.

Real estate can be earned in two ways:

  1. Rent
  2. Resale

For passive income, the first option is considered, since the second method is more risky and requires a constant search on the market for new good offers.

There are the following types of real estate investments:

  • Residential (apartments)
  • Commercial (garages, office space, warehouses)
  • New buildings (investments in the construction of new facilities)

Large investors buy commercial real estate more often, since the yield from renting out non-residential premises usually brings more profit, and also does not need any repairs. However, this situation occurs only during favorable periods of the economy, when GDP is growing steadily and inflation is within acceptable limits.

It is difficult for an ordinary person to buy commercial real estate because of its high cost. Objects are different, but usually a good place costs as much as 3-5 one-room apartments. Therefore, many people would rather choose the option of buying 3 apartments than one such object.

Since 2014, the economic situation in Russia has been rather difficult. Real estate prices are not rising. Therefore, many who have invested in commercial real estate are now at a loss. Residential also fell in price, but with slightly less losses for the investor.

What is the yield

The yield from renting out is at a modest 4-6% per annum. This is even less than on bank deposits. At the same time, there are still risks of property damage by tenants and periodically you will have to invest in repairs (rarely, but such moments do happen).

Of course, it is worth counting on the fact that real estate will rise in price over time, but this is an extremely long process. For the growth of its value in the country as a whole, there must be economic growth. Otherwise, due to wage cuts and high inflation, no one runs the risk of getting into mortgages, even with low rates.

  • High reliability
  • Real estate can be seen with the eyes, which is very important for many people
  • Stable rental income
  • Great option for risk diversification
  • Low yield
  • Low liquidity (when selling, you will have to look for buyers for an average market value, plus another 2-3 weeks for the transaction)
  • There are real estate overheads
  • Large investments (apartments cost at least several million rubles)

4.3. Securities

The securities market is traditionally considered one of the most profitable options for increasing money. Yields here are on average at the level of 8% -20% per annum, provided that you act on the "buy and hold" principle. If you engage in trading, you can significantly increase these numbers and get 30%, and even 100%.

High profitability and high liquidity allow you to quickly and efficiently manage your capital. Anyone can enter the market, and for this it is enough to have a small investment. I would recommend entering the market with amounts from 100 thousand rubles.

To open a brokerage account online, you can use the following brokers:

These are leaders in the provision of brokerage services in the market. I recommend working with them. They have low commissions, a wide range of trading instruments.

Types of passive income - those in which the presence of stable financial income does not depend on daily work activities. Any of us have heard of people living off such income - those who do not have to go to work. They are called "rentiers", that is, living at the expense of rent.

Rent is the income that the owner receives from fixed capital placed in real estate, deposits, securities, etc. "From the same opera" - sources of passive income associated with copyright. By the way, the last option is not ordered to anyone these days. Everything is simple here: having created something once and having fixed the copyright for your own offspring, you will have such deductions for each next sale.

If you are a professional (no matter what area) - you have a real opportunity to monetize your own knowledge. Just record the training course on video or audio and release it to the market.

Why are we not a rentier

Today we will consider options for passive income and its possible sources. Its huge advantage is the release of personal time, which can be spent on favorite activities, family, vacation, household chores, or somewhere else. Anyone who works hard all day at work is almost completely deprived of such a wonderful opportunity.

Managing personal time at your own discretion does not mean spending your life in entertainment establishments, or lying on a warm beach - many people would be happy to do charity work, help the sick and homeless, or create works of art. To start making all these dreams come true, you need the most stable passive income.

Everyone has heard the expression "money to money". What does it mean? Nowadays, a situation is not uncommon when, having a generally good salary, a person "eats" it completely, buys things on credit and borrows money from relatives and friends from payday to payday. This goes on for years and decades.

But why is this happening? It seems that the main problem of such people is that the idea of ​​passive income does not even occur to them. They are not able to engage in the creation of an asset that will continue to work for their well-being. Everything that they earn, these people immediately spend, and thus deprive themselves of the only chance to ever escape from the captivity of financial slavery.

Do you recognize yourself?

Some of these consumers can be classified as "financial zombies". These are those whose asset has long been a negative value. That is, their expenses are greater than their income. Debts accompany them throughout their lives. Having given one loan, they immediately take the next one and so on.

Another category is a little more prosperous (but this does not make it any easier) - it tries to somehow correlate its expenses with the amount of earnings. They sometimes have a set of necessary goods - housing, a car, etc. Most of this was purchased on credit, which puts the owners in a dangerous and unstable position. After all, if any unforeseen financial circumstance happens, their well-being will crumble like a house of cards.

There is progress...

In contrast to the above categories, there are those whose asset can be considered positive. That is, their income is higher than their expenses. Most ordinary citizens from this group prefer not to have debts or minimize them and even have some savings, but such saved finances do not play a fundamental role, since they accumulate extremely slowly and are located either under the mattress, or (at best) on the passbook.

The most advanced of fellow citizens are those who are haunted by the idea of ​​passive income. Such people try to seize every opportunity to invest free funds and create their own additional financial source.

Let's go to the authorities

Many people know such a name as Robert Kiyosaki. This investor and businessman has written a number of popular books on the basics of financial literacy, which will not be superfluous for anyone to read. For example, one of the interesting and the most effective advice this author is as follows: the mistake of almost every one of us is that, having earned a certain amount, we try to distribute these funds to anyone, but not to ourselves. We pay rent and utilities, but we keep nothing for ourselves. You should start just with yourself by creating your own monetary asset. Subsequently, it will become the basis for investing in a business or other source of permanent income.

Another "pro" in financial matters by the name of Rockefeller once uttered a phrase that a person who works full time has absolutely no time to earn money. For all the paradoxical nature of this saying, its wisdom lies on the surface - indeed, working in the office or in production, each of us is able to earn for himself personally only on current expenses to sustain daily existence. For actions leading to wealth and well-being, there is neither strength nor free time left.

The conclusion is this: the main resource is time, which is well known to any of the wealthy people. The idea of ​​passive income is based on the correct distribution of this invaluable asset. And only having achieved this, you can start moving towards financial success. Everyone knows that all those who have achieved wealth initially had a specific list of goals. Well, the third, most important component for creating passive income is active, purposeful work over a number of months or even years.

The result should be a legal opportunity to quit unloved work and start living on the dividends.

Passive income: examples and options

Now let's talk about the ways in which passive income is created. All its sources can be attributed to four varieties - investment (or financial), intellectual, marketing or legal (that is, one that is required by law). Passive income in Russia is no different from that in any other country in the world.

We will receive passive income of a financial or investment nature if we invest in a certain financial instrument, which will bring us a certain percentage of profit. Sources of such investment may be in the form of real estate, securities, bank deposits, own business (if acquired) or equipment owned by us, which can be rented out.

The second of the listed options, called intellectual, arises, as mentioned above, through the creation and implementation of any product of mental labor. The information business that is widespread today on the Internet is based on this principle. Many professionals in various fields develop and design their own training courses, then release them for sale an unlimited number of times.

"Partnerships" - an interesting topic

In the same way, it is possible to buy rights to resell a similar product, which can bring no less income. This type of income is called affiliate marketing. Other sources related to this item may be royalties, patents for perfect inventions or developed technologies.

Making money on affiliate programs is an excellent way out for those who do not hope too much to create their own intellectual product - because this saves time and mental resources. You just need to join such a program or acquire the right to resell (resale) the selected book, video or audio course.

Other income without investment

Marketing passive income is one in which you organize your own marketing system or several of them. An example of such a structure could be your own website on the Internet or a personal brand, the right to use which you can also sell. A combination of several of the above strategies is also possible.

What is meant by the concept of a personal brand? This is a commercial use of a famous name. Example - shooting in commercials film, television and sports stars. Becoming the "face" of a particular brand, they get good money.

The fourth variety - the legal income of a passive nature - includes all cases when people, in addition to a certain (sometimes not too high) remuneration for their work, receive certain bonuses from the state. This may be, for example, an early retirement with a guaranteed receipt, which is typical for the military, etc.

Going online

Creation of a website for making money on the Internet (or a blog). Nowadays, this does not require a lot of complex technical knowledge and skills. You can make an acceptable site with your own hands by mastering the minimum information that can be easily and free of charge found on the Web. There are many step-by-step instructions and video courses.

Of course, your own blog or website will bring you a monetary return far from immediately. It will take at least six months, and most likely a year or two, to promote it and bring it to an acceptable level. All this time you have to work on your own project on a regular basis, optimize it and bring it to perfection. This work will take several hours daily. However, rely on the first small income can be in a few months from the start of the launch.

Having created and promoted a site, you can sell it, and for a very good amount. It is quite possible for a person who has mastered this technology to organize his own business for the "production" and further sale of profitable Internet pages.

How do they earn money? The most popular ways include generating income by placing contextual advertising blocks and similar articles on resource pages, of course, not for free. Affiliate links are placed on the sites and advertising space is sold, they also actively offer training courses to buyers, both their own and partners.

In a word, there are a lot of ways to use such a valuable resource as a blog or website on the Internet, and there is always the opportunity to choose something that suits you.

For those who are not deprived of intelligence

Creating a product that has the status of an intellectual (such as books, educational videos, new technologies, etc.) implies the presence of a certain talent, as well as a high level of professionalism in any of the areas.

If you are an inventor or developer of an industrial design that has become fundamentally new, then your products of labor can be safely attributed to intangible assets. This term refers to those derivatives of our intellect that generate income in the absence of a material form. Examples are trademarks, brands, or patented inventions.

Let's get down to earth

Income from renting an apartment (or other real estate - if available) is a well-known and very common option. But there are others like it: it is possible to "lease" not only buildings or retail space, but also equipment related to a variety of industries - trade, construction or manufacturing.

Yes, and other expensive items (for example, vehicles) will bring you good dividends. Sometimes it is more profitable to dispose of equipment than real estate. In particular, by purchasing tools and equipment for construction, you really organize a good and quite profitable business based on their rental. The payback of such activities is very high and in time it significantly exceeds the similar indicator for rented real estate.

Do you want to become a shareholder?

Investing in securities (or other financial instruments, which include a huge number of banks, PAMM accounts, mutual funds) is a widely accepted practice these days. Such activity is considered one of the varieties of business.

Replenishing the number of professional investors is not an easy task. This activity is quite complex and requires a competent approach, as well as a fairly serious training. Possession of financial instruments is impossible without a more or less acceptable education in this area, the ability to compare various information flows, take into account risks and predict the situation.

Investing in securities has certain advantages compared to, for example, bank deposits, in the form of a higher rate of return, but at the same time, the high risk of losing invested funds sometimes crosses out all the advantages. When you decide to dive into the world of stocks, mutual funds and PAMM accounts, remember that with the exception of long-term bonds, stable income is not so easy to achieve here, and the risk of incurring significant losses is always quite high.

Everything can be sold!

A relatively simple and, perhaps, generally available option for creating a source of passive income is considered to be participation in network marketing. The amount of initial investment, if any, is not too large and rarely exceeds a hundred dollars.

A necessary condition for those who are trying to succeed in this field is sociability, readiness for contact with a large number of people. In the future, these people - your team - are able to bring money without your participation by organizing their own network, a percentage of the income from which you will receive.

Do you need a lot of money?

The classic and perhaps the best way was and remains the creation of your own business. If this action takes place in virtual reality, that is, on the Internet, global financial investments at the initial stage, as a rule, are not required. That is, such an option is available to people with very limited material resources.

It is quite real even to earn money without investments or to accumulate a small initial capital You can earn money right here on the Internet.

There are a huge number of options for starting and promoting your own business, both online and in real reality itself. In "life", of course, this requires large expenditures and overcoming many difficulties of an organizational and legal nature. In addition, the competition here is very, very high. But still, looking around carefully, you can look after your own niche, not yet occupied by rivals.

What's in real life?

For example, very promising business with passive income in our time - the purchase and placement in large hypermarkets and other crowded places of machines for various purposes - from payment terminals to units for the sale of coffee and pies. Such a business is called vending. A person purchases and installs machines at his own expense, which then bring him a constant and stable income.

In a small article, we do not have the opportunity to consider all types of passive income - there are very, very many of them. Options for it offer us with you today means mass media, and the Internet has been and remains their indispensable source. We want to end our material with important tips.

A few parting words

  1. At all costs, try to regularly carve out the time left from the main work, which you will spend on creating your future asset. Think constantly about how you can best use it. Your goal is to ensure that earnings from your main place of work do not remain the only source of money for you. You must find sources of passive income that allow you to make a profit more than once or twice.
  2. Do not limit yourself to creating a single such source. There can and should be several options for passive income, and the more, the better. After all, there is always a risk of losing one or most of them. In this case, losses will be compensated through parallel channels. You can see the importance of this postulate by reading about multiple sources of income by Robert Allen.
  3. Don't forget self-education. Knowledge is an asset that won't hurt anyone. To understand the world of finance, to understand how money is made, where it comes from and where it goes, is no less important than to invent interesting idea for investment or to be lucky enough to be in the right place on time.

The principles of creating passive income do not carry any special secrets. If you are determined to succeed, have the necessary minimum knowledge and some free time, the result will most likely please you sooner or later.

Hello dear readers! With you again and today we will analyze the main topic for everyone who has firmly decided to break out of the trap of financial dependence on the employer and finally start creating their own small factory for the production of money. So, the topic of this article is passive income. By the way, if you are still puzzling over how to get an active income for a start, then I recommend reading the article:.
You've probably heard this Rothschild quote:

Who owns the information, owns the world!

With regard to our topic, it can be paraphrased:

Whoever owns the information on how to make passive income owns the money!

And here is a somewhat paradoxical situation. There is more than enough information about this on the net, but what quality is it?
I was surprised to find that the simplest passive income without investments is social benefits and, in particular, pensions. Imagine, we are puzzled here with you how to create a source of constant profit, but it turns out that everything is so easy - just getting old is enough! But this is not the only misconception that can form in the head of an unprepared reader.


Therefore, in my material, I will not only list the most common ways to generate income, but also give real numbers and facts about whether it is possible to earn on them and how much. Along the way, you will have to expose a couple of myths about the most popular methods: you will find out why bank deposits and real estate not only do not earn, but also lose money. Surprised? Further it will be more interesting.

So, let's move on to the practical part of our opus. The first, most popular and simple passive income is opening a bank deposit.
There are more than 650 credit institutions operating in Russia, and almost all of them attract deposits from the population. In general, the range of deposits they have is approximately the same. You can open deposits in rubles, euros, dollars, pounds sterling, less often in Swiss francs and even yuan. There are deposits with the possibility of replenishment and with a monthly transfer of interest to a separate current account. That is, in principle, you can put money in the bank and live on interest, although I do not advise you to do this and I will explain why further.
The average rates of large banks are 7-8% per annum. Players with a lower rank have a slightly higher profitability - 9-10%. But the real rate always depends on the size of the deposit and the term. That is, the larger the amount and the longer the term, the higher the rate.
Profitability, frankly speaking, is modest. At least in my opinion. I think so: why give money to the bank at 8% per year, if you can learn how to work with binary options and reach a yield of 80-100% per month. IN in general terms I described this way of earning in the article:. Here is an example of a successful transaction:

Benefits of a bank deposit!

Even a child can receive such passive income in Russia. Of course, a child will not be able to open a deposit personally, but the procedure itself is extremely simple and does not require any special knowledge, therefore deposits are suitable for everyone. This explains their popularity among the general population.
Nothing to do. You just come to the bank once, conclude an agreement, give the money to the cashier, and after a couple of years you take it back along with interest.
Reliability. Firstly, your passive income is guaranteed, and you will receive a strictly defined profit specified in the contract. Secondly, it is believed that it is almost impossible to lose money on a deposit, that is, the risks are very low. This is both true and somewhat misleading. Next, I will explain what problems the saver may face in the coming years.

How much can you earn?

The answer is not at all. Surprised? Yes, almost all the materials that analyze examples of passive income tell you how easy it is to receive an income of 100,000 rubles a year through bank deposits with 1,000,000 rubles. But this is a superficial view of the situation.
To understand why the deposit is not able to bring significant income, you need to understand a few terms:
Money. It is a measure of the value of goods and a means of payment.
The purchasing power of money is the amount of goods and services that you can buy with a given amount of money.
Inflation. This term refers to the general increase in the prices of goods and services.
Devaluation. This is the name of the depreciation of the currency, in our case, the ruble.
By themselves, money, that is, banknotes, is of no value to you and me. They matter only insofar as we can buy something with them. Right?
Now look. In 2015, according to Rosstat, the official inflation rate was 12.9%. Since those other storytellers work in Rosstat, we make an adjustment for reality and get the actual grassroots inflation at a minimum of 20-25%. At this rate, the purchasing power of your money is declining. That is, a year ago you could buy 100% of some goods and services for the amount you have, and today you can buy 20% less.


Mindfulness test: what is the average deposit rate? By the way, I mentioned it above. In the largest banks of the country, it is only 7-8% per annum. So, if you opened a deposit at the beginning of 2015 in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles, by the end of the year you would have been paid 1,080,000 rubles. And the purchasing power of money over the same period decreased only according to official data by 12.9%. Thus, the purchasing power of your million fell by 129,000 rubles, and the bank's interest amounted to only 80,000 rubles. Net loss - 49,000 rubles.
Yes, nominally the amount has increased by 80,000 rubles, but at the end of 2015 you can buy as many goods and services with this money as you would have bought at the beginning of the same year for 951,000 rubles. So what's the use of the fact that there are more banknotes (cut paper with watermarks) if you can buy less on them?
Of course, such calculations are somewhat arbitrary, but I do not strive for mathematical and economic accuracy. I just want to show you that if the annual deposit rate does not cover inflation, such a deposit does not bring real income at all. Moreover, you actually lose money. Plus, if you open a deposit immediately for five years and withdraw interest every month, the purchasing power of the initial amount will be significantly reduced, and the monthly passive income will turn from modest to miserable relative to real prices for goods.
Another problem is devaluation. Depreciation in our case of the ruble against the dual-currency basket, that is, against the US dollar and the euro. For the period 2014 - early 2015. The ruble depreciated against the dollar by about half. This means that if before with your million you could buy 100% imported goods, now their number has decreased by about 50% in just two years. And the deposit rate is still 8% per annum.
If the figures given by me seem implausible to someone, look at the dynamics of prices for imported electronics. For more than two years since 2014, everything has risen in price just about twice, and in some places even more.

Why and how to open deposits so as not to lose money?

Despite all of the above, deposits can still be used. Firstly, this instrument is suitable for temporary placement of free money. For example, you are saving money to start a business. If you save money under the pillow, they will depreciate faster than on a deposit, since the deposit rate at least partially compensates for inflation. Secondly, you need to have some money on hand in case of unexpected expenses. For example, they will offer you to buy a small stake in a new promising company, and all your money has already been invested in other assets. What to do? This is where your deposit comes in handy. Besides, currency deposits, unlike ruble ones, are still able to bring passive income.
And now practical advice on choosing the conditions for placing funds in a bank.

Tip number 1. Only systemically important banks. These are the largest credit institutions in the country. Their deposit rates are lower than those of small banks, but the Central Bank will definitely not take away their license. In addition, if such an institution begins to "fall", it will certainly be supported at the expense of some National Wealth Fund or other state moneybox. I will not disclose the specific names of banks - I am not engaged in advertising. But you yourself can see the ratings of credit organizations.

Tip number 2. Choice of deposit currency. The ruble is extremely unstable and will steadily roll down in the coming years. Like it or not, this is a fact. What is the conclusion? It is necessary to open a deposit in dollars or euros. Indeed, this sharply increases the profitability of the deposit in ruble terms, allows you to completely cover inflation and even get a small profit at the level of about 3-3.5% per annum.
But this is not perfect option. Why? There is a risk that the authorities will decide to forcibly convert all foreign currency deposits into ruble deposits at a fixed rate. You understand that this course will not be in your favor. There is only one way out - a multi-currency deposit. According to the terms of opening such a deposit, if you smell fried, you can convert the currency in one click directly in the Internet bank. Pay attention to the size of the conversion fee.

Tip number 3. Option of early closing of the deposit. All deposits are term deposits. The longer the term, the higher the yield. Therefore, it is much more profitable to open a deposit for 5 years than for 6 months. But there is also back side. If you urgently need money, if you withdraw early, all accrued interest will burn out. Therefore, you need to choose a deposit with preferential early closure. Some deposits provide for fixing income after a certain period. For example, once a year, the accumulated interest is fixed and if the deposit is closed ahead of schedule, they will not burn out.
Another reason why it is better to choose deposits with this option is the possibility of privatizing part of the funds. Something similar happened in 2013 in Cyprus. There, depositors were forcibly made shareholders of banks and seized from them 6.75% - 9.9% of the amount of deposits. So the Russian depositors of Laiki Bank lost about $10 billion. The possibility of applying such measures is already being discussed in Russia. So, if there is a risk of the collapse of the Russian banking system, you need to urgently withdraw money before you become a forced shareholder of a bankrupt bank. This is where the option of preferential early closing of the deposit comes in handy.

Tip #4 Proof of source of income. In connection with the intensified fight against money laundering, banks will have the opportunity not to give depositors their money if they cannot explain the origin of the funds and prove documented that they have paid all due taxes on this amount. So, prepare documents in advance.

Method number 2. Apartments. Gold. Diamonds. How to create passive income on valuable property?

The next most popular passive income with investments after a bank deposit is real estate. But in fact, any property that tends to rise in price over time can act as an asset. This may include:
Antiques.
Art objects.
Precious metals and stones.
Collectibles from coins and stamps to vinyl records and comics.
Of course, in order to create a portfolio of antiques or paintings, you need to deeply understand this. Personally, I can not boast of such knowledge. But if there are connoisseurs or at least amateurs among my readers, then you can try. The main principle is simple: invest in something that, in your opinion, will rise in price in a few years. Moreover, the profitability can be simply fantastic. So, in 2014, a certain Darren Adams sold the first issue of Action Comics on eBay for $3.2 million. And, by the way, it originally cost 99 cents, however, it was already in 1938.
I will not stir up topics unfamiliar to me, so as not to mislead you, and I will tell you about those types of property suitable for building passive income, which I know firsthand.

How much can you earn in real estate?

If we talk about Russian real estate, then the answer is the same as with bank deposits - not at all. Extracting passive income in Russia from Moscow and St. Petersburg real estate made sense a few years ago. But now the situation is fundamentally different. In order not to be unfounded, I will explain in detail what real estate buyers and landlords usually earn on.

On housing transactions, you can receive residual income three times:
At the construction stage, an apartment costs 15-30% cheaper than by the time the house was put into operation. That is, for 1-2 years, while the construction is going on, you can increase your investments by a third without doing anything. The only catch is long-term construction. Therefore, you need to choose only objects of large developers and developers who have access to borrowed capital.
rental income. Actually, this is the rental of housing. Excluding expenses, the average annual return is approximately 4-6%. Note that this is even less than interest rates by deposits.
Object appreciation. If in the case of deposits, inflation "ate" our money, then here it plays into our hands - real estate becomes more expensive along with all other goods by about 10-12% per year. But even in this case, not everything is so simple, as I will discuss later.

So how much can you earn? If you successfully buy an apartment in a house under construction at the stage of excavation, in 1.5-2 years you will receive an increase of 7-15% per annum. A little, but not bad. Further, every year the object, subject to the growth of the real estate market as a whole, will increase in value up to 12% per year. Passive income from renting out an apartment is about 5% per year. Thus, in 5 years, ideally, you can recapture an average of 70% of the money invested. That is, the total yield is obtained at the level of about 14% per annum.
This is barely enough to cover inflation. But in fact, you will not receive such income. Why?

There are several reasons:
New buildings no longer bring such high profitability for the period of building a house, and the risks of running into a long-term construction are constantly growing.
When renting out a home, there are a lot of side costs, including the costs of finding tenants, buying and periodically updating furniture, major and cosmetic repairs, taxes, and finally. Also, don't forget to account for periods of downtime when there is no tenant yet and utility bills keep dripping. As a result, the real rental yield barely reaches 3% per year.
Real estate markets around the world tend to so-called bubbles. While these same bubbles were forming, Moscow new buildings were steadily adding in price by 10-12% per year. But in 2015, the holiday ended - the balloon began to deflate, and at a rate of 14.5% per year in rubles and as much as 33.6% in dollars.

Thus, in 2015, the owners of Russian real estate received a negative return. Rental income is penny, and the assets themselves have fallen in price by a third in dollar terms. As you can see, real estate is even less profitable than opening a bank deposit.
Does all this mean that you can’t make money on real estate at all? Not really. You can create a good passive income business for housing in the EU, USA, Canada, as well as in popular resort regions.
In Europe, the average profit of a rentier is 3-5% per year from one object. The figures seem to be the same as in the case of Russian apartments, but in euros. This means that the profitability of European real estate will completely cover not only the official, but also the real ruble inflation and even bring quite a tangible income. In addition, investing in housing allows you to protect your investments from the consequences of the devaluation of the ruble.

How to make passive income in real estate correctly?

If you do decide to invest in a home someday, here are a few tips:
in the coming years, buy housing only abroad;

Why do I advise using gold as a source of passive income?

Gold does not have a fixed price or any fixed rate of return. Therefore, in some periods, one can observe a decline in prices for the yellow metal. However, if we take the long-term dynamics, then gold has been steadily growing in price since 1938, when its rate was sent to free float.
Now about the size of the yield. In the period from 04/01/2015 to 04/01/2016, that is, exactly in a year, gold at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation increased from 2,185 rubles to 2,691 rubles per 1 gram. The annual yield was 23%. As you can see, this figure completely covers the official inflation and gives a good profit. Of course, in dollars or euros, the numbers are not so impressive, but you can also get a decent passive income there.


If we consider the long-term perspective, then for 7 years from 04/01/2009 to 04/01/2016 a gram of gold at the rate of the same Central Bank of the Russian Federation has risen in price from 1,001 rubles to 2,691 rubles. The cumulative price increase for the entire period is 169%! Thus, the average annual passive income is 24%. And note that this is taking into account local declines in the gold rate.
In my opinion, this is one of the best tools for conservative investments. Buying gold, as well as opening a bank deposit, does not require special knowledge, moreover, these instruments are incomparable in terms of profitability, and the risks of investing in precious metal, it seems to me, are much lower than those of Russian bank deposits.
The only problem with gold is that it is desirable to invest in it for a long time. That is, they bought an ingot or coins and forgot them in a safe or a bank cell for 5-10 years. In fact, it is a strategic investment. If you want to establish passive income right now and monthly, then precious metals are not suitable for this. Then it's better to try binary options: . Moreover, this tool allows you to earn on gold, including only through short-term speculative transactions.
Either way, gold is definitely worth using to diversify your asset portfolio. This will significantly reduce the risks for assets with higher returns, but, accordingly, with increased risks.
Let's move on to the practical side of the question: how to get passive income with investments in gold? There are two options: buy coins or bars or open an unallocated metal account.
In the first case, directly upon the purchase of coins or ingots, the price will include VAT at a rate of 18%. That is, at first it can be considered a net loss. However, as I noted above, gold is suitable mainly for long-term investments. So, if we distribute these 18% over 10 years, we get 1.8% per year. With an average yield of 24% per annum, these are quite acceptable losses. Plus, when selling, if you follow all the rules, you will have to pay personal income tax - 13%. This is another 1.3% per year. Total total passive income after taxes when investing in gold for 10 years will be 209%. I think it's not bad even with an annual inflation of 13%, you end up with a 79% gain.
Now let's say a word about an impersonal metal account. You can open it in most banks. The account will take into account your gold in grams. In theory, you can pick it up in kind at any time or sell it to a bank and immediately get cash. True, in reality, banks are not very willing to issue gold to the client and often delay the execution of this legal requirement of the account holder. Again, the question arises of trust in the banking system in general and a particular credit institution in particular. By the way, the deposit insurance program does not cover CHI.
And one could say that buying gold in kind is definitely better. Agree, it's nice to hold your own gold bar in your hands. However, there are three "buts" at once. Firstly, when opening a CHI, you do not have to pay VAT. Secondly, you can open a fixed-term account, which involves the accrual of interest. That is, passive income will turn out to be a little more, although the interest rates on CHI are more than modest - an average of 1% per year. A trifle, but still nice. Thirdly, there is the issue of security. Bars or coins must be stored somewhere. You can rent a safe deposit box, but these are additional costs and a meeting with the bank again. So it remains to bury your treasure on some island.
By the way, strategic investments in gold also have an alternative - speculation on fluctuations in the precious metal's rates. This opportunity is provided by Forex brokers, but there is one catch: to trade gold, you need a fairly large capital, and errors in forecasting changes in quotes can lead to a drain on the deposit in a matter of minutes. Therefore, I would advise you to choose binary options. They also allow you to work with gold, but the size of the entry ticket and the risks are much lower there, although the potential passive income remains at the same level. You can find out what binary options are from this article:.

Method number 3. Creating an intellectual product!

Alas, it is almost impossible to create a residual income without at least a minimum investment. Actually, there is only one way: to create something of value. The choice seems to be limited, but in fact it is extremely wide. You can make money from writing, inventions, photography, blogging. Especially successful developers of mobile applications earn good money these days.
Of course, there is no single recipe for monetization for all of these undertakings, but in many cases you can find at least an approximate strategy for creating and promoting a product in demand. The web is literally teeming with advice on how to earn passive income online by blogging or building a data site, or how to make a fortune as an iOS app developer. I confess that I am far from a specialist in these matters, and the format of the material does not allow us to consider in detail all the many quite sensible recommendations for creative people who want to create a source of passive income.
Here I will give a few examples of how real people, like you and me, create billions of dollars of capital from scratch and how much they manage to earn:
YouTube blog author Felix Kjellberg's videos are regularly watched by 40 million subscribers. The channel has an annual revenue of $12 million.
Ethan Nicholas, a developer from North Carolina, USA, earned $ 800,000 on a simple iShoot game.
Canadian Danielle Fong came up with new way accumulation and conservation of energy received from wind generators and solar panels. Over $30 million has already been invested in her startup by Peter Thiel and Bill Gates.
German photographer Andreas Gursky managed to earn $ 4.3 million from the sale of one of his photographs. Of course, his income is not limited to this.
The fortune of one of the most successful artists of our time, Damien Hirst, is about $1 billion.
Probably, the well-known writer JK Rowling earned $ 1.5 billion on her wizard Harry. This is the total income from the sale of all copies of the book series and the adaptation of bestsellers.
Unfortunately, such methods of passive income do not imply any guarantees of commercial success. So doing photography, painting or writing makes sense mainly for the soul, and turning the results of creativity into millions and even billions of dollars is mostly a matter of chance.
As for the practical side of the issue, do not forget about such trifles as copyright registration. In particular, to obtain a patent for an invention or utility model, you need to apply to the Federal Institute of Industrial Property. And if you've written a book and want to be on the safe side before offering it to publishers, print it dated and mail it to yourself.

Method number 4. How to become Warren Buffett: passive income on securities!

Where can I get money to start my own business? This is the problem faced by 95% of new entrepreneurs! In the article, we have revealed the most relevant ways of obtaining start-up capital for an entrepreneur. We also recommend that you carefully study the results of our experiment in exchange earnings:

Warren Buffett is the most successful investor in the world. The fortune of this Oracle from Omaha in 2008 was $ 68 billion. Only a genius can repeat such a success, but history knows thousands of other examples when multi-million dollar fortunes were created on securities. Can you use this method? To answer this question, let's first get a general idea of ​​the main types of securities.
Stock. Companies use this type of securities to attract investment capital. In this case, each shareholder becomes, in fact, a co-owner of the enterprise, although the share of the majority of shareholders, of course, is negligible. Stocks generate income in two ways. First, there are dividends. At the end of each reporting period (usually a year), the company summarizes its financial activities and decides on the distribution of profits. The latter goes to shareholders in accordance with the size of their package.
Secondly, you can receive passive income from the rise in the price of shares for the period that has passed from the moment the securities were bought to the moment they were sold. Of course, there is a risk here, and a rather high one, that stock quotes will fall, that is, instead of profit, you will receive losses.
Shares are of two types: ordinary and preferred. The former give votes at the shareholders' meeting, the latter provide their owners with a higher income, since they involve the payment of either a fixed amount or a strictly defined percentage of the profit.
Bonds. These securities are debt obligations. In fact, the issuer (the person issuing securities) borrows money from you for a certain period, after which he undertakes to buy back his bonds from you, usually with a certain fixed income. Bonds can also be perpetual and with periodic coupon (income) payments during the entire duration of the debt obligation.
The advantage of this type of securities is that you are guaranteed to receive a certain yield. The risk is limited only by the solvency of the issuer. That is, if the state or the company does not decide to declare itself bankrupt, the money paid will definitely return to you, and at the same time the income established by the issuer. It should be noted that the yield of bonds depends on the degree of risk, but usually it is small.
Now let's discuss derivatives - derivative financial instruments. These are securities for securities or for goods. Unclear? Now let's look at everything in more detail, and you will understand.
Futures. These are contracts for the purchase or sale of certain assets. They indicate the quantity of goods, currency, shares or bonds, delivery time and price. Upon the due date of the contract, either the actual delivery of the asset or cash settlements are carried out. That is, you do not have to pick up the goods themselves, you can receive monetary compensation.
The essence of operations with futures is to buy a contract with a lower strike price, and sell it when the market price of the underlying asset, and with it the contract itself, rises significantly. For example, you bought a futures contract for Brent oil with an exercise price of $28 per barrel, and a couple of months later it rose to $35. We sell the contract, fix the profit. By the way, oil futures are one of the most popular instruments for investors.
The advantage of futures is that the value of the contracts is much lower than the value of the underlying assets. This allows you to get by with a smaller amount of initial investment and get more passive income than, say, from direct capital investment in shares. Meanwhile, losses in the event of a change in prices for the underlying asset not in your favor will be higher.
CFD. This is another contract, but this time not for the supply of the underlying asset, but for changing its price. One side is betting on an increase in quotes, the other - on a decrease. Upon the expiry date of the contract, one party pays to the other the difference between the current value of the underlying asset and its price at the time of the conclusion of the contract.
For example, when concluding a CFD, the value of the underlying asset (shares, commodities, bonds, etc.) was $100. You have placed a raise bet. Now, if the value of the underlying asset is $110 by the time the contract expires, the other party will have to pay you $10.
The list of existing securities, of course, is much wider, but I have listed the most popular types of assets, and this is quite enough for everyone who is interested in how to receive passive income from investments in securities.

How much will you earn on securities?

Let's start with bonds. Profitability, frankly speaking, is modest. For example, Gazprom's medium-term ruble bonds currently in circulation have an annual yield of only 7.55%. For some bonds of VTB 24 with a face value of 1000 rubles, the income is 9% per annum with payments 4 times a year. A little better, but the problem is the same as with bank deposits - your passive income will not even cover inflation.
Now for the shares. For example, I will take one of the most profitable stocks in the world at the moment - Apple securities. The cost of one share of the company in April 2016 reached $108. Dividends for 2015 were 47 cents per share. You understand, not much, at least if you do not have several million dollars to invest.
In fact, dividends are not large. The main profit comes from the growth of quotations.

So, 6 years ago, that is, at the beginning of 2010, the cost of an "apple" share was only about $28. Thus, during this period, the company's shareholders received a passive income of 285%, not counting dividends. The average annual yield was over 47%. Not weak, right?!
But I emphasize again, Apple stock is one of the best examples on the market. Unfortunately, the majority of corporate securities cannot boast of such indicators. In addition, there is always a high risk of a significant drop in quotes, and it is far from always possible to predict it accurately enough.
Profitability on futures and CFDs depends directly on you and your skills in predicting changes in underlying asset prices. So it's pointless to give specific numbers here. I can only say that successful derivatives traders earn very, very impressive capital.

How to buy stocks and bonds?

Some securities can be bought directly from the issuer. In other cases, you will have to turn to the services of professional market participants - brokers.
All companies set their own minimum size initial investment. Most brokers won't lift a finger if you show up with less than $50,000, but you can find companies with entry fees as low as $200. True, with such a modest amount you can’t really clear up, and you can’t count on big profits from a long-term investment of a couple of hundred dollars in securities.
Although you can start with this, but I would recommend doing binary options with a small capital. This tool allows you to work with both stocks and bonds, but investments are required many times less than if you bought securities, and the yield is many times higher. In order not to be unfounded, I publish on my transactions.
When choosing a broker, it is very important to check its reliability, the quality of technical support, and most importantly, to inquire about the amount of commissions for transactions, deposits and withdrawals.

Just the truth: can you make money on securities?

For a private investor, the easiest way to invest in securities is to buy and forget for a few years while the income accumulates. This is a strategic investment. The problem is that for a long-term investment in science, you need to look for a "safe haven", and now there is no such place anywhere in the world. So, in the early days of 2016, we could observe the largest collapse of the Dow Jones index since the Great Depression. And, by the way, this index takes into account the stock prices of the 30 largest US companies, such as Coca-Cola, Boeing, General Electric, Intel Corp., Nike, etc. So investors received multibillion-dollar losses as a gift for the New Year.
One might, of course, think that the range of securities is not limited to American companies. But the situation is no better in other countries. In particular, on the same days when the Dow Jones suddenly fell ill, its Chinese friend, the Shanghai Composite index, collapsed even more.
So, there are virtually no “safe havens” for capital in the stock market today. True, you can try to define money in the shares of companies of the "new economy". These include payment systems, search engines, social networks, software developers, device manufacturers.
If you absolutely do not understand anything in all this and are not too eager to constantly follow economic and political news, it is easier to transfer money to trust management. Brokers and management companies offer different investment strategies, diversify the package and adjust it depending on the market situation. Of course, you will have to pay a commission for all this happiness, but it is easier than delving into all the wilds of the strategic analysis of the stock market yourself.

Mutual investment funds.

This is an alternative to direct trust management of your money in a personal account. Here we are talking about collective investment. The fund sells its shares, due to which the total investment capital is formed. This money is invested in assets: stocks, bonds, real estate, etc. The natural goal of the fund is to extract as much profit as possible from these investments. Income is divided between shareholders in accordance with the number of shares.
The main advantage of mutual funds is the ability to invest in expensive assets with a small amount. For example, you have 30,000 rubles. With this money you can buy only 4 shares of Apple. It seems to be not bad, but the risks are extremely high - remember, we talked about diversification. You can go the other way: buy 3 shares worth 10,000 rubles each, choosing a mutual fund with a strategy of investing in companies of the "new economy". There will be our beloved Apple, and Facebook, and Microsoft, and much more. Of course, the presence of less profitable securities in the portfolio will reduce the overall profit. But, at the same time, the risks will also be reduced, and many times over, and we must always strive for a reasonable balance of risks and profitability.

Method: 5. Passive income from your own business!

I think it makes no sense to talk about how much a successful entrepreneur can earn, given that the brightest examples are on everyone's lips: Jobs, Gates, Branson, or personally my idol Elon Musk. The only question is how to turn a business from an active income, when you disappear into the office day and night or ride around cities and towns, visiting representative offices of your company, into a passive income business.
In general, there is no big science here. First, you need to clearly articulate the mission, core values ​​and strategy of the company. Secondly, it is necessary to adopt a process approach to the internal organization of the enterprise. That is, all the work of the company should be divided into separate simple processes and written in the form job descriptions for each employee. Such a system involves the creation of control points, the verification of which is sufficient to track the activities of the company and its results. In this way, you will get the opportunity to manage the company with minimal time costs. She will work like clockwork. All you have to do is correct course.
When the company is already built and brought to cruising speed, there is no need to manage it yourself. You can hire a CEO (Chief Executive Officer) and dump the burden of leadership on him.
Of course, such methods of passive income involve one pressing problem - the question of finding initial capital is acute. I wrote my thoughts on this topic in this article:

How to create a business empire through franchising?

Imagine you have created a company. Successful. Effective. profitable. But want more. To give up the dream of putting the business in passive mode, and at the same time from your dolce vita to profit from a stand-alone company? Roll up your sleeves again and take on the development of the enterprise, expanding its presence in other regions? To do this, you will have to disappear on business trips for months, build up administrative resources, and, by the way, costs will grow along with it. In addition, there will be a problem of attracting money to expand the business. You can use my modest recommendations:. However, for the full-scale development of the company, it is unlikely that it will be possible to do without borrowed funds.
This path has a much more profitable and simple alternative - franchising. Its essence lies in the fact that you sell your finished business model along with the right to use all technologies, brand, documentation templates to other entrepreneurs. They, in turn, open representative offices of your company in the regions at their own expense.
This solves three problems at once. Firstly, franchise buyers invest in the expansion of the company. Secondly, they also ensure the management of enterprise divisions, without the need for rigid centralization and constant control from the center. Thirdly, unlike hired managers, the franchisee treats a division of the company as if it were their own business. He is personally interested in achieving maximum efficiency and profitability of the enterprise. As a result, there is no need to inflate the management staff to control the work of regional divisions and puzzle over the methods of stimulating managers.
What do you get? First, the franchise buyer pays a lump-sum fee right away. Secondly, you will receive royalties from the profits of all affiliates - this will be your passive income. The parent company requires precise step-by-step instructions for opening a company, technology for creating a product and sales, a marketing strategy, in a word, everything that you had to do in the process of creating your enterprise anyway. Additionally, you only need to organize a small department that will promote the franchise, interact with potential buyers, as well as advise them and help them solve problems.
How to create a passive income business through franchising is pretty clear. The question remains - how much will you earn. It is hardly possible to estimate the potential profitability of the network. It all depends on the quality of the business model and development strategy. But as a sample, I will list several well-known brands, the development of which is carried out precisely according to this technology: KFC, Subway, Traveler's, 2GIS, Yves Rocher, Well, Expedition, Sbarro.
Now over specific example in numbers. The lump-sum fee for purchasing a Subway franchise is 600,000 rubles. Monthly payment in favor of the franchisor (royalty) - 8% of the proceeds plus 1.5% of the turnover as an advertising fee. The turnover of one point varies between 5-9.5 million rubles, and the total in the network in Russia is 673. Thus, the total income from the entire network is more than 390 million rubles, excluding advertising fees.

mlm. Can you create passive income with network marketing?

About 20% of American millionaires made their fortune in network marketing. Here is the answer to the question about the possibility of making money on MLM. I think that today it has become even easier to use this model of building a business than 10-15 years ago. This is due to the relative simplicity and availability of tools that allow you to quickly develop a network of partners via the Internet.
Network marketing, in fact, is one of the options for a business development strategy. The same franchise, only simpler and much more affordable for partners. This option is suitable for products whose sale does not require a retail outlet or office.
Yes, for many, such examples of passive income cause some irony. But this is due rather to the somewhat intrusive and even sometimes clumsy nature of the work of distributors. In fact, the model is quite working. You get a product without significant investments, which you can trade without organizing a point of sale, recruiting and other difficulties. You just make each of your regular customers a partner, he continues to buy products himself and sell them to his friends, and you get income for this without the slightest gesture.
MLM has enough advantages:
Minimum initial investment. In most cases, you can get by with $200-300. That is, your risks are limited only to this amount.
No paperwork, and, therefore, no need to spend money on the services of a lawyer, accountant, etc.
No need to master the intricacies of the art of personnel management. In fact, you have a lot of people from whose purchases and sales you receive income. At the same time, they all act independently without additional motivation, as is the case with a franchise.
No hassle with the tax service, numerous inspections of regulatory authorities, economic disputes with contractors, etc.
It is possible to create a branched multi-level structure literally in 2-4 years, and then, at least for several years, it will bring impressive passive income without much effort.
Of course, a lot depends on the choice of brand. For example, I see no reason to join such painfully familiar structures as Avon, Amway or Herbalife. I think it's better to bet on a brand promoted abroad, but new to the Russian market. So you will be more likely to create a large pyramid of partners.

Method number 6. Don't know how to create your own business? Earn on someone else's!

We have considered almost all examples of passive income that I wanted to analyze in this material. The last thing left is investing in someone else's business. It would probably be more correct to call this investment in venture, that is, high-risk enterprises, since we have already touched on investing in shares and bonds of developed stable companies above.
The point here is to find a promising startup, help it with money in exchange for shares and either regularly receive some share of the company's profits, or wait until its securities grow many times in price and sell them. There are many examples of successful capital investment in venture capital companies. Of course, the most famous are large investors. For example, Jim Goetz turned $60 million into $3 billion by investing in WatsApp. Douglas Lyon made a fortune of $ 2.2 billion on Google, YouTube, WatsApp. Approximately the same earned Peter Thiel on PayPal and Facebook.
All these respected people, as you understand, “graze” in Silicon Valley, where you go with your $ 1000, they will kick you out like a beggar. However, this does not mean that you cannot, having a small amount, join the ranks of venture investors.

How to become a venture investor?

Take on the role of a business angel. In my opinion, for a non-professional investor with little capital, it is better to choose other ways of passive income, since this option is the least profitable and at the same time extremely risky. The bottom line is that you find start-up entrepreneurs among your friends or just online and provide them with funding. The chances of success are extremely small, unless you yourself are an experienced businessman and are not ready to take part in the project.
crowdfunding platforms. Angellist and StartTrack and other platforms allow you to invest a relatively small amount in several startups at once, and transactions are carried out through a special online service. An additional advantage lies in the possibility, when choosing projects, to focus on the decisions of other investors, including professional ones.
syndicated deals. These are joint operations of groups of investors that exist on the same crowdfunding platforms or with investment funds. This approach allows you to invest together with professional players and get access to better and more promising projects. The disadvantage of syndicates is the fees for related services.
Venture funds. If you do not already have, say, $1 million, then this option will not suit you. But we are working for the future, right? So this is worth considering as well. It is good because you do not need to understand existing projects and personally choose startups - professionals do everything for you. You are only required to transfer money to the management of the fund for 5-7 years.
Considering venture investments as passive income, keep in mind that in order to ensure an acceptable level of risk, you need to distribute capital among at least 10 projects. At the same time, it is necessary to select only high-quality startups. To do this, follow venture project competitions, as well as read articles in the media with selections of promising companies.

Passive income. How it works?

Each of us has an elementary set of resources: time, physical strength, the ability to perform simple tasks. Many also boast a good education, work experience in any field and just a smart head, which in itself is not as common as we would like. So the difference between a dollar millionaire and an ordinary hard worker who lives paycheck to paycheck is how they manage these resources.
An employee, of which the vast majority, in fact, makes a direct exchange of his time for money. At the same time, the cost of each hour or day directly depends on the value of his skills, knowledge, experience, and productivity. And this is called active income. Rich people, in turn, directly or indirectly invest their available resources in the creation of assets - values ​​that can generate income without further investment of the resources of their owner. Therefore, passive income is also called residual from the Latin word residuus - remaining, preserved. The work has already ended, and the profit is saved for an unlimited time.


Why does this method of extracting financial benefits bring many times more money than ordinary wage labor? It's simple: you can create a package of assets, the total value of which for the market will be hundreds of times higher than the value of your personal time with all the skills and knowledge combined.

3 types of sources of residual income!

What can act as assets? I have already given specific options for passive income above, and now I will try to explain the essence. So I would divide all assets into three categories:
The first type is things that rise in price on their own. That is, receiving passive income or another currency is earnings on the difference between the price you paid when acquiring property and its value, say, in a year or simply by the time you decide to sell this property. For example, you bought shares for $15 apiece, and after 5 years they are already worth all $115. The cumulative return is 766%. This brilliant result, I'll tell you.
In the second group, I would include property that can be sold an unlimited number of times. An example is a patent for an invention. You can sell the right to use your invention to multiple companies during the lifetime of the patent. At the same time, you worked only once - when you created your invention. And it can bring a stable passive income for decades.
The third category is assets that themselves create new value, and you receive income from its implementation. Any company can serve as an example. Once having created successful business, you can retire, but the activity of the enterprise itself will not stop. It will continue to produce goods or provide services, to profit from their sale, and some of it will safely settle in your fattening pockets.
I want to note that this is not a free retelling of some scientific classification, but my own view on the types of passive income. And I am telling you all this so that you understand the general principles of asset formation and can find and choose for yourself the most convenient and interesting methods for creating sources of residual income, not limited only to my or someone else's advice. In the end, you need to do what you get real pleasure from, otherwise you will not be able to achieve truly grandiose success.

What's stopping you from creating passive income?

I'm sorry, but now I'm going to be smart. Or rather, demonstrate their modest knowledge of economic theory.
In the interpretation of the Austrian economic school, capital is defined as resources that we do not consume right now, but use them in order to get more high level consumption later in the future. And profit, in turn, is a payment for the risk of losing these very resources, as well as for the fact that you have to be patient a little and postpone the moment of consumption until later.
Actually, in these definitions there are four main problems that prevent the creation of residual income.
Problem number 1. We resolutely do not want to endure and postpone the sweet moment of consumption for the future. We want to eat, drink, use everything right now. Life, in fact, constantly offers you a choice: crack one dubious-looking caramel this very minute or wait a week and get a whole box of delicious chocolates. And what do you usually choose? There will be no hints here - answer yourself, only honestly.
Problem number 2. Bad time management. Instead of smartly scheduling and investing part of the time in our assets, that is, future consumption, we either give this time to the uncle for whom we work overtime and on weekends for a “thank you”, and often without any thanks, or we bring precious hours and days as a sacrifice to the gods Divan and TV. There is only one way to overcome this problem - timing. I must say, time management is a whole science, although it is easy to understand it. I advise you to read books on this subject by a recognized guru in this field, Brian Tracy.
Problem number 3. Bad financial management. Remember Matroskin's phrase: “In order to sell something unnecessary, you must first buy something unnecessary. And we don't have any money!" Here is the third problem of creating residual income. This requires at least a small capital, but where to get it? I have already outlined some of my thoughts on this topic in the article. In general, you need to learn how to plan your budget and save. Just make it a rule to set aside, say, 10% of all your income every month, and whatever happens, stick to this principle.

This rule is directly related to the third problem of residual income, that is, risks, and is expressed in just one word - diversification. The essence of this approach is to distribute your capital into several assets with different levels of risk. For example, you can build a portfolio of stocks, bonds, and precious metals.
Why is this needed? This is how we minimize risk. For example, if you invest all your money in the shares of a promising young company, then the probability of losing all capital is extremely high if the enterprise does not live up to expectations. And you can do otherwise. Part of the money is in high-risk securities. Another part is in gold. The risks here are much lower and in the long term, the yellow metal shows a stable and very decent growth. And, finally, define another part of the money in bonds, which have a small but fixed value.
Having such a portfolio, on the one hand, you provide yourself with the opportunity to receive a high and stable passive income from shares. On the other hand, you protect yourself from a total loss of capital with bonds and gold. Thirdly, at least part of the invested funds will certainly bring some profitability, which will compensate for potential losses from the loss or fall in the price of other assets.

What passive income options do I choose?

You can learn about my entrepreneurial history in this little autobiography: . In short, I have already built my business, and it is he who serves me as the main source of passive income. But, since it is useless for a real entrepreneur to stagnate, I, firstly, planned the expansion of my company, and secondly, I mastered a new way to increase my capital - trading on the binary options exchange.
This option is not entirely suitable for obtaining passive income itself, since it involves the trader's personal participation in each transaction. However, I will still say a word about it, because, in my opinion, binary options have several advantages at once over each of the above methods of earning:
Low price entrance ticket. In contrast to the minimum required costs to create your own business or a diversified portfolio of stocks and bonds, $300-500 is enough to get started with binary options. Of course, to ensure good returns and minimize risks, it is better to allocate a slightly larger amount.
High profitability, many times higher than inflation. Profit from speculation with binary options can reach and even exceed 100% per month of the initial capital. None of the above methods bring such income.
Everyone can master the work with binary options and reach a consistently high profit in 1-2 months.
However, I must immediately upset the lovers of freebies - it is not here. It will not be possible to do without preliminary study and rather painstaking work at the very beginning. You can learn more about how to start from this article:. But then you can make several profitable trades a day quite easily, spending a total of no more than an hour on it. Here is one example of my transactions:


I hope my recommendations on creating passive income will help you figure out how to grow your personal financial empire and avoid common mistakes. I wish you good luck and all the best.
Sincerely, .

 
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